Résumé Les Indiens, en particulier ceux issus de ce qui était alors compris comme “métissage” ou “miscegenèse” avec des blancs et des noirs, sont devenus un élément clé dans la théorie du médecin et anthropologue Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habituellement, son héritage intellectuel est lié à la population “africo-bahianaise”, compte tenu de ses études détaillées sur l’ethnologie urbaine. Cet article cherche à explorer, parmi ses propositions, le rôle du “brasílio-guarany” et son impact négatif sur le développement du pays, selon une perspective scientifique. Nina Rodrigues a engagé un dialogue avec deux auteurs de renom du XIXe siècle sur les Amérindiens du Nord du pays (en particulier au Pará et en Amazonie), José Veríssimo et Couto de Magalhães. Nous soutenons que le résultat de cette confrontation d’idées est un exemple frappant de la manière dont le médecin maranhense a opéré un certain déplacement par rapport au racisme scientifique, dont il s’éloigne (mais n’abandonne pas), en incorporant des éléments de l’évolutionnisme social et en créant une lecture unique des relations sociales et biologiques entre les trois races constitutives de la nation. Indiens métissage “métissage miscegenèse “miscegenèse noirs Habituellement africobahianaise, africobahianaise africo bahianaise , “africo-bahianaise” lethnologie l ethnologie urbaine explorer propositions brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany scientifique Amazonie, Amazonie Amazonie) Magalhães didées d idées séloigne s éloigne mais nabandonne n abandonne pas, pas pas) lévolutionnisme évolutionnisme nation “africo-bahianaise

Resumo Los indios, en especial aquellos provenientes de lo que entonces era entendido como “mestizaje” o “mestización” con blancos y negros, se convierten en un factor clave en el plano teórico del médico y antropólogo Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habitualmente, su herencia intelectual es vinculada a la población “afro-bahiana”, teniendo em cuenta sus estudios detallados sobre etnología urbana. Este artículo busca explorar, entre sus propuestas, el papel del “brasílio-guarany” y su factor nocivo para el desarrollo del país, desde una perspectiva científica. Nina Rodrigues abrió el diálogo con dos autores destacados en el siglo XIX sobre los amerindios del Norte del país (en especial Pará y Amazonas), José Veríssimo y Couto de Magalhães. Sostenemos que el resultado de esta confrontación de ideas es un ejemplo contundente de cómo el médico marañense hizo un cambio en su posición frente al racismo científico, del cual se distancia (pero no abandona), incorporando elementos del evolucionismo social y creando una lectura única de las relaciones sociales y biológicas entre las llamadas tres razas formadoras de la nación. indios mestizaje “mestizaje mestización “mestización negros Habitualmente afrobahiana, afrobahiana afro bahiana , “afro-bahiana” urbana explorar propuestas brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany científica Amazonas, Amazonas Amazonas) Magalhães científico pero abandona, abandona abandona) nación “afro-bahiana

Abstract Indians, especially those who came from what was then understood as mestiçagem or miscegenation with whites and blacks, became a key factor in the theoretical framework of physician and anthropologist Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Typically, his intellectual heritage is linked to the “African-Bahian” population, given his detailed studies on urban ethnology. This article seeks to explore among his proposals the role of “Brasílio-Guarany” and its perceived harmful impact on the country’s development from a scientistic perspective. Nina Rodrigues engaged in a dialogue regarding Brazil’s Indians from the country’s Northern region (especially Pará and Amazonas) with two prominent nineteenth-century authors: José Veríssimo and Couto de Magalhães. We argue that the result of this clash of ideas is a striking example of how the Maranhão-born doctor underwent a shift in his position regarding scientific racism, from which he distances himself (but does not entirely abandon), incorporating elements of social evolutionism and creating a unique interpretation of the social and biological relations among the so-called three races shaping the nation. blacks Typically AfricanBahian African Bahian “African-Bahian population ethnology BrasílioGuarany Brasílio Guarany “Brasílio-Guarany countrys country s perspective Brazils Brazil Amazonas nineteenthcentury nineteenth century authors Magalhães Maranhãoborn Maranhão born racism but abandon, abandon , abandon) socalled so called nation

