ABSTRACT. Fig orchard expansion requires knowledge of the thermal requirements of genotypes available in different climatic regions. The budburst of fig cultivars was assessed by biological single-node cutting and exposure to artificial chilling. Cuttings from five cultivars were collected during two crop seasons, subsequently packaged in a horizontal position in a cold chamber (8 ± 0.5ºC), and artificially chilled for 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160h. Cuttings were preserved under controlled conditions (23 ± 1°C, RH 85%, and 16h photoperiod). The variables evaluated were the budding velocity, average time and final rate of sprouting, vigorous shoot rate, and average time to leaf opening. The single-node cutting test allowed the assessment of dormancy, which is influenced by the accumulation of chilling in each crop season. The average time and final budding rate varied depending on the temperature requirements for budding. The cultivars were classified on an increasing scale according to their chilling requirements as follows: Pingo de Mel < Roxo de Valinhos < Brown Turkey < White Genova < Troyano. The traditional cultivar in Brazil is Roxo de Valinhos, but all of the cultivars studied had the potential to diversify the fig orchards in this region. ABSTRACT regions singlenode single node seasons 8 ( 0.5ºC, 05ºC ºC 0.5ºC , 0 5ºC 0.5ºC) 40 80 120 160h h 23 (2 1C C 1 1°C 85 85% photoperiod. photoperiod . photoperiod) velocity sprouting opening dormancy season follows Troyano region 4 12 2

Abstract Zinc (Zn) deficiency affects one-third of the world’s population, and agronomic biofortification is a good way to fight against this problem. Biofortification of leafy vegetables has been driven by their consumption, and, in this scenario, the waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) demonstrates good potential. Thus, this work aimed to verify the efficiency of agronomic biofortification of waterleaf with Zn applied via root. For the experiment, seedlings obtained with vegetative propagation by cuttings were used and cultivated in a mixture of sand and commercial substrate, initially in the laboratory. After acclimatization, the seedlings were transferred to a plant nursery, where NPK and Zn were applied, in six treatments (source Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate, ZnSO4.7H2O), T1: control; T2: 12.5 mg kg-1; T3: 25 mg kg-1; T4: 50 mg kg-1; T5: 100 mg kg-1; T6: 400 mg kg-1. The length, number of leaves, shoots, inflorescences, and diameter of the collection were measured. The leaf dry mass (LDM), stem (SDM), root (RDM), root-shoot ratio (R S-1), leaf weight ratio (LWR), Dickson’s Quality Index (DQI), leaf and soil Zn levels, total proteins and soluble sugars (TSS) were analyzed. The dose of 400 mg kg-1 provided toxicity to plants, and the dose of 100 mg kg-1 demonstrated better results in plant growth and development and contents of proteins and zinc, with an increase of 4081% of Zn, indicating which is the most effective dose to be used in the biofortification of this species. (Zn onethird one third worlds world s population problem consumption scenario Talinum triangulare potential Thus experiment substrate laboratory acclimatization nursery source Heptahydrate ZnSO4.7H2O, ZnSO47H2O ZnSOHO ZnSO4.7H2O , ZnSO4 7H2O ZnSO H O ZnSO4.7H2O) T1 T control T2 125 12 5 12. kg1 kg 1 T3 2 T4 T5 10 T6 40 kg1. 1. length leaves shoots inflorescences measured LDM, LDM (LDM) SDM, SDM (SDM) RDM, RDM (RDM) rootshoot shoot R S1, S1 S S-1) LWR, LWR (LWR) Dicksons Dickson DQI, DQI (DQI) levels TSS (TSS analyzed kg- plants zinc 4081 species HO 4 (LDM (SDM (RDM S-1 (LWR (DQI 408 S-

Resumo A deficiência de Zinco (Zn) atinge um terço da população mundial, e a biofortificação agronômica é uma forma de combatê-la. A biofortificação de hortaliças folhosas tem sido impulsionada pelo seu consumo e, neste cenário, o cariru (Talinum triangulare) demonstra potencial para esses estudos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência da biofortificação agronômica de cariru com Zn aplicado via radicular. Para o experimento, foram utilizadas mudas obtidas com a propagação vegetativa por estaquia, cultivadas em uma mistura de areia e substrato comercial inicialmente em laboratório. Após aclimatação, as mudas foram transferidas para um viveiro, onde foram aplicados NPK e Zn, em seis tratamentos (fonte Sulfato de Zinco Heptahidratado, ZnSO4.7H2O), T1: testemunha; T2: 12.5 mg kg-1; T3: 25 mg kg-1; T4: 50 mg kg-1; T5: 100 mg kg-1; T6: 400 mg kg-1. Foram medidos o comprimento, número de folhas, brotações, inflorescências e diâmetro da coleção. A massa seca da folha (LDM), caule (SDM), raiz (RDM), razão raiz-parte aérea (R S-1), razão peso da folha (LWR), Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (DQI), níveis de Zn foliar e do solo, total proteínas e açúcares solúveis (TSS) foram analisados. A dose de 400 mg kg-1 proporcionou toxicidade às plantas, e a dose de 100 mg kg-1 demonstrou melhores resultados no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, e teores de proteínas e zinco, com aumento de 4081% de Zn, indicando que é a dose mais efetiva a ser utilizada na biofortificação dessa espécie. (Zn mundial combatêla. combatêla combatê la. la combatê-la cenário Talinum triangulare estudos Assim radicular experimento estaquia laboratório aclimatação viveiro fonte Heptahidratado ZnSO4.7H2O, ZnSO47H2O ZnSOHO ZnSO4.7H2O , ZnSO4 7H2O ZnSO H O ZnSO4.7H2O) T1 T testemunha T2 125 12 5 12. kg1 kg 1 T3 2 T4 T5 10 T6 40 kg1. 1. comprimento folhas brotações coleção LDM, LDM (LDM) SDM, SDM (SDM) RDM, RDM (RDM) raizparte parte R S1, S1 S S-1) LWR, LWR (LWR) DQI, DQI (DQI) solo TSS (TSS analisados kg- plantas zinco 4081 espécie HO 4 (LDM (SDM (RDM S-1 (LWR (DQI 408 S-

