ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

Resumen. La mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) es un recurso importante de subsistencia en mercados locales de Ecuador. Sin embargo, poco es sabido sobre la historia de vida temprana y la biología reproductiva de esta especie. En 2016 y 2017, se recolectaron larvas de E. currani en 3 playas arenosas en el Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, y se identificaron usando códigos de barras de ADN. La longitud estándar de las larvas osciló entre 4.00 y 15.78 mm. También recolectamos otolitos para comprender mejor la historia de vida temprana de E. currani. Los otolitos se usaron para estimar la edad, la tasa de crecimiento de la población (±EE), las fechas de eclosión y la época reproductiva. En promedio, la edad de los peces fue de 16.5 ± 4.5 días, mientras que la tasa de crecimiento promedio fue de 0.70 ± 0.05 y 0.22 ± 0.16 mm por día en marzo y mayo, respectivamente. En el Golfo de Guayaquil, la mayoría de las fechas de eclosión y la actividad reproductiva presunta de E. currani ocurrió durante la época húmeda (diciembre-abril) cuando aguas más calidas prevalecieron. Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que estima las fechas de eclosión y la tasa de crecimiento larval para una especie de la familia Gerreidae en el Océano Pacífico.

Abstract. The flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) is an important subsistence fishery resource in local Ecuadorian markets; however, very little is known about the early life history and reproductive biology of this species. In 2016 and 2017, E. currani larvae were collected at 3 sandy beaches in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and identified using DNA barcoding. Standard lengths ranged from 4.00-15.78 mm. We also collected otoliths to better understand the early life history of E. currani. Otoliths were used to estimate the age, population growth rate (±SE), hatch dates, and reproductive period. On average, the fish were 16.5 ± 4.5 days old, while the average growth rate was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.16 mm per day in March and May, respectively. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, most hatch dates and the presumed reproductive activity of E. currani occurred during the wet season (December-April) when warmer water prevailed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hatch dates and larval growth rate for a species of the family Gerreidae in the Pacific Ocean.

Abstract Introduction: Hermetia illucens is a fly found worldwide in tropical and temperate regions that feeds on decaying organic matter in its larval stage, which makes them useful to accelerate composing processes. Bacterial component on the larval guts that helps to degrade organic matter is well studied, however fungal communities information is more scarse, specially in tropical regions. Objective: To determine fungal communities in the gut of H. illucens larvae naturally occurring during urban composting processes in a tropical region. Methods: ITS sequencing was employed to characterize fungal communities present in H. illucens larval gut. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled a notable dominance of Saccharomycetales, being yeasts of the genus Pichia the most abundant. Other relatively abundant yeasts were Candida and Galactomyces and the genus Archaeospora from Archaeosporales. The last two groups not being reported in H. illucens before. Conclusions: Yeasts of the genus Pichia are the most abundant group, this result is in concordance with previous studies which suggest a stable insect-yeast relation. The description of previously unreported fungal groups highlights the importance of continuing to explore the mycobiome dynamics of this larva. This study offers insight into the mycobiome of naturally occurring H. illucens larvae in a tropical region.

Resumen Introducción: Hermetia illucens se distribuye mundialmente en regiones tropicales y templadas. En su estado larval se alimenta de materia orgánica en descomposición, lo que las hace útiles para acelerar los procesos de compostaje. Se han realizado diversos estudios sobre el componente bacteriano de los intestinos de las larvas que ayuda a degradar la materia orgánica, sin embargo, información sobre las comunidades de microhongos es más escasa, especialmente en regiones tropicales. Objetivo: Determinar el micobioma presente en los intestinos de las larvas de H. illucens que se desarrollaron naturalmente en compostajes urbanos en una región tropical. Métodos: Se realizó secuenciación ITS para caracterizar las comunidades de microhongos presentes en el intestino de las larvas. Resultados: El análisis de variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASV) reveló una notable dominancia de Saccharomycetales, siendo las levaduras del género Pichia las más abundantes. Otras levaduras relativamente abundantes fueron Candida y Galactomyces y el género Archaeospora de Archaeosporales. Los dos últimos grupos no han sido reportados previamente en H. illucens. Conclusión: Determinamos que las levaduras del género Pichia son el grupo más abundante. Este resultado concuerda con estudios previos, lo que sugiere una relación estable entre estos dos organismos. La descripción de grupos de hongos no reportados previamente resalta la importancia de continuar explorando la dinámica del micobioma de esta larva. Este estudio proporciona información sobre el micobioma de las larvas de H. illucens que se presentan naturalmente en una región tropical.

