Abstract This work of reflection around the articulation of regional foresight studies and the 2030 Agenda, promoted by the United Nations Organization, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). It is based on a foresight experience developed in the Department of Guaymallén, Province of Mendoza, Argentina, proposed as a base study for the design of the municipal land use plan provided for in Law 8.051/2009. The article shows the general context for the design of planning instruments at the local level. Next, it presents the territorial dynamics considered most critical for the future to subsequently compare the desired scenario with the 17 SDGs. The research work included a bibliographic review of the main articulation proposals between regional foresight and the 2030 Agenda. Among the findings, the need to deepen the territorialization of the 2030 Agenda at the local government level stands out, and to anchor the planning processes for development, with a foresight vision of each SDG. Working on these concerns will allow the robustness of the foresight and its appropriation by the social actors of the territory.

Resumen Reflexionamos en torno a la articulación de los estudios de prospectiva territorial y la Agenda 2030, promovida por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, a través de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Se sustenta en una experiencia de prospectiva desarrollada en el Departamento de Guaymallén, Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, planteado como un estudio de base para el diseño del plan municipal de ordenamiento territorial previsto en la Ley 8.051/2009. El artículo muestra el contexto general para el diseño de los instrumentos de planificación a escala local. Seguidamente, presenta las dinámicas territoriales consideradas más críticas a futuro para, posteriormente, confrontar el escenario deseado con los 17 ODS. El trabajo de investigación incluyó una revisión bibliográfica de las principales propuestas de articulación entre prospectiva territorial y la Agenda 2030. Entre los hallazgos destaca as necesidad de una profundización de la territorialización de la Agenda 2030 a nivel de gobiernos locales y anclar los procesos de planificación para el desarrollo, con visión prospectiva a cada ODS. Trabajar sobre estas inquietudes permitirá la robustez de la prospectiva y su apropiación por parte de los actores sociales del territorio.

Resumo Reflexionamos sobre a articulação dos estudos de prospectiva territorial e a Agenda 2030, promovida pela Organização das Nações Unidas, através dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). A proposta surge numa experiência de prospectiva desenvolvida no Departamento de Guaymallén, Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, pensado como um estudo de base para o desenho do plano municipal de ordenamento territorial previsto na Lei 8.051/2009. O artigo mostra o contexto geral para o desenho dos instrumentos de planificação em escala local. Seguidamente, apresenta as dinâmicas territoriais consideradas mais críticas no futuro para, posteriormente, confrontar o cenário desejado com os 17 ODS. O trabalho de investigação incluiu uma revisão bibliográfica das principais propostas de articulação entre prospectiva territorial e a Agenda 2030. Entre os descobrimentos destaca a necessidade de uma aprofundação da territorialidade da Agenda 2030 ao nível de governos locais e de ancorar os processos de planificação para o desenvovimento, com visão prospectiva a cada ODS. Trabalhar sobre essas preocupações permitirá uma robustez da prospectiva e sua apropiação por parte dos atores sociais do território.

Abstract This article explores the legal consequences of the application of the ‘failed state’ concept, from the perspective of international law and Ecuadorian jurisprudence. It seeks to determine whether the social protests, the increase in criminal violence, citizen insecurity and the violation of human rights that occurred in Ecuador between 2019 and 2022 are a symptom of this fracture, that is, of a failed state. The resolutions of the United Nations system, the regional system for the protection of human rights and rulings of the Constitutional Court (CC) are referred to. The CC documents would expose whether the CC adopted exceptional security measures in a disproportionate manner or whether it promoted a solid institutionality for the protection of human rights. The authors suggest that different elements point to a crisis on several fronts, yet it does not amount to a failed state. Finally, they recommend the responsible and critical use of this concept, as greater analytical capacity in future research depends on it.

