ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase water and nutrient absorption from the soil by plants. However, its benefits to plants vary depending on the inoculated species. This study aimed to determine the influence of different species of mycorrhizal fungi on the development and productivity of grain sorghum cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of two sorghum cultivars (BRS 310 and BRS 330) and five treatments (control without inoculation and four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Gigaspora margarita, Glomus formosanum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and Scutellospora pellucida), with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, length, volume, specific surface area, root diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, thousand-grain weight, grain productivity, colonization, dependence, and mycorrhizal efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that inoculation with the species S. pellucida induced higher root and shoot development of plants of the cultivar BRS 310, as well as higher productivity of sorghum grains. The cultivar BRS 330 showed higher root development when inoculated with the species G. formosanum and a higher shoot development when inoculated with the species A. scrobiculata. Mycorrhizal dependence for grain productivity was low and varied with the inoculated species of mycorrhizal fungi. The mycorrhizal efficiency for shoot dry mass was higher with the inoculation of A. scrobiculata and S. pellucida in the cultivar BRS 310 and A. scrobiculata and G. margarita in the cultivar BRS 330. However scheme 31 control pellucida, , pellucida) replications height diameter area length volume thousandgrain thousand weight colonization evaluated S grains 33 G A 3

Abstract Distichlis spicata is a gramineous halophyte species that grow around the coastal areas. The objective of the study was to identify the modifications in the anatomical structure of stomates of the D. spicata leaf epidermis, cultivated with irrigation and without irrigation conditions. Two populations were selected, 1) plants of D. spicata with irrigation and 2) plants of D. spicata without irrigation. Ten plants per replication were selected from each population, and from each selected plant, the fourth leaf was taken. Each leaf was cut longitudinally into four segments which were dried and analyzed using an Electronic Scanning Microscope. The variables measured were the stomatal density, length, and width of stomates and pores, the stomatal area, the proportion of the pore area concerning the size of the stomata, and the stomata proportion per surface. The results showed that D. spicata populations with irrigation and without irrigation showed anatomical modifications in the structure of stomates in the adaxial epidermis but not in the abaxial epidermis. In the adaxial epidermis, the plants with irrigation showed higher values of stoma length, stoma width, stoma area and pore length, while plants without irrigation showed higher values of proportion pore/stoma and stomatal density. The D. spicata plants without irrigation showed small stomates than plants with irrigation, also, the plants without irrigation, increased the accumulation of salt crystals in the abaxial epidermis.

Resumen Distichlis spicata es una especie de gramínea halófita que crece en las zonas costeras. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las modificaciones en la estructura anatómica de estomas de la epidermis foliar de D. spicata, cultivadas con riego y sin riego. Se seleccionaron dos poblaciones, 1) plantas de D. spicata con riego y 2) plantas de D. spicata sin riego. De cada población se seleccionaron 10 plantas por repetición y de cada planta seleccionada se tomó la cuarta hoja. Cada hoja se cortó longitudinalmente en cuatro segmentos que se secaron y analizaron utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las variables medidas fueron la densidad estomática, largo y ancho de estomas y poros, el área estomática, la proporción del área de poros con respecto al tamaño de los estomas y la proporción de estomas por superficie. Los resultados mostraron que la población de D. spicata con riego y sin riego mostraron modificaciones anatómicas en la estructura de los estomas en la epidermis adaxial pero no en la epidermis abaxial. En la epidermis adaxial, las plantas con riego presentaron valores más altos de longitud de estoma, ancho de estoma, área de estoma y longitud de poro, mientras que las plantas sin riego mostraron valores más altos de proporción poro/estoma y densidad estomática. Las plantas de D. spicata sin riego presentaron estomas más pequeños respecto a las plantas con riego; además, las plantas sin riego incrementaron la acumulación de cristales de sal en la epidermis abaxial.

Resumo O Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) é a razão da área da superfície do solo coberta por folhas. O IAF desempenha um papel significativo nas características estruturais dos ecossistemas florestais. Portanto, é necessário um processo de estimativa preciso. Um método para estimar o IAF é o uso da Fotografia de Cobertura Digital. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações para processamento do IAF usando fotos digitais não considera a cor marrom das partes das plantas. Pesquisas anteriores, que incluem a cor marrom no cálculo, potencialmente produziram resultados enviesados devido ao aumento na contagem de pixels da foto original. Este estudo tem como objetivo aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF. Os métodos propostos consideram a cor marrom enquanto minimizam erros. O processamento de imagem é realizado em duas etapas para separar os pixels de folhas e não folhas, usando o modelo de cor RGB na primeira etapa e aplicando o modelo de cor CIELAB na segunda etapa. Os métodos propostos e as aplicações existentes são avaliados em relação ao valor real do IAF obtido por meio da Varredura a Laser Terrestre (TLS) como referência. Os resultados demonstram que os métodos propostos identificam efetivamente as partes não foliares e apresentam as menores taxas de erro em comparação com outros métodos. Concluindo, este estudo oferece técnicas alternativas para aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF em ecossistemas florestais . (IAF Portanto preciso Digital entanto plantas anteriores cálculo original erros TLS (TLS referência Concluindo