Abstract Human myiasis is the infestation of humans with dipterous larvae. Cutaneous myiasis is the most common form and is one of the most common travel-associated skin diseases. The condition should be suspected when furuncle or boil-like skin lesions are observed in patients travelling from endemic regions. Herein is described the case of a toddler who had travelled from Guinea-Bissau seven days earlier and presented with a six-day history of painful furuncle-like swellings on the left thigh and scrotum. Two larvae were collected from one of the lesions, and entomological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous myiasis. Complete larvae extraction is the primary treatment goal, and adequate preservation of the maggots is essential for public health analysis.

Resumo A miíase humana é a infestação de humanos por larvas de dípteros. A forma cutânea é a mais frequente apresentação da doença e também uma das doenças dermatológicas do viajante mais comuns. Deve haver suspeita de miíase cutânea quando são observadas lesões do tipo furúnculo ou bolha em doentes que estiveram numa região endémica. É descrito o caso de um rapaz de 17 meses oriundo da Guiné-Bissau que se apresentou com lesões do tipo furúnculo dolorosas na coxa esquerda e escroto com seis dias de evolução. Foram recuperadas duas larvas numa das lesões, cuja análise entomológica confirmou o diagnóstico de miíase cutânea. A extração completa das larvas é o principal objetivo do tratamento e a sua correta preservação para análise é fundamental numa perspetiva de saúde pública.

ABSTRACT Plutella xylostella is one of the most important pests of brassicaceous crops around the world. Indoxacarb is widely used to control lepidopteran pest larvae. This insecticide has slow activity and prolonged residual effects which impact the habits and physiology of pests. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on the biology and development time of the diamondback moth. Selection pressure of the insecticide indoxacarb was carried out on P. xylostella, applying the LC20 of the previous generation for the next ten generations, the LC20 of the resistant line (G10) was calculated and this concentration was subsequently applied to L3 larvae. The effect on the percentage and weight of pupae, adult emergence and oviposition for two generations was evaluated; in addition, the development time of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The results showed that resistance and exposure to LC20 of indoxacarb caused changes in the biology and development of P. xyllostella. This was manifested in an increase in the percentage and weight of formed pupae and emergence of adults, along with a prolongation of development time of more than 10 days. However, a decrease of more than 50% in the number of eggs per female was observed.