Resumo Os índios, em especial aqueles provindos do que então era entendido como “mestiçagem” ou “miscigenação” com brancos e negros, tornaram-se um fator-chave no plano teórico do médico e antropólogo Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habitualmente, sua herança intelectual é vinculada à população “áfrico-bahiana”, posto seus estudos detalhados sobre etnologia urbana. Este artigo busca explorar, dentre suas propostas, o papel do “brasílio-guarany” e seu fator nocivo para o desenvolvimento do país, na ótica cientificista. Nina Rodrigues abriu diálogo com dois autores de destaque no século XIX sobre os ameríndios do Norte do país (em especial Pará e Amazonas), José Veríssimo e Couto de Magalhães. Sustentamos que o resultado deste confronto de ideias é um exemplo contundente de como o médico maranhense realizou certo deslocamento de sua posição em face do racismo científico, do qual ele se afasta (mas não abandona), incorporando elementos do evolucionismo-social e criando uma leitura única das relações sociais e biológicas entre as chamadas três raças formadoras da nação. índios mestiçagem “mestiçagem miscigenação “miscigenação negros tornaramse tornaram fatorchave chave Habitualmente áfricobahiana, áfricobahiana áfrico bahiana , “áfrico-bahiana” urbana explorar propostas brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany cientificista Amazonas, Amazonas Amazonas) Magalhães científico mas abandona, abandona abandona) evolucionismosocial evolucionismo social nação “áfrico-bahiana

My enrolment at university was a significant milestone in my life. During my first three days as a student with autism spectrum disorder, I experienced both positive and negative situations at different campuses, including overcrowded lecture halls, residences, faculty houses, and interacting with other students. My literature review and theoretical interpretation are guided by historical institutionalism and Bakhtin's concept of "outsideness". These frameworks address how historical events shape the social, political, and economic behaviour of institutions in a system that treats new students who must adapt to the university's rules, regulations, and traditions as outsiders. The frameworks mentioned above were used to understand what I experienced during my first three days at university, which set the tone for the rest of my undergraduate education, punctuated by ableness, whiteness, masculinity, and fluctuating forms of support.

BACKGROUND: Students' perceptions of the educational methodology are valuable for improving the quality of the educational environment. However, there is limited literature on students' perceptions of lectures and peer-assisted learning (PAL) within the School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences OBJECTIVES: To determine the perceptions of allied health students across different study levels regarding the effectiveness of lectures and PAL as educational strategies METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 213 Allied Health students from levels 200 to 400 at the University of Ghana. Data were collected using an adopted perceptions questionnaire. Perceptions of lectures and PAL were analysed using means and mean percentages. A one-way ANOVA test was performed to compare differences in perceptions among students at various study levels, while the independent sample t-test was used to compare differences in perceptions between male and female students RESULTS: PAL had the highest mean scores, with a global rating of 4.1 (standard deviation (SD) 0.8) compared with 3.5 (SD 0.8) for lectures (p<0.00). There were no differences in perceptions about lectures and PAL among levels 200 to 400 students. Female students had a more positive perception of PAL, while both male and female students had the same positive perceptions about lectures CONCLUSIONS: Students generally had positive perceptions about lectures and PAL; however, PAL was acknowledged as an alternative that provides students with active educational experiences. PAL may be incorporated into the standard curriculum alongside lectures

ABSTRACT In Costa Rica, the Atlantic region is a multiethnic and multicultural space that clearly differs from the rest of the country. By 1900 the Caribbean was an area with a majority Afro-descendant population, and they coexisted alongside Chinese, Italians, and Central Americans. These people worked in the construction of the railroad and later in the United Fruit Company (UFCO). High literacy rates favor newspaper reading and there were more than 20 attempts to establish regular print that failed for various reasons. The only one that lasted for more than two decades was La Voz del Atlántico, (1934-1946), funded by diverse publicity. This paper aims to offer a methodological proposal for researching the history of the press in the Costa Rican Caribbean while considering the communicative circuit. This entails applying Robert Darnton' methodological model to analyze how newspapers are born and distributed through society, that is, from the author to the reader via the editor, the printer and distributor. The reader completes the circuit.