Abstract: Plant and fruit quality is a reflection of several factors, one of which is the way the seedlings were produced. The aim of this study was to analyse the phytotechnical and nutritional characteristics of fig tree seedlings (Ficus carica L.) produced in a substrate comprising decomposed stems of the buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.). A randomised block design was used, with treatments distributed in a 5x6 factorial scheme with one additional treatment, arranged in five blocks. The substrates included the following levels of decomposed buriti stems: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, with a different decomposition time (0; 15; 30; 45; 60 and 75 days) for each treatment. There was one additional treatment comprising 100% soil. The following variables were evaluated to determine the effects of the treatments: number of leaves (NL), number of branches (NB), leaf chlorophyll index, diameter of the largest shoot (DLS), length of the largest shoot (LLS), leaf area (LA), root length (RL), root volume (RV), shoot fresh matter (SFM), root fresh matter (RFM), shoot dry matter (SDM) and root dry matter (RDM), with a chemical analysis of the shoots and soil before and after setting up the experiment. The proportion of decomposed buriti palm stem in the substrate yielded significant results for the morphological variables, including the number of leaves, shoot fresh matter, root fresh matter and root volume. For the nutritional variables relating to the aerial part of the seedlings, the proportion of substrate yielded significant results for the levels of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. There were no significant results from the decomposition time; however, multivariate analysis showed that by the end of the experiment the nutrient concentration in the soil was higher than before the experiment. Abstract factors Ficus L. L Mauritia L.. . used x 5x blocks 20 20% 40 40% 60% 80 100 0 (0 15 30 45 6 7 days NL, NL , (NL) NB, NB (NB) index DLS, DLS (DLS) LLS, LLS (LLS) LA, LA (LA) RL, RL (RL) RV, RV (RV) SFM, SFM (SFM) RFM, RFM (RFM) SDM (SDM RDM, RDM (RDM) calcium magnesium zinc however 2 4 8 10 ( 1 3 (NL (NB (DLS (LLS (LA (RL (RV (SFM (RFM (RDM

Resumo: A qualidade da planta e dos frutos é reflexo de vários fatores, sendo um deles a forma como foi produzida a muda. Objetivou-se analisar as características fitotécnicas e nutricionais da muda de figueira (Ficus carica L.) produzida com substrato de cauledecomposto de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocoscasualizados, com tratamentos distribuídos em sistema fatorial 5x6 mais um adicional, dispostosem 5 blocos. Os substratos foram formados nas seguintes proporções de caule decomposto de buriti:20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100%, e cada proporção, oriunda de diferentes tempos dedecomposição:0; 15; 30; 45; 60 e 75 dias, além do adicional composto por 100% de solo. Para a determinação dos efeitos dos tratamentos, foram avaliadas as seguintesvariáveis: Número de folhas (NF), Número de ramos (NR), índice de clorofila foliar, diâmetro domaior broto(DMB), Comprimento do maior broto (CMB), Área foliar (AF), Comprimento da raiz(CRZ),Volume radicular (VRZ), Massa fresca da parte aérea (MFPA), Massa fresca daraiz (MFRZ), Matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), Matéria seca da raiz (MSRZ) e análise química da parte aérea e do solo, antes e após a montagem do experimento. As proporções decaule decomposto de buriti no substrato proporcionaram resultados significativos para asvariáveis morfológicas,número de folhas, massa fresca da parte aérea, massa fresca da raiz e volumeradicular. Para as variáveis nutricionais referentes à parte aérea das mudas, as proporções de substrato também favoreceram resultados significativos para os teores decálcio, magnésio, ferro e zinco. Os tempos de decomposição não proporcionaram resultados significativos;mas, através da análise multivariada, pôde-se observar que, ao final doexperimento, havia maior concentração de nutrientes no solo em relação ao mesmo antes da montagem. Resumo fatores Objetivouse Objetivou se Ficus L. L Mauritia L.. . Utilizouse Utilizou blocoscasualizados x 5x blocos buriti20%, buriti20 20%, 20 buriti:20% 40 40% 60% 80 100 proporção dedecomposição0 dedecomposição 0 dedecomposição:0 15 30 45 6 7 dias seguintesvariáveis NF, NF , (NF) NR, NR (NR) brotoDMB, brotoDMB DMB broto(DMB) CMB, CMB (CMB) AF, AF (AF) raizCRZ,Volume raizCRZVolume CRZ ,Volume Volume VRZ, VRZ (VRZ) MFPA, MFPA (MFPA) MFRZ, MFRZ (MFRZ) MSPA, MSPA (MSPA) MSRZ (MSRZ experimento morfológicasnúmero morfológicas número volumeradicular mudas decálcio magnésio zinco significativosmas, significativosmas mas, mas significativos;mas multivariada pôdese pôde que doexperimento buriti20% buriti2 20% 2 buriti:20 4 8 10 dedecomposição: 1 3 (NF (NR broto(DMB (CMB (AF raizCRZ (VRZ (MFPA (MFRZ (MSPA buriti:2 buriti:

Summary: The low ef ficiency of cocoa vegetative propagation from cuttings requires the use of rooting agents. This situation motivated a study whose objective is to optimize the oligogalacturonide dose on the vegetative propagation of two cocoa clones under controlled conditions in the nursery. The source of oligogalacturonides was provided in doses: 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg L-1 compared to the chemical rooting (composed of: 7% nitrogen, 45% phosphorus, 5% potassium, 0.1% boron, 3% metabolic activators and 10% marine algae), which was applied by immersion at the base of the cutting. The clones tested were CCN-51 and EET-801. The evaluated variables were: number of leaves and roots, radical fraction, fresh biomass of leaves and roots, dry biomass of leaves, roots, and stem and index of regenerated plants. The results indicated that the doses of 50 and 100 mg L-1 showed the greatest ef fects on the number of leaves (NH), radical fraction (FR), dry biomass of the leaf (DSB) and stem (DST). Clone CCN-51 showed higher NH, FR, BSH and BST than EET-801 (P < 0.05). In number of roots (NR), fresh root biomass (BFR), dry root biomass (DRB), fresh leaf biomass (BFH) and the index of regenerated plants (IPR), the clones were the same. The IPR had a positive correlation with the other variables (P < 0.05). Using 85 mg L-1 of chemical rooting an IPR of 49.1% can be achieved. The IPR can be predicted based on the variables BFR and BFH with R2 = 0.96.

Resumen: La baja eficiencia de la propagación vegetativa del cacao a partir de esquejes obliga al uso de enraizantes. Esto motivó un estudio cuyo objetivo fue: optimizar la dosis de oligogalacturónidos en la propagación vegetativa de dos clones de cacao en condiciones controladas en vivero. Se aplicaron oligogalacturónidos en dosis: 0, 10, 50 y 100 mg L-1 y un enraizante químico (compuesto de: nitrógeno 7%, fosforo 45%, potasio 5%, boro 0.1%, activadores metabólicos 3% y algas marinas 10%) por inmersión en la base del esqueje. Los clones probados fueron CCN-51 y EET-801. Se evaluaron las variables: número de hojas, número de raíces, fracción radical, biomasa fresca de hojas, biomasa fresca de raíces, biomasa seca de hojas, biomasa seca de raíces, biomasa seca del tallo e índice de plantas regeneradas. Los resultados indicaron que las dosis de 50 y 100 mg L-1 mostraron los mayores efectos sobre número de hojas (NH), fracción radical (FR), biomasa seca de la hoja (BSH) y biomasa seca del tallo (BST). El clon CCN-521 mostro el mayor NH, FR, BSH y BST que EET-801 (P < 0.05). En número de raíces (NR), biomasa fresca de la raíz (BFR), biomasa seca de la raíz (BSR), biomasa fresca de la hoja (BFH) y el índice de plantas regeneradas (IPR), los clones fueron los mismos. El IPR tuvo correlación positiva con las demás variables (P < 0.05). Usando 85 mg L-1 del enraizante químico se puede lograr una IPR de 49.1%. El IPR se puede predecir en base a las variables BFR y BFH con R2=0.96.

