Abstract: The use of e-commerce to enhance consumer relationships is becoming increasingly important in the information society. The constant development of technologies allows existing platforms to benefit from their characteristics; however, these advancements also bring various legal issues that must be addressed to protect users' interests and rights. Blockchain technology is revolutionizing B2C electronic relations due to its transnational nature, decentralization, guarantee of trust, immutability, and one of its most distinctive functionalities: smart contracts. These agreements are characterized by their automation and self-execution, features that can conflict with existing consumer and user legislation. Additionally, the opportunities provided by Blockchain, such as allowing users to act anonymously, may contradict regulations concerning the determination of international judicial jurisdiction and the applicable law for B2C consumer legal relationships. This work aims to analyze the applicability of smart contracts in e-commerce, particularly for B2C companies, and to study the potential issues they pose for current regulations, in order to determine whether these regulations need to be adapted for these technologies

Resumen: El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianza, inmutabilidad y a una de sus funcionalidades más características: los smart contracts. Este tipo de acuerdos se distinguen por su automatización y autoejecución, caracteres que a priori pueden poner en riesgo la legislación existente sobre consumidores y usuarios. Asimismo, las oportunidades que brinda blockchain de cara a que los usuarios puedan actuar de forma irreconocible puede poner en jaque la normativa encargada de determinar la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable a las relaciones jurídicas de consumo B2C. Este trabajo analiza la aplicabilidad de los smart contracts en el ámbito del comercio electrónico, en especial en el de empresas con consumidores (B2C) y estudiar los posibles inconvenientes que generan sobre la normativa existente a fin de analizar si es necesario adaptar la legislación a estas tecnologías

Resumo: A utilização do comércio eletrônico para efetivar relações de consumo assume cada vez mais um papel central na sociedade da informação. O constante desenvolvimento das tecnologias faz com que as plataformas existentes possam beneficiar-se das suas características, no entanto, também trazem consigo diversas questões jurídicas que devem ser mitigadas de forma a proteger os interesses e direitos dos usuários. A tecnologia blockchain é uma das tecnologias que veio revolucionar o campo das relações eletrônicas B2C graças ao seu carácter transnacional, descentralização, garantia de confiança, imutabilidade e uma das suas funcionalidades mais características, os smart contracts. Estes tipos de acordos distinguem-se pela sua automatização e auto-execução, características que, a priori, podem colocar em risco a legislação existente sobre consumidores e usuários. Da mesma forma, as oportunidades que o Blockchain oferece para que os usuários possam agir de forma irreconhecível podem colocar em xeque os regulamentos encarregados de determinar a competência judicial internacional e a lei aplicável às relações jurídicas de consumo B2C. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade dos smart contracts no campo do comércio eletrônico, especialmente o de empresas com consumidores (B2C) e estudar os possíveis inconvenientes que eles geram sobre a regulamentação existente, a fim de analisar se é necessário adaptar a legislação a estas tecnologias

Abstract Violence against indigenous peoples has notably increased in recent years, and its news has been consequent on the violence faced by defenders of their rights. This article aims to explain this pattern of violence, demonstrating how legal uncertainty within the demarcation process encourages indigenous people and landowners to go to war. Through the study of the case of the Xukuru People of Ororubá, we describe two major violent events to demonstrate the set of threats, murders, autonomous retaking of demarcated territory, and institutional violence incidents by the police, Federal Public Prosecutor's Office and FUNAI. We rationalize these facts in a game theory matrix to demonstrate that the legal insecurity of the territory under demarcation leads both sides, as rational actors, to act and use all available resources to defeat the opponent, generating a suboptimal balance. This result leads to two outspreads. First, Brazil's failure to comply with the obligation to provide domestic legal effects allows the courts to adopt a legal thesis that conditions the effectiveness of territorial rights to Funai's budget. Second, an informal institutional arrangement translated into the permanence of the territory with non-indigenous people's rule. It was identified by the set of sanctions that the literature called the enemy's logic, composed of the criminalization of indigenous leaders and human rights defenders, as well as the distortion of purpose in the performance of public bodies. Therefore, this work contributes to the literature of Indigenous Law, Constitutional Law, and International Human Rights Law by offering a causal link between state omission and physical and institutional violence. years war Ororubá threats murders police Prosecutors Prosecutor s FUNAI sides actors opponent balance outspreads First Brazils Brazil Funais Funai budget Second nonindigenous non rule enemys enemy logic bodies Therefore