Abstract Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the ratio of ground surface area covered by leaves. LAI plays a significant role in the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate estimation process is needed. One method for estimating LAI is using Digital Cover Photography. However, most applications for processing LAI using digital photos do not consider the brown color of plant parts. Previous research, which includes brown color as part of the calculation, potentially produced biased results by the increased pixel count from the original photo. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation. The proposed methods consider the brown color while minimizing errors. Image processing is carried out in two stages to separate leaves and non-leaf pixels by using the RGB color model for the first stage and applying the CIELAB color model in the second stage. Proposed methods and existing applications are evaluated against the actual LAI value obtained using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as the ground truth. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively identify non-leaf parts and exhibit the lowest error rates compared to other methods. In conclusion, this study provides alternative techniques to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation in forest ecosystems. (LAI ecosystems Therefore needed Photography However research calculation photo errors nonleaf non leaf TLS (TLS truth conclusion

Resumo O herbicida diclosulam + halauxifen parece ser uma alternativa para o controle de Conyza spp.; no entanto, o volume de pulverização pode resultar em diferentes efeitos de deposição do spray no alvo e, portanto, no controle. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de diferentes volumes de pulverização de diclosulam + halauxifen no controle e danos à superfície foliar de Conyza spp. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Diclosulam + halauxifen (23.52 g ia ha-1 + 6.32 g ea ha-1) foi aplicado em Conyza spp. em alturas médias maiores que 10 cm, seguido de aplicação sequencial de glufosinato de amônio (500 g ia ha-1) após 14 dias. Foram utilizados diferentes volumes de pulverização (200, 150, 100, 80 e 50 L ha-1). A porcentagem de cobertura de gotículas foi avaliada usando papel hidrossensível e analisada usando o software DropScan. Após 24 horas da aplicação inicial, as folhas foram coletadas para microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Embora os diferentes volumes de pulverização não tenham afetado o controle, foram observados efeitos de necrose mais rápidos em 150 e 200 L ha-1. Além disso, a densidade de tricomas e estômatos diminuiu em um volume de pulverização de 200 L ha-1, indicando maior dano inicial neste volume de pulverização. Assim, o aumento dos volumes de pulverização resulta em aumento da deposição de spray, danos às estruturas foliares e, consequentemente, aumento da velocidade de controle. spp entanto portanto Portanto repetições 23.52 2352 23 52 (23.5 ha1 ha 1 ha- 632 6 32 6.3 cm 500 (50 dias 200, (200 100 8 5 ha1. . DropScan 2 MEV. MEV (MEV) 15 20 1. disso ha1, 1, Assim consequentemente 23.5 235 (23. 63 3 6. (5 (20 (MEV 23. (23 ( (2

Abstract The herbicide mixture diclosulam + halauxifen appears to be an alternative for the control of Conyza spp.; however, the spray volume may result in different spray deposition effects on the target and, therefore, on the control. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different spray volumes of diclosulam + halauxifen on the control of and damage to the leaf surface of Conyza spp. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized block design with four replications. Diclosulam + halauxifen (23.52 g ai ha-1 + 6.32 g ae ha-1) was applied to Conyza spp. at average heights greater than 10 cm, followed by sequential application of glufosinate ammonium (500 g ai ha-1) after 14 days. Different spray volumes (200, 150, 100, 80 and 50 L ha-1) were used. The percentage of droplet coverage was evaluated using hydrosensitive paper and analyzed using DropScan software. After 24 hours of initial application, the leaves were collected for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the different spray volumes did not affect the control, faster necrosis effects were observed at 150 and 200 L ha-1. Moreover, the trichome and stomatal density decreased at a spray volume of 200 L ha-1, indicating greater initial damage at this spray volume. Thus, increased spray spray volumes result in increased spray spray deposition, damage to leaf structures and consequently increased control speed. spp however therefore Therefore replications 23.52 2352 23 52 (23.5 ha1 ha 1 ha- 632 6 32 6.3 cm 500 (50 days 200, (200 100 8 5 used software 2 SEM. SEM . (SEM) 15 20 ha1. 1. Moreover ha1, 1, Thus speed 23.5 235 (23. 63 3 6. (5 (20 (SEM 23. (23 ( (2

