ABSTRACT Based on the application of the first pilot mobility survey in households and at strategic points of land and sea public transport in the islands of the Chiloé Archipelago, this article aims to describe and analyze the mobility dynamics of those who inhabit these territories, highlighting the modes of transport, reasons for travel, times and other factors related to island mobilities. Through a statistical-descriptive presentation of the data, the main results are identified: the importance of the use of interurban terrestrial transport, the attractiveness of intermediate cities as concentrators of services and activities; the relevance of marine transport in the minor islands of Chiloé; work, studies and health as the main reasons for travel; and the intermodality in the use of transport to access destinations of interest in this insular territory.

RESUMEN A partir de la aplicación de la primera encuesta piloto de movilidad en hogares y en puntos estratégicos del transporte público terrestre y marítimo en las islas del archipiélago de Chiloé, este artículo tiene por objetivo describir y analizar las dinámicas de movilidades de quienes habitan estos territorios, enfatizando en los modos de transporte, motivos de viaje, tiempos y otros factores relacionados con las movilidades isleñas. A través de una presentación estadística descriptiva de los datos, se identifican como principales resultados la importancia del uso de transporte terrestre interurbano; el carácter atractor de las ciudades intermedias, en tanto concentradoras de servicios y actividades; la relevancia del transporte marítimo en islas menores de Chiloé; el trabajo, los estudios y la salud como principales motivos de viajes; y la intermodalidad en el uso de transportes para acceder a destinos de interés en este territorio insular.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas de atención de IAMCEST han reducido los tiempos de transferencia interhospitalaria y han facilitado las metas de reperfusión oportuna. Los helicópteros pueden ser una opción cuando el transporte terrestre no es factible; sin embargo, la seguridad del transporte aéreo en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SICA) es un factor a considerar. Objetivos: Evaluar la seguridad del transporte en helicóptero para pacientes con SICA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de SICA dentro de la red IAMCEST en metrópolis extensa, trasladados en helicóptero a un centro cardiovascular. El resultado primario del estudio fue la incidencia de complicaciones relacionadas con los viajes aéreos definidas cómo desalojo de catéter intravenoso, hipoxia, arritmia, angina, ansiedad, sangrado e hipotermia. Resultados: Total de 106 pacientes; la edad media fue de 54 años y 84,9% eran hombres. La altitud media de vuelo fue de 10,100 pies y la distancia media de vuelo fue de 50,0 km. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue IAMCEST tras fibrinolisis exitosa (51,8%), seguido de IAMCEST con fibrinolisis fallida (23,7%). Cinco pacientes (4,7%) desarrollaron una complicación: desalojo IV (1,8%) e hipoxemia (1,8%) en dos pacientes y un episodio de angina durante el vuelo (0,9%). Una altitud de vuelo mayor de 10,000 pies no se asoció a complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el transporte en helicóptero es seguro en pacientes con SICA, incluso en altitudes > 10,000 pies.

Abstract Background: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) systems of care have reduced inter-hospital transfer times and facilitated timely reperfusion goals. Helicopters may be an option when land transportation is not feasible; however, the safety of air transport in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a factor to consider. Objetives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of helicopter transport for patients with ACS. Methods: Prospective, observational, and descriptive study including patients diagnosed with ACS within the STEMI network of a metropolitan city transferred by helicopter to a large cardiovascular center to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of air-travel-related complications defined as IV dislodgement, hypoxia, arrhythmia, angina, anxiety, bleeding, and hypothermia. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome. Results: A total of 106 patients were included in the study; the mean age was 54 years and 84.9% were male. The most frequent diagnosis was STEMI after successful fibrinolysis (51.8%), followed by STEMI with failed fibrinolysis (23.7%) and non-reperfused STEMI (9.4%). Five patients (4.7%) developed at least one complication: IV dislodgement (1.8%) and hypoxemia (1.8%) in two patients and an episode of angina during flight (0.9%). A flight altitude of > 10,000 ft was not associated with complications. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that helicopter transportation is safe in patients undergoing acute coronary syndrome, despite the altitude of a metropolitan area.