RESUMEN Plutella xylostella es una plaga de las más importantes en los cultivos de brassicaceas alrededor del mundo. El indoxacarb se utiliza ampliamente para el control de larvas de lepidópteros plaga. Este insecticida presenta una actividad lenta y efectos residuales prolongados los cuales impactan los hábitos y la fisiología de las plagas. Como objetivo se estableció la evaluación del efecto de concentraciones subletales de indoxacarb en la biología y tiempo de desarrollo de la palomilla dorso de diamante. Se realizó presión de selección del insecticida indoxacarb sobre P. xylostella, aplicando la CL20 de la generación anterior por las siguientes diez generaciones, se calculó la CL20 de la línea resistente (G10) y posteriormente se aplicó esta concentración a larvas de L3. Se evaluó el efecto en el porcentaje y peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos y oviposición para dos generaciones; además, del tiempo de desarrollo de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia y la exposición a CL20 de indoxacarb provocaron cambios en la biología y el desarrollo de P. xyllostella. Esto se manifestó en un aumento del porcentaje y peso de pupas formadas y emergencia de adultos, junto con una prolongación del tiempo de desarrollo de más de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó una disminución de más del 50% en el número de huevos por hembra.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are dominant in terms of abundance and diversity; particularly asteroids play an important role in Antarctic benthic communities. Objective: The aim of the present work was to review the bathymetric distribution, specific composition, occurrence and species richness of asteroid species inhabiting South Orkney, South Shetland and Palmer Archipelago, located in the Antarctic Peninsula. Aspects of the developmental patterns of the species found are also included. Methods: We used data acquired during the 2012 and 2013 Antarctic Summer Campaigns aboard the Oceanographic Vessel “Puerto Deseado”. Sampling stations were located in three archipelagos located in the Antarctic Peninsula: South Orkney (SO), South Shetland (SS) and Palmer Archipelago (PA). A total of 28 fishing hauls were made and 436 individuals were photographed and processed. The maximum radius (mm) of each individual, the macroscopic characteristics of the gonads and the presence of embryos were registered. A review of the taxonomic status, bathymetric and geographical distribution area of the sampled species was carried out based on bibliographic records and databases. A hierarchical grouping was used to analyze species composition among the different areas. Results: Asteroids were obtained in all sampling stations (occurrence: 100 %) between 52.7 and 987 m depth. 21 species were recorded, the bathymetric distribution was not broadened in any of them, and the geographical distribution area of six species was expanded. Species richness was equal in SS and PA and higher than in SO, coinciding with the presence of two regional groups with a similar faunal composition. Seventy-two percent of the recorded species present pelagic development (planktotrophic larvae = 17 %, and lecithotrophic larvae = 55 %) and 28 % non-pelagic development (retained larvae = 17 %, and direct development = 11 %). Conclusions: In the three archipelagos, the majority development pattern was pelagic with lecithotrophic nutrition. All the species found in this study are shared with the sub-Antarctic region, highlighting the importance of the Malvinas Current in the dispersal of species from Antarctica.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son dominantes en términos de abundancia y diversidad; particularmente los asteroideos presentan un importante rol en las comunidades bentónicas antárticas. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la distribución batimétrica, composición específica, ocurrencia y riqueza de especies de asteroideos que habitan en los archipiélagos Orcadas del Sur, Shetland del Sur y Archipiélago de Palmer, ubicados en la Península Antártica. A su vez, detallar aspectos de los patrones de desarrollo de las especies halladas. Métodos: Utilizamos la información adquirida durante Campañas Antárticas de Verano 2012 y 2013, a bordo del Buque Oceanográfico “Puerto Deseado”. Las estaciones de muestreo se ubicaron en tres archipiélagos localizados en la Península Antártica: Orcadas del Sur (OS), Shetland del Sur (SS) y Archipiélago de Palmer (AP). Se realizaron 28 lances de pesca y se fotografiaron y procesaron 436 individuos. Se determinó el radio mayor (mm) de cada individuo, las características macroscópicas de las gónadas y la presencia de embriones. Se realizó una revisión del estatus taxonómico y de la distribución batimétrica y del área de distribución geográfica de las especies muestreadas basándonos en registros bibliográficos y bases de datos. Se utilizó una agrupación jerárquica para analizar la composición de las especies entre las diferentes áreas. Resultados: En todas las estaciones de muestreo se obtuvieron asteroideos (ocurrencia: 100 %) entre 52.7 y 987 metros de profundidad. Se registraron 21 especies, de las cuales no se modificó la distribución batimétrica de ninguna de ellas, pero se amplió el área de distribución geográfica de seis. La riqueza de especies fue igual en SS y AP, y mayor que en OS, coincidiendo con la presencia de dos grupos regionales con una composición faunística similar. El 72 % de las especies registradas presentan desarrollo pelágico (larva planctotrófica = 17 % y larva lecitotrófica = 55 %) y el 28 % desarrollo no pelágico (larva retenida = 17 % y desarrollo directo = 11 %). Conclusiones: En los tres archipiélagos el patrón de desarrollo mayoritario fue el pelágico con nutrición lecitotrófica. La totalidad de las especies halladas en el presente trabajo son compartidas con la región subantártica, destacándose la importancia de la Corriente de Malvinas en la dispersión de las especies desde Antártida.

Abstract Zatrephina lineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a phytophagous insect, mainly of plants of the genera Ipomoea and Mikania. The objective was to study the development, survival and to describe the life stages of Z. lineata fed on leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae. Biological observations were made daily with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and the instars of this insect identified by the exuvia left between one moulting and the next. The duration of development and survival of the egg, larva and pupa stages and the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instars and of the nymph stage of Z. lineata differed, but not between sexes of this insect. The duration of development of Z. lineata was longer in the larval stage and in the fifth instar, and its survival greater in the egg and pupa stages and in the first and fifth instars. Zatrephina lineata eggs, cream-colored, are ellipsoid and deposited in groups on the adaxial surface of older I. pes-caprae leaves. The larvae of this insect go through five instars, with the first three being gregarious with chemo-behavioral defenses. The exarated pupae of Z. lineata, light yellow in color and with an oval shape flattened dorsoventrally, attach to the abaxial surface of the I. pes-caprae leaves. The shape of adults of this insect is oval, straw yellow in color with lighter longitudinal stripes and females are slightly larger than males. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae next second third differed instar eggs creamcolored, creamcolored cream colored, colored cream-colored I chemobehavioral chemo behavioral defenses dorsoventrally males