Resumen Este artículo explora las consecuencias jurídicas de la aplicación del concepto de Estado fallido, desde el derecho internacional y la jurisprudencia ecuatoriana. Se busca conocer si las protestas sociales, el aumento de la violencia criminal, la inseguridad ciudadana y la vulneración de los derechos humanos ocurridos en Ecuador entre 2019 y 2022 son un síntoma de esta fractura, es decir, de un Estado fallido. Se acude a las resoluciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas, del sistema regional de protección de los derechos humanos y sentencias de la Corte Constitucional (CC). Los documentos de la CC expondrían si dicho órgano de control adoptó medidas excepcionales de seguridad de manera desproporcionada o si promovió una institucionalidad sólida al amparo de los derechos humanos. Los autores sugieren que distintos elementos apuntan a una crisis en varios frentes, no obstante, no existe un Estado fallido en Ecuador. Por último, recomiendan el uso responsable y crítico de este concepto, ya que de ello depende una mayor capacidad de análisis en futuras investigaciones.

Resumo O artigo tematiza a educação ambiental no Brasil, em consonância com os direitos humanos, e objetiva ponderar sobre a Lei n. 9.795 de 1999. Problematiza-se o que a Lei n. 9.795/99 efetivamente oportunizou em termos ambientais e objetiva-se investigar de que forma os espaços informais de ensino foram favorecidos e se a educação ambiental se efetiva em uma perspectiva limitada ao espaço escolar ou deve estar disseminada como conteúdo ético e prático nas relações humanas. Para a pesquisa, utiliza-se o método dedutivo, com pesquisa qualitativa bibliográfica e legislativa. Metodologicamente, são apresentados os aspectos históricos da educação ambiental e os seus reflexos no Brasil, perpassando pelos tratados internacionais dos quais o país é signatário, assim como os mandamentos constitucionais, órgãos e institutos que consagram a proteção do meio ambiente e a gestão ambiental, sobretudo por meio da educação ambiental. Sequencialmente, enfoca-se na Lei de Educação ambiental (Lei n. 9.795/99), refletindo criticamente sobre suas disposições. É resultado da pesquisa a importância da educação ambiental para a Política Nacional de Educação, entendendo-a como objetivo para uma compreensão integrada do meio ambiente em suas múltiplas e complexas relações (i.e., aspectos ecológicos, psicológicos, legais, políticos, sociais, econômicos, científicos, culturais e éticos). A educação ambiental deve estar inserida no ensino formal; ademais, direcionada à comunidade, visando à garantia da democratização das informações socioambientais, ao estímulo ao fortalecimento de uma consciência crítica sobre a problemática ambiental e social, ao incentivo à participação individual e coletiva, permanente e responsável, na preservação do equilíbrio do meio ambiente. A defesa da qualidade ambiental é valor inseparável do exercício da cidadania. Brasil humanos n 9795 9 795 9.79 1999 Problematizase Problematiza 979599 99 9.795/9 objetivase humanas utilizase utiliza dedutivo legislativa Metodologicamente signatário constitucionais Sequencialmente enfocase enfoca 9.795/99, , 9.795/99) disposições entendendoa entendendo i.e., ie i (i.e. ecológicos psicológicos legais políticos sociais econômicos científicos éticos. éticos . éticos) formal ademais comunidade socioambientais social coletiva responsável cidadania 979 79 9.7 199 97959 9.795/ i.e. (i.e 97 7 9. 19 i.e 1