RESUMEN Fundamento: Cuidar la salud mental de los conductores de vehículos, es indispensable para que estos sean competitivos y para prevenir accidentes de tránsito, debido a que una de las causas de los accidentes, es la deficiente salud mental de los conductores. Objetivo: Determinar la pertinencia de la atención en salud mental de conductores de vehículos para evitar accidentes y para que sean competitivos. Métodos: La muestra fue de 219 conductores y cobradores de transporte terrestre en Trujillo, La Libertad, Perú; que contestaron el Test de Bienestar General-5, anteriormente aplicado en el Perú por otros investigadores, conformado por 5 preguntas compuestas. La prueba de Hipótesis nula (Ho) y alterna (Ha); se plantearon con una respecto al puntaje decisorio de 54,75 puntos. Resultados: Para las preguntas 2 y 4 se aprobó la hipótesis alterna con la indicación de que es pertinente la atención de salud mental para conductores para que puedan estar relajados; descansen bien e inicien el día sintiéndose sosegados. Para las preguntas 1, 3 y 5 se aceptó la hipótesis nula. Conclusiones: se percibe que los promedios más bajos se corresponden con las preguntas 2 y 4, entonces es pertinente la atención en salud mental para que los conductores de transporte público, puedan recibir asistencia psicológica para sentirse relajados y descansados. Para las demás preguntas se acepta la hipótesis nula.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Taking care of the mental health of vehicle drivers is essential for them to be competitive and to prevent traffic accidents because one of the causes of accidents is the poor mental health of drivers. Objective: Determine the relevance of mental health care for vehicle drivers to avoid accidents and to make them competitive. Methods: The sample was 219 drivers and collectors of land transportation in Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru; who answered the General Well-being Test-5, previously applied in Peru by other researchers, made up of 5 composite questions. The null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis test; were raised with a respect to the decisive score of 54.75 points. Results: For questions 2 and 4, the alternative hypothesis was approved with the indication that mental health care for drivers is pertinent so that they can be relaxed; also so that they rest well and start the day feeling well rested. For questions 1, 3 and 5, the null hypothesis was accepted. Conclusions: It is perceived that the lowest averages correspond to questions 2 and 4, then mental health care is pertinent for public transport drivers, so that they can receive psychological assistance to feel relaxed and rested. For the other questions, the null hypothesis is accepted.

ABSTRACT Most Brazilian municipalities do not have regulated areas for solid waste disposal in civil construction. Usually, residues are disposed of vacant lots and dumps, posing risks to the population health and the environment. Soils are the primary means for the disposal or recycling of waste, highlighting the importance of well-characterized soils and their respective landscape. This study aimed to establish a land suitability system for solid residues in civil construction and apply such information in a case study in Southeastern Brazil. An unprecedented digital soil map with a resolution of 30 m was created using the random forest classifier algorithm and soil field prospection information. A guide listing favorable soil-landscape attributes that most prevent soil erosion, water bodies or water table contamination was elaborated and discussed. Thus, such information was linked through a suitability system to classify areas with potential for receiving waste on a daily volume basis as follows: large size: >500 m³ day-1, medium size: >100 m³ day-1 and <300 m³ day-1, and small size <100 m³ day-1. Topography and soil depth were the most limiting factors of the areas in the case study. The proposed attributes as criteria for the suitability system complement the current state legislation. A total of 236 ha closer to the urban perimeter connected by roads in good condition were classified as suitable for managing medium- and small-scale daily volume, whose destination might reduce transportation and installation costs in the study area. Usually dumps environment wellcharacterized well characterized landscape Brazil 3 soillandscape erosion discussed Thus follows 500 >50 day1, day1 day 1, 1 100 >10 day- 300 <30 <10 day1. 1. legislation 23 smallscale scale area 50 >5 10 >1 <3 <1 2 5 > <

