Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, Aedes aegypti is present in 80 % of the country and little is known about the kdr mutations related to pyrethroids (PY) resistance, as well as the influence of different biomes (mainly temperature) and passive ground delivery transport on maintaining and disseminating populations with these mutations. Objective: To model the behavior of genotypic frequencies associated with the kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys mutation in A. aegypti populations, considering vector population movement between Colombian biomes through passive ground delivery transport. Method: We obtained data from the literature regarding population dynamics, mosquito life cycle parameters associated with temperatures for each Colombian biome, and ground cargo transportation, including truck transport. We also evaluated the impact of the evolutionary cost for the kdr Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys mutations on oviposition and death rates. Results: Population behavior is influenced by the evolutionary cost of resistant genotypes and passive cargo transport. Once resistant genotypes arrive in a biome through truck-mediated mosquito transport, they persist. Conclusion: Passive migration through land cargo transport is essential for the dissemination of individual resistance carriers between different regions or biomes. Evolutionary cost plays a critical role in the dynamics of kdr mutations in A. aegypti populations.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, Aedes aegypti se encuentra presente en el 80 % del país y poco se conoce sobre las mutaciones kdr que están relacionadas con la resistencia a piretroides (PY), así como la influencia de los diferentes biomas (principalmente la temperatura) y el transporte pasivo de carga terrestre, en el mantenimiento y diseminación de poblaciones que presenten estas mutaciones. Objetivo: Modelar el comportamiento de las frecuencias genotípicas asociadas a la mutación kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys, en poblaciones de A. aegypti, considerando el movimiento de las poblaciones del vector entre biomas colombianos a través del transporte pasivo por carga terrestre. Método: Se obtuvieron datos de la literatura asociados con la dinámica poblacional y los parámetros del ciclo de vida del mosquito asociados con las temperaturas de cada bioma colombiano y el transporte de carga terrestre a través de camiones entre los biomas. Además, se evaluó el impacto del costo evolutivo para las mutaciones kdr Val1016Ile y Phe1534Cys representado en las tasas de ovoposición y muerte. Resultados: El comportamiento de las poblaciones está influenciado tanto por el costo evolutivo de los genotipos resistentes como por el transporte pasivo de carga y, que una vez los genotipos resistentes lleguen a un bioma gracias al transporte de mosquitos mediado por camiones, estos se mantienen allí. Conclusión: La migración pasiva a través del transporte de carga terrestre, como medio de flujo genético de individuos portadores de resistencia a PY entre diferentes regiones o biomas, se revela como un factor esencial para la diseminación, y el costo evolutivo como un factor determinante en la dinámica, de las mutaciones kdr en las poblaciones de A. aegypti.

ABSTRACT Based on the application of the first pilot mobility survey in households and at strategic points of land and sea public transport in the islands of the Chiloé Archipelago, this article aims to describe and analyze the mobility dynamics of those who inhabit these territories, highlighting the modes of transport, reasons for travel, times and other factors related to island mobilities. Through a statistical-descriptive presentation of the data, the main results are identified: the importance of the use of interurban terrestrial transport, the attractiveness of intermediate cities as concentrators of services and activities; the relevance of marine transport in the minor islands of Chiloé; work, studies and health as the main reasons for travel; and the intermodality in the use of transport to access destinations of interest in this insular territory.

RESUMEN A partir de la aplicación de la primera encuesta piloto de movilidad en hogares y en puntos estratégicos del transporte público terrestre y marítimo en las islas del archipiélago de Chiloé, este artículo tiene por objetivo describir y analizar las dinámicas de movilidades de quienes habitan estos territorios, enfatizando en los modos de transporte, motivos de viaje, tiempos y otros factores relacionados con las movilidades isleñas. A través de una presentación estadística descriptiva de los datos, se identifican como principales resultados la importancia del uso de transporte terrestre interurbano; el carácter atractor de las ciudades intermedias, en tanto concentradoras de servicios y actividades; la relevancia del transporte marítimo en islas menores de Chiloé; el trabajo, los estudios y la salud como principales motivos de viajes; y la intermodalidad en el uso de transportes para acceder a destinos de interés en este territorio insular.