RESUMEN En Costa Rica la región atlántica es un espacio multiétnico y pluricultural que se diferencia claramente del resto del país. Para 1900 el Caribe era una zona con una población mayoritariamente afrodescendiente, que compartían el espacio con chinos, italianos y centroamericanos. Estas personas laboraron en la construcción del ferrocarril y luego en la United Fruit Company (UFCO). Los altos índices de alfabetización favorecen la lectura de los periódicos y hubo más de 20 intentos por establecer impresos regulares que fracasaron por diversas razones. El único que se mantuvo por más de dos décadas fue La Voz del Atlántico, (19341946), financiado con publicidad diversa. El objetivo es plantear una propuesta metodológica para estudiar la historia de la prensa en el Caribe costarricense, considerando el circuito comunicativo, es decir aplicar el modelo general que planteó Robert Darnton para analizar el modo en que los periódicos nacen y se distribuyen por la sociedad, es decir que va del autor al lector pasando por el editor, el impresor y distribuidor. El lector completa el circuito.

RESUME Au Costa Rica, la région atlantique est un espace multiethnique et multiculturel nettement différent du reste du pays. En 1900, les Caraïbes étaient une région avec une population majoritairement d'ascendance africaine, qui partageait l'espace avec des Chinois, des Italiens et des Centraméricains. Ces personnes ont travaillé dans la construction du chemin de fer et plus tard dans la United Fruit Company (UFCO). Des taux d'alphabétisation élevés favorisent la lecture des journaux et il y a eu plus de 20 tentatives d'établissement d'un imprimé régulier qui ont échoué pour diverses raisons. Le seul qui a duré plus de deux décennies a été La Voz del Atlántico, (1934-1946), financé avec une publicité diverse. L'objectif est de proposer une proposition méthodologique pour étudier l'histoire de la presse dans les Caraïbes costariciennes, en tenant compte du circuit communicatif, c'est-à-dire d'appliquer le modèle général proposé par Robert Darnton pour analyser la façon dont les journaux naissent et se distribuent à travers la société, c'est-à-dire qu'il va de l'auteur au lecteur en passant par l'éditeur, l'imprimeur et le distributeur. Le lecteur complète le circuit.

RESUMO Na Costa Rica, a região atlântica é um espaço multiétnico e multicultural claramente diferente do resto do país. Em 1900, o Caribe era uma área com uma população majoritariamente afrodescendente, que compartilhava espaço com chineses, italianos e centro-americanos. Essas pessoas trabalharam na construção da ferrovia e depois na United Fruit Company (UFCO). Altas taxas de alfabetização favorecem a leitura de jornais e houve mais de 20 tentativas de estabelecer impressão regular que falharam por vários motivos. A única que durou mais de duas décadas foi La Voz del Atlántico, (1934-1946), financiada como publicidad diversa. O objetivo é propor uma proposta metodológica para estudar a história da imprensa nas Caraíbas costa-riquenhas, considerando o circuito comunicativo, ou seja, aplicar o modelo geral proposto por Robert Darnton para analisar a forma como os jornais nascem e são distribuídos pela sociedade, ou seja, vai do autor ao leitor através do editor, a impressora e distribuidor. O leitor completa o circuito.

Résumé Il y a plusieurs programmes d'enseignement explicite de la compréhension de la lecture, nationaux et internationaux. En ce sens, l'objectif principal de cet article est de faire connaître les programmes de compréhension de lecture existants à l'échelle internationale destinés aux élèves du 1er cycle de l'éducation de base, avec 6 à 10 ans. Une revue des programmes de compréhension en lecture a été réalisée à l'aide de la base de données Scopus et du moteur de recherche Google et 26 études ont été analysées. La plupart de ces programmes comprennent un groupe témoin et un groupe expérimental et s'adressent aux élèves de 4éme année, étant peu nombreux pour les élèves de 2.º année. Activer des connaissances antérieures, rédiger des résumés, extraire des idées principales, répondre à des questions et trouver le sens de mots inconnus sont quelques-unes des stratégies cognitives utilisées dans ces programmes. Utiliser la stratégie de lecture des « notes », la technique Cloze, utiliser un logiciel, souligner les idées principales, utiliser différents symboles et couleurs pour marquer les idées sont des exemples d'activités utilisées pour améliorer la compréhension en lecture. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les élèves améliorent la compréhension en lecture et les variables à l'étude lorsqu'ils interviennent avec des programmes de compréhension en lecture.