Resumo A violência contra povos indígenas e seus membros aumentou de maneira notável nos últimos anos, cujas notícias têm sido acompanhadas pela violência enfrentada por defensores de seus direitos. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer uma explicação para este padrão de violência, demonstrando como a insegurança jurídica dentro do processo demarcatório incentiva povos indígenas e proprietários a entrar em guerra. Através do estudo do caso do Povo Xukuru do Ororubá, descrevemos dois grandes eventos de violência enfrentados para demonstrar o conjunto de ameaças, assassinatos, retomadas autônomas de território demarcado e violência institucional exercida pelas polícias, Ministério Público Federal e Funai. Racionalizamos esses fatos numa matriz de teoria dos jogos para demonstrar que a indefinição da situação do território em demarcação leva ambos os lados, como atores racionais, a agir ao invés de se omitir, utilizando todos os recursos disponíveis para derrotar o oponente e gerando um equilíbrio subótimo. Este resultado leva a dois grandes desdobramentos. Primeiro, o descumprimento pelo Brasil da obrigação de prover dispositivos de direito interno a permitir com que os tribunais adotem tese jurídica que condiciona a eficácia dos direitos territoriais ao orçamento da Funai. Segundo, a existência de um arranjo institucional informal traduzido na permanência do território com os não-indígenas e identificado pela existência de sanções que a literatura denomina como lógica do inimigo, composta pela criminalização de lideranças indígenas e defensores de direitos humanos, assim como pelo desvirtuamento de finalidade na atuação de órgãos públicos. Desta feita, este trabalho contribui para a literatura do Direito Indigenista, Direito Constitucional e Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos ao oferecer um nexo de causalidade entre a omissão do estado e a violência física e institucional. anos guerra Ororubá ameaças assassinatos polícias Funai lados racionais omitir subótimo desdobramentos Primeiro Segundo nãoindígenas não inimigo humanos públicos feita Indigenista

Abstract The article is the result of an ethnographic research developed with the Arhuaco indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, between 2017 and 2020, from my participation as an expert witness before the Supreme Court of Justice (highest instance of criminal and penal matters in the country), in the process of seeking justice for the detention, torture and murder of three indigenous authorities in 1990. In the article I analyze the complex process of the Arhuaco people to confront this act of violence, by undertaking a socio-legal mobilization that invoked the presence of the Colombian state with the prosecution of what happened to the three authorities. Colombia 201 2020 highest country, country , country) detention 1990 violence sociolegal socio legal 20 202 199 2 19 1

Resumen El artículo es resultado de una investigación etnográfica desarrollada con el pueblo indígena arhuaco de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia, entre 2017 y 2020, a partir de mi participación como perita ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia (máxima instancia de los asuntos penales y criminales en el país), en el proceso de búsqueda de justicia por la detención, tortura y asesinato de tres autoridades indígenas en 1990. Sobre la base de esta experiencia pretendo analizar en el artículo el complejo recorrido del pueblo arhuaco para enfrentar este hecho de violencia, al emprender una movilización sociolegal que invocó la presencia del estado colombiano con la judicialización de lo ocurrido a las tres autoridades. Colombia 201 2020 máxima país, país , país) detención 1990 violencia 20 202 199 2 19 1

ABSTRAT Introduction: Workplace violence in health workers is a public health problem, which has been increasing worldwide, including in Portugal, with a more pronounced growth with the COVID-19 pandemic, and that can have consequences for the physical and mental health of these workers and for the own health services. For these reasons, this article pretends to make a brief theoretical reflection on this phenomenon, which could contribute to a better understanding of it, particularly from the perspective of prevention and intervention. Results: It is a global complex and multifaceted phenomena, which can be defined as any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation or others disruptive/threatening behaviours that occur in the workplace, and is considered as one of the more serious situations an occupational context, which threatens the safety and health of workers and that can affect their health (mental and physical), well-being and dignity, with adverse repercussions, including on working conditions. From the analysis of the NOTIFICA system records and the other consulted literature, we verified that most of these situations have occurred in urgency services and were related to moral harassment and verbal violence. Most of the victims were nurses or doctors and the majority of attackers were users/patients, family members and colleagues. Although it is recognized that these occurrences are underreported, we also realized that the number of judicial investigations is reduced when compared to the number of notifications. Final considerations: This is a multifactorial public health phenomenon, needing an integrated and systemic intervention model based on the following dimensions: individual (relating to the victim and the aggressor); situational and contextual (relating to the situation that triggered the conflict and the context in which it occurred); organizational (relating to human resources, the work environment and the organisation of services); societal (relating to the role of the media and social networks); legal penal and the judicial system (relating to the existing legal framework and the functioning of the judicial system); and political (relating to the organisation of the Health System, in particular the National Health Service).

