Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que produce. Se ilustra el rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, empresariales y colectivas. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, contribuye a reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que genera. Se ilustra dicho rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, colectivas y de emprendimiento. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores y así contribuir al establecimiento de comunidades sostenibles.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs, and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment, and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks, and thus contribute to the establishment of sustainable communities.

Collaboration between different disciplines, sectors and society is essential to tackle contemporary sustainability problems. This paper integrates learnings and reflections from a series of workshops and interviews conducted in the Berg-Breede landscape that explored the challenges and enablers to long-term, researcher-practitioner partnerships. We found several, often entrenched and systemic, challenges to working collectively and equitably within complex landscape spaces. From conversations on solutions to these hurdles, we distilled out four key enablers of enduring collaboration, drawing on critical moments of learning and understanding and thinking about how the benefits and values of collaboration can be leveraged and amplified. Our work illuminates how supporting enduring collaborations can help bridge the research-implementation gap to facilitate more equitable and resilient multi-functional landscapes. SIGNIFICANCE: While sustainable and equitable management of landscapes can be improved through intentional efforts to build collaborative partnerships between researchers and practitioners, the longevity and endurance of these partnerships rely on several features, including shifts in the way researchers design and undertake their research, in the values and benefits that collaboration can deliver, and in how research findings are articulated and shared. Third spaces can play an important role in achieving these shifts and enhancing collaboration.

Abstract: This study examines the current composition of the energy matrix in Colombia, encompassing its legal framework, configuration, impacts, and future projections. This research, based on a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, and text mining, reveals that hydroelectric power is the primary source of clean energy. Fossil fuels, although essential for energy availability in the territory, generate the largest carbon footprint, representing a significant environmental challenge. Despite legal efforts and projections towards clean energy, limitations persist in infrastructure, technology, and social acceptance towards energy production projects. The transition to a sustainable energy system requires overcoming these technical, regulatory, and social barriers while integrating legal, environmental, social, and technological aspects into planning to meet the goals of the current matrix's energy transition, which presents a complex landscape that demands comprehensive strategies for a sustainable energy future.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la composición actual de la matriz energética en Colombia, abarcando su marco legal, configuración, impactos y proyecciones futuras. La investigación, basada en una revisión sistemática de literatura, análisis bibliométrico y minería de texto, revela que las hidroeléctricas son la principal fuente de energía limpia. Los combustibles fósiles, si bien esenciales para la disponibilidad energética en el territorio, generan la mayor huella de carbono, lo que representa un desafío ambiental significativo. A pesar de los esfuerzos legales y las proyecciones hacia energías limpias, persisten limitaciones en infraestructura, tecnología y aceptación social hacia proyectos de producción energética. La transición hacia un sistema energético sostenible requiere superar estas barreras técnicas, regulatorias y sociales, integrando aspectos legales, ambientales, sociales y tecnológicos en la planificación para cumplir con los objetivos de la transición energética de la matriz actual, la cual presenta un panorama complejo que exige estrategias integrales para un futuro energético sostenible.

SIGNIFICANCE: A key challenge facing those interested in developing sustainability science engagement and engaged sustainability science approaches is identifying relevant sources of funding for transdisciplinary forms of science that involve multi-actors in the scientific knowledge generation process. This Commentary provides an overview of progress made in the international research funding sector towards support for such research through large-scale granting mechanisms, and points to some challenges that remain.

Inter- and transdisciplinary curricula can potentially develop an integrated understanding of an increasingly interconnected, complex world and develop students' agency, empathy, creativity and critical thinking skills. Within the South African qualification landscape, the Postgraduate Diploma (PGDip) is identified as a multi-or interdisciplinary qualification that allows working professionals 'to undertake advanced reflection and development by means of a systematic survey of current thinking, practice and research methods in an area of specialisation'. In this paper, four academics reflexively share their experiences of (re)developing and piloting transdisciplinary curricula for the PGDip in Sustainable Development (at Stellenbosch University) and the PGDip in Sustainability Learning (at Rhodes University). Reflections centre around the rationale, context and emergence of the two programmes, their structure and intended learning outcomes, and principles guiding the overall curriculum design. We highlight the appropriateness of transdisciplinary approaches to curricula focused on the sustainability field, and it distils three broad features of the two PGDip programmes that seem important - even necessary - for developing students' competencies as sustainability practitioners. These are ontological groundedness, epistemological openness and ethical attentiveness. SIGNIFICANCE: This paper provides a rationale for pursuing transdisciplinary curricula that are oriented to sustainability. It shares reflections from two postgraduate diploma curriculum design processes and provides summative insights into broad features of transdisciplinary curriculum design that may enhance sustainability transitions. These features may help to guide other university curriculum developers wanting to design similar programmes to support sustainability transitions.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

Abstract. To address the issue of the urban Anthropocene, it is proposed to inquire into memories, socio-ecological practices, and collaborative relationships among living ecosystems. Based on ethnographic work and secondary sources from three urban situations in Santiago de Chile -garden, square, and third ruderal landscape- the objective is to understand the collaborative interaction between the human and the non-human. The working hypothesis suggests that it is in the expressive and collaborative gestures of subjectivities, desires, and imag inaries that transformative, ecologically sustainable capacities emerge, opening the way to public spaces in cohabitation with living ecosystems. It is concluded that although the three experiences have not been integrated by urban policies, they constitute political exercises and acts of vita activa in the face of urban ecological crisis, opening paths for a collaborative anthropology framed within an ecology of diverse practices and knowledge.