Resumo A natureza é presenteada com uma grande variedade de plantas ornamentais que embelezam e limpam a natureza. Por causa de seu grande valor estético, existe a necessidade de proteger essas plantas de uma variedade de estresses bióticos e abióticos. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (L.) é uma planta ornamental comumente conhecida como rosa-da-China ou graxa-de-estudante. É afetada por vários patógenos fúngicos e bacterianos. O presente estudo buscou isolar o patógeno da mancha foliar de H. rosa-sinensis e seu controle usando nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs). Com base nas características moleculares e morfológicas, o patógeno isolado da mancha foliar foi identificado como Aspergillus niger. As AgNPs foram sintetizadas no extrato de folhas de Calotropis procera e caracterizadas. A análise de espectroscopia UV-vis mostrou discretas bandas de ressonância plasmônica na superfície das AgNPs sintetizadas, mostrando a presença de aminoácidos aromáticos. A espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) descreveu a presença de grupos funcionais C-O, NH, C-H e O-H, que atuam como moléculas estabilizadoras e redutoras. A difração de raios X (DRX) revelou o tamanho médio (~32,43 nm) das AgNPs e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostrou sua natureza esférica. Neste estudo, foi investigada a atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de AgNPs. A análise da atividade antifúngica in vitro revelou a maior inibição do crescimento de micélio (87%) na concentração de 1,0 mg/ml de AgNPs. A mesma concentração de AgNPs inibiu a propagação da doença em folhas infectadas de H. rosa-sinensis. Esses resultados demonstraram significativa capacidade de controle de doenças das AgNPs e sugeriram seu uso em diferentes plantas ornamentais.

Abstract Nature is gifted with a wide range of ornamental plants, which beautify and clean the nature. Due to its great aesthetic value, there is a need to protect these plants from a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (L.) is an ornamental plant and it is commonly known as China rose or shoeblack plant. It is affected by several fungal and bacterial pathogens. Current study was designed to isolate leaf spot pathogen of H. rosa-sinensis and its control using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Based on molecular and morphological features, the isolated leaf spot pathogen was identified as Aspergillus niger. AgNPs were synthesized in the leaf extract of Calotropis procera and characterized. UV-vis spectral analysis displayed discrete plasmon resonance bands on the surface of synthesized AgNPs, depicting the presence of aromatic amino acids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) described the presence of C-O, NH, C-H, and O-H functional groups, which act as stabilizing and reducing molecules. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the average size (~32.43 nm) of AgNPs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted their spherical nature. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of AgNPs was investigated. In vitro antifungal activity analysis revealed the highest growth inhibition of mycelia (87%) at 1.0 mg/ml concentration of AgNPs. The same concentration of AgNPs tremendously inhibited the spread of disease on infected leaves of H. rosa-sinensis. These results demonstrated significant disease control ability of AgNPs and suggested their use on different ornamental plants.

ABSTRACT The use of biosynthesized nanoparticles is one of the broad research areas where silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-parasitic disease properties. The biological synthesis of silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using methanolic extracts of the Indigofera oblongifolia leaf was evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, total of phenolics, and flavonoids, and MTT assay were used. In addition, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and TEM analysis. produced was stable and simple-to-synthesize AgNPs by UV light radiation. Classes of compounds expected to be biologically active were identified in the extract. Also, Quantitative results showed phenolics and flavonoids at 219 ± 1.079, and 19 ± 0.150 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. Moreover, IC50 was obtained at 151.569 ± 8.5 ng/mL for Hep-G2 cell lines. Examination of IOLEAgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spherical with a smooth surface, which indicates that the prepared nanostructure content is highly pure with good morphology. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using leaf extract (AgNPs-leaf) were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Its activities have been tested as anti-malaria. OILEAgNPs were able to reduce parasitemia. (AgNPs antiparasitic anti parasitic properties evaluated chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS GC MS (GC-MS analysis used addition UVvisible visible spectrophotometry simpletosynthesize simple synthesize radiation Also 21 1079 1 079 1.079 0150 0 150 0.15 mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW , DW) respectively Moreover IC IC5 151569 151 569 151.56 85 8 5 8. ngmL ng mL HepG2 HepG Hep G2 G Hep-G lines (TEM surface morphology AgNPsleaf (AgNPs-leaf antimalaria. antimalaria malaria. malaria anti-malaria parasitemia 2 107 07 1.07 015 15 0.1 15156 56 151.5 10 1.0 01 0. 1515 151. 1.