Abstract The presence of land use mix (LUM) in a neighborhood has been shown as an important aspect to promote walking as a daily means of transport. However, few studies in the area have applied different measurement strategies to test their effect on alternative modes of travel behavior, such as older adults walking. We applied six LUM measures of land use mix in two neighborhood definitions (500 and 1000m network buffers) and assessed their associations with walking for transport outcomes in adults over age 60 years from the EpiFloripa Aging study, living in the municipality of Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2013/14. Accounting for sociodemographic and environmental variables, adjusted associations found a positive relationship between four LUM and walking. The entropy index and three alternative measures defined by the intensity of commercial and nonresidential uses were positively associated with the walking for transportation, regardless of neighborhood definition. Stronger positive associations were seen when using smaller buffers and measures of the proportion of commercial uses, proportion of nonresidential uses and destination density. The results show that alternative measurements can overcome the entropy index, pointing out the need to adapt LUM measures and neighborhood scale to the geographic context and age group under analysis. (LUM However behavior 500 (50 m 6 study Florianópolis Brazil 201314 2013 14 2013/14 variables transportation definition density analysis 50 (5 20131 201 1 2013/1 5 ( 20 2013/ 2

Resumo A presença de diferentes usos do solo em um bairro tem se mostrado um aspecto importante para promover a caminhada como meio de transporte diário. No entanto, poucos estudos na área aplicaram diferentes estratégias de mensuração para testar seu efeito em modos alternativos de comportamento de viagem, como a caminhada de idosos. Aplicamos seis medidas de uso do solo em duas definições de bairro (buffers de rede de 500 e 1000m) e avaliamos suas associações com a caminhada para fins de transporte em participantes (≥ 60 anos) do estudo EpiFloripa Idoso (2013/14) de Florianópolis, Brasil. Considerando variáveis sociodemográficas e ambientais, as associações ajustadas encontraram uma relação positiva entre quatro medidas e a caminhada. O índice de entropia e três medidas alternativas de intensidade de usos não residenciais associaram-se positivamente com a caminhada para transporte, independentemente da definição de bairro. Associações positivas mais fortes foram observadas ao usar buffers menores e medidas de proporção de usos comerciais, proporção de usos não residenciais e densidade de destinos. Os resultados mostram que medidas alternativas podem superar o índice de entropia, apontando a necessidade de adaptação das métricas e da escala de vizinhança ao contexto geográfico e à faixa etária em análise. diário entanto viagem idosos 50 1000m m ≥ ( 6 anos 2013/14 201314 2013 14 (2013/14 Florianópolis Brasil ambientais associaramse associaram comerciais destinos análise 5 2013/1 20131 201 1 (2013/1 2013/ 20 (2013/ 2 (2013 (201 (20 (2

Resumen La comunidad de Colorado Norte ubicada en Pococí, no cuenta con un servicio de gestión integral de residuos. Este artículo plantea los pasos seguidos para el análisis de la situación de la comunidad y propone una estrategia de gestión de residuos sólidos que permita la valorización de los residuos. Para lograr lo anterior, se realizó un estudio de generación y composición de residuos sólidos y la aplicación de entrevistas a la comunidad, de esta manera se lograron identificar los principales problemas asociados a la gestión de residuos sólidos a los que se enfrentan. Se proponen cuatro objetivos estratégicos para mejorar la situación. Ellos son: Gestión de residuos en la fuente de generación, Recolección y transporte de los residuos sólidos, Educación, capacitación y sensibilización y Fortalecimiento legal y administrativo. Se concluye además que el índice de generación de residuos en la comunidad es de 0,51 kg/habitante/día , la implementación del servicio de recolección tendría un costo de aproximadamente 45 765,85 colones por trimestre/contribuyente (70 US$), se propone que los residuos orgánicos sean dispuestos en los terrenos de los pobladores, y el resto recolectado puerta a puerta. La implementación de un sistema en la comunidad de Colorado Norte representa un reto muy grande debido a que es una zona de difícil acceso.