Resumo Zatrephina lineata (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) é um inseto fitófago, principalmente de plantas dos gêneros Ipomoea e Mikania. O objetivo foi estudar o desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência e descrever as fases de vida de Z. lineata alimentada com folhas de Ipomoea pes-caprae. Observações biológicas foram feitas diariamente com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico e os ínstares desse inseto identificados pela exúvia deixada entre uma muda e outra. A duração do desenvolvimento e sobrevivência dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa e dos primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto ínstares e do periodo ninfal de Z. lineata diferiu, mas não entre os sexos deste inseto. A duração do desenvolvimento de Z. lineata foi maior na fase larval e no quinto ínstar, e sua sobrevivência maior nas fases de ovo e pupa e no primeiro e quinto ínstares. Os ovos de Z. lineata, de cor creme, são elipsoides e depositados em grupos na superfície adaxial das folhas mais velhas de I. pes-caprae. As larvas desse inseto passam por cinco ínstares, sendo os três primeiros gregários com defesas quimio-comportamentais. As pupas exaradas de Z. lineata, de cor amarelo claro e formato oval achatado dorsoventralmente, fixam-se na superfície abaxial das folhas de I. pes-caprae. O formato dos adultos deste inseto é oval, de cor amarelo palha com listras longitudinais mais claras e as fêmeas são ligeiramente maiores que os machos. Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1787 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae fitófago Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae pes-caprae outra segundo terceiro diferiu ínstar creme I quimiocomportamentais. quimiocomportamentais quimio comportamentais. comportamentais quimio-comportamentais dorsoventralmente fixamse fixam se machos 178 17 1

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar a variedade de hospedeiros, distribuição e avaliar a toxicidade de quatro inseticidas: imidaclopride, fipronil, cipermetrina e clorpirifós isoladamente e em combinação contra larva de 3º ínstar e estágio adulto da mosca-das-frutas Bactrocera diversa Coquillett, 1904 (Diptera: Tephritidae) durante 2021. Larvas de B. diversa foram encontradas se alimentando vigorosamente dentro dos hospedeiros de cucurbitáceas (abóbora, pepino, cabaça amarga, melancia, melão redondo, cabaça) coletados em diferentes localidades da divisão Poonch de Azad Jammu e Caxemira, Paquistão, e essa espécie é relatada pela primeira vez como novo registro para essa região. A suscetibilidade de B. diversa a inseticidas foi avaliada por método tópico. A mortalidade foi verificada após 3, 6, 8 e 24 horas de exposição. A cipermetrina foi mais eficaz para matar 50% do estágio larval e adulto com menos CL50 [7,2(1,040 ± 0,214), 17,4 (0,748±0,193)], respectivamente, seguido por imidaclopride. O imidaclopride matou mais efetivamente 90% da população larval e adulta com o menor valor de LC90 [73,2 (3,013 ± 0,708) 16,9 (1,886 ± 0,437)], respectivamente, após 24 horas. Cipermetrina com clorpirifós matou mais efetivamente 50% e 90% do estágio larval e adulto de B. diversa com valor mínimo de LC50 [11,3 (1,085 ± 0,245), 2,5 (0,759 ± 0,252)] e valor mínimo de LC90 [171,3 (1,085 ± 0,245), 121,9 (0,759 ± 0,252)], respectivamente, após 24 horas de exposição. A toxicidade de cada inseticida aumentou com a exposição por mais tempo e com o aumento da dose. A cipermetrina é sugerida como mais eficaz contra os estágios larval e adulto de B. diversa em combinação com clorpirifós seguido de imidaclopride.

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the array of hosts, distribution and to evaluate the toxicity of four insecticides: imidacloprid, fipronil, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos alone and in combination against 3rd instar maggot and adult stage of fruit fly Bactrocera diversa Coquillett, 1904 (Diptera: Tephritidae) during 2021. B. diversa maggots were found vigorously feeding inside the cucurbit hosts (pumpkin, cucumber, bitter gourd, watermelon, round melon, bottle gourd) collected from different localities of Poonch division of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan, and this species is reported for the first time as new record to this region. Susceptibilities of B. diversa to insecticides were evaluated using topical method. Mortality was checked after 3, 6, 8 and 24h of exposure. Cypermethrin was most effective to kill 50% of both larval and adult stage with least LC50 [7.2(1.040±0.214), 17.4(0.748±0.193)], respectively followed by imidacloprid. Imidacloprid most effectively killed 90% of both larval and adult population with least LC90 value [73.2 (3.013±0.708) 16.9 (1.886±0.437)] respectively after 24 hours. Cypermethrin with chlorpyrifos most effectively killed 50 and 90 percent of both larval and adult stage of B. diversa with least LC50 value [11.3 (1.085±0.245), 2.5 (0.759±0.252)] and least LC90 value [171.3 (1.085±0.245), 121.9 (0.759±0.252)], respectively after 24h of exposure. Toxicity of each insecticide increased with exposure for longer time and increased dose. Cypermethrin is suggested as most effective against both larval and adult stages of B. diversa in combination with chlorpyrifos followed by imidacloprid.