RESUMO O uso de nanopartículas biossintetizadas é uma das amplas áreas de pesquisa em que as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) têm propriedades antiparasitárias. A síntese biológica de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) usando extratos metanólicos da folha de Indigofera oblongifolia foi avaliada. Foram utilizadas análises de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa (GC-MS), total de fenólicos e flavonoides, e ensaio MTT. Além disso, usando espectrofotometria UV-visível e análise TEM usando extratos retirados das folhas, pudemos produzir AgNPs estáveis e simples de sintetizar por radiação de luz UV. Foram identificadas no extrato classes de compostos que se espera que sejam biologicamente ativos. Além disso, os resultados quantitativos mostraram fenólicos e flavonoides em 39,7±0,3 e 33,4±0,2 (mg TAE/g DW), respectivamente. Além disso, o IC50 do IOLE foi obtido em 20,5±0,9μg/mL para a A549 e 24,3±0,9 para as linhas celulares MCF-7. O exame de IOLEAgNPs usando microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) mostrou que as nanopartículas eram esféricas com uma superfície lisa, o que indica que o conteúdo da nanoestrutura preparada é altamente puro com boa morfologia. As nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extrato de folha (AgNPs-folha) foram caracterizadas por espectrofotometria UV-visível. Suas atividades foram testadas como antimalária. As OILEAgNPs foram capazes de reduzir a parasitemia de forma quase tão eficaz quanto o tratamento padrão. (AgNPs antiparasitárias avaliada GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) MTT disso UVvisível UV visível folhas ativos 39703 39 7 0 3 39,7±0, 33402 33 4 2 33,4±0, mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW DW) respectivamente IC IC5 20509μgmL μgmL 20 5 9μg mL μg A54 24309 24 9 24,3±0, MCF7. MCF7 MCF 7. MCF-7 (TEM lisa morfologia AgNPsfolha (AgNPs-folha UVvisível. visível. antimalária padrão (GC-MS 3970 39,7±0 3340 33,4±0 A5 2430 24,3±0 MCF- 397 39,7± 334 33,4± 243 24,3± 39,7 33,4 24,3 39, 33, 24,

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that common ragweed has rapid growth and development in shoots and roots, which explains its high potential for establishment in the areas, as well as the high regrowth capacity after cutting or application of contact herbicides. This study aims to evaluate the growth of the specie Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The treatments consisted of collection periods of common ragweed plants at fixed intervals of ten days, from 15 to 95 days after emergence (DAE), totaling nine evaluations. In each collection, the aerial part and the roots were evaluated. In the aerial part, stature, leaf area, number of leaves, and dry mass were evaluated. From these data, the absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf weight ratio were calculated. The length, surface area, volume, average diameter, number of root tips, and dry mass were evaluated in the root. The common ragweed plants show rapid growth after emergence, with a similar response in aerial parts and roots. The potential for competition with crops is expressive. Furthermore, due to growth and development characteristics, the potential for regrowth is high and impacts the difficulties in controlling this species. Thus, the authors indicate that control should be carried out within a maximum of 25 days after emergence. areas herbicides artemisiifolia 1 9 DAE, DAE , (DAE) evaluations stature area leaves data calculated length volume diameter tips expressive Furthermore characteristics species Thus 2 (DAE

Abstract The goal of this work was to obtain a rich olive leaf extract with high antioxidant activity due to its content of oleuropein (OLE), hydroxytyrosol (HT) and other phenolics, which have a synergistic effect on total antioxidant activity (TAA). The extraction parameters in the solvent extraction were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) to produce the best results of HT and TAA in olive leaf extracts. A Box Wilson-CCD design was applied, the multi-objective optimization (MOO) was computed with Pareto solutions, and the desirability function (DF) was employed to define the best process variables. The optimized conditions (solvent concentration, temperature, time, solvent:solid ratio) were as follows: 63.30 %, 36 °C, 62 min, 11.80 mL/g for MeOH:H20 extracts and 43.80 %, 52 °C, 58 min, 9.40 mL/g for EtOH:H2 O extracts. Under these conditions, the highest results of HT were reached to 0.809±0.110 mg/g dw and 0.175±0.004 mg/g dw for MeOH:H2 O and EtOH:H2 O extracts, respectively. Similarly, the best results for TAA were obtained at higher concentrations in MeOH:H2 O extracts (451±2.32 mM Trolox) than in EtOH:H2O extracts (297±0.817 mM Trolox). Overall, the synergistic effect of OLE, HT, and flavonoids could make the olive leaf extract a potential cheap source for high value-added products. OLE , (OLE) (HT phenolics TAA. . (TAA) RSM (RSM WilsonCCD Wilson CCD applied multiobjective multi objective MOO (MOO solutions DF (DF variables concentration temperature time solventsolid solid ratio follows 6330 63 30 63.3 % 3 C °C 6 min 1180 11 80 11.8 mLg mL g MeOHH20 MeOHH MeOH H20 H 4380 43 43.8 5 940 9 40 9.4 EtOHH2 EtOHH EtOH H2 EtOH:H 08090110 0 809 110 0.809±0.11 mgg mg 01750004 175 004 0.175±0.00 MeOHH2 MeOH:H respectively Similarly 451±2.32 451232 451 2 32 (451±2.3 Trolox EtOHH2O EtOHHO H2O 297±0.817 2970817 297 817 (297±0.81 Trolox. Overall valueadded value added products (OLE (TAA 633 63. 118 1 8 11. 438 4 43. 94 9. 0809011 0.809±0.1 0175000 17 00 0.175±0.0 451±2.3 45123 45 (451±2. HO 297±0.81 297081 29 81 (297±0.8 080901 0.809±0. 017500 0.175±0. 451±2. 4512 (451±2 297±0.8 29708 (297±0. 08090 0.809±0 01750 0.175±0 451±2 (451± 297±0. 2970 (297±0 0809 0.809± 0175 0.175± 451± (451 297±0 (297± 080 0.809 017 0.175 (45 297± (297 08 0.80 01 0.17 (4 (29 0.8 0.1 ( (2 0.