Abstract The community of Colorado Norte, located in Pococí, does not have an integral waste management system. This article reports the steps followed to analyze the present situation of the community and proposes a solid waste management strategy that allows to have an improved system. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the generation and composition of the solid waste were investigated. Interviews to community members were carried out in order to identify the main problems associated with the solid waste system. Four strategic objectives are proposed to improve the situation. They are: waste management at the source of generation, collection and transportation of solid waste, education, training and awareness, and strenghtening legal and administrative processes. It is concluded that the rate of waste generation in the community is 0.51 kg/inhabitant/day, the implementation of the collection service would have a cost of approximately 45,765.85 colones/per quarter/taxpayer (US$70). It is proposed that organic waste be disposed of on the land of the residents, and the rest collected door to door. The implementation of a system in the North Colorado community represents a great challenge due to the difficulties of access the area.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between urban variables and the number of passengers who walk to the Bus Rapid Transit (brt) system stations in Quito, Ecuador. For this purpose, a direct estimation model of demand is built, which relies on Geographic Information Systems to delimit the service area and calculate its urban characteristics within a pedestrian distance threshold of six hundred meters; in addition, a multiple linear regression model is applied to explain the number of entries per station depending on the urban environment. The results show that the number of entries correlates with network density, land use, shape index, sidewalk width and distance to the business center, while population density is not significant.

RESUMEN En este artículo se examina la relación entre las variables urbanísticas y el número de pasajeros que acceden caminando a las estaciones del Sistema de Autobuses de Transporte Rápido (BTR, por sus siglas en inglés) de Quito, Ecuador. Para ello se construye un modelo de estimación directa de la demanda, que se apoya en Sistemas de Información Geográfica, a fin de delimitar el área de servicio y calcular sus características urbanísticas dentro de un umbral de distancia peatonal de seiscientos metros; también se emplea un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para explicar el número de entradas por estación en función del entorno urbano. Los resultados muestran que el número de ingresos mantiene correlación con la densidad de la red, el uso de suelo, el índice de la forma, el ancho de la acera y la distancia al centro de negocios, mientras que la densidad de la población no resulta significativa.

ABSTRACT This article recovers important debates about navigation routes in Pará during the second half of the nineteenth century, with special attention to lived experiences along the Tapajós and Xingu Rivers. It draws on documents produced by the provincial and imperial administrations, as well as the annals of the Brazilian parliament. The article suggests that the imperial government’s actions can be understood as an attempt to encourage migration, occupation, and economic production in newly-connected areas. This migratory process opened new areas to cultivation and extraction, and brought new techniques to these regions.

RESUMO Este texto propõe recuperar os principais debates que envolveram a implantação de vias de navegação no Pará da segunda metade do século XIX, reservando um aparte para as experiências vivenciadas nos rios Tapajós e Xingu. Para isso, utilizamos um conjunto de documentação produzida pela administração provincial e do Império, assim como os anais do parlamento brasileiro. A perspectiva é compreender as ações do governo imperial como política de incentivo à migração de populações para áreas beneficiadas com essas construções, de forma a perceber os impactos sobre a ocupação e o consequente aumento produtivo, na medida em que novas áreas de cultivo e extração fossem exploradas e novas técnicas fossem conduzidas para essas regiões com o processo migratório.

RESUMEN Este texto propone recuperar los principales debates que involucraron la implantación de las vías de navegación en Pará durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, reservando un lugar especial para las experiencias vividas en los ríos Tapajós y Xingu. Para eso, utilizamos un conjunto documental producido por la administración provincial y del Imperio, así como los anales del parlamento brasileño. La perspectiva es comprender las acciones del gobierno imperial como política de incentivo a la migración de poblaciones para áreas beneficiadas con esas construcciones, de manera que se puedan percibir los impactos sobre la ocupación y el consecuente aumento productivo, en la medida en que las nuevas áreas de cultivo y extracción fuesen explotadas y nuevas técnicas fuesen llevadas para estas regiones con el proceso de migración.