Resumo Os aspectos de bioecologia e infestação de Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em plantas são pouco conhecidos. Esse inseto se alimentou das folhas de beldroega comum, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) por dois anos consecutivos, o que desencadeou seu estudo nos cinco anos seguintes em Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a bioecologia e os aspectos da infestação de N. platensis em plantas de P. oleracea em campo e laboratório. A duração média (± DP) dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa foi de 3,6 ± 0,89, 11,5 ± 2,81 e 10,7 ± 1,97 dias, respectivamente. Os números médios de posturas e ovos por fêmea (± DP) foram de 3,8 ± 1,16 e 891,6 ± 116,83, respectivamente. A porcentagem de plantas infestadas foi de 59, 74, 0, 78 e 75% e os números médios de larvas por planta (± DP) variaram de 0,7 ± 0,45 a 1,6 ± 0,49 indivíduos, respectivamente de 2015 a 2019. Larvas de N. platensis infestaram plantas de P. oleracea em quatro dos cinco anos avaliados.

Abstract The bioecology and infestation aspects of Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on plants are poorly known. This insect fed on the leaves of common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) for two consecutive years, which triggered its study in the following five years in Januária, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the bioecology and infestation aspects of N. platensis on P. oleracea plants in the field and laboratory. The mean duration (± SD) of the egg, larva and pupa stages was 3.6 ± 0.89, 11.5 ± 2.81 and 10.7 ± 1.97 days, respectively. The mean numbers of egg masses and eggs per female (± SD) were 3.8 ± 1.16 and 891.6 ± 116.83, respectively. The percentage of infested plants was 59, 74, 0, 78 and 75% and the mean numbers of larvae per plant (± SD) ranged from 0.7 ± 0.45 to 1.6 ± 0.49 individuals, respectively from 2015 to 2019. Neotuerta platensis larvae infested P. oleracea plants in four out of five years evaluated.

Resumo Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é uma praga com grande potencial de destruição nas lavouras de algodão, causando danos às estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro. A tesourinha Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), é uma importante referência como predador em diversas culturas agrícolas, além de ser de fácil criação em laboratório. Com o objetivo de analisar o potencial biocontrole de larvas de A. grandis grandis por M. arachidis, foi realizado um estudo de capacidade predatória utilizando um modelo de resposta funcional. Larvas de A. grandis grandis foram expostas ao predador nas densidades: 1, 2, 4, 6 e 8 larvas (= presa/predador/placa de Petri), com 30 repetições em cada densidade. O contato entre o predador e a presa ocorreu durante 24 horas; após esse período, o nível de predação de M. arachidis foi avaliado com base na proporção de larvas predadas. O coeficiente de regressão logística linear foi utilizado com um modelo linear generalizado beta-binomial para determinar a resposta funcional. O sinal negativo do coeficiente linear e os testes de ajuste revelaram uma resposta funcional quadrática ou tipo II, com o número de presas variando de 1,00 larva (densidade de 1 larva/predador) a 6,50 larvas (densidade de 8 larvas/predador). Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo demonstram uma alta capacidade predatória de M. arachidis sobre larvas de A. grandis grandis. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae algodão algodoeiro Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) agrícolas laboratório M densidades 2 4 = ( presapredadorplaca placa Petri, Petri Petri) 3 densidade horas período predadas betabinomial beta binomial II 100 00 1,0 larva/predador larvapredador 650 50 6,5 larvas/predador. larvaspredador larvas/predador . larvas/predador) Portanto 10 0 65 5 6,

Abstract Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest with a large potential for destruction in cotton crops, causing damage to the cotton reproductive structures. The earwig Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), is an important reference as a predator in several crops and being easy to rear in the laboratory. To analyze the potential biocontrol of M. arachidis of A. grandis grandis larvae, a study of predatory capacity was conducted using a functional response model. A. grandis grandis larvae were exposed to the predator at densities 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 larvae (= prey/predator / Petri dish), with 30 replications at each density. Contact between the predator and the prey occurred for 24 hours; after this period, the level of predation of M. arachidis was assessed based on the proportion of preyed larvae. The linear logistic regression coefficient was used with a beta-binomial generalized linear model to determine the functional response. The negative signal of the linear coefficient and the goodness-of-fit tests revealed a quadratic or type II functional response, with the number of prey varying from 1.00 larva (density of 1 larva/predator) to 6.50 larvae (density of 8 larvae/predator). Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate a high predatory capacity of M. arachidis on A. grandis grandis larvae. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae structures Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) laboratory M A 2 4 6 = ( preypredator dish, dish dish) 3 density hours period betabinomial beta binomial goodnessoffit goodness fit 100 00 1.0 larva/predator larvapredator 650 50 6.5 larvae/predator. larvaepredator larvae/predator . larvae/predator) Therefore 10 0 1. 65 5 6.