Abstract Background: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) systems of care have reduced inter-hospital transfer times and facilitated timely reperfusion goals. Helicopters may be an option when land transportation is not feasible; however, the safety of air transport in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a factor to consider. Objetives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of helicopter transport for patients with ACS. Methods: Prospective, observational, and descriptive study including patients diagnosed with ACS within the STEMI network of a metropolitan city transferred by helicopter to a large cardiovascular center to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of air-travel-related complications defined as IV dislodgement, hypoxia, arrhythmia, angina, anxiety, bleeding, and hypothermia. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome. Results: A total of 106 patients were included in the study; the mean age was 54 years and 84.9% were male. The most frequent diagnosis was STEMI after successful fibrinolysis (51.8%), followed by STEMI with failed fibrinolysis (23.7%) and non-reperfused STEMI (9.4%). Five patients (4.7%) developed at least one complication: IV dislodgement (1.8%) and hypoxemia (1.8%) in two patients and an episode of angina during flight (0.9%). A flight altitude of > 10,000 ft was not associated with complications. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that helicopter transportation is safe in patients undergoing acute coronary syndrome, despite the altitude of a metropolitan area.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas de atención de IAMCEST han reducido los tiempos de transferencia interhospitalaria y han facilitado las metas de reperfusión oportuna. Los helicópteros pueden ser una opción cuando el transporte terrestre no es factible; sin embargo, la seguridad del transporte aéreo en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SICA) es un factor a considerar. Objetivos: Evaluar la seguridad del transporte en helicóptero para pacientes con SICA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de SICA dentro de la red IAMCEST en metrópolis extensa, trasladados en helicóptero a un centro cardiovascular. El resultado primario del estudio fue la incidencia de complicaciones relacionadas con los viajes aéreos definidas cómo desalojo de catéter intravenoso, hipoxia, arritmia, angina, ansiedad, sangrado e hipotermia. Resultados: Total de 106 pacientes; la edad media fue de 54 años y 84,9% eran hombres. La altitud media de vuelo fue de 10,100 pies y la distancia media de vuelo fue de 50,0 km. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue IAMCEST tras fibrinolisis exitosa (51,8%), seguido de IAMCEST con fibrinolisis fallida (23,7%). Cinco pacientes (4,7%) desarrollaron una complicación: desalojo IV (1,8%) e hipoxemia (1,8%) en dos pacientes y un episodio de angina durante el vuelo (0,9%). Una altitud de vuelo mayor de 10,000 pies no se asoció a complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el transporte en helicóptero es seguro en pacientes con SICA, incluso en altitudes > 10,000 pies.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Taking care of the mental health of vehicle drivers is essential for them to be competitive and to prevent traffic accidents because one of the causes of accidents is the poor mental health of drivers. Objective: Determine the relevance of mental health care for vehicle drivers to avoid accidents and to make them competitive. Methods: The sample was 219 drivers and collectors of land transportation in Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru; who answered the General Well-being Test-5, previously applied in Peru by other researchers, made up of 5 composite questions. The null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis test; were raised with a respect to the decisive score of 54.75 points. Results: For questions 2 and 4, the alternative hypothesis was approved with the indication that mental health care for drivers is pertinent so that they can be relaxed; also so that they rest well and start the day feeling well rested. For questions 1, 3 and 5, the null hypothesis was accepted. Conclusions: It is perceived that the lowest averages correspond to questions 2 and 4, then mental health care is pertinent for public transport drivers, so that they can receive psychological assistance to feel relaxed and rested. For the other questions, the null hypothesis is accepted.