RESUMO Introdução: A violência no trabalho em profissionais de saúde é um problema de Saúde Pública, que tem vindo a aumentar mundialmente, incluindo em Portugal, verificando-se um crescimento mais acentuado com a pandemia pela Covid-19, com eventuais consequências para a saúde física e mental destes funcionários e para os próprios serviços de saúde. Por estas razões, pretende-se com este artigo de opinião fazer uma breve reflexão teórica sobre este fenómeno, que possa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do mesmo, designadamente na perspetiva da prevenção e da intervenção. Resultados: Trata-se de um fenómeno global, complexo e multifacetado, que pode ser definido como qualquer ato e ameaça de violência física, assédio, intimidação ou outros comportamentos perturbadores/ameaçadores que ocorram no local de trabalho, eventualmente ameaçando a segurança e a saúde física e/ou mental dos trabalhadores, com possíveis repercussões adversas, nomeadamente nas condições de trabalho. Da análise dos registos do sistema NOTIFICA e também da restante literatura consultada, verificou-se que a maioria destas situações ocorreram em serviços de urgência, nomeadamente em contexto de assédio moral e a violência verbal. Verificou-se que a maioria das vítimas foram enfermeiros ou médicos e a maioria dos agressores foram utentes/doentes, familiares ou colegas. Embora se reconheça haver subnotificação destas ocorrências, também se constatou que o número de inquéritos judiciais é reduzido, quando comparado com o número de notificações. Considerações finais: Este fenómeno deverá ter uma abordagem integrada e sistémica, nas suas dimensões individual (respeitante à vítima e ao agressor); situacional e do contexto (relacionadas com a situação que desencadeou o conflito e com o contexto da sua ocorrência); organizacional (relacionada com recursos humanos, ambiente de trabalho e organização dos serviços); societal (relacionada com o papel da comunicação social e das redes sociais); jurídico-penal e do sistema judicial (relacionadas com o quadro legal existente e o funcionamento do sistema judicial) e política (relacionada com a organização do Sistema de Saúde, em particular do Serviço Nacional de Saúde).

Abstract The legal dimension of bioethics, known as biolaw, occupies an important place in discussions on this topic. For them to be recognized, various French bioethics legislations require a competent political authority: the civil authority whose apex is the French Constitution (FC), as the legal act and the fundamental law that establish the organization and functioning of the state. However, in the field where we touch on the human person, on the values and the fundamental principles, religious authority, such the Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC), has a role to play. This is the reference of values through which human conscience can exercise itself freely in political, social, and economic realities. Hence, what are the possible common themes between the FC and the SDC and what can personalist bioethics contribute to reconciling the two sides?

Resumen La dimensión jurídica de la bioética, denominada bioderecho, ocupa un lugar importante en los debates sobre este tema. Para que sean reconocidas, las distintas legislaciones francesas sobre bioética requieren una autoridad política competente: la autoridad civil, cuyo vértice es la Constitución francesa (CF), como acto jurídico y ley fundamental que establece la organización y el funcionamiento del Estado. Sin embargo, en el ámbito en el que tocamos a la persona humana, a los valores y a los principios fundamentales, la autoridad religiosa, como la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia (DSI), tiene un papel que desempeñar. Es la referencia de valores a través de la cual la conciencia humana puede ejercerse libremente en las realidades políticas, sociales y económicas. Así pues, ¿cuáles son los posibles temas comunes entre la CF y la DSI y qué puede aportar la bioética personalista para conciliar ambas vertientes?