Abstract Green and variegated Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina) often suffer from root restriction when grown in pots. While exogenous cytokinin applications have proven effective in reversing this stress, the possibility that exogenous auxins, either alone or in combination with cytokinin, may also be helpful has received little attention. In this work, we analyse the response of green and variegated Ficus benjamina rooted cuttings growing in small pots to exogenous supply of auxin and cytokinin at different concentrations, either in single or combined applications. Our results show that both benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and indole acetic acid (IAA), at the highest concentration tested (100 mg L-1) increased leaf development and plant biomass accumulation in green and variegated Ficus genotypes. However, exogenous IAA and BAP appeared to elicit differential plant morpho-physiological responses. While BAP tended to enhance leaf appearance more than IAA did, the latter promoted leaf expansion in a steadier manner than BAP, thus resulting in plants with less, but larger, leaves than those treated with cytokinin. Despite these differences in plant architecture, regression analysis suggests that hormonal-induced growth promotion was solely attributable to enhanced carbon assimilation. Rather unexpectedly, IAA promoted net assimilation and photosynthesis rates at least as effectively as cytokinin. Possible mechanisms involved in growth and development promotion by exogenous application of both hormones are discussed. Auxin treatment may help overcome root restriction in Ficus as effectively as cytokinin in terms of growth promotion, although differences in plant architecture may arise as compared with plants sprayed with the latter hormone. stress auxins attention work concentrations (BAP IAA, , (IAA) 100 (10 L1 L 1 L-1 genotypes However morphophysiological morpho physiological responses did less larger hormonalinduced hormonal induced unexpectedly discussed hormone (IAA 10 (1 L- (

Resumo Ficus Benjamina (Ficus benjamina) verde e variegado geralmente sofre de restrição no crescimento das raízes quando cultivado em vasos. Embora as aplicações de citocinina exógena tenham se mostrado eficazes na reversão desse estresse, a possibilidade de que auxinas exógenas, sozinhas ou em combinação com citocinina, também possam ser benéficas tem recebido pouca atenção. Neste trabalho, foi analisada a resposta de estacas enraizadas de Ficus benjamina verdes e variegadas cultivadas em pequenos vasos, em relação ao fornecimento exógeno de auxina e citocinina em diferentes concentrações, em aplicações únicas ou combinadas. Nossos resultados mostram que tanto a benzilaminopurina (BAP) quanto o ácido indol-acético (IAA), na maior concentração testada (100 mg L-1), aumentaram o desenvolvimento foliar e o acúmulo de biomassa vegetal nos genótipos de Ficus verde e variegado. No entanto, AIA e BAP exógenos parecem provocar respostas morfofisiológicas diferenciadas nas plantas. O uso de BAP teve a tendência de melhorar a aparência das folhas mais do que AIA, sendo que este promoveu a expansão foliar de maneira mais estável do que o BAP, resultando em plantas com menos folhas, porém maiores, do que as tratadas com citocinina. Apesar dessas diferenças na arquitetura da planta, a análise de regressão sugere que a promoção do crescimento induzida por hormônios foi atribuída exclusivamente ao aumento da assimilação de carbono. De forma bastante inesperada, o AIA promoveu assimilação líquida e taxas de fotossíntese pelo menos tão efetivamente quanto a citocinina. Possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na promoção do crescimento e desenvolvimento pela aplicação exógena de ambos os hormônios são discutidos. O tratamento com auxina pode ajudar a superar a restrição radicular em Ficus de forma tão eficaz quanto a citocinina em termos de promoção de crescimento, embora possam surgir diferenças na arquitetura da planta em comparação com plantas pulverizadas com o último hormônio. vasos estresse exógenas atenção trabalho concentrações combinadas (BAP indolacético indol acético IAA, IAA , (IAA) 100 (10 L1, L1 L 1 L-1) entanto maiores carbono inesperada discutidos hormônio (IAA 10 (1 L-1 ( L-

ABSTRACT Chromium is present in the tannery sludges worldwide making it a problem for agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate whether humus functions as a chromium stabilizing agent when using tannery sludge in the substrate of conilon coffee seedlings (Coffea canephora) and to determine what effects there are on leaf development and anatomy. Treatments consisted of a fixed dose of tannery sludge (30% of volume) on substrates of conilon coffee seedlings with different proportions of humus and subsoil (T-10, T-20, T-30, T-40% of humus). Information for the evaluation of leaf anatomy and seedling development was collected at 180 days after the planting of cuttings. From the phenological point of view, the treatments that best promoted seedling quality were T-30 and T-40. However, the greater the amount of humus in the substrate the greater the absorption of chromium by plants, which directly affected the organization of epidermal cells and leaf mesophyll. In addition, intense cytoplasmic degradation, ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts and mitochondria, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles were observed. We conclude that increasing the amount of humus in substrate with tannery sludge provides higher quality coffee seedlings, despite promoting greater absorption of chromium by plants and the consequent major intracellular disturbances. agriculture Coffea canephora 30% 30 (30 volume T10, T10 T 10, 10 (T-10 T20, T20 20, 20 T-20 T30, T30 30, T40% T40 40% 40 T-40 humus. . humus) 18 cuttings view T-3 T40. 40. However mesophyll addition degradation mitochondria observed disturbances 3 (3 T1 1 (T-1 T2 2 T-2 T3 T4 4 T-4 T- ( (T- (T

ABSTRACT: The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality. ABSTRACT crops 092 0 92 0.92 125 1 25 150 50 175 75 1.7 m1. m1 m 1. replicates plants diameter length leaves determined addition index ratio pretransplant pre transplant Meanwhile biomass 1.2 1.5 m- 09 9 0.9 12 2 15 5 17 7 0.