RESUMEN Fundamento: Cuidar la salud mental de los conductores de vehículos, es indispensable para que estos sean competitivos y para prevenir accidentes de tránsito, debido a que una de las causas de los accidentes, es la deficiente salud mental de los conductores. Objetivo: Determinar la pertinencia de la atención en salud mental de conductores de vehículos para evitar accidentes y para que sean competitivos. Métodos: La muestra fue de 219 conductores y cobradores de transporte terrestre en Trujillo, La Libertad, Perú; que contestaron el Test de Bienestar General-5, anteriormente aplicado en el Perú por otros investigadores, conformado por 5 preguntas compuestas. La prueba de Hipótesis nula (Ho) y alterna (Ha); se plantearon con una respecto al puntaje decisorio de 54,75 puntos. Resultados: Para las preguntas 2 y 4 se aprobó la hipótesis alterna con la indicación de que es pertinente la atención de salud mental para conductores para que puedan estar relajados; descansen bien e inicien el día sintiéndose sosegados. Para las preguntas 1, 3 y 5 se aceptó la hipótesis nula. Conclusiones: se percibe que los promedios más bajos se corresponden con las preguntas 2 y 4, entonces es pertinente la atención en salud mental para que los conductores de transporte público, puedan recibir asistencia psicológica para sentirse relajados y descansados. Para las demás preguntas se acepta la hipótesis nula.

Abstract The presence of land use mix (LUM) in a neighborhood has been shown as an important aspect to promote walking as a daily means of transport. However, few studies in the area have applied different measurement strategies to test their effect on alternative modes of travel behavior, such as older adults walking. We applied six LUM measures of land use mix in two neighborhood definitions (500 and 1000m network buffers) and assessed their associations with walking for transport outcomes in adults over age 60 years from the EpiFloripa Aging study, living in the municipality of Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2013/14. Accounting for sociodemographic and environmental variables, adjusted associations found a positive relationship between four LUM and walking. The entropy index and three alternative measures defined by the intensity of commercial and nonresidential uses were positively associated with the walking for transportation, regardless of neighborhood definition. Stronger positive associations were seen when using smaller buffers and measures of the proportion of commercial uses, proportion of nonresidential uses and destination density. The results show that alternative measurements can overcome the entropy index, pointing out the need to adapt LUM measures and neighborhood scale to the geographic context and age group under analysis. (LUM However behavior 500 (50 m 6 study Florianópolis Brazil 201314 2013 14 2013/14 variables transportation definition density analysis 50 (5 20131 201 1 2013/1 5 ( 20 2013/ 2

Resumo A presença de diferentes usos do solo em um bairro tem se mostrado um aspecto importante para promover a caminhada como meio de transporte diário. No entanto, poucos estudos na área aplicaram diferentes estratégias de mensuração para testar seu efeito em modos alternativos de comportamento de viagem, como a caminhada de idosos. Aplicamos seis medidas de uso do solo em duas definições de bairro (buffers de rede de 500 e 1000m) e avaliamos suas associações com a caminhada para fins de transporte em participantes (≥ 60 anos) do estudo EpiFloripa Idoso (2013/14) de Florianópolis, Brasil. Considerando variáveis sociodemográficas e ambientais, as associações ajustadas encontraram uma relação positiva entre quatro medidas e a caminhada. O índice de entropia e três medidas alternativas de intensidade de usos não residenciais associaram-se positivamente com a caminhada para transporte, independentemente da definição de bairro. Associações positivas mais fortes foram observadas ao usar buffers menores e medidas de proporção de usos comerciais, proporção de usos não residenciais e densidade de destinos. Os resultados mostram que medidas alternativas podem superar o índice de entropia, apontando a necessidade de adaptação das métricas e da escala de vizinhança ao contexto geográfico e à faixa etária em análise. diário entanto viagem idosos 50 1000m m ≥ ( 6 anos 2013/14 201314 2013 14 (2013/14 Florianópolis Brasil ambientais associaramse associaram comerciais destinos análise 5 2013/1 20131 201 1 (2013/1 2013/ 20 (2013/ 2 (2013 (201 (20 (2