Abstract Glicophyllum is well supported, presenting four homoplasies, easily differentiated from the other genera of the clade due to characteristics related to the reproductive organs, which can make the identification of their species difficult when they are not in the reproductive phase. Therefore, there are provided the leaf anatomical and morphological description of the leaf glands of seven species of Glicophyllum to assist in the identification of their species. The samples for the study were obtained from several national and international herbaria, sectioned freehand, stained with basic fuchsin – astra blue and compared through a binary matrix using the Sorensen’s coefficient in the MVSP software. Among the leaf anatomical characters found, the following stand out: presence/absence of trichomes; petiole contour; contour of the main vein; organization of the mesophyll, presence/absence of bundle sheath extension and the surface of the glands. In this study, an identification key with leaf anatomical data is presented for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of leaf anatomy for the taxonomy of Glicophyllum. In the multivariate analysis, it is observed that the characteristics of leaf venation and topology of the glands are more representative to differentiate the taxa. Therefore, the data obtained can support future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the genus. supported homoplasies organs phase Therefore herbaria freehand Sorensens Sorensen s software found out presenceabsence presence absence trichomes vein mesophyll time analysis taxa genus

Abstract Sealing systems that provide greater permeability to gasses can favor plant development in vitro. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost sealing system that allows different CO2-exchange rates [CO2-ER] to promote the in vitro growth of mother-of-millions (Kalanchoe delagoensis). Nodal segments of K. delagoensis were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (2.5% active chlorine) and inoculated in culture vessels with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, sealed with rigid polypropylene lids with one (code: 1M; CO2-ER 21 μL L−1s−1) or two (code: 2M; CO2-ER 25 μL L−1s−1) gas-permeable membranes. In the control, the culture vessels were sealed with rigid polypropylene lids without membrane (code: 0M; CO2-ER 14 μL L−1s−1). After 45 days of culture, growth parameters were measured. Plants kept in culture vessels with 0M and 1M lids had a significant increase in the total plant length, main root, aerial part, and number of nodes when compared to the 2M sealing system. The number of leaves and plantlets along the leaf margin was 35.52% and 43.69% higher in plants grown in culture vessels with a 1M sealing system. In conclusion, sealing systems that allow gas exchange rates of up to 21 μL L−1s−1 (0M and 1M) provided the greatest in vitro development of mother-of-millions. lowcost low cost CO2exchange COexchange CO2 CO CO2ER COER ER [CO2-ER motherofmillions mother millions Kalanchoe delagoensis. . delagoensis) K 2.5% 2 5 (2.5 chlorine MS (MS medium code (code M L1s1 Ls L 1s 1 s gaspermeable permeable membranes control L−1s−1. 4 measured length root part 3552 35 52 35.52 4369 43 69 43.69 conclusion L−1s− motherofmillions. millions. 2.5 (2. L1s 355 3 35.5 436 6 43.6 L−1s 2. (2 35. 43. (