RESUMO: A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas. RESUMO estufa estaquia 092 0 92 0,92 125 1 25 150 50 1,5 175 75 1,7 m1. m1 m 1. repetições caule folhas total disso esbeltez prétransplante. prétransplante pré transplante. transplante pré-transplante safras 1,2 m- 09 9 0,9 12 2 15 5 1, 17 7 0,

Abstract Information from Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) responses regarding the portion of the stem cuttings branch parental plants and the shading level need to be investigated in order to establish techniques for their producing seedlings. We aimed was to evaluate the effect of cutting types and shading levels in the production of P. aculeata seedlings. We studied three cutting types, collected from different portions of the stem cuttings branch: herbaceous, semi-hardwood, and hardwood, which were arranged under two shading levels: 0% (full sun) or 50% (shade). The selected parent plants had an adequate and vigorous phytosanitary aspect. After 90 days after the cuttings, the seedlings were evaluated regarding survival, growth indicators, biomass production and partitioning, and allometric indices. Seedlings from hardwood cuttings and produced under 0% shading showed higher survival. The largest number of sprouts occurred in seedlings of semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings. The highest leaf area values occurred in seedlings of semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings under 0% shading. Seedlings from hardwood cuttings had higher biomass allocation in the roots under 50% shading. Seedlings of herbaceous and semi-hardwood portion allocated values ≥ 70% of the biomass in the aerial part. Seedlings of species are able to adjust to different shading levels as a plasticity mechanism. For the production of P. aculeata seedlings, the hardwood portion of the stem cuttings branch under full sun cultivation is recommended. In addition, semi-hardwood cuttings grown under 50% shading can also be used for seedlings production. Cactaceae (Cactaceae P semihardwood, semihardwood semi 0 50 shade. shade . (shade) aspect 9 survival indicators partitioning indices 70 part mechanism recommended addition 5 (shade 7

Resumo Informações das respostas da Pereskia aculeata Miller. (Cactaceae) quanto à porção da estaca do ramo da planta matriz e o nível de sombreamento precisam ser investigadas com o intuito de estabelecer protocolos para sua produção de mudas. Objetivamos avaliar o efeito do tipo de estaca e níveis de sombreamento na produção de mudas de P. aculeata. Estudamos três tipos de estacas baseados na porção de coleta do ramo: herbácea, semi-lenhosa e lenhosa, acondicionadas sob dois níveis de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol) ou 50% (sombra). As plantas matrizes selecionadas tiveram aspecto fitossanitário adequado e eram vigorosas. Após 90 dias da estaquia, as mudas foram avaliadas quanto a sobrevivência, indicadores de crescimento, produção e particionamento de biomassa e índices alométricos. Mudas provenientes de estacas lenhosas e produzidas sob 0% de sombreamento tiveram maior sobrevivência. Os maiores números de brotos ocorreram nas mudas de estacas da porção semi-lenhosas e lenhosa. As maiores áreas foliares e radiculares ocorreram nas mudas de estacas semi-lenhosas e lenhosas sob 0% de sombreamento. Mudas provenientes de estacas da porção lenhosa tiveram maior alocação de biomassa nas raízes sob 50% de sombreamento. Mudas de estacas da porção herbáceas e semilenhosas alocaram valores ≥ 70% de biomassa da parte aérea. As mudas da espécie são capazes de se ajustar aos diferentes níveis de sombreamento como mecanismo de plasticidade. Para a produção de mudas de P. aculeata¸ recomenda-se utilizar a porção lenhosa do ramo do caule sob pleno sol. Além disso, estacas semi-lenhosas crescidas sob 50% de sombreamento podem ser utilizadas para a produção de mudas. Miller Cactaceae (Cactaceae P herbácea semilenhosa semi 0 sol 50 sombra. sombra . (sombra) vigorosas 9 estaquia sobrevivência crescimento alométricos 70 aérea plasticidade recomendase recomenda disso 5 (sombra 7

Abstract Zamiifolia (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) is an ornamental and perennial medicinal plant, which belongs to Araceae family. This plant holds a prominent place in the economic significance of this particular plant family. This study aimed to examine the process of root development and rhizome production through leaf cuttings of zamiifoliain the this experiment. This experiment was conducted as factorial design within a completely randomized framework design with three replications. Experimental treatments composed of chitosan application at three levels (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1), and the positioning of leaflet cuttings along the main axis of the mother leaf (apical, middle, and basal). After the application of the treatments, the leaflet cuttings were subjected to a four-month rooting period. This rooting process took place in a growth medium consisting of a balanced mixture of perlite and cocopeat mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1. The results exhibited significant effects of different chitosan concentrations on several parameters, including rhizome number, rhizome width, the number of roots, and the quality of the mother leaf. In addition, the type of leaflet cutting demonstrated a significant influence on the width and number of rhizomes. These results demonstrated that the application of chitosan at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 had a positive effect and resulted in increased rhizome number, rhizome width, and number of roots. Overall, it can be concluded that chitosan can promote the growth and development of zamiifolia by stimulating rhizome production and improving root proliferation. Zamioculcas family replications 0, 0 (0 25 50 L1, L1 L 1 , L-1) apical, apical (apical middle basal. basal . basal) fourmonth four month period 11. 11 1. 1:1 parameters roots addition rhizomes L- Overall proliferation ( 2 5 1:

Resumo Zamioculca (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) é uma planta perene de importância ornamental e medicinal, ocupando lugar de destaque na família Araceae. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o processo de desenvolvimento radicular e produção de rizomas por meio de estacas foliares de zamioculcas. O experimento foi conduzido como delineamento completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela aplicação de quitosana em três níveis (0, 250 e 500 mg L-1) e a posição de retirada das estacas foliares (apical, médio e basal). Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as estacas foram submetidas a um período de enraizamento de quatro meses em substrato composto por perlita e fibra de coco (1:1). Os resultados foram significativos para a aplicação de quitosana em vários parâmetros, incluindo número de rizomas, largura do rizoma, número de raízes e qualidade da folha principal. Além disso, o tipo de estaca demonstrou influência significativa na largura e no número de rizomas. Esses resultados demonstraram que a aplicação de quitosana nas concentrações de 250 e 500 mg L-1 teve efeito positivo e resultou em aumento do número de rizomas, largura do rizoma e número de raízes. No geral, pode-se concluir que a quitosana pode promover o crescimento e desenvolvimento de zamioculca estimulando a produção de rizomas e melhorando a proliferação de raízes. Zamioculcas zamiifolia medicinal Araceae zamioculcas repetições 0, 0 (0 25 50 L1 L 1 apical, apical (apical basal. basal . basal) 11. 11 (1:1) parâmetros principal disso L- geral podese se ( 2 5 (1:1 (1: (1

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological responses and cutting production of clones of Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) cultivars in a super-dense clonal garden in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The super-dense clonal garden was built in 2019 using 39 clones: 9, 9, 9, and 12 of cultivars Centenária ES8132, Diamante ES8112, ES8122 (Jequitibá), and Marilândia ES8143, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. Cutting production and the following morphophysiological traits were evaluated at 9 and 18 months after planting: chlorophyll index, normalized difference vegetation index, plant height, canopy height, canopy diameter, number of shoots, number of viable cuttings, number of leaves, fresh leaf mass, and plant fresh and dry matter mass. The super-dense clonal garden caused different morphophysiological responses among the studied clones. In general, clones C2, C5, C6, C8, D1, D8, D9, J8, M2, M9, M10, and M12 showed a higher mean cutting production, whereas C4, J1, J4, M4, and M5 were the most sensitive to the super-dense regime. Under these conditions, it is recommended to increase the proportion of matrix plants of the latter clones. Coffea canephora superdense super dense Santo Brazil 201 3 1 ES8132 ES ES8112 ES812 Jequitibá, Jequitibá , (Jequitibá) ES8143 respectively design replicates planting index height diameter shoots cuttings leaves mass general C2 C C5 C6 C8 D1 D D8 D9 J8 J M2 M M9 M10 M1 C4 J1 J4 M4 regime conditions 20 ES813 ES811 ES81 (Jequitibá ES814 2 ES8

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas morfofisiológicas e a produção de estacas de clones de cultivares de café conilon (Coffea canephora) em jardim clonal superadensado, no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. O jardim clonal superadensado foi implantado em 2019, com 39 clones: 9, 9, 9 e 12 das cultivares Centenária ES8132, Diamante ES8112, ES8122 (Jequitibá) e Marilândia ES8143, respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A produção de estacas e as seguintes características morfofisiológicas foram avaliadas aos 9 e 18 meses após o plantio: índice de clorofila, índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada, altura da planta, altura da copa, diâmetro da copa, número de brotações, número de estacas viáveis, número de folhas, massa fresca de folhas, e massa fresca e seca da planta. O jardim clonal superadensado promoveu diferentes respostas morfofisiológicas entre os clones estudados. Em geral, os clones C2, C5, C6, C8, D1, D8, D9, J8, M2, M9, M10 e M12 apresentaram maior produção média de estacas, enquanto C4, J1, J4, M4 e M5 foram os mais sensíveis ao regime superdenso. Nessas condições, recomenda-se aumentar a proporção de plantas matrizes destes clones. Coffea canephora Santo Brasil 2019 3 1 ES8132 ES ES8112 ES812 Jequitibá (Jequitibá ES8143 respectivamente acaso repetições plantio clorofila normalizada planta copa brotações viáveis folhas estudados geral C2 C C5 C6 C8 D1 D D8 D9 J8 J M2 M M9 M1 C4 J1 J4 superdenso condições recomendase recomenda se 201 ES813 ES811 ES81 ES814 20 ES8 2