Resumen Existen varios programas para la enseñanza explícita de la comprensión lectora, a nivel nacional e internacional. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este artículo es dar a conocer los programas de comprensión lectora existentes a nivel internacional dirigidos a estudiantes del 1er ciclo de Educación Básica, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 10 años. Se realizó una revisión de programas de comprensión lectora utilizando la base de datos Scopus y el buscador Google y se analizaron 26 estudios. La mayoría de estos programas incluyen un grupo de control y un grupo experimental y están dirigidos a estudiantes de 4º grado, siendo pocos para estudiantes de 2º grado. Activar conocimientos previos, escribir resúmenes, extraer ideas principales, responder preguntas y encontrar el significado de palabras desconocidas son algunas de las estrategias cognitivas utilizadas en estos programas. El uso de la estrategia de lectura de “notas”, la técnica Cloze, el uso de software, el subrayado de ideas principales, el uso de diferentes símbolos y colores para marcar ideas son ejemplos de actividades que se utilizan para mejorar la comprensión lectora. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los estudiantes mejoran la comprensión lectora y las variables objeto de estudio cuando se les interviene con programas de comprensión lectora.

Abstract There are several programs of explicit teaching of reading comprehension nationally and internationally. In this sense, the main objective of this study is to make known the existing reading comprehension programs internationally intended for students of the primary school, with aged between 6 and 10 years old. In this study, 26 studies were analyzed and programs for reading comprehension were reviewed using the Scopus database and the Google search engine. Most of these programs include a control group and an experimental group and are aimed at students in the 4thgrade, being scarce for students in the 2nd grade. The activation of previous knowledge, the elaboration of summaries, the extraction of main ideas, the answer to questions and the finding of the meaning of unknown words are some of the cognitive strategies used in these programs. The use of the “annotations” reading strategy, the Cloze technique, the use of software, underlining the main ideas, using different symbols and colors to mark ideas are examples of activities used to improve reading comprehension. The results of this study indicate that students improve reading comprehension and the variables under study, when intervened with reading comprehension programs.

Resumo Existem vários programas de ensino da compreensão da leitura, a nível nacional e internacional. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo deste artigo é o de dar a conhecer os programas de compreensão de leitura existentes internacionalmente destinados a alunos do 1.º ciclo do Ensino Básico, com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 10 anos. Foi realizada a revisão dos programas em compreensão da leitura usando a base de dados Scopus e o motor de busca Google e foram analisados 26 estudos. A maioria destes programas inclui um grupo de controlo e um grupo experimental e destina-se a alunos de 4.º ano de escolaridade, sendo escassos para alunos de 2.º ano. A ativação de conhecimentos prévios, a elaboração de resumos, a extração das ideias principais, a resposta a questões e a procura do significado de palavras desconhecidas são algumas das estratégias cognitivas utilizadas nestes programas. A utilização da estratégia de leitura “anotações”, a técnica Cloze, sublinhar as ideias principais, usar símbolos e cores diferentes para marcar ideias são exemplos de atividades usadas para melhorar a compreensão da leitura. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que os alunos melhoram a compreensão da leitura e as variáveis em estudo quando intervencionados com programas de compreensão da leitura.

Abstract: In the last 20 years, the process of verticalization of the residential real estate market in Mexico City is more than evident. Along with this process, there is growing social concern about changes in the city and neighborhoods. The transformation of the city has generated various reactions. This article presents an analysis from a different point of view: the institutionalization of the citizen participation. For this, data from the transformation of the real estate supply in Mexico City from 1990 to 2017 and the complaints filed with the Environmental and Territorial Procurator’s Office (PAOT) are used. The results indicate that along with the transformation of the real estate supply (higher density and height), complaints are also growing. It is argued that this process can be like to so-called Not in my backyard (NIMBY).