Abstract The present document could be the first legal act made by Hernán Cortés after Tenochtitlan was seized. Through this document -an injunction- the royal and army officers were required to collect the booty, and to prevent the conquerors, Indian and Spaniard, to continue looting and plundering the Mexica city. Due to its significance as a historical source, it is our purpose to make it public to scholars and anybody interested alike. Preceding the document, there is a section devoted to introduce the subjects it contains, and another one showing how it ended up where it is at present: the Helmerich Center for American Research, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Resumen El documento que se presenta a continuación es posiblemente el primer acto jurídico de Hernán Cortés tras la toma de Tenochtitlan. Se trata de un requerimiento en el que se ordena a los oficiales de las haciendas regia y de la comunidad de conquistadores que recauden el botín de guerra, así como que eviten el saqueo y el robo de la ciudad mexica que estaban llevando a cabo las tropas conquistadoras, compuestas por indígenas y españoles. Por su importancia, nuestro propósito es hacerlo público, que esté al alcance tanto de investigadores como de cualquier persona interesada. El documento va precedido por un apartado que introduce los temas que contiene y de otro que expone cómo llegó al acervo donde se resguarda hoy en día, el Helmerich Center for American Research, en Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the transformations in the legal-social discourses around incest, emanating from liberal reformism and the legal transition during the second half of the 19th century, in Michoacán. We start from the fact that the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act (1859) upended the legal systems by reducing the fields in which incest was committed. From that moment on, the lawsuits began to move away from the spiritual terrain, to have only legal repercussions of a criminal nature. Through the methodology of discourse analysis and having as main sources judicial records, legislation and literature of the time, the changes that occurred in the sixties in the justice delivery system, the reduction of incest files and the generation of new discursive nodes are enunciated, all of which outlines modifications in the representations of said crime.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es analizar las transformaciones en los discursos jurídico-sociales en torno al incesto, emanados del reformismo liberal y la transición jurídica durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en Michoacán. Partimos del hecho de que la promulgación de la Ley de Matrimonio Civil (1859) trastocó los ordenamientos legales al reducir los campos en que se cometía incesto. A partir de ese momento, las demandas judiciales comenzaron a alejarse del terreno espiritual, para tener únicamente repercusiones legales de orden penal. Mediante la metodología del análisis del discurso y teniendo como fuentes principales expedientes judiciales, legislación y literatura de la época, se enuncian los cambios ocurridos en los años sesenta en el sistema de impartición de justicia, la reducción de expedientes de incesto y la generación de nuevos nodos discursivos, lo cual bosqueja modificaciones en las representaciones de dicho delito.

The Mine Health and Safety Act No. 29 of 1996, as amended, embeds an occupational health and safety management system that facilitates communication between representatives of the state, capital, and labour. In underground mines, two communication loops between these role players serve to separate the production chain of command from the political tripartite relations. Worker-elected health and safety representatives are involved in both communication loops, but are severely constrained in escalating their occupational health and safety concerns to the legal-political level. This has a direct bearing on the exercise of the Right to Refuse Dangerous Work (RRDW). As previously reported, health and safety representatives were found to primarily consult their production supervisors in preference to their trade-union representatives. This follow-up article presents production supervisor perspectives on the RRDW. The study demonstrates how, for mineworkers, the two distinct communication subsystems constrain, rather than facilitate, implementation of the RRDW.

Abstract With the introduction of the Criminal Non-Prosecution Agreement in the criminal procedural law by L. 13.964, of 2019, the criminal consensual justice system now has yet another important institute. Although initially provided for in CNMP Resolution n. 181, of 2017, its legal provision permanently removed the criticisms directed at its implementation through an infralegal act. In addition to exploring the legal nature of the ANPP, the possibility of its application in various crimes, its relationship with the constitutional right to silence, as well as the need for the Investigated to know the evidence produced against him to better evaluate the proposed agreement, the study analyzes the extrajudicial confession as an essential requirement for its celebration and approval by the Judiciary, including the exposition of the understandings of the Federal Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice that are formed on the subject. In the end, in view of the researched precedents, we seek to answer the following questions: do the STF and the STJ require certain requirements to validate the extrajudicial confession? Do you understand that judicial appreciation is relevant? NonProsecution Non Prosecution L 13964 13 964 13.964 2019 institute n 181 2017 act ANPP crimes silence agreement Judiciary subject end precedents questions relevant 1396 1 96 13.96 201 18 139 9 13.9 20 13. 2