Abstract The article discusses environmental education in Brazil, in line with human rights and aims to weigh on Law n. 9.795/1999. The research problem questions what the Law 9.795/1999 did effectively provide in environmental term. The objective is to investigate how informal teaching spaces are being favored and if environmental education is effective in a perspective limited to the school space or should be disseminated as an ethical and practical content in human relationships. It is a qualitative bibliographic and legislative research, with the deductive method. Firstly, the text presents the historical aspects of environmental education and its reflexes in Brazil, also the international treaties the country has signed, the constitutional commandments, and institutes that enshrine the protection of the environment. Sequentially, the text focuses on the Environmental Education Law (Law n. 9.795/99), presenting critical reflections on its provisions. The results point to the importance of environmental education for the National Education Policy, understanding the objective for an integrated understanding of the environment in its multiple and complex relationships (i.e., ecological, psychological, legal, political, social, economic, scientific, cultural and ethical). Therefore, environmental education must be included in formal education, but also directed to the community, guaranteeing the democratization of socio-environmental information, encouraging the strengthening of a critical awareness of environmental and social issues, encouraging individual and collective participation, permanently and responsible, in the preservation of the balance of the environment. The defense of environmental quality is a value inseparable from the exercise of citizenship. Brazil n 97951999 9 795 1999 9.795/199 term method Firstly signed commandments Sequentially 9.795/99, 979599 9.795/99 , 99 9.795/99) provisions Policy i.e., ie i e (i.e. ecological psychological legal political economic scientific ethical. . ethical) Therefore community socioenvironmental socio information issues participation responsible citizenship 9795199 79 199 9.795/19 97959 9.795/9 i.e. (i.e 979519 7 19 9.795/1 9795 9.795/ i.e 97951 1 979 9.795 97 9.79 9.7 9.

Resumen El artículo discute la educación ambiental en Brasil, en línea con los derechos humanos y tiene como objetivo refletir sobre la Ley n. 9.795 de 1999. Se plantean interrogantes qué dispuso efectivamente la Ley 9.795/1999 en materia ambiental y el objetivo es investigar cómo se están favoreciendo los espacios informales de ensehanza y si la educación ambiental es efectiva en una perspectiva limitada al espacio escolar o debe ser difundida como un contenido ético y práctico en las relaciones humanas. Se utiliza el método deductivo, con investigación cualitativa bibliográfica y legislativa. En primer lugar, el texto prEsenta los aspectos históricos de la educación ambiental y sus reflejos en Brasil, pasando por los tratados internacionales, de los cuales el país es signatario, así como los mandamientos constitucionales, órganos e institutos que consagran la protección del medio ambiente, medio ambiente y gestión ambiental en el país, sobre todo, a través de la educación ambiental. Secuencialmente, el texto se centra en la Ley de Educación Ambiental (Ley n. 9.795/99), presentando reflexiones críticas sobre sus disposiciones. Los resultados son la importancia de la educación ambiental para la Política Nacional de Educación, entendiéndola como objetivo para una comprensión integral del medio ambiente en sus multiples y complejas relaciones (i.e., ecológicos, psicológicos, jurídicos, políticos, sociales, económicos, científicos, culturales y éticos). Por lo tanto, la educación ambiental debe ser incluida en la educación formal, pero también dirigida a la comunidad, con el objetivo de garantizar la democratización de la información socioambiental, incentivando el fortalecimiento de una conciencia crítica de los problemas ambientales y sociales, así como incentivando la participación individual, colectiva, permanente y responsable, en la preservación del equilibrio del medio ambiente. La defensa de la calidad ambiental como valor inseparable del ejercicio de la ciudadanía. Brasil n 9795 9 795 9.79 1999 97951999 9.795/199 humanas deductivo legislativa lugar internacionales signatario constitucionales todo Secuencialmente 9.795/99, 979599 9.795/99 , 99 9.795/99) disposiciones i.e., ie i (i.e. ecológicos psicológicos jurídicos políticos sociales económicos científicos éticos. éticos . éticos) tanto formal comunidad socioambiental individual colectiva responsable ciudadanía 979 79 9.7 199 9795199 9.795/19 97959 9.795/9 i.e. (i.e 97 7 9. 19 979519 9.795/1 9.795/ i.e 1 97951

Resumen El uso de armas de fuego provenientes de naciones extranjeras es determinante en la ampliación y aumento de resultados mortales en la dinámica de seguridad latinoamericana. Este documento busca explorar los debates teóricos existentes respecto a este tema en el marco del derecho internacional público. Se propone como hipótesis que, aunque existen elementos de soft law en el derecho internacional público, la implementación de una respuesta jurídico-institucional estaría sostenida únicamente a través del derecho a la seguridad colectiva, el cual no ha sido completamente definido en el derecho internacional. El texto propone que el deber de garantía de los Estados también se relaciona con las responsabilidades de las personas jurídicas de derecho privado en su deber de respetar la normativa, tanto nacional como internacional. Por lo tanto, cualquier esfuerzo futuro para controlar el flujo de armamento implica respuestas coordinadas e intraestatales para otorgar niveles de obligatoriedad al Derecho Internacional.