Resumen: En los últimos veinte años es más que evidente el proceso de verticalización de la oferta inmobiliaria residencial en la Ciudad de México. A la par de este proceso, existe una creciente preocupación social por los cambios en la ciudad y en los barrios. La transformación de la urbe ha generado diversas reacciones. En este artículo se presenta una lectura de éstas desde un punto poco analizado: la institucionalización de la participación ciudadana. Para ello se usan datos de la transformación de la oferta inmobiliaria en la Ciudad de México de 1990 a 2017 y las denuncias presentadas ante la Procuraduría Ambiental y de Ordenamiento Territorial (PAOT). Los resultados indican que, a la par de la transformación de la oferta inmobiliaria (mayor densidad y en altura), también las denuncias crecen. Este proceso podemos equiparlo al denominado No en mi patio trasero (NIMBY, en inglés).

Abstract This article seeks to reflect on the dynamics of deconstruction regarding the socio-legal framework of work and of the vulnerability of its status in Portuguese society in recent decades. To this end, it identifies and characterizes the different periods of labor regulation from the 25th of April to the present day, presenting a diachronic reading of the main disputes and regulatory changes. In the second part, it points out transformations in the employment structure and systematizes the most relevant ways of embrittlement of work - the profusion of precarious types of employment, the “alternative uses” of the law, the clandestinization and the non-remuneration of work, the exposure to market fluctuations, the lack of manpower, and the weakening of collective hiring. The aim is to contribute to thinking about work today, between the “promises of April” and neoliberal regulation.

Resumo Este artigo procura refletir sobre as dinâmicas de desconstrução do enquadramento sociojurídico do trabalho e de vulnerabilização do seu estatuto na sociedade portuguesa nas últimas décadas. Para isso, identifica e caracteriza os diferentes períodos de regulação laboral desde o 25 de Abril até à atualidade, apresentando uma leitura diacrónica das principais disputas e mudanças normativas. Num segundo momento, aponta transformações na estrutura do emprego e sistematiza as vias mais relevantes de fragilização do trabalho - a profusão de modalidades precárias de emprego, os “usos alternativos” da lei, a clandestinização e a não remuneração do trabalho, a exposição às flutuações do mercado, a deslaboralização e a debilitação da contratação coletiva. Pretende-se assim contribuir para pensar o trabalho hoje, entre as promessas de Abril e a regulação neoliberal.

Résumé Cet article cherche à réfléchir sur la dynamique de déconstruction du cadre sociojuridique du travail et la vulnérabilité de son statut dans la société portugaise au cours des dernières décennies. Pour ce faire, il identifie et caractérise les différentes périodes de régulation du travail du 25 avril (date de la révolution portugaise) à nos jours, en présentant une lecture diachronique des principaux conflits et évolutions réglementaires. D’autre part, il signale les changements dans la structure de l’emploi et systématise les modalités les plus pertinentes de fragilisation du travail - la profusion d’emplois précaires, les « usages alternatifs » du droit, la clandestinité et la non-rémunération du travail, l’exposition aux fluctuations du marché, le manque de main-d’œuvre et l’affaiblissement de la négociation collective. L’objectif est de contribuer à réfléchir sur le travail aujourd’hui, entre « promesses d’avril » et régulation néolibérale.

Abstract Analyzing the second volume of proceedings of the First Latin American Congress of Medicine held in Santiago on the first nine days of the twentieth century, we found a lecture by Eloísa Díaz, the first Chilean and Latin American woman to graduate as a doctor, despite the discrimination she suffered, which even forced her to attend classes accompanied by her mother. This conference on the school medical service is analyzed, as well as the introduction to her degree thesis, and incidentally the presentations of other participating doctors, emphasizing the infectious pathology discussed and its verbose and flowery language.