ABSTRACT Most Brazilian municipalities do not have regulated areas for solid waste disposal in civil construction. Usually, residues are disposed of vacant lots and dumps, posing risks to the population health and the environment. Soils are the primary means for the disposal or recycling of waste, highlighting the importance of well-characterized soils and their respective landscape. This study aimed to establish a land suitability system for solid residues in civil construction and apply such information in a case study in Southeastern Brazil. An unprecedented digital soil map with a resolution of 30 m was created using the random forest classifier algorithm and soil field prospection information. A guide listing favorable soil-landscape attributes that most prevent soil erosion, water bodies or water table contamination was elaborated and discussed. Thus, such information was linked through a suitability system to classify areas with potential for receiving waste on a daily volume basis as follows: large size: >500 m³ day-1, medium size: >100 m³ day-1 and <300 m³ day-1, and small size <100 m³ day-1. Topography and soil depth were the most limiting factors of the areas in the case study. The proposed attributes as criteria for the suitability system complement the current state legislation. A total of 236 ha closer to the urban perimeter connected by roads in good condition were classified as suitable for managing medium- and small-scale daily volume, whose destination might reduce transportation and installation costs in the study area. Usually dumps environment wellcharacterized well characterized landscape Brazil 3 soillandscape erosion discussed Thus follows 500 >50 day1, day1 day 1, 1 100 >10 day- 300 <30 <10 day1. 1. legislation 23 smallscale scale area 50 >5 10 >1 <3 <1 2 5 > <

Abstract The community of Colorado Norte, located in Pococí, does not have an integral waste management system. This article reports the steps followed to analyze the present situation of the community and proposes a solid waste management strategy that allows to have an improved system. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the generation and composition of the solid waste were investigated. Interviews to community members were carried out in order to identify the main problems associated with the solid waste system. Four strategic objectives are proposed to improve the situation. They are: waste management at the source of generation, collection and transportation of solid waste, education, training and awareness, and strenghtening legal and administrative processes. It is concluded that the rate of waste generation in the community is 0.51 kg/inhabitant/day, the implementation of the collection service would have a cost of approximately 45,765.85 colones/per quarter/taxpayer (US$70). It is proposed that organic waste be disposed of on the land of the residents, and the rest collected door to door. The implementation of a system in the North Colorado community represents a great challenge due to the difficulties of access the area.

Resumen La comunidad de Colorado Norte ubicada en Pococí, no cuenta con un servicio de gestión integral de residuos. Este artículo plantea los pasos seguidos para el análisis de la situación de la comunidad y propone una estrategia de gestión de residuos sólidos que permita la valorización de los residuos. Para lograr lo anterior, se realizó un estudio de generación y composición de residuos sólidos y la aplicación de entrevistas a la comunidad, de esta manera se lograron identificar los principales problemas asociados a la gestión de residuos sólidos a los que se enfrentan. Se proponen cuatro objetivos estratégicos para mejorar la situación. Ellos son: Gestión de residuos en la fuente de generación, Recolección y transporte de los residuos sólidos, Educación, capacitación y sensibilización y Fortalecimiento legal y administrativo. Se concluye además que el índice de generación de residuos en la comunidad es de 0,51 kg/habitante/día , la implementación del servicio de recolección tendría un costo de aproximadamente 45 765,85 colones por trimestre/contribuyente (70 US$), se propone que los residuos orgánicos sean dispuestos en los terrenos de los pobladores, y el resto recolectado puerta a puerta. La implementación de un sistema en la comunidad de Colorado Norte representa un reto muy grande debido a que es una zona de difícil acceso.

Abstract: We compare learning about the natural world (animals) and the artificial world (modes of transportation) using anthropomorphic stories and realistic manuals. First, children were asked to individually fill out a pretest identifying modes of transportation or unconventional animals in their respective scenarios (aquatic, aerial, land). Afterwards, throughout six group sessions in the classroom, a researcher taught them about the natural and artificial worlds using stories or manuals with animals and modes of transportation. Finally, the children were asked to answer a post-test similar to the pre-test. We found that their performance improved between the pre and post-test both with the use of stories as well as with the manuals. However, it was significant only with stories. The comparison between both conditions in the post-test showed significant differences in knowledge of the natural world favoring the stories. Results indicate that stories are a better learning medium for preschoolers.

Resumen: Este trabajo compara el aprendizaje acerca del mundo natural (animales) y del mundo artificial (medios de transporte) utilizando libros de cuentos antropomórficos y manuales realistas. Primero, los niños y niñas realizaron individualmente un pretest consistente en ubicar medios de transporte o animales poco convencionales en sus respectivos escenarios (acuático, aéreo, terrestre). Luego, a lo largo de seis sesiones grupales en el aula, una investigadora enseñó acerca del mundo natural y artificial utilizando cuentos o manuales con animales y medios de transporte. Finalmente, los niños y niñas realizaron un postest igual al pretest. Se encontró que la ejecución mejoró entre pre y postest, tanto al utilizar cuentos como al utilizar manuales, pero significativamente sólo con cuentos. La comparación entre condiciones en el postest mostró diferencias significativas en el aprendizaje sobre el mundo natural a favor de los cuentos. Los resultados indican que los cuentos serían un mejor medio de aprendizaje para los preescolares.