Resumen El presente articulo pretende evaluar los derechos de petición de los usuarios en temas de transporte aéreo a nivel nacional e internacional con el rol del organismo regulador, ya que en hoy en día en Perú y México se sigue luchando por el temor de no ser defendidos y protegidos por los derechos, se basa en la información sobre los bienes y servicios que están contemplados en el mercado nacional e internacional. Con lo que se procura conocer los derechos de los consumidores, para así evitar reclamos ante el organismo regulador por rubros de transportes aéreos y terrestres, servicios financieros, telecomunicaciones, pues así por temas de no ser informados, falta de idoneidad, falta de implementación de libro de reclamaciones, pérdida de equipaje, cancelación de vuelos. Por ello que la ciudadanía peruana y mexicana tenga en conocimiento sobre los derechos de los consumidores, para llegar a esta afirmación se utilizará el método inductivo, bajo un enfoque de investigación cuantitativo. El estudio halló ciertos reclamos de usuarios que luchan contra sus derechos. Se concluye que en México y Perú vivimos en un mundo dentro que los ciudadanos no conocen los derechos y deberes correspondientes, pues así el aumento de reclamos ante las compañías aéreas; de esa manera atraviesa por un problema, pues no estaría cumplimiento con los derechos de petición de los ciudadanos, así como reprogramar el vuelo, dar refrigerio, hospedaje, gastos de traslado, toda vez que se ha advertido en todas las aerolíneas nacional e internacional.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the rights of petition of users on issues of air transport at national and international level with the role of the regulatory body, as today in Peru and Mexico is still struggling for fear of not being defended and protected by the rights, it is based to be informed about the goods and services that are covered in the domestic and international market. With what is sought to know the rights of consumers, in order to avoid claims before the regulatory body for items of air and land transport, financial services, telecommunications, as well as for issues of not being informed, lack of suitability, lack of implementation of complaints book, loss of luggage, flight cancellations. Therefore, the Peruvian and Mexican citizens have knowledge about the rights of consumers, to arrive at this statement the inductive method will be used, under a quantitative research approach. The study found certain claims of users who fight against their rights. It is concluded that in Mexico and Peru we live in a world in which the citizens do not know the corresponding rights and duties, thus the increase of claims before the airlines; in that way it goes through a problem, because it would not be compliance with the rights of request of the citizens, as well as rescheduling the flight, giving refreshment, lodging, transfer expenses, every time it has been noticed in all the national and international airlines.

Abstract In order to evaluate the level of sustainability of an integrated waste management system (IWMS), it is necessary to analyze the impact criteria. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model for IWMS optimization with the two goals of minimizing the cost and the emission of greenhouse gases of the entire system. Environmental and health problems caused by the lack of proper waste management include the increase in disease, increase in stray animals, pollution of air, water, land, etc. Therefore, it is very important to identify the indicators and improve the efficiency of the waste management system. In the present research, with descriptive-analytical approach, it has been tried to clarify and evaluate the effective indicators in two dimensions of production-segregation and collection-transportation, and find ways to improve the efficiency of the system. In this article, five waste management systems including, incineration, landfill without gas extraction system, plasma incineration, recycling and aerobic decomposition are introduced and their performance in energy production and emission reduction are compared. The results of the evaluation of the basic waste management system (b) show that the amount of pollution is equivalent to 850 kg CO2 per ton of waste. While the amount of emission in the fifth comprehensive management system is reduced to 450 kg CO2 per ton of waste. According to the results obtained in this study, in all the management systems presented, the process of burying waste in sanitary landfills has the greatest effect in increasing pollution. This means that the pollution caused by burying the waste in the sanitary landfill will be reduced with the construction of the gas extraction system and the plasma method and use in electricity production. Despite the increase in initial costs, using the right technology and using the right waste system based on the type of waste and waste recycling has an effect on the efficiency of the system. IWMS, , (IWMS) criteria Therefore disease animals air water land etc research descriptiveanalytical descriptive analytical approach productionsegregation segregation collectiontransportation, collectiontransportation collection transportation, transportation collection-transportation article including incineration compared b (b 85 CO 45 presented costs (IWMS 8 4