Resumen Revisando el segundo volumen de actas del Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Medicina, reunido en Santiago los nueve primeros días del siglo XX, encontramos una conferencia de Eloísa Díaz, primera mujer chilena y latinoamericana en graduarse de médico, pese a la discriminación sufrida, que la obligó incluso a asistir a clases acompañada por su madre. Se analiza tanto esta conferencia sobre la organización del servicio médico escolar, como la introducción a su tesis de grado, y de paso las presentaciones de otros médicos participantes, haciendo hincapié en la patología infecciosa discutida y en su lenguaje verboso y florido.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) is a globally recognised publication outlet for the field of Computer Science, including in South Africa. In this study, spanning from 1973 to 2022, we investigated the research participation of South African based authors in LNCS. The publication output and citation impact of these authors were compared to the global Computer Science and LNCS output. The authorship patterns and collaborative behaviour of South African LNCS papers were explored, and a keyword or topic analysis also conducted. Of the total of 518 662 LNCS papers published globally between 1973 and 2022, South African based researchers contributed 1150 papers (0.22%). The LNCS papers from South Africa exhibit a strong collaborative publication culture, with 1043 (91%) co-authored and 107 (9%) single-authored works. Local LNCS researchers prefer institutional collaboration (43%), followed by international (37%) and national collaboration (11%). Europe emerged as the most significant collaboration partner for LNCS researchers in South Africa. Of the 1150 papers, 836 (73%) had received citations, while 314 (27%) had not. On average, papers published by South African based authors received 6.05 citations, compared to the global LNCS average of 9.49 citations per paper. A keyword analysis revealed that the majority of papers by South African authors focus on artificial intelligence. The results indicate that, although LNCS serves as a reputable dissemination platform for Computer Science research output both globally and locally, South African authors should consider publishing more journal articles to build and improve their researcher profiles. SIGNIFICANCE: • The study shows that LNCS is the most frequent publication outlet for Computer Science researchers, globally and in South Africa. • The study offers insight into the publication output, authorship patterns, collaborative behaviour and citation impact of South African based Computer Science researchers.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The growing availability of devices for mobile learning has created new opportunities for teaching. With the development of smartphone apps based on audience response systems, there is a possibility to quickly assess student knowledge. The education of health professionals, including medical students, is an essential strategy for tuberculosis control. In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, audience response systems are very useful as online assessment tools. The aim of this study was to use the audience response systems Socrative to assess medical students during a class on tuberculosis. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental before-and-after study, with pre- and post-tests carried out through the Socrative app, respectively, before and after a lecture on tuberculosis for medical students. Also, a cross-sectional study was carried out after the course to evaluate the participant's satisfaction through an electronic, structured questionnaire with a Likert-type scale. RESULTS: A total of 126 students were included in the study. The overall mean pre- and post-test scores were 5.98±1.59 and 8.37±1.36, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). Almost all students were totally satisfied with the use of Socrative on pre- and post-tests. CONCLUSION: This study describes how the use of Socrative in a tuberculosis class was well received by students. In addition, the baseline knowledge on tuberculosis was low in some topics, with some improvement after the lecture. These findings emphasize the need to further improve the students’ knowledge on tuberculosis and help instructors customize the lecture based on the gaps identified in the Socrative assessment.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article analyse les candidatures collectives à partir de la littérature sur l’interaction entre partis politiques et mouvements sociaux. Question : quelles sont les caractéristiques des candidatures collectives, des porte-parole et des élus ? Que nous apprennent-ils sur l’interaction entre mouvements sociaux et partis politiques ? Il présente une base de données de 319 candidatures participant aux élections municipales de 2020 et une analyse qualitative et quantitative du profil des porte-parole : sexe, race, âge, éducation, état civil, répartition dans les unités fédératives, attaches et infrastructure organisationnelle des mouvements et des partis, et les ressources de campagne. À travers une fertilisation mutuelle entre littératures, l’article soutient que les candidatures collectives présentent une nouvelle forme d’interaction entre mouvements sociaux et partis politiques et, en même temps, propose une caractérisation détaillée des candidatures collectives à partir d’une lecture de leur ensemble. L’article insiste également sur certaines hypothèses qui lient les candidatures collectives exclusivement à l’inclusion des groupes minoritaires, aux nouveaux activismes et aux agendas intersectionnels. linteraction l interaction porteparole porte parole apprennentils apprennent ils 31 202 sexe race âge éducation civil fédératives campagne littératures larticle dinteraction d temps dune ensemble Larticle L linclusion inclusion minoritaires intersectionnels 3 20 2