Resumo Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEP) das famílias Heterorhabditidae e Steinernematidae são amplamente utilizados no controle de insetos-pragas. No Brasil, os estudos relacionados a caracterização e identificação destes entomopatógenos são recentes e escassos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi isolar NEP de amostras de solos coletadas em diferentes áreas no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Um isolado Heterorhabditis (UEL 08) detectado em amostra de solo em área de pastagem cultivada com braquiária, localizada em Londrina, Paraná, Brasil (23º34´311´´S, 050º58´298´´W), utilizando o método de “inseto-isca” com lagartas de Galleria mellonella. Para a identificação foram realizados estudos de morfometria e identificação molecular a partir da amplificação da região ITS. Algumas diferenças foram encontradas em termos de morfometria em comparação com a descrição original, entretanto, os dados moleculares demonstraram que a sequência obtida para o isolado UEL 08 é idêntica à sequência de referência de H. amazonensis (DQ665222), com a qual apresentou 100% de similaridade. Os estudos das características biológicas de H. amazonensis (UEL 08) revelaram que o isolado tem dois ciclos de vida distintos, um curto (216 h) e outro longo (288 h), sendo que ocorrem duas gerações em ambos os ciclos. O isolado UEL 08 H. amazonensis foi patogénico e virulento sobre os três hospedeiros avaliados. Notadamente, as larvas de G. mellonella e Alphitobius diaperinus foram consideradas mais susceptíveis do que os adultos do percevejo Dichelops (Diacereus) melacanthus, com percentagens de mortalidade de 100%, 85% e 46% de mortalidade, respectivamente. O ensaio de produção in vivo revelou um rendimento médio diário de 3,4 × 103 juvenis infectantes/g de larva hospedeira.

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae families are extensively used to control insect pests. In Brazil, however, relatively few studies have identified and characterized these entomopathogens. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize an EPN isolate obtained from soil samples collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. An isolate (UEL 08) of Heterorhabditis was detected in a soil sample collected from a pasture area cultivated with Brachiaria grass in Londrina, state of Paraná, Brazil (23°34ʹ311ʹʹS, 050°58ʹ298ʹʹW), using the insect-baiting technique with Galleria mellonella larvae as hosts. The nematode was identified through morphometric studies and molecular analyses based on amplification of the rDNA ITS region. Although we identified certain morphometric differences compared with the original description, the molecular data indicated that the ITS sequence obtained for the UEL 08 isolate is identical to the reference sequence of H. amazonensis (DQ665222) and presented 100% similarity. Thus, the findings of our morphological and molecular studies confirmed that the isolated nematode is H. amazonensis, which is the first time this species has been registered in Paraná. Study of the biological characteristics of H. amazonensis (UEL 08) revealed that the isolate has two distinct life cycles – one short (216 h) and the other long (288 h) – and produces two generations in both cycles. We observed that H. amazonensis (UEL 8) was pathogenic and virulent to the three evaluated hosts, although with different virulence against these hosts. The larvae of G. mellonella and Alphitobius diaperinus were more susceptible than adult Dichelops (Diacereus) melacanthus, with 100%, 85%, and 46% mortality, respectively. Furthermore, an in vivo production assay revealed a mean daily yield of 3.4 × 103 infective juveniles/g host larvae.

Abstract Global access to clean and safe drinking water remains a formidable challenge, contributing to a myriad of health issues. This research exposes the existence of waterborne parasites in seemingly pristine spring waters, indicating potential contamination. Daily extensive sampling of Seventeen water sources was conducted in the untarnished freshwater streams of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from February to September 2021. Employing a stringent filtration process, the collected samples were effectively concentrated to detect any waterborne parasites. Subsequent application of the wet mount technique, combined with the capabilities of a compound microscope, revealed a disconcerting reality: all examined samples tested positive for various parasites. Identified parasites included Schistosoma species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiuria, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Commensal amoeba mature cysts,, Filliform larva of Strongyloides, Cercaria larva, Larva of Taenia solium, Egg of Enterobius vermiculais, Egg of Isospora belli, Egg of Tapeworm, Egg of Schistosoma species, Egg of Toxocara, and Egg of Diphyllobothrium latum. These findings clearly demonstrate the presence of a diverse array of parasites in the freshwater springs of Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Pakistan. Implementing robust water treatment protocols, conducting regular monitoring and testing, and raising awareness about the risks of waterborne parasites are crucial steps to safeguard public health in the region. challenge issues waters contamination Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 2021 process technique microscope reality species lumbricoides trichiuria saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro cysts cysts, Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli Tapeworm Toxocara latum protocols testing region 202 20 2