ABSTRACT. Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. is a pioneer plant native from Brazil that has great importance due to its secondary metabolites (essential oil and Brazilian green propolis) and its potential in the recovery of degraded areas. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the propagation techniques of B. dracunculifolia by sexual reproduction and asexual propagation of male and female stem cuttings. For reproduction, female individuals from a natural population were periodically monitored for their reproductive development and their diaspores were collected to evaluate the maximum dry mass accumulation to determine physiological maturity. The germination test was performed by testing four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 20-30°C), in addition to the germination speed index (GSI) and first count. For vegetative propagation, stem cuttings (8 cm) of male and female individuals were treated with an indole butyric acid (IBA) solution at 0, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, and 6,000 mg L−1. The cuttings were evaluated for mortality, survival, rooting, sprouting, leaf retention, callogenesis, number of roots, and average length of roots (cm) after 120 days. The physiological maturity of diaspores occurred at 40 days after anthesis, which was the best time for collection in the field. The temperatures of 25 or 20-30°C should be used in the germination tests of the species. The first count was identified four days after sowing and the last count after 11 days. The rooting of B. dracunculifolia cuttings is very low. Sex did not influence the evaluated parameters, but increasing IBA doses positively influenced rooting, number of roots, and average length of roots and negatively influenced calluses formation.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas caulinar e foliar de Khaya grandifoliola (Meliaceae), conhecida popularmente como mogno-africano. Foram utilizadas minicepas obtidas a partir de mudas de origem seminal. As miniestacas caulinares e foliares apresentavam comprimento de 4 e 8 cm respectivamente, com área foliar reduzida a 75%. As bases das miniestacas foram imersas em quatro concentrações de AIB (0, 500, 1000 e 2000 mg L-1) por 20 segundos. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, três repetições e doze miniestacas por repetição. Logo depois do estaqueamento, as miniestacas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação por 90 dias. Após esse período, para as miniestacas foliares foram avaliados a porcentagem de enraizamento e o número de raízes, já para as miniestacas caulinares, analisaram-se apenas seis miniestacas por repetição, avaliando a porcentagem de sobrevivência e enraizamento. As miniestacas caulinares restantes foram transferidas para casa de sombra, onde permaneceram por mais 30 dias, e posteriormente (120 dias após o estaqueamento) avaliaram-se porcentagem de sobrevivência e enraizamento, altura, diâmetro do coleto, e massa seca da parte aérea e raízes. As miniestacas foliares não foram consideradas adequadas para a propagação do mogno-africano, uma vez que não houve desenvolvimento da parte aérea. Para as miniestacas caulinares, a concentração de 2000 mg L-1 de AIB foi a que apresentou a maior taxa de enraizamento (72%), sendo recomendada para a propagação vegetativa por miniestaquia da espécie.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting of stem and leaf minicuttings of Khaya grandifoliola (Meliaceae), popularly known as African mahogany. Mini-stumps used were obtained from seminal origin seedlings. The minicuttings stem and leaf had length of 4 and 8 cm, respectively, with the leaf area reduced to 75%. The bases of the minicuttings were immersed in four concentrations of IBA (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L-1) for 20 seconds. The experiments were installed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, three replicates and twelve minicuttings per replicate. Shortly after staking, the minicuttings were kept in a greenhouse for 90 days. After this period, for leaf minicuttings the percentage of rooting and the number of roots were evaluated, already stem minicuttings, only six minicuttings were analyzed per repetition, evaluating the percentage of survival and rooting. The remaining stem cuttings were transferred to the shade house, where they remained for 30 days and posteriorly (120 days after staking) the percentage of survival and rooting, height, diameter of the collection, and dry mass of the aerial part and roots were evaluated. Leaf minicuttings were not considered suitable for the propagation of the African mahogany, since there was no development of the aerial part. For stem cuttings, the concentration of 2000 mg L-1 of IBA was the one with the highest rooting rate (72%), is recommended for the vegetative propagation by minicuttings of the species.

Resumo O mirtilo é uma espécie de difícil enraizamento; sendo assim, alternativas que maximizem o potencial rizogênico de suas estacas são fundamentais para a expansão da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da lesão basal e diferentes métodos de aplicação de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de mirtilo ‘Woodard’, coletadas em duas épocas do ano. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3x2x2, totalizando 12 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os fatores consistiram em diferentes formas de aplicação de AIB (em talco e em álcool, na concentração de 1.000 mg L-1, e sem AIB), em épocas de coleta de estacas (outono e verão), e em dois tipos de estacas (com e sem lesão na porção basal). Após 200 dias do início do experimento, não foi observado efeito significativo da lesão basal no enraizamento das estacas. Porém, verificou-se que as estacas do mirtilo ‘Woodard’ são influenciadas pela época de coleta, com maior retenção foliar, massa seca, número de raízes por estaca, comprimento de raízes e comprimento da maior raiz, quando coletadas no verão. A aplicação de AIB em talco proporcionou maior porcentagem de estacas enraizadas (61,0%) em relação ao álcool (31,0%) e ao controle (41,0%), quando coletadas no outono. A aplicação em talco não diferiu entre as épocas, porém a aplicação em álcool e o controle resultaram em maiores porcentagens de estacas enraizadas no verão (70,0% e 67,0%, respectivamente). Conclui-se que o verão é a melhor época para a coleta de estacas de mirtilo ‘Woodard’, embora o AIB aplicado na forma de talco tenha aumentado a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas no outono. A lesão basal não promoveu incremento no enraizamento de estacas.