Resumo Com a introdução do Acordo de Não Persecução Penal na lei processual penal pela Lei nº 13.964, de 2019, o sistema de justiça consensual criminal passou a contar com mais um importante instituto. Embora previsto inicialmente na Resolução CNMP nº 181, de 2017, a sua previsão legal afastou de vez as críticas direcionadas à sua implementação por meio de ato infralegal. Além de explorar a natureza jurídica do ANPP, a possibilidade de sua aplicação em variados crimes, a sua relação com o direito constitucional ao silêncio, bem como a necessidade de o Investigado conhecer as provas produzidas contra ele para melhor avaliar o acordo proposto, o estudo analisa a confissão extrajudicial como requisito essencial para a sua celebração e homologação pelo Judiciário, inclusive com a exposição dos entendimentos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça que se formam sobre o tema, para ao final, à vista dos precedentes pesquisados, buscar responder às seguintes indagações: o STF e o STJ exigem determinados requisitos para validar a confissão extrajudicial? Entendem ser relevante a sua apreciação pelo Judiciário? 13964 13 964 13.964 2019 instituto 181 2017 infralegal ANPP crimes silêncio proposto Judiciário tema final pesquisados indagações 1396 1 96 13.96 201 18 139 9 13.9 20 13. 2

The draft Code of Conduct for Research is an important initiative towards assisting the scientific community in complying with the provisions of the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA). However, its approach towards cross-border data sharing should be reconsidered to clarify the ambiguities inherent in the legal requirements for the cross-border sharing of health data in the POPIA. These ambiguities include the concept of 'transfer of information', the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer, the nature of consent for cross-border sharing and the scope of the recipient third party. We suggest that the draft Code of Conduct for Research can be improved by: • Explaining or defining the concept of 'transfer of information' and when it applies to cross-border sharing in research • Clarifying the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer vis-à-vis the other alternatives • Expanding on the interpretation and application of consent as a legal mechanism for cross-border transfers • Expanding the category of persons who may be recipients of personal information in a third country

Organ donation after a circulatory determination of death is possible in selected patients where consent is given to support donation and the patient has been legally declared dead by two doctors. The National Health Act (61 of 2003) and regulations provide strict controls for the certification of death and the donation of organs and tissues after death. Although the National Health Act expressly recognises that brain death is death, it does not prescribe the medical standards of testing for the determination of brain death (neurological determination of death), circulatory death (circulatory determination of death) or for determination of death based on somatic criteria. However, in all cases of organ donation, including after circulatory death, the National Health Act mandates that two doctors certify the death, with one doctor possessing more than 5 years of experience. Additionally, both doctors must be independent from the transplant team. The standard for such determination, as for brain death, aligns with accepted medical standards. The Critical Care Society of Southern Africa has published South African (SA) Guidelines on Death Determination that outline rigorous standards for death determination in hospital settings by either a neurological or circulatory method. Legislation and the Health Professions Council of SA's (HPCSA) professional guidance direct clinicians on obtaining informed consent for donation either from the patient or in cases of incapacity from their surrogate decision maker. Collectively, the legislation, regulations and professional guidelines in SA provide a robust ethical framework that supports organ donation after circulatory death.

Artificial Intelligence also abbreviated as "AI" has been the subject of much legal debate and legal writing. This article seeks to identify internationally accepted AI principles and norms that are contained in the South African Constitution. This article also seeks to identify policy such as the PC4IR Report and legislation that regulates and accommodates the use of AI in South Africa. What emerges clearly is that there has never been a deliberate attempt to legislate AI, and that the legislation referred to is applicable by coincidence not intention. The article goes on to highlight African and BRICS policies and best practices on AI, European best practices and legal norms and values on AI, and the draft EU AI Act. The article concludes with a recommendation that South Africa introduce AI legislation as a matter of urgency.

Resumen Después de un largo proceso de discusión, el Reglamento de Inteligencia Artificial de la Unión Europea pronto asumirá la posición de un diploma pionero en la disciplina jurídica de la inteligencia artificial de manera integral. Entre los usos prohibidos de esta tecnología destacan las técnicas subliminales, es decir, técnicas dirigidas a la percepción de estímulos captados por los sentidos bajo el umbral de la conciencia. Estas técnicas pueden resultar en la manipulación de la mente de los seres humanos, trayendo riesgos para su bienestar y seguridad. La reciente monografía The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulating Subliminal AI Systems, de Rostam J. Neuwirth, aborda este tema de una manera profunda y original, tomando la perspectiva, concretamente, de la semiótica jurídica y de la filosofía del Derecho. Discutiendo los conceptos de sinestesia, oxímoron y lógica difusa, el autor propone una visión del Derecho integral, actualizada y flexible, capaz de satisfacer las necesidades del ser humano frente a estas tecnologías. En particular, Neuwirth defiende de manera convincente una comprensión del derecho a la libertad de pensamiento que incluya la prohibición de la manipulación mental. Brasil también ha asumido un papel pionero en la regulación de nuevas tecnologías. En este sentido, perspectivas como la de Neuwirth podrían constituir una valiosa contribución al debate en curso. discusión integral subliminales decir conciencia humanos seguridad Act Systems J original perspectiva concretamente sinestesia difusa flexible tecnologías particular mental sentido curso