Abstract The use of firearms from foreign nations is a determining factor in the expansion and increase of lethal results in Latin American security dynamics. This paper seeks to explore the existing theoretical debates on this issue within the framework of public international law. It is proposed as a hypothesis that, although there are elements of soft law in public international law, the implementation of a legal-institutional response would be sustained only through the right to collective security, which has not been fully defined in international law. The text proposes that the duty of guarantee of states also relates to the responsibilities of private law legal persons in their duty to respect both national and international law. Therefore, any future effort to control the flow of armaments implies coordinated and intrastate responses to make international law binding.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

The international investment-law regime continues to be mired in a legitimacy crisis that has given rise to important multilateral reform efforts through the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. A key reform proposal is centred on the introduction of an exhaustion-of-local-remedies requirement. This article critically evaluates the exhaustion-of-local-remedies rule in the context of international investment law, and challenges its interpretation where such clauses already exist in contemporary investment law. The article concludes that investment tribunals have subverted these clauses in various ways, and considers the legal challenges states would need to address to best prevent the subversion of these clauses by investment tribunals in future.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the role of economic complexity in the ratio of Thirlwall’s elasticities, fundamental to understanding the reason for the unequal growth of countries. To this end, a theoretical model is used for a group of nations. Differences in growth rates among countries are associated with different ratios of income elasticities of exports and imports. According to econometric estimates, the country that manages to increase the economic complexity of its export basket, the investment/GDP ratio and has a lower GDP per capita improves the elasticities ratio and, therefore, its long-term growth. In other words, the results are categorical in the sense of demonstrating the central role of these policies for the country to advance in the process of structural change and move towards the production of more complex manufactured goods, because these can ensure sustainable economic growth, that is, compatible with the equilibrium of the balance of payments. Thirlwalls Thirlwall s end nations imports estimates basket investmentGDP investment therefore longterm long term words goods payments

RESUMO O trabalho analisa o papel da complexidade econômica na razão das elasticidades de Thirlwall, fundamental para entender o porquê do crescimento desigual dos países. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo teórico para um grupo de nações. As diferenças nas taxas de crescimento entre os países estão associadas a distintas razões das elasticidades-renda das exportações e importações. Segundo as estimações econométricas, o país que consegue aumentar a complexidade econômica de sua pauta exportadora, a razão investimento/PIB e possuem menor PIB per capita melhoram a razão das elasticidades e, portanto, seu crescimento de longo prazo. Em outras palavras, os resultados são categóricos no sentido de demonstrar o papel central destas políticas para o país avançar no processo de mudança estrutural e caminhar em direção à produção de bens manufaturados mais complexos, já que estes são capazes de assegurar um crescimento econômico sustentável, ou seja, compatível com o equilíbrio do balanço de pagamentos. Thirlwall tanto utilizase utiliza se nações elasticidadesrenda renda importações econométricas exportadora investimentoPIB investimento portanto prazo palavras complexos sustentável seja pagamentos

This article provides an overall assessment on the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCRs) within the legal system of South Sudan. It establishes that, in theory, ESCRs are justiciable under the legal system of South Sudan in a complementary and collaborative manner at two levels, namely, the national and supranational. The article argues that ESCRs may in theory be legally and judicially enforceable by virtue of the Constitution and domestic legislation. Furthermore, ESCRs are justiciable by virtue of the automatic incorporation of numerous treaties into the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, with these treaties also effecting justiciability as part of the international treaty obligations of South Sudan. It further asserts that there are two parallel layers, national and supranational, which give effect to the legal realisation of ESCRs in South Sudan. This is presented through numerous domestic constitutional and legal provisions, and also international and regional treaty obligations of South Sudan. For that purpose, the article appraises relevant provisions in the Constitution, domestic laws, and United Nations and regional treaties to which South Sudan is a state party. In addition, the article examines a number of bodies and entities that are established by these frameworks to operationalise the enforcement of ESCRs. The article concludes that this composite situation forms a basis for all the instruments and structures to supplement and complement one another in a non-hierarchical perspective. The view expressed in the article is that the current status remains theoretical and is empirically and practically challenged by the factual realities that hinder and hamper the operationalisation of justiciability in South Sudan. It recommends that a practical test is required in order for a comprehensive legal jurisprudence about the justiciability of ESCRs in and for South Sudan to materialise.