Resumo O acesso global à água potável limpa e segura continua a ser um desafio formidável, e a falta das condições de potabilidade contribui para uma miríade de problemas de saúde. Esta pesquisa expõe a existência de parasitas transmitidos pela água em águas de nascentes aparentemente intocadas, indicando uma possível contaminação. Foram realizadas amostragens extensivas diárias de 17 fontes de água nos riachos de água doce intocados de Tehsil Babuzai, Distrito de Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de fevereiro a setembro de 2021. Utilizando um processo rigoroso de filtração, as amostras coletadas foram concentradas de forma eficaz para detectar quaisquer parasitas transmitidos pela água. A aplicação subsequente da técnica de montagem a úmido, combinada com as capacidades de um microscópio composto, revelou uma realidade desconcertante: todas as amostras examinadas testaram positivo para vários parasitas. Os parasitas identificados incluíram espécies de Schistosoma, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiura, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Cistos maduros de ameba comensal, Larva filiforme de Strongyloides, Larva de Taenia solium, Ovo de Enterobius vermiculais, Ovo de Isospora belli, Ovo de verme, Ovo de espécies de Schistosoma, Ovo de Toxocara e Ovo de Diphyllobothrium latum. Estes achados demonstram claramente a presença diversificada de parasitas nas nascentes de água doce de Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Paquistão. Implementar protocolos robustos de tratamento de água, conduzir monitoramento e testes regulares, e aumentar a conscientização sobre os riscos de parasitas transmitidos pela água são passos cruciais para proteger a saúde pública na região. formidável intocadas contaminação 1 Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 2021 filtração úmido composto desconcertante Schistosoma lumbricoides trichiura saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro comensal Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli verme latum regulares região 202 20 2

Resumo Uma das pragas mais comuns das palmeiras é o gorgulho vermelho da palmeira, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. Cinco dietas artificiais foram avaliadas para criar RPW e facilitar seus estudos comportamentais e biológicos. O desenvolvimento de R. ferruginus foi estudado nas dietas artificiais testadas baseadas principalmente em pedaços de caule de cana-de-açúcar (1ª dieta; controle), abóbora-doce (2ª dieta), cana-de-açúcar + abóbora-doce (3ª dieta), batata-doce (4ª dieta) e cana-de-açúcar moída + batata-doce (5ª dieta) em sala de criação (28 ± 1 °C e 75 ± 5 UR%) na Faculdade de Agricultura do distrito de Benha. Os aspectos biológicos, pré-oviposição, oviposição, durações de larvas e pupas, a longevidade de machos e fêmeas adultos e o período de geração de R. ferrugineus foram todos estimados. Além disso, o impacto dessas dietas artificiais nas quantidades de proteínas totais, carboidratos e lipídios foi determinado nas larvas adultas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o inseto manifestou os menores períodos larval e pupal e a maior longevidade para machos e fêmeas quando a criação de R. ferruginus ocorreu em uma dieta artificial à base de batata-doce como uma forma bem-sucedida e econômica para a criação massal do gorgulho vermelho da palmeira em condições de laboratório. Larvas alimentadas com a dieta 4 (batata-doce) foram as que apresentaram a menor duração (114,80 dias), enquanto a 1ª dieta (pedaços de caule de cana-de-açúcar) foi a que apresentou o maior período (125,00 ± dias). Da mesma forma para a pupação e longevidade de machos e fêmeas, os períodos mais curtos resultaram da alimentação das larvas na 4ª dieta (14,65, 49,40 e 48,0 dias, respectivamente). Ao contrário, o período pupal mais longo foi relatado com a 5ª dieta (15,70 dias). A maior porcentagem de eclodibilidade dos ovos (96,53%) resultou da criação de larvas de R. ferruginus na 4ª dieta. As análises químicas das larvas adultas indicaram que os maiores teores de carboidratos totais (45,57 µg/g), lipídios (28,46 µg/g) e proteínas (20,01µg/g) foram obtidos no caso de larvas criadas na 1ª e 4ª dietas, respectivamente. Consequentemente, o desenvolvimento dos estádios de R. ferruginus foi ligeiramente menor tanto na 1ª quanto na 4ª dieta artificial. Assim, ambas foram dietas artificiais bem-sucedida e econômica para o desenvolvimento de RPW em condições de laboratório. Portanto, este estudo adicionou ingredientes alternativos valiosos para preparar substrato alimentar mais prático e econômico para a criação do gorgulho para auxiliar na proposta de seu manejo e conservação em plantações de palmeiras.