Resumo Sistemas de vedação que proporcionam maior permeabilidade aos gases podem favorecer o desenvolvimento de plantas cultivadas in vitro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de vedação de baixo custo que permite diferentes taxas de trocas gasosas [CO2-ER] para promover o crescimento in vitro de mãe-de-mil (Kalanchoe delagoensis). Segmentos nodais de K. delagoensis foram desinfetados em hipoclorito de sódio (2.5%) e inoculados em fracos de cultura contendo meio MS, vedados com tampas rígidas de polipropileno com uma (código 1M; CO2-ER 21 μL L−1 s−1) ou duas (código 2M; CO2-ER 25 μL L−1 s−1) membranas permeáveis a gases. No controle, os frascos de cultura foram vedados com tampas rígidas de polipropileno sem membrana (código 0M; CO2-ER 14 μL L−1 s−1). Após 45 dias de cultivo, parâmetros de crescimento foram avaliados. Plantas mantidas em frascos de cultura com tampas 0M e 1M tiveram aumento significativo no comprimento total da planta, raiz principal, parte aérea e número de nós quando comparadas ao sistema de vedação 2M. O número de folhas e plântulas ao longo da margem foliar foi 35,52% e 43,69% maior nas plantas cultivadas em frascos de cultura com sistema de vedação 1M. Concluindo, sistemas de vedação que permitem taxas de troca gasosa de até 21 μL L−1 s −1 (0M e 1M) proporcionaram o maior desenvolvimento in vitro de mãe-de-mil. CO2ER COER CO2 ER CO [CO2-ER mãedemil mãe mil Kalanchoe delagoensis. . delagoensis) K 2.5% 2 5 (2.5% MS código M L1 L 1 L− s−1 s1 2M controle s−1. 4 cultivo avaliados planta principal 3552 35 52 35,52 4369 43 69 43,69 Concluindo − mãedemil. mil. 2.5 (2.5 s− 355 3 35,5 436 6 43,6 2. (2. 35, 43, (2 (

RESUMO A classificação baseada em descritores morfológicos em alface é considerada uma atividade complexa e mostra-se eficiente para estudo de características fenotípicas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o banco de germoplasma de alface biofortificada da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia utilizando descritores morfológicos convencionais e redes neurais artificiais. O experimento foi conduzido em campo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi de blocos casualizados, composto por 14 tratamentos (11 genótipos de minialface e as cultivares Purpurita, UDI 10.000 e Pira 72) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados nove descritores morfológicos. Após a aquisição dos dados, foram realizadas análises de matrizes de dissimilaridade, análise de componentes principais, construção de dendrogramas e análises de redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Os genótipos apresentaram variabilidade fenotípica quando comparados às linhagens parentais UDI 10.000 e Pira 72. A cor roxa das folhas e a presença de antocianinas em toda a superfície foliar foram predominantes entre os genótipos. Descritores como intensidade e cor das folhas, intensidade, coloração e distribuição de antocianinas foram os mais influentes na avaliação da variabilidade genética. O Mapa Auto-Organizável (SOM) demonstrou maior sensibilidade na discriminação entre genótipos em comparação ao Método de Grupos de Pares Não Ponderados com Média Aritmética (UPGMA). Enquanto o método de agrupamento UPGMA agrupou os genótipos em três agrupamentos, o método SOM agrupou em cinco agrupamentos. A utilização de análises de distância genética e dendograma SOM mostrou-se eficaz na seleção dos indivíduos UFU 215#1, UFU 215#2, UFU 215#6, UFU 215#10 e UFU 215#13, que estão agrupados com a cultivar UFU Mini Biofort. mostrase mostra se fenotípicas Portanto campo casualizados 1 11 (1 Purpurita 10000 10 000 10.00 72 repetições dados dissimilaridade principais RNA. RNA . (RNA) AutoOrganizável Auto Organizável (SOM UPGMA. (UPGMA) agrupamentos mostrouse mostrou 2151 215 215#1 2152 2 215#2 2156 6 215#6 21510 21513 13 215#13 Biofort ( 1000 00 10.0 7 (RNA (UPGMA 21 215# 100 0 10.

ABSTRACT The classification based on morphological descriptors in lettuce is considered a complex activity and proves to be efficient for studying phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the biofortified lettuce germplasm bank at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia using both conventional morphological descriptors and artificial neural networks. The experiment was conducted in the field. The experimental design employed was a randomized complete block design, consisting of 14 treatments (11 genotypes of mini lettuce, and the cultivars Purpurita, UDI 10.000, and Pira 72) with four replications. Nine morphological descriptors were evaluated. Following the data acquisition, dissimilarity matrix analyses, principal component analysis, dendrogram construction, and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses were performed. The genotypes exhibited phenotypic variability when compared to the parental strains UDI 10.000 and Pira 72. The purple color of the leaves and anthocyanin presence across the entire leaf surface were predominant among the genotypes. Descriptors such as leaf intensity and color, as well as anthocyanin intensity, coloration, and distribution, were the most influential in assessing genetic variability. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) demonstrated greater sensitivity in discriminating between genotypes compared to the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). While the UPGMA clustering method grouped genotypes into three clusters, the SOM method grouped into five clusters. The use of genetic distance analyses and SOM dendrogram proved to be effective in selecting individuals UFU 215#1, UFU 215#2, UFU 215#6, UFU 215#10, and UFU 215#13, which are clustered with the cultivar UFU Mini Biofort. characteristics Therefore networks field 1 11 (1 Purpurita 10000 10 000 72 replications evaluated acquisition analysis construction ANN (ANN performed 10.00 coloration distribution SelfOrganizing Self Organizing (SOM UPGMA. . (UPGMA) clusters 2151 215 215#1 2152 2 215#2 2156 6 215#6 21510 215#10 21513 13 215#13 Biofort ( 1000 00 7 10.0 (UPGMA 21 215# 100 0 10.