Resumo Para avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade de um sistema integrado de gestão de resíduos (SGRI) é necessário analisar os critérios de impacto. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é fornecer um modelo de otimização do IWMS com os dois objetivos de minimizar o custo e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa de todo o sistema. Os problemas ambientais e de saúde causados pela falta de uma gestão adequada dos resíduos incluem o aumento de doenças, aumento de animais ociosos, poluição do ar, da água, da terra etc. Na presente pesquisa, com abordagem descritivo-analítica, procurou-se esclarecer e avaliar os indicadores eficazes em duas dimensões de produção-segregação e coleta-transporte, e encontrar formas de melhorar a eficiência do sistema. Neste artigo, são introduzidos cinco sistemas de gestão de resíduos, incluindo incineração, aterro sem sistema de extração de gás, incineração de plasma, reciclagem e decomposição aeróbica, e seu desempenho na produção de energia e redução de emissões é comparado. Os resultados da avaliação do sistema básico de gestão de resíduos (b) mostram que a quantidade de poluição é equivalente a 850 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. Enquanto a quantidade de emissões no quinto sistema de gestão abrangente é reduzida para 450 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, em todos os sistemas de gestão apresentados o processo de enterramento de resíduos em aterros sanitários é o que tem maior efeito no aumento da poluição. Isto significa que a poluição causada pelo enterramento dos resíduos no aterro sanitário será reduzida com a construção do sistema de extração de gás e do método de plasma e utilização na produção de energia elétrica. Apesar do aumento dos custos iniciais, a utilização da tecnologia certa e do sistema de resíduos adequado com base no tipo de resíduos e na reciclagem de resíduos tem um efeito na eficiência do sistema. SGRI (SGRI impacto Portanto doenças ociosos ar água etc pesquisa descritivoanalítica, descritivoanalítica descritivo analítica, analítica descritivo-analítica procurouse procurou se produçãosegregação segregação coletatransporte, coletatransporte coleta transporte, transporte coleta-transporte artigo aeróbica comparado b (b 85 CO 45 elétrica iniciais 8 4

Resumen: En el marco del comercio exterior, la floricultura es una de actividades agrícolas que más cultivos de alto valor produce, más empleos directos e indirecto crea y, en consecuencia, ingresos genera. Bajo este contexto, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo, analizar la competitividad a precios privados de plantaciones de rosa de corte, ubicadas territorialmente en localidades de Tenancingo y Villa Guerrero, Estado de México. A través del trabajo realizado en campo se obtuvo información de la organización relacionada con los costos, ingresos, indicadores socioeconómicos y de mercado durante marzo-mayo de 2019; asimismo, se tomó una muestra representativa de productores de Tenancingo y de la Asociación de floricultores de Villa Guerrero A. C., con más de 29 años de trabajo como floricultores. Para el análisis de los resultados se estructuró una Matriz de Análisis de Política a fin de estimar los ingresos, costos y ganancias a precios privados. Los resultados revelaron que no existe diferencia de los costos de producción ni de las ganancias en el mercado nacional e internacional, dado que el aprovechamiento de los predios ha sido rentable y competitivo, aunado a lo anterior, en ambos escenarios los factores internos de producción representaron más del 80% de los costos, incluyendo y excluyendo el costo por concepto de tierra y, la mano de obra, la cual representó la mayor parte de los recursos, seguido de gastos de transporte. Considerando que la competitividad de los sistemas se sustentó en el uso de la mano de obra que sustituyó a los avances tecnológicos y de capitalización, se deduce que la competitividad y rentabilidad para ambos sistemas es marginal.