RESUMEN Este texto propone recuperar los principales debates que involucraron la implantación de las vías de navegación en Pará durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, reservando un lugar especial para las experiencias vividas en los ríos Tapajós y Xingu. Para eso, utilizamos un conjunto documental producido por la administración provincial y del Imperio, así como los anales del parlamento brasileño. La perspectiva es comprender las acciones del gobierno imperial como política de incentivo a la migración de poblaciones para áreas beneficiadas con esas construcciones, de manera que se puedan percibir los impactos sobre la ocupación y el consecuente aumento productivo, en la medida en que las nuevas áreas de cultivo y extracción fuesen explotadas y nuevas técnicas fuesen llevadas para estas regiones con el proceso de migración. XIX Xingu eso Imperio brasileño construcciones productivo

ABSTRACT This article recovers important debates about navigation routes in Pará during the second half of the nineteenth century, with special attention to lived experiences along the Tapajós and Xingu Rivers. It draws on documents produced by the provincial and imperial administrations, as well as the annals of the Brazilian parliament. The article suggests that the imperial government’s actions can be understood as an attempt to encourage migration, occupation, and economic production in newly-connected areas. This migratory process opened new areas to cultivation and extraction, and brought new techniques to these regions. century Rivers administrations parliament governments government s migration occupation newlyconnected newly connected extraction regions

RESUMO Este texto propõe recuperar os principais debates que envolveram a implantação de vias de navegação no Pará da segunda metade do século XIX, reservando um aparte para as experiências vivenciadas nos rios Tapajós e Xingu. Para isso, utilizamos um conjunto de documentação produzida pela administração provincial e do Império, assim como os anais do parlamento brasileiro. A perspectiva é compreender as ações do governo imperial como política de incentivo à migração de populações para áreas beneficiadas com essas construções, de forma a perceber os impactos sobre a ocupação e o consequente aumento produtivo, na medida em que novas áreas de cultivo e extração fossem exploradas e novas técnicas fossem conduzidas para essas regiões com o processo migratório. XIX Xingu isso Império brasileiro construções produtivo migratório

Abstract In order to evaluate the level of sustainability of an integrated waste management system (IWMS), it is necessary to analyze the impact criteria. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model for IWMS optimization with the two goals of minimizing the cost and the emission of greenhouse gases of the entire system. Environmental and health problems caused by the lack of proper waste management include the increase in disease, increase in stray animals, pollution of air, water, land, etc. Therefore, it is very important to identify the indicators and improve the efficiency of the waste management system. In the present research, with descriptive-analytical approach, it has been tried to clarify and evaluate the effective indicators in two dimensions of production-segregation and collection-transportation, and find ways to improve the efficiency of the system. In this article, five waste management systems including, incineration, landfill without gas extraction system, plasma incineration, recycling and aerobic decomposition are introduced and their performance in energy production and emission reduction are compared. The results of the evaluation of the basic waste management system (b) show that the amount of pollution is equivalent to 850 kg CO2 per ton of waste. While the amount of emission in the fifth comprehensive management system is reduced to 450 kg CO2 per ton of waste. According to the results obtained in this study, in all the management systems presented, the process of burying waste in sanitary landfills has the greatest effect in increasing pollution. This means that the pollution caused by burying the waste in the sanitary landfill will be reduced with the construction of the gas extraction system and the plasma method and use in electricity production. Despite the increase in initial costs, using the right technology and using the right waste system based on the type of waste and waste recycling has an effect on the efficiency of the system. IWMS, , (IWMS) criteria Therefore disease animals air water land etc research descriptiveanalytical descriptive analytical approach productionsegregation segregation collectiontransportation, collectiontransportation collection transportation, transportation collection-transportation article including incineration compared b (b 85 CO 45 presented costs (IWMS 8 4