Abstract In this work we reported injuries caused by the spider mite Oligonychus yothersi on Vitis vinifera leaves and we also investigate the sex ratio of this species under laboratory conditions. To access the aspects regarding reproduction, females were placed individually in arenas made of V. vinifera leaves to oviposit and all progeny were mounted on slides when they reached adulthood to confirm the offspring sex. Our study showed that O. yothersi reproduces by thelytokous /arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, generating low number of males. Additionally, we found vine plants with leaf browning, particularly on the adaxial surface, where mites were usually found. conditions reproduction V O arrhenotokous parthenogenesis males Additionally browning surface

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important processes in the hydrologic cycle, constituting the main responsible for water losses at the surface. Several evapotranspiration models use information from surface temperature and vegetation indices captured by remote sensors such as MODIS and LANDSAT to estimate the ETc value. The objective of this study is to apply SSEBop model to estimate ETc of soybean in a field experiment under four water regimes, using high-resolution multispectral and thermal images collected from remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). Surface temperature and NDVI maps were generated as sources for evapotranspiration estimation. From a Python script, spatial variability maps of ETc were generated at different phenological stages of the crop. The quality of the model for ETc estimates was performed by comparing the modeling results with leaf transpiration data measured in the field using an infrared gas analyzer, whose results showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.76). These results demonstrated the possibility of transferring a model originally developed for processing low to medium-resolution satellite images to high-resolution spatial-temporal images acquired by RPA with small adaptations in the original algorithm, generating great potential for new studies on an experimental and field scale. ET (ET cycle value regimes highresolution high resolution RPA. . (RPA) estimation script crop analyzer R2 R (R 0.76. 076 0.76 0 76 0.76) mediumresolution medium spatialtemporal temporal algorithm scale (RPA 07 0.7 7 0.

Resumo A evapotranspiração (ET) é um dos mais importantes processos do ciclo hidrológico, constituindo-se o principal responsável pelas perdas de água na superfície. Vários modelos de evapotranspiração utilizam informações da temperatura da superfície e índices de vegetação captadas por sensores remotos tais como o MODIS e a série LANDSAT para estimar o valor de ETc. O objetivo deste estudo aplicar o modelo SSEBop para estimativa da ETc da soja (Glicine max. L) em um campo experimental submetida a quatro regimes hídricos, utilizando imagens multiespectrais e termais de alta resolução coletadas com uso de aeronave remotamente pilotada. Mapas de temperatura da superfície e NDVI foram gerados como fontes para a estimativa da evapotranspiração. A partir de um script em Python, mapas de variabilidade espacial da ETc foram gerados para diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura. A qualidade do modelo de estimativas de ETc foi realizada comparando-se os resultados da modelagem com os dados transpiração foliar medida no campo através de um analisador de gases por infravermelho, cujos resultados mostraram boa correlação (R2 = 0,76). Estes resultados demostraram a possibilidade de transferência de um modelo originalmente desenvolvido para processamento de imagens de satélite de baixa a média resolução para imagens de alta resolução espaço temporal adquiridos por RPA a partir de pequenas adaptações no algoritmo original, gerando um grande potencial para novos estudos em escala experimental e de campo. ET (ET hidrológico constituindose constituindo se Glicine max L hídricos pilotada Python cultura comparandose comparando infravermelho R2 R (R 0,76. 076 0,76 . 0 76 0,76) original 07 0,7 7 0,

ABSTRACT: In the scientific toxicity evaluations of insecticides against larvae of Tuta absoluta (Tomato pinworm), a leaf coverage rate of 100 % or very close to this value is sought to guarantee the contact of the insect with the chemical product. However, deposition can change according to the different pesticide application methods used in field productions; consequently, interfering with pest control. From this perspective, this study evaluated the mortality of Tuta absoluta and the deposited volume dispersion on tomato leaflets as a function of droplet sizes and the method of chemical treatment with abamectin. For that purpose, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of different chemical treatment methods: immersion, hydraulic spraying with three droplet sizes, and pneumatic spraying, in which the following parameters were evaluated: larval mortality, volume retained (deposition), surface density of active ingredient, droplet density, and coverage percentage. The different chemical treatments with abamectin provided larval mortality rates above 90%. Furthermore, the highest mortality values (98% and 95.9%) were associated; respectively, with the sprayings that provided the highest droplet densities: hydraulic spraying with average droplets (181 droplets cm-2) and pneumatic spraying with very fine droplets (256 droplets cm-2), the latter using an application volume 84% lower (80 L ha-1) than the lowest volume recommended by the manufacturer (500 L ha-1). ABSTRACT Tomato pinworm, pinworm , pinworm) 10 product However productions consequently control perspective purpose replications immersion deposition, (deposition) ingredient percentage 90 90% Furthermore 98% 98 (98 95.9% 959 95 9 associated respectively densities 181 (18 cm2 cm 2 cm-2 256 (25 cm2, 84 80 (8 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 500 (50 ha1. . (deposition (9 95.9 18 (1 cm- 25 (2 8 ( ha- 50 (5 95. 5