Summary: Within the framework of foreign trade, floriculture is one of the agricultural activities that produces more high-value crops, creates more direct and indirect jobs and, consequently, generates income. In this context, the present research work aims to analyze the competitiveness at private prices of cut rose plantations, located territorially in the towns of Tenancingo and Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico. Through work carried out in the field, information was obtained from the organization related to costs, income, socioeconomic and market indicators during March-May 2019; Likewise, a representative sample of producers from Tenancingo and the Association of Floriculturists of Villa Guerrero A.C., with more than 29 years of work as floriculturists, was taken. For the analysis of the results, a Policy Analysis Matrix was structured in order to estimate the income, costs and profits at private prices. The results revealed that there is no difference in production costs or profits between the national and international markets, since the use of the properties has been profitable and competitive, in addition to the above, in both scenarios the internal factors of production represented more than 80% of the costs, including and excluding the cost of land and labor, which represented the largest part of the resources, followed by transportation expenses. Considering that the competitiveness of the systems was based on the use of labor that replaced technological and capitalization advances, it follows that the competitiveness and profitability for both systems is marginal.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to find the determinants of forest production in the region of Puno, Peru, for which the quantitative, correlational and cross-sectional approach was applied, using data from the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, of the year 2019; a sample of 408 observations was considered, with the application of the ANCOVA model. It was established that the determinants of forestry production are agricultural exploitation, livestock exploitation, worked plots, transportation expenditure and land tenure; in addition, livestock exploitation, worked plots, the use of an irrigation system and the realization of transportation expenditure have a direct influence on forestry production and agricultural exploitation and land tenure have a negative influence on forestry production in the Puno region in Perú.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue encontrar los factores determinantes de la producción forestal en la región de Puno en Perú, para lo cual se aplicó el enfoque cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, del año 2019; se consideró una muestra de 408 observaciones, con la aplicación del modelo ANCOVA. Se estableció que los factores determinantes de la producción forestal son la explotación agrícola, explotación pecuaria, parcelas trabajadas, gasto en transporte y tenencia de tierra; además, la explotación pecuaria, las parcelas trabajadas, el uso de un sistema de riego y la realización del gasto en transporte influyen de manera directa sobre la producción forestal y la explotación agrícola y la tenencia de tierra influyen de manera negativa en la producción forestal en la región de Puno.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi encontrar os determinantes da produção florestal na região de Puno, Peru, para a qual foi aplicada a abordagem quantitativa, correlacional e transversal, utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Domicílios do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Informática, do ano de 2019; uma amostra de 408 observações foi considerada, com a aplicação do modelo ANCOVA. Foi estabelecido que os determinantes da produção florestal são a exploração agrícola, a exploração pecuária, as parcelas trabalhadas, as despesas de transporte e a posse da terra; além disso, a exploração pecuária, as parcelas trabalhadas, o uso de um sistema de irrigação e as despesas de transporte têm uma influência direta na produção florestal e a exploração agrícola e a posse da terra têm uma influência negativa na produção florestal na região de Puno de Perú.

Resumen: Las percepciones de seguridad y comodidad relacionadas con viajar en bus o en avión pueden afectar las decisiones de elección de los pasajeros en viajes domésticos. En este artículo se incorporaron las variables latentes seguridad y comodidad dentro de los modelos econométricos para estudiar la elección del modo de transporte para pasajeros que viajan en el trayecto Medellín-Barranquilla. En el modelo calibrado se incluyeron variables asociadas al modo de transporte, como el costo, el tiempo de viaje y las frecuencias, además de las variables de percepción. El modelo de elección discreta con variables latentes (VLs) se estimó secuencialmente: en primer lugar, se obtuvieron los parámetros del modelo de múltiples indicadores múltiples causas (MIMIC) y -posteriormente- se calibró el modelo híbrido de elección. El modelo calibrado permitió identificar las variables que inciden en la elección del modo de transporte aéreo o terrestre. Los resultados obtenidos son una herramienta eficaz en la toma de decisiones para las empresas que operan en cada uno de los modos. Clasificación JEL: R15, R41, L93.

Abstract: Safety and comfort perceptions related to travel by bus or plane could affect passenger choice behavior in domestic trips. In this research, the safety and comfort latent variables were incorporated into the econometric models to study the choice of transportation mode for passengers who travel along the Medellin - Barranquilla route. Variables associated with the transportation mode such as cost, travel time, and frequency were included in the calibrated model and perceptional variables. The discrete choice model with latent variables (LVs) found in this research was sequentially estimated. Firstly, the parameters of Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Model (MIMIC) were found, and then the hybrid choice model was calibrated. The calibrated model allowed us to identify the variables that affect the decision-making process for air and land transportation mode choice. The results are an effective decision-making tool for companies that operate in each of the transportation modes.