Resumen. Para tratar el problema del Antropoceno urbano se propone interrogar las memorias, las prácticas socioecológicas y las relaciones colaborativas entre ecosistemas vivos. A partir del trabajo etnográfico y fuentes secundarias de tres situaciones urbanas en Santiago de Chile -jardín, plaza y tercer paisaje ruderal-, el objetivo es comprender la interacción colaborativa entre lo humano y lo no-humano. La hipótesis de trabajo plantea que es en los gestos expresivos y colaborativos de subjetividades, deseos e imaginarios que surgen capacidades transformadoras, ecológicamente sustentables y que abren el camino hacia espacios públicos en cohabitación entre ecosistemas vivos. Se concluye que a pesar de que las tres experiencias no han sido integradas por las políticas urbanas, estas constituyen ejercicios políticos y de vita activa frente a la crisis ecológica urbana, lo que abre vías para una antropología colaborativa que se enmarca en una ecología de las prácticas y saberes diversos.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Abstract In the riverine South America, lowland areas shape the setting where both natural and urbanistic processes overlap. The lack of a project with an orientation towards sustainable transformations of the terrain integrating land and water increases vulnerability and inequality, which in turn, pushes away opportunities, especially in peripheral areas. Despite numerous critical aspects, these areas usually present important heritage, natural and cultural resources that have notable representative capability. Cultural and especially heritage tourism can play a fundamental role in renewing these values and transforming them into opportunities for a sustainable bottom-up development. A reflection grounded on service-design research postulating the island as a key element of a territory's reading and cultural analysis is proposed. The cultural landscape of the islands -which is interpreted from a South American, regional, and local perspective- becomes useful to characterize the tourism community space in the peripheral areas. This research identifies the possibility of an islands-centered project which can be promoted at a communal level by the heritage tourism project. The project’s activistic role and the value of the collective in the construction of possible islands suitable for tourism and everyday life in times of climate change are discussed.

Resumen En la Sudamérica fluvial, las tierras bajas son escenario de superposición de procesos naturales y procesos urbanos; la falta de proyecto que integre tierra y agua y oriente transformaciones sustentables en el territorio, aumenta vulnerabilidades y desigualdades, alejando oportunidades, especialmente en las áreas marginales. A pesar de los numerosos aspectos críticos, estas periferias suelen presentar importantes recursos patrimoniales, naturales y culturales de capacidad representativa. El turismo cultural, y especialmente patrimonial, puede desempeñar un papel notable, al renovar estos valores y transformarlos en oportunidades de desarrollo sustentable desde abajo. Se propone una reflexión proyectual del tipo investigación-servicio que postula lo insular como clave de lectura e interpretación cultural territorial. El paisaje cultural de islas, interpretado a escala sudamericana, regional y local, sirve para caracterizar los espacios del turismo comunitario en territorios fluviales. La investigación identifica una posible proyectualidad insular que el proyecto de turismo patrimonial puede promover de manera comunitaria. Se discute el rol activista del proyecto y el valor de lo colectivo en la organización de islas posibles, propicias para el turismo y la vida cotidiana en tiempos de cambio climático.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

RESUMEN El desarrollo sostenible del turismo y su contribución a la Agenda 2030 debe trascender los efectos económicos de la actividad; no puede limitarse al crecimiento de los ingresos sino mostrar impactos positivos que conduzcan a la satisfacción tanto de los residentes como de los visitantes y lograr un equilibrio ambiental que posicione el destino como referente en los segmentos de demanda. El actual modelo de desarrollo para la aldea de Pingan Yuanjiacun, bajo el título “Hehuang Impression: Conceptual Planning of the Project” reproduce un paradigma que ha tenido éxito en otros contextos rurales chinos, incluso en el propio Pingan; sin embargo, no está exento de observaciones críticas, al considerar que evidencia las debilidades de una gestión y una práctica turística que pueden haber generado diversos beneficios, pero también han distorsionado el paisaje y las mismas culturas tradicionales que dicen salvar, lo que deja mucho que desear en cuanto a innovación turística. En medio del proceso constructivo, se ha olvidado el hecho de que las áreas rurales son un complejo regional integrado por la ecología natural, la cultura social y económica, así como grupos residenciales con variadas normas sociales que se han establecido a lo largo de años, incluso siglos. Estos aspectos deben entenderse adecuadamente con la intención de respetar y salvar la cultura de Pingan. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo presentar las opiniones de visitantes y residentes de Pingan Yuanjiacun Village que permitan evaluar los niveles de satisfacción con el modelo de desarrollo turístico implementado.