RESUMO: Nas avaliações de toxicidade de inseticidas às larvas de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), procura-se obter 100 % ou próximo disso de cobertura foliar para garantir o contato do inseto com o produto testado. Entretanto, a deposição pode variar entre os diferentes métodos de aplicação empregados a nível de campo e, consequentemente, podem interferir no controle da praga. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a mortalidade da Tuta absoluta e a dispersão do volume depositado em folíolos de tomate em função do tamanho de gotas e do método de tratamento químico com Abamectina. Para isso foi realizado um experimento no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes métodos de tratamento químico: imersão, pulverização hidráulica em três tamanhos de gotas, sendo cada tamanho de gota um tratamento, e pulverização pneumática em que foram avaliados: a mortalidade de larvas da espécie, o volume retido (deposição), a densidade superficial de ingrediente ativo, a densidade de gotas e a porcentagem de cobertura. Os diferentes métodos de tratamento químico com Abamectina proporcionaram mortalidade de larvas acima de 90% e, além disso, os maiores valores de mortalidade (98% e 95,9%) foram associados, respectivamente, às pulverizações que proporcionaram maiores densidades de gotas sendo elas: hidráulica com gotas médias (181 gotas cm-2) e pneumática com gotas muito finas (256 gotas cm-2), sendo esta última, utilizando um volume de aplicação 84% menor (80 L ha-1) em relação ao menor volume recomendado pelo fabricante (500 L ha-1). RESUMO Meyrick, Meyrick , (Meyrick) procurase procura se 10 testado Entretanto consequentemente praga Objetivouse Objetivou repetições imersão avaliados espécie deposição, (deposição) ativo 90 98% 98 (98 95,9% 959 95 9 associados respectivamente elas 181 (18 cm2 cm 2 cm-2 256 (25 cm2, última 84 80 (8 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 500 (50 ha1. . (Meyrick (deposição (9 95,9 18 (1 cm- 25 (2 8 ( ha- 50 (5 95, 5

Abstract. In the present research work, the corrosion inhibition capacity of a liquid extract based on Citrus X-Latifolia leaves was evaluated as a green inhibitor that complies with a natural, economical, and environmentally friendly option. The tests were carried out on a carbon steel AISI 1045 exposed to an acid corrosive medium of 10 mL H2SO4 (0.5 M) to which various concentrations of the extract were dosed as follows: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360 and 400 ppm under standard conditions. Characterization by FT-IR was carried out to detect functional groups of the extract. The inhibitory behavior was recorded by electrochemical techniques (Tafel polarization and EIS). Finally, optical microscopy was used to evaluate the corrosion morphology. The results reveal that the adsorption of the extract molecules on steel follows the behavior of a Langmuir isotherm, reaching a maximum efficiency of 89 % with a concentration of 400 ppm. Finally, an evident change in the surface morphology of the steel sample is observed, thus reducing the pitting corrosion attack on AISI 1045 steel.

Resumen. En el presente trabajo de investigación se evaluó la capacidad de inhibición de la corrosión de un extracto líquido a base de hojas de Citrus X-Latifolia como inhibidor verde que cumpla como una opción natural, económica y amigable con el medio ambiente. Los ensayos se realizaron sobre un acero al carbono AISI 1045 expuesto a un medio ácido corrosivo de 10 mL de H2SO4 (0,5 M) al que se dosificaron diversas concentraciones del extracto: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360 y 400 ppm en condiciones estándar. Se realizó una caracterización por FT-IR para detectar los grupos funcionales del extracto. El comportamiento inhibitorio se registró mediante técnicas electroquímicas (polarización de de Tafel y EIS). Finalmente, se utilizó microscopía óptica para evaluar la morfología de la corrosión. Los resultados revelan que la adsorción de las moléculas del extracto sobre el acero sigue el comportamiento de una isoterma de Langmuir, alcanzando una eficiencia máxima del 89 % con una concentración de 400 ppm. Finalmente, se observa un cambio evidente en la morfología superficial de la muestra de acero, reduciéndose así el ataque de corrosión por picaduras en el acero al carbono 1045.