Through its environmental laws and policies, the state needs to ensure the ecologically sustainable development and use of South Africa's natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development. Thus, the view that property owners may not use their property in ways that prejudice the community and other peoples' interests in environmental resources must be considered. This corresponds with the acknowledged stance that property, in its widest sense, has a "public or civic or proprietary" aspect to it that transcends individual economic interests, and that private property ownership should be inherently limited for the benefit of society at large. Property is, therefore, intimately bound up with the socio-economic security and well-being of all South African citizens. Since a developmental state actively guides economic development and the use of the country's resources to meet the needs of the people, the developmental role of the state should serve the public interest. In South Africa, though, the public function of property is frequently usurped by the government's developmental-state ambitions and influenced by political and economic considerations that affect the socio-economic fabric of the country. The South African government, as public trustee of the nation's natural resources, must regulate access to and use of natural resources by exercising its stewardship ethic. However, this is not always the case when it comes to critical resources like water and land - a situation that perpetuates the historically imbalanced distribution of wealth in South Africa.

With the emergence and broad deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in all sectors of the economy and human endeavours, this article accentuates the possibility that some fundamental human rights (guaranteed by most civilised nations) will be impacted and altered. To this end, the article appraises selected salient human rights being impacted by the deployment of AI, and which violate protected and guaranteed human rights, raising major concerns. The article assesses the theoretical grounding of human-rights law and its catalytic role in informing and shaping the emergence of new fundamental rights. Equally important, the article delves into pertinent legal issues emanating from the use of AI technologies and their potential threats to vulnerable new rights. While AI promises a significant positive impact on the economy and human development, there is a need to address pertinent concerns about the manner in which AI could impact existing human rights, and ultimately alter the form and content of these rights, resulting in the emergence of new fundamental rights.

The article discusses the right to work within the context of South Africa. South African law, at present, does not provide for a right to work as provided for by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Implementing the right to work might address the high unemployment rate in South Africa and it is concerning that the right to work has not yet been considered as potential solution. The aim of the article is to interpret the right to work through the interpretive lens of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The article discusses the obligations created by the ICESCR and the progress the government of South Africa has made to meet the state obligations relating to the right to work as provided by the ICESCR. The article concludes with a comprehensive definition of the right to work and suggests that the government of South Africa, adopt the right to work immediately as a means to avoid further hardship partially caused by the lack of a rights framework guaranteeing the right to work in South Africa.

In part 1 of this article the current level of protection of the right to identity both at the national and international levels were considered in the case of embryo donation. It was concluded that at a national level the National Health Act, its accompanying regulations and the Children's Act fail to protect this right. The constitutional provisions on children's rights are also unhelpful in providing the requisite level of protection. At an international level it was further found that neither the CRC nor the ACRWC explicitly uphold the child's right to identity in the case of embryo donation. In an attempt to address this defect, this article compares the legal protection provided for the right to identity of children born through embryo donation in Australia and New Zealand. A number of lessons can be drawn from this comparative analysis. At a national level the article submits that the birth certificate should indicate the child's true origins and in addition to a register which holds the particulars of the child's donor parents, a separate donor sibling register is also suggested. Legislative amendments are also suggested to Parliament. At an international level, the following recommendations are made: a new United Nations (UN) Convention which centres on Assisted Reproductive Technology, a General Comment drafted by the CRC Committee to cover specific issues and interests of children, ratification of a Convention by the Hague Conference, and an investigation into the concerns raised by international embryo donation to be carried out by the International Social Service Network should be accomplished. Further, the article concludes that an Africa-based instrument would not be as effective as a UN proposed solution, given the cultural and religious concerns in traditional African societies.