ABSTRACT Sustainable development of tourism and its contribution to the 2030 Agenda need transcend the economic effects of the activity, it cannot be limited to the income growth to show positive impacts leading to the satisfaction of residents as well as of visitors and getting an environmental balance that positions the destination as a reference in the segments of demand. The current model of development for Pingan Yuanjiacun village, under the title “Hehuang Impression: Conceptual Planning of the Project” reproduces a paradigm that has been successful in other Chinese rural contexts, even in Pingan itself; nevertheless, it is not exempt from critic observations, considering that it evidences the weaknesses of a touristic management and practice that may have created several benefits, but have also distorted the landscape as well as the very same traditional cultures they claim to be saving which leaves a lot to be desired about the touristic innovation. Amid the constructive process, the fact that rural areas are a regional complex integrated by natural ecology, social and economic culture as well as residential groups with varied social norms that have been established throughout years, even centuries have been forgotten. They need be appropriately understood with the intention of respect and saving “Pingan culture”. The present research aims at presenting the opinions of visitors and residents of Pingan Yuanjiacun Village that allow to evaluate the satisfaction levels with the model of touristic development implemented.

ABSTRACT Land sharing (Lsh) and land sparing (Lsp) are land use strategies that present different potentials for achieving multiple objectives in the land use planning, such as biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services. Through a case study in the Saltinho Watershed in Imbaú/PR, we evaluated the extent to which the application of each of these strategies in landscape planning can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of water quality. The analysis was performed based on the comparison between three scenarios: native vegetation cover in 2008, compliance with the law nº. 12,651/12 and watershed-scale vegetation planning, in accordance with the precepts of the Lsh and Lsp. For each scenario, landscape metrics and sediment production were calculated, using a vector-based analysis tool (V-LATE) and an ecosystem service management tool (InVEST). In the studied models, the results indicate that the application of Lsh and Lsp contributed to the improvement of landscape metrics and to the reduction of the quantity of sediments exported to water courses, which could represent positive effects for biodiversity and water quality in the watershed. However, these effects were not directly proportional, according to the transition of the analyzed scenarios. Therefore, the exploration of different land use configurations and proportions between these strategies can contribute to identify potential thresholds for biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services, and, in addition, assist in land use planning for sustainable agricultural landscapes. (Lsh (Lsp services ImbaúPR Imbaú PR Imbaú/PR scenarios 2008 nº 1265112 12 651 12,651/1 watershedscale watershed scale scenario calculated vectorbased vector VLATE V LATE (V-LATE InVEST. InVEST . (InVEST) models courses However proportional Therefore addition landscapes 200 126511 1 65 12,651/ (InVEST 20 12651 6 12,651 2 1265 12,65 126 12,6 12,

RESUMO Land sharing (Lsh) e land sparing (Lsp) são estratégias de uso do solo que apresentam diferentes potenciais para o alcance de múltiplos objetivos no processo de planejamento da paisagem, como a conservação da biodiversidade e a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. Por meio da realização de um estudo de caso na bacia hidrográfica do rio Saltinho em Imbaú/PR, buscou-se avaliar em que medida a aplicação dessas estratégias contribui para a conservação da biodiversidade e a manutenção da qualidade da água na bacia. A análise foi realizada a partir da comparação entre três cenários: cobertura de vegetação nativa em 2008, conformidade com a Lei n.º 12.651/12 e planejamento da vegetação na escala da bacia, de acordo com os preceitos do Lsh e do Lsp. Para cada cenário, foram calculadas as métricas de paisagem e a produção de sedimentos, com o uso de uma ferramenta de análise baseada em vetores (V-LATE) e uma ferramenta de gestão de serviços ecossistêmicos (InVEST). Nos modelos estudados, os resultados indicam que a aplicação do Lsh e Lsp contribuiu para a melhoria de métricas de paisagem e para a redução da quantidade de sedimentos exportados aos corpos hídricos, o que poderia representar efeitos positivos para a biodiversidade e qualidade da água na bacia. No entanto, esses efeitos não se mostraram diretamente proporcionais, conforme transição dos cenários analisados. Dessa forma, a exploração de diferentes configurações e proporções de usos do solo entre essas estratégias pode auxiliar a identificação de potenciais limiares para conservação da biodiversidade e provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos, e, além disso, no planejamento de paisagens agrícolas sustentáveis. (Lsh (Lsp ImbaúPR Imbaú PR Imbaú/PR buscouse buscou 2008 nº n º 1265112 12 651 12.651/1 cenário VLATE V LATE (V-LATE InVEST. InVEST . (InVEST) estudados hídricos entanto proporcionais analisados forma disso sustentáveis 200 126511 1 65 12.651/ (InVEST 20 12651 6 12.651 2 1265 12.65 126 12.6 12.