Abstract After a long discussion process, the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act will soon assume the position of a pioneering step towards the regulation of artificial intelligence in a comprehensive way. Among the prohibited uses of this technology are subliminal techniques, that is, techniques aimed at the perception of stimuli captured by the senses under the threshold of consciousness. These techniques can result in the manipulation of the minds of human beings, bringing risks to their well-being and safety. The recent monograph The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulating Subliminal AI Systems, by Rostam J. Neuwirth, addresses this topic in a profound and original way, taking the perspective of Legal Semiotics and the Philosophy of Law. Discussing the concepts of synaesthesia, oxymoron and fuzzy logic, the author proposes a comprehensive, updated and flexible vision of Law, capable of meeting the needs of human beings in the face of these technologies. In particular, Neuwirth makes a convincing case for an understanding of the right to freedom of thought that includes the prohibition of mental manipulation. Brazil has also taken on a pioneering role in regulating new technologies. In this sense, perspectives such as Neuwirth’s could constitute a valuable contribution to the ongoing debate. process Unions Union s way is consciousness wellbeing well being safety Systems J Law synaesthesia logic technologies particular sense Neuwirths debate

Resumo Após um longo processo de discussão, o Regulamento Inteligência Artificial da União Europeia assumirá em breve a posição de diploma pioneiro na disciplina legal da inteligência artificial de forma abrangente. Dentre os usos proibidos dessa tecnologia destacam-se as técnicas subliminares, ou seja, técnicas direcionadas para a percepção de estímulos capturados pelos sentidos sob o limiar da consciência. Essas técnicas podem resultar na manipulação da mente de seres humanos, trazendo riscos para o seu bem-estar e sua segurança. A recente monografia The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulating Subliminal AI Systems (em tradução livre: O Regulamento Inteligência Artificial da UE: regulação de sistemas de IA subliminares), de Rostam J. Neuwirth, debruça-se sobre esse tema de maneira profunda e original, tomando a perspectiva da semiótica jurídica e da filosofia do Direito. Discutindo os conceitos de sinestesia, oxímoro e fuzzy logic, o autor propõe uma visão abrangente, atualizada e flexível do Direito, capaz de acorrer às necessidades dos seres humanos face a essas tecnologias. Em particular, Neuwirth faz uma defesa convincente de um entendimento do direito à liberdade de pensamento que inclua a proibição da manipulação mental. O Brasil tem assumido também um papel pioneiro na regulação de novas tecnologias. Nesse sentido, perspectivas como a de Neuwirth poderão constituir um contributo valioso para o debate em curso. discussão abrangente destacamse destacam se subliminares seja consciência bemestar bem estar segurança Act livre UE , subliminares) J debruçase debruça original Direito sinestesia logic tecnologias particular mental sentido curso

Resumen En este artículo discutimos en qué medida la coincidencia de opiniones, entre jueces, fiscales y defensores, sobre qué hacer con la persona detenida en el acto es resultado del funcionamiento de la “familia judicial”. Por familia judicial entendemos los vínculos de amistad que forman los profesionales del derecho, inicialmente, debido a la homogeneidad de su origen social, que se fortalece con interacciones personales y laborales, en las que los intercambios se dan durante un largo período de tiempo, creando visiones de mundo similares. Para probar esta hipótesis, utilizamos datos recopilados en 651 audiencias iniciales, realizadas en Belo Horizonte entre septiembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016, con informaciones sobre el delito y el imputado, y características de los operadores (jueces, fiscales y defensores públicos y privados). Los resultados indican que la familia judicial de Minas Gerais está compuesta por fiscales y jueces, que coinciden sobre los perfiles de los imputados y los delitos que deben ser sujetos a prisión preventiva. A la familia judicial también se incorpora la defensoría pública, pero sólo cuando los defensores quedan asignados regularmente a las audiencias iniciales. En esta situación, los defensores públicos tienen mayores posibilidades de evitar que la decisión del juez refleje la solicitud del Ministerio Público, lo que muestra cómo la interacción continua crea la posibilidad de reciprocidad entre los operadores. opiniones jueces judicial. . judicial” derecho inicialmente social laborales tiempo similares hipótesis 65 iniciales 201 2016 imputado (jueces privados. privados privados) preventiva pública situación Público 6 20 2