In June 2022, the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict expressed that the ongoing use and recruitment of children in armed conflict globally warrants "international concern". Notwithstanding the existence of proscriptive norms in terms of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL), international legal violations are nevertheless committed by states and non-state actors. A systematic analysis of the respective normative systems identifies a lacuna between specific provisions thereof. Consequently, violations are committed in armed conflicts for the purposes of IHRL but not IHL, it is contended that this inconsistency in the law perpetuates ongoing child soldiering. It is further contended that this inconsistency establishes a genus of children who are legally unprotected as they fall between the cracks of international law. Based on progressive jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, an approach which will bridge the lacuna between these norms is proposed. Contrary to the view of the International Committee of the Red Cross and with due consideration for the lex specialis principle, it is proposed that the IHL and IHRL instruments should apply in a complementary fashion, as opposed to the separate legal regimes under which they have developed.

The 1986 United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (DRTD) presents a multifaceted framework that blends political aspirations with principles from international human rights treaties. Advocating "people-centered development" places individuals at the forefront, empowering them as principal beneficiaries of development efforts. According to Article 2 of the DRTD, both state and non-state actors are responsible for formulating inclusive national development policies to continually enhance the well-being of the entire populace. This involves ensuring active, accessible, and meaningful participation in development processes and fair distribution of the resulting benefits. South Africa's duty to realise the right to development comes under scrutiny in this context. Despite its obligations under international instruments like the African Charter, challenges persist in effectively implementing developmental advancements. This includes fields critical for sustainable progress, such as renewable energy, biotechnology and information technology. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing obstacles, straining resources and threatening to reverse recent developmental gains. Budget constraints, particularly in the research and development sectors, hinder progress towards meeting development objectives. Therefore, while the DRTD and other international instruments emphasise the importance of the right to development, critical debates regarding its scope and implementation persist. Addressing these issues requires a nuanced understanding of development dynamics, balancing global aspirations with practical considerations. It necessitates collaborative efforts to refine and operationalise the right to development, ensuring equitable progress and sustainable development for all.

Abstract The aim of this article is to look into the configuration of the legalities of the ecological ejidos-a system of tenure which emerged from the Constitution of 1917. Elites of Mexican scientists had expressed concern about woodland resources from the second half of the nineteenth century, and it was thanks to this Constitution that it was possible to develop a series of government policies focused on the conservation and management of the national forests. Through an analysis of the proposals regarding tenure and conservation, before the Mexican Revolution, and of the conservationist group concerned about woodland resources, it becomes evident that the idea of forest conservation present in postrevolutionary agrarian normativities came from those proposals regarding the relevance of forests climatically, hydrologically, and for public health. The main conclusion is that the conservationist theses made between 1921 and 1940 on the subject of allocation and restitution of the land, present in agrarian law and in the resolutions of the Supreme Court, sought to boost a joint project of conservation of the national forests alongside the hydrological basins.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la configuración de las formas jurídicas del ejido conservacionista, un modelo de propiedad que emergió de la Constitución de 1917. Las élites científicas mexicanas manifestaban la preocupación por los recursos forestales desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y gracias a la Constitución fue posible desarrollar una serie de políticas gubernamentales enfocadas en la conservación y la gestión de los bosques nacionales. A través del análisis de los planteamientos sobre propiedad y conservación previos a la Revolución y del grupo conservacionista preocupado por los recursos forestales, se mostrará que la idea de conservación forestal presente en la normatividad agraria posrevolucionaria provino de los planteamientos sobre la importancia climática, hidrológica y de salud pública de los bosques. La conclusión principal es que las tesis conservacionistas entre 1921 y 1940, presentes en las leyes agrarias y resoluciones de la Suprema Corte sobre dotación y restitución de tierras, buscaron impulsar un proyecto de conservación comunitaria de los bosques nacionales en sintonía con la conservación de las cuencas hidrológicas.