Abstract One of the most common palm pests is the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. Five artificial diets were evaluated to rear RPW, and to facilitate its behavioral and biological studies. The developmental of R. ferruginus was studied on the tested artificial diets based on primarily composed of sugarcane stem pieces (1st diet; control), sweet pumpkin (2nd diet), ground sugarcane + sweet pumpkin (3rd diet), sweet potato (4th diet) and ground sugarcane + sweet potato (5th diet) under rearing room (28 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5 RH%) at Faculty of Agriculture in Benha district. The biological aspects, pre-oviposition, oviposition, larval & pupal durations, the longevity of male and female adults and the generation period of R. ferrugineus have all been estimated. Moreover, the impact of these artificial diets on the quantities of total proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were determined in the full-grown larvae. Obtained results showed that the insect manifested the shortest larval and pupal periods and the longest longevity for males and females when rearing of R. ferruginus took place on an artificial diet based on sweet potato as a successful and economical for mass rearing of the red palm weevil under laboratory conditions. Larvae fed on diet 4 (sweet potato) was exhibited the shortest duration (114.80 days), while 1st diet (Sugarcane stem pieces) was recorded the longest period (125.00 ± days). Similarly for pupation and both male and female longevity, the shortest periods resulted from larvae feeding on 4th diet (14.65, 49.40 and 48.0 days, respectively). Contrariwise, the longest pupal period was reported with 5th diet (15.70 days). The highest of eggs hatchability % (96.53%) resulted from the rearing nof R. ferruginus larvae on the 4th diet. Chemical analyses of the full-grown larva were indicated that the highest contents of total carbohydrates (45.57 µg/g), lipids (28.46 µg/g) and proteins (20.01µg/g) were obtained in case of larvae reared on 1st and 4th diets, respectively. Consequently, the development of R. ferruginus stages was slightly lower on both 1st and 4th artificial diets. So that, both of them were a successful and economic artificial diet for RPW development under laboratory conditions. Therefore, this study added valuable alternative ingredients to prepare more practical and economical feeding substrate for weevil rearing to help for proposal of its management and conservation in palm plantations.

ABSTRACT. The Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most deleterious pests of popcorn and the identification of resistant genotypes is determinant in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to select popcorn genotypes resistant to S. frugiperda and the key traits related to the identification of resistance. The popcorn varieties UEM J1, Composto Márcia, Arachida, Composto Gaúcho, and Zapalote Chico (resistant check) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 100 replications. The experimental unit consisted of one Petri dish, containing plant material and a caterpillar The following traits were evaluated: larval stage duration (LSt), food intake weight(IW), final larva weight (FW), mean larva weight (MW), feces (F), assimilated (A) and metabolized food weight (M), relative consumption rate (RCR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), relative growth rate (RGR), conversion efficiency of ingested food (CEI), apparent digestibility (AD), conversion efficiency of digested food (CED), and leaf area consumed (LAC). The diagnosis of multicollinearity, analysis of canonical variables, genetic divergence, hierarchical clustering, factor analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were carried out to perform multivariate analysis. After the multicollinearity test, the traits FW, IW, RCR, AD, and LAC were maintained for further analysis. The traits IW, FW and AD were determinant in the resistance by antixenosis expressed by the varieties Zapalote Chico and Arachida, for the varieties Composto Gaúcho and Composto Márcia the determining characteristics were RCR and LAC and for the variety UEM J1 the variable LAC showed greater importance. Variety Arachida was considered resistant to S. frugiperda by antixenosis and can be used in the future as a source of favorable alleles to breed resistant popcorn hybrids. The traits relative consumption rate, apparent digestibility and leaf area consumed were considered key traits in the identification of resistance against S. frugiperda in popcorn genotypes. ABSTRACT programs S J check 10 replications dish LSt, LSt , (LSt) weightIW, weightIW IW weight(IW) (FW) MW, MW (MW) F, F (F) A (A M, M (M) (RCR) RMR, RMR (RMR) RGR, RGR (RGR) CEI, CEI (CEI) (AD) CED, CED (CED) LAC. . (LAC) variables divergence clustering test importance hybrids 1 (LSt weight(IW (FW (MW (F (M (RCR (RMR (RGR (CEI (AD (CED (LAC