Abstract In this article, we discuss to what extent the coincidence of views, between judges, prosecutors and solicitors, on what to do with the person arrested in the act is a result of the way the ‘judicial family’ works. By judicial family we understand the bonds of friendship formed by legal practitioners, initially, due to the homogeneity of their social origins, which is strengthened by personal and work interactions, in which exchanges occur over a long period of time, creating similar worldviews. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected in 651 initial hearings, held in Belo Horizonte between September 2015 and March 2016, with information about the defendant and the crime, and characteristics of the law practitioners (judges, prosecutors and public and private solicitors). Findings indicate that the Minas Gerais judicial family is made up of prosecutors and judges, who agree on the profiles of defendants and crimes that should be subject to preventive detention. The judicial family also incorporates the public defender’s office, but only when solicitors are permanently assigned to custody hearings. In this situation, public defenders have a greater chance of preventing the judge's decision from reflecting the prosecutor's request, showing how continuous interaction creates the possibility of reciprocity between operators. article views judges works initially origins interactions time worldviews hypothesis 65 hearings 201 2016 crime (judges solicitors. . solicitors) detention defender s office situation judge prosecutor request operators 6 20 2

Resumo Neste artigo, problematizamos em que medida a coincidência de visões, entre juízes, promotores e defensores, sobre o que fazer com a pessoa presa em flagrante é decorrente da maneira como funciona a “família judicial”. Por família judicial entendemos os laços de amizade formados pelos operadores do direito, inicialmente, em razão da homogeneidade de suas origens sociais, que se fortalece pelas interações pessoais e de trabalho, nas quais as trocas ocorrem por um longo período de tempo, criando visões de mundo semelhantes. Para testar essa hipótese, usamos os dados coletados em 651 audiências de custódia, realizadas em Belo Horizonte entre setembro de 2015 e março de 2016, com informações sobre o crime e o suspeito, e características dos operadores (juízes, promotores e defensores públicos e privados). Os resultados indicam que a família judicial mineira é formada por promotores e juízes, os quais concordam sobre os perfis dos suspeitos e dos delitos que devem ter como resposta a prisão preventiva. A família judicial também incorpora a defensoria pública, mas somente quando se tornam fixos na custódia. Nesta situação, os defensores públicos têm maiores chances de impedir que a decisão do juiz reflita o pedido do promotor, mostrando como a interação contínua cria a possibilidade de reciprocidade entre os operadores. artigo juízes judicial. . judicial” direito inicialmente sociais trabalho tempo semelhantes hipótese 65 custódia 201 2016 suspeito (juízes privados. privados privados) preventiva pública situação promotor 6 20 2

In 2004, section 24G on ex post facto environmental authorisation was introduced into the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) of 1998 (as amended) to enable developers to get back into the regulatory loop. However, this introduction raised controversies among South African scholars and practitioners alike, despite some adjustments in subsequent amendments - 2008, 2013, and 2014. The argument has been that section 24G is a fait accompli, provides leverage for abuse by potential developers, facilitates environmental non-compliance, and therefore should be considered an anomaly to the constitutional right to an environment that is not harmful to health and well-being. In 2022, the National Environmental Management Laws (NEMAL) Amendment Bill, introduced significant changes to section 24G to drive South Africa's environmental compliance and enforcement regime. In this article, I revisit the question of ex post facto environmental authorisation under section 24G to advance substantive normative and theoretical insight that will attempt to clarify 'the controversial' debate about section 24G. This unique insight is achieved through the methodological combination of systemic analysis of the 2022 amendment of section 24G against previous criticisms of section 24G in tandem with existing literature. I articulate these controversies to provide conceptual direction in academic discourse that earlier criticisms about section 24G are no longer tenable. From these theoretical and analytical understandings, I argue that, unlike previous amendments, the 2022 amendment provides a fundamental radical shift in South Africa's environmental law. Along this line, I advocate for rethinking the "contentious" debate about section 24G and the issue of ex post facto environmental authorisation underpinning it. The legal doctrinal research methodology is used in this article.