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza las candidaturas colectivas a partir de la literatura sobre la interacción entre partidos políticos y movimientos sociales. Se pregunta ¿cuáles son las características de las candidaturas colectivas, de los voceros y de los elegidos? ¿qué nos dicen sobre la interacción entre movimientos sociales y partidos políticos? Para ello, se presenta un banco de datos de 319 candidaturas participantes en las elecciones municipales de 2020 y el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo del perfil de los voceros: género, raza, edad, escolaridad, estado civil, distribución en las unidades federativas, vínculos e infraestructura organizacional de los movimientos y de los partidos, así como recursos de las campañas. Por medio de la mutua fertilización entre literaturas, el artículo argumenta que las candidaturas colectivas presentan una nueva forma de interacción entre movimientos sociales y partidos políticos y, al mismo tiempo, ofrece una caracterización detallada de las candidaturas colectivas a partir de una lectura de su conjunto. El artículo también pone en tensión algunos presupuestos que relacionan las candidaturas colectivas exclusivamente con la inclusión de grupos minorizados, nuevos activismos y pautas interseccionales. cuáles elegidos qué ello 31 202 género raza edad escolaridad civil federativas campañas literaturas tiempo conjunto minorizados interseccionales 3 20 2

ABSTRACT This article analyzes collective candidacies based on the literature on the interaction between political parties and social movements. It asks: what are the characteristics of collective candidacies, of spokespersons and of those elected? What do they tell us about the interaction between social movements and political parties? It presents a database of 319 candidacies participating in the 2020 municipal elections and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the spokespersons’ profiles: gender, race, age, education, marital status, distribution in federal units, ties and organizational infrastructure of movements and parties, and campaign resources. Through the mutual fertilization between literatures, the article argues that collective candidacies present a new form of interaction between social movements and political parties, at the same time, it offers a detailed characterization of collective candidacies as a whole. The article also confronts some assumptions that relate collective candidacies exclusively to inclusion of marginalized groups, new activisms, and intersectional agendas. asks elected 31 202 profiles gender race age education status units resources literatures time whole groups activisms agendas 3 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo analisa as candidaturas coletivas a partir da literatura sobre a interação entre partidos políticos e movimentos sociais. Pergunta: quais características das candidaturas coletivas, dos porta-vozes e dos eleitos? O que elas nos dizem sobre a interação entre movimentos sociais e partidos políticos? Apresenta um banco de dados de 319 candidaturas participantes das eleições municipais de 2020 e análise qualitativa e quantitativa do perfil dos porta-vozes: gênero, raça, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, distribuição nas unidades federativas, vínculos e infraestrutura organizacional dos movimentos e dos partidos, e recursos de campanhas. Por meio da mútua fertilização entre literaturas, o artigo argumenta que as candidaturas coletivas apresentam uma nova forma de interação entre movimentos sociais e partidos políticos, ao mesmo tempo, oferece uma caracterização detalhada das candidaturas coletivas a partir de uma leitura do seu conjunto. O artigo também tensiona alguns pressupostos que relacionam as candidaturas coletivas exclusivamente com a inclusão de grupos minorizados, novos ativismos e pautas interseccionais. Pergunta portavozes porta vozes eleitos 31 202 gênero raça idade escolaridade civil federativas campanhas literaturas tempo conjunto minorizados interseccionais 3 20 2

Abstract Αn online questionnaire was developed to find out (i) whether geotechnical engineering instructors have available a variety of satisfactory educational material and (ii) the types of educational material they desire. The title of the questionnaire was phrased as “What Geotechnical Engineering Educational Material can we dream of?”, in order to convey that the main purpose of the survey project reported herein is to learn about these desired educational materials. In doing so, the survey also aims to assemble information on related issues, such as: existing educational materials, where do instructors search for them and how satisfied they are with available material. The questionnaire has 12 close-ended (four yes/no and eight multiple choice) and four open-ended questions. Of the 94 completed questionnaires received, 63 were deemed to be conscientious attempts to answer its questions and were analyzed in detail. The most revealing findings from the close-ended questions include the following. The majority of the instructors (52%) are not adequately satisfied with the material they use. Likewise, whereas a significant percentage have searched for additional material, a little less than half of them (45%) are not satisfied with material found. Respondents need materials for their lectures, materials to engage students outside lecture time and, to a lesser extent, materials to assess students. In terms of topics of interest, case studies and laboratory-related educational materials are the most popular. The online supplement of the paper includes broad-stroke and fine-stroke descriptions of desirable educational materials that provide directions for developing them. i (i ii (ii desire What of, , of?” so issues 1 closeended close ended yesno yes no choice openended open 9 received 6 detail following 52% 52 (52% use Likewise 45% 45 (45% found lectures extent interest laboratoryrelated laboratory popular broadstroke broad stroke finestroke fine of? 5 (52 4 (45 (5 (4 (