Résumé: Les perceptions de sécurité et de confort liées aux voyages en autobus ou en avion peuvent influer sur les décisions et choix des passagers en matière de voyages intérieurs. Dans cet article, les variables latentes de sécurité et de confort ont été incorporées aux modèles économétriques pour étudier le choix du mode de transport pour les passagers voyageant sur le trajet Medellin-Barranquilla. Le modèle calibré comprenait des variables associées au mode de transport, comme le coût, le temps de déplacement et les fréquences, en plus des variables de perception. Le modèle à choix discret avec variables latentes (VLs) a été estimé séquentiellement : d’abord, les paramètres du modèle à causes multiples e à indicateurs multiples (MIMIC) ont été obtenus et, par la suite, le modèle hybride de choix a été étalonné. Le modèle calibré a permis d’identifier les variables qui influent sur le choix du mode de transport aérien ou terrestre. Les résultats obtenus sont un outil de prise de décision efficace pour les entreprises opérant dans chacun des modes.

Effective mitigation planning is needed for communities living in areas prone to disasters, including natural calamities such as volcanic eruptions. The development of disaster evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas, including the area where this study was conducted, requires proper planning in transportation infrastructure. Ternate city in Indonesia is a disaster-prone area because of the presence of an active volcanic mountain and an area traversed by the Pacific ring of fire. This area includes a vulnerable zone that has the potential for disasters such as volcanic eruptions, therefore it is important to make mitigation plans to assist the community in evacuating and reducing the impacts of a disaster. Data was obtained from road network observations and by carrying out inventory surveys on the condition of facilities and infrastructure for land transportation and sea transportation in Ternate city, which is located close to Mount Gamalama. A quantitative approach was utilised in this study through transportation modelling using Vissim to analyse the existing traffic conditions and forecasting. The research aims to formulate disaster mitigation measures to reduce the damages caused by the volcanic eruption of Mount Gamalama and identify plans for evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas. The road network performance of Ternate city showed that the city has roads that can be used as evacuation routes for disaster victims. It has good road performance in terms of meeting points and final evacuation points. Efforts to reduce the number of victims when a volcanic eruption occurs, the socialisation of disaster mitigation to the community and the installation of disaster information signs need to be equipped with the preparation of evacuation routes in the form of evacuation gathering points and final evacuation points. This study recommends local governments to develop new evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas and increase evacuation capacity.

Resumo Introdução A partir da década de 1990, começou a ocorrer um aumento significativo na produção e uso de motocicletas no Brasil; paralelamente, o número de vítimas fatais de acidentes de transporte terrestre aumentou. Em 2015, os motociclistas foram as principais vítimas fatais. Objetivo Identificar os fatores que motivam os motociclistas a escolher a motocicleta, apesar dos riscos, como um meio de transporte. Este estudo foi fundamentado no conceito de motivação, proposto por Bergamini, e na noção de tempo e espaço, proposta por Harvey. Método Estudo qualitativo, com seleção de amostra por saturação, desenvolvido com os motociclistas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito em um hospital de referência para trauma. O método de coleta de dados foi a entrevista, utilizando um questionário semiestruturado com análise de conteúdo. Resultados Foram entrevistados 15 motociclistas, todos homens, com mediana de idade de 26 anos. Os fatores motivacionais foram: “o tempo”, “aspectos financeiros”, “gosto pela motocicleta” e “único veículo disponível”. Conclusão A motivação maior para o indivíduo escolher a motocicleta como meio de transporte, independentemente de ser ou não motoboy, foi a possibilidade de gerar economia financeira e, ao mesmo tempo, proporcionar um ganho de tempo no dia a dia, embora outros fatores pessoais também tenham contribuído para essa motivação.

Abstract Background Since the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the production and use of motorcycles in Brazil. At the same time, the number of fatal victims of land transport accidents has increased. In 2015, motorcyclists were the main fatal victims of these accidents. Objective To identify the factors that motivate motorcyclists to choose the motorcycle as a means of transportation despite the risks. This study was based on the concept of motivation proposed by Bergamini and on the notion of time and space proposed by Harvey. Method A qualitative study, with sample selection by saturation, conducted with motorcyclists who were victims of traffic accidents in a reference trauma hospital. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed. Results Fifteen motorcyclists, all men with median age of 26 years, were interviewed. The motivational factors revealed were “time”, “financial aspects”, “motorcycle appreciation”, “only vehicle available”. Conclusion The greatest motivation for choosing the motorcycle as a means of transportation was the possibility of generating financial savings while providing a daily gain of time, although other factors also contributed to this motivation.