Abstract Blueberry cuttings are difficult to root, so alternatives that maximize their rhizogenic potential are essential for the expansion of the crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the basal lesion and different methods of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of ‘Woodard’ herbaceous cuttings, collected in two seasons. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 3x2x2 factorial arrangement, totaling 12 treatments and five replications. The factors consisted of different ways of IBA application (talc and alcohol in the concentration of 1,000 mg L-1, and without IBA), season of collection (autumn and summer), and two types of cuttings (with and without lesion in the basal portion). Two hundred days after the beginning of the experiment, there was no significant effect of the basal lesion on the rooting of the cuttings. However, it was found that rooting is influenced by the season of collection, with greater leaf retention, dry weight, number of roots per cutting, length of roots and length of the largest root collected in summer. The application of IBA talc provided a higher percentage of rooted cuttings (61.0%) in relation to alcohol (31.0%) and control (41.0%) when collected in the autumn. There was no difference between seasons when IBA was applied with talc, however, the application with alcohol solution and the control resulted in higher percentages of rooted cuttings in the summer (70.0% and 67.0%, respectively). Summer was considered the best season to collect ‘Woodard’ blueberry cuttings, although the IBA applied with talc has increased the percentage of rooted cuttings in the autumn. The basal lesion did not promote an increase in rooting.

Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is adapted to tropical and subtropical climates, and, in addition to its nutritional value, has great medicinal potential. One of the medicinal effects is antibacterial, and this can be identified from the phytochemicals present in its various parts, especially the leaf, which contains flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, as well as phytocomposites with antibacterial action. Therefore, the interaction of this plant with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Meloidogyne enterolobii is a biotechnological resource that can increase the production of secondary metabolites so that the guava ethanolic extract is effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the inhibitory action of mycorrhizal guava leaf extract and Meloidogyne enterolobii on strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase. Guava seedlings from cuttings were inoculated with Acaulospora longula, and later with Meloidogyne enterolobii; the leaves were harvested at two maturation times of the plant and placed in an oven. Next, a leaf extract was prepared using ethanol as a solvent. The extract was tested in multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase from operative wounds using disc diffusion methodology. The plant-AMF-phytonematode interaction positively potentialize the inhibitory action of guava leaf ethanolic extract on multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

RESUMO Teca (Tectona grandis) é uma espécie florestal cultivada em regiões tropicais do mundo, devido às características de sua madeira e seu grande valor econômico no mercado. No Brasil, as plantações originais estão sendo substituídas por florestas clonais selecionadas, o que gera a necessidade e o interesse de proteger esse material genético com base na legislação vigente. Os requisitos legais para proteção de cultivares são que o genótipo seja resultante de melhoramento genético e apresentar distinguibilidade, homogeneidade e estabilidade (DHE). Este trabalho identifica descritores morfológicos em mudas de teca para auxiliar no processo de proteção dos clones da espécie. O estudo foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com avaliação de 7 clones e 15 mudas por clone, avaliados com 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de idade. As informações foram organizadas com base nas matrizes de presença e ausência das variações para cada clone, por 21 características morfológicas. Posteriormente, foram estimadas medidas de similaridade genética, por meio do índice de Jaccard e o agrupamento pelo método UPGMA. Foi possível diferenciar os clones, com 12, 7, 9 e 11 caracteres morfológicos para compor os descritores morfológicos com 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de idade, respectivamente. As características da lâmina foliar: comprimento, largura, relação comprimento/largura, intensidade da cor verde da folha e brilho da folha, foram comuns para todas as idades avaliadas, mas seus respectivos níveis de expressão foram diferentes.

ABSTRACT Teak (Tectona grandis) is a forest species cultivated in tropical regions worldwide, due to the traits of its wood and its great economic value on the market. In Brazil, original plantations are being replaced by selected clonal forests, which generate the need and interest to protect this genetic material based on the current legislation. The legal requirements for cultivar protection are that the genotype must result from genetic improvement and provide distinguishability, homogeneity, and stability (DHS). This work identifies morphological descriptors in teak cuttings to assist the clone protection process of the species. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with the evaluation of 7 clones and 15 cuttings per clone, at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days old. The information was also organized based on the arrays of presence and absence of variations for each clone, for 21 morphological traits. Subsequently, genetic similarity measures were estimated using the Jaccard index and the UPGMA clustering method. The clones with the 12, 7, 9, and 11 morphological traits formed the morphological descriptors for the 30, 60, 90, and 120 days old cuttings, respectively. The traits of the leaf blade: length, width, length/width ratio, green intensity, and the brightness of the leaf, were common for all the evaluated ages, but their respective levels of expression were different.