Résumé Freud et Lacan font tout deux un usage intensive, mais différent, de l’art et la littérature dans leurs théories. Cela peut être mieux lorsque les auteurs se concentrent sur la même œuvre, comme Hamlet et, dans le cas de Freud, Macbeth de William Shakespeare. Cet article donc analyse la lecture de Freud de ces deux tragédies shakespeariennes, ainsi que l’analyse de Lacan sur Hamlet, en étudiant certaines particularités de leurs relations avec l’art et la littérature. Bien qu’ils impliquent des interprétations différentes, ces travaux rassemblent des éléments importants et ont parfois valeur d’exemple paradigmatique pour les réflexions psychanalytiques. intensive différent lart l art théories œuvre Shakespeare shakespeariennes lanalyse quils qu ils différentes dexemple d exemple psychanalytiques

Resumen El arte y la literatura están presentes de manera significativa, tanto en Freud como en Lacan, sin embargo se inscriben de diferentes formas en ambas teorías, esto se puede observar mejor cuando los autores se enfocan en una misma obra, como Hamlet de William Shakespeare. Además de esto, Macbeth es otro drama de Shakespeare que a Freud le interesará por el personaje de Lady Macbeth. Por tanto, el artículo analizó las interpretaciones de Freud sobre estas dos tragedias de Shakespeare, así como las interpretaciones de Lacan sobre Hamlet, investigando algunas particularidades sobre sus relaciones con el arte y la literatura. Aunque implican diferentes interpretaciones, estas obras reúnen elementos importantes y, en ocasiones, con el valor de un ejemplo paradigmático para las reflexiones en el campo del psicoanálisis. significativa teorías obra ocasiones psicoanálisis

Abstract Both Freud and in Lacan make extensive, albeit different, use of art and literature in their theories. This can be better observed when they focus on the same work, such as Hamlet and, in Freud’s case, Macbeth by William Shakespeare. Thus, this article analysed Freud’s readings of these two Shakespearean tragedies, as well as Lacan’s analysis of Hamlet, investigating some particularities about their relations with art and literature. Despite differences in interpretation, these works bring together important elements valuable as a paradigmatic example of psychoanalytic reflections. extensive different theories work Freuds s case Shakespeare Thus tragedies Lacans interpretation reflections

Resumo A arte e a literatura estão presentes de maneira significativa, tanto em Freud quanto em Lacan, entretanto elas se inscrevem de diferentes formas nas duas teorias, isso pode ser melhor observado quando os autores se debruçam sobre uma mesma obra, como Hamlet de William Shakespeare. Além desta, Macbeth é outro drama shakespeariano que interessará a Freud por conta da personagem de Lady Macbeth. Diante disso, o artigo analisou as interpretações de Freud acerca dessas duas tragédias shakespearianas, assim como as de Lacan sobre Hamlet, investigando algumas particularidades acerca de relações com a arte e com a literatura. Embora impliquem em interpretações diversas, essas obras reúnem elementos importantes e por vezes com um valor de exemplo paradigmático para reflexões no campo da psicanálise. significativa teorias obra Shakespeare desta disso shakespearianas diversas psicanálise

Abstract In order to move towards discrete analyses of soil behaviour, we need to develop a new range of apparatus and testing techniques. The lecture describes attempts to develop these new apparatus and presents data for a range of coarse-grained geomaterials at the single particle scale. The roles of the particle morphology and hence geological origin are discussed and are shown to influence both the contact mechanics and particle breakage behaviour. The mechanics of single particles are shown to be more complex than generally assumed and will require new means of modelling to account for the significant plasticity that occurs at particle contacts and patterns of breakage that are strongly influenced by the origins of particles and their effect on their morphology. behaviour techniques coarsegrained coarse grained scale