Resumo Para avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade de um sistema integrado de gestão de resíduos (SGRI) é necessário analisar os critérios de impacto. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é fornecer um modelo de otimização do IWMS com os dois objetivos de minimizar o custo e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa de todo o sistema. Os problemas ambientais e de saúde causados pela falta de uma gestão adequada dos resíduos incluem o aumento de doenças, aumento de animais ociosos, poluição do ar, da água, da terra etc. Na presente pesquisa, com abordagem descritivo-analítica, procurou-se esclarecer e avaliar os indicadores eficazes em duas dimensões de produção-segregação e coleta-transporte, e encontrar formas de melhorar a eficiência do sistema. Neste artigo, são introduzidos cinco sistemas de gestão de resíduos, incluindo incineração, aterro sem sistema de extração de gás, incineração de plasma, reciclagem e decomposição aeróbica, e seu desempenho na produção de energia e redução de emissões é comparado. Os resultados da avaliação do sistema básico de gestão de resíduos (b) mostram que a quantidade de poluição é equivalente a 850 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. Enquanto a quantidade de emissões no quinto sistema de gestão abrangente é reduzida para 450 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, em todos os sistemas de gestão apresentados o processo de enterramento de resíduos em aterros sanitários é o que tem maior efeito no aumento da poluição. Isto significa que a poluição causada pelo enterramento dos resíduos no aterro sanitário será reduzida com a construção do sistema de extração de gás e do método de plasma e utilização na produção de energia elétrica. Apesar do aumento dos custos iniciais, a utilização da tecnologia certa e do sistema de resíduos adequado com base no tipo de resíduos e na reciclagem de resíduos tem um efeito na eficiência do sistema. SGRI (SGRI impacto Portanto doenças ociosos ar água etc pesquisa descritivoanalítica, descritivoanalítica descritivo analítica, analítica descritivo-analítica procurouse procurou se produçãosegregação segregação coletatransporte, coletatransporte coleta transporte, transporte coleta-transporte artigo aeróbica comparado b (b 85 CO 45 elétrica iniciais 8 4

Resumen El presente articulo pretende evaluar los derechos de petición de los usuarios en temas de transporte aéreo a nivel nacional e internacional con el rol del organismo regulador, ya que en hoy en día en Perú y México se sigue luchando por el temor de no ser defendidos y protegidos por los derechos, se basa en la información sobre los bienes y servicios que están contemplados en el mercado nacional e internacional. Con lo que se procura conocer los derechos de los consumidores, para así evitar reclamos ante el organismo regulador por rubros de transportes aéreos y terrestres, servicios financieros, telecomunicaciones, pues así por temas de no ser informados, falta de idoneidad, falta de implementación de libro de reclamaciones, pérdida de equipaje, cancelación de vuelos. Por ello que la ciudadanía peruana y mexicana tenga en conocimiento sobre los derechos de los consumidores, para llegar a esta afirmación se utilizará el método inductivo, bajo un enfoque de investigación cuantitativo. El estudio halló ciertos reclamos de usuarios que luchan contra sus derechos. Se concluye que en México y Perú vivimos en un mundo dentro que los ciudadanos no conocen los derechos y deberes correspondientes, pues así el aumento de reclamos ante las compañías aéreas; de esa manera atraviesa por un problema, pues no estaría cumplimiento con los derechos de petición de los ciudadanos, así como reprogramar el vuelo, dar refrigerio, hospedaje, gastos de traslado, toda vez que se ha advertido en todas las aerolíneas nacional e internacional.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the rights of petition of users on issues of air transport at national and international level with the role of the regulatory body, as today in Peru and Mexico is still struggling for fear of not being defended and protected by the rights, it is based to be informed about the goods and services that are covered in the domestic and international market. With what is sought to know the rights of consumers, in order to avoid claims before the regulatory body for items of air and land transport, financial services, telecommunications, as well as for issues of not being informed, lack of suitability, lack of implementation of complaints book, loss of luggage, flight cancellations. Therefore, the Peruvian and Mexican citizens have knowledge about the rights of consumers, to arrive at this statement the inductive method will be used, under a quantitative research approach. The study found certain claims of users who fight against their rights. It is concluded that in Mexico and Peru we live in a world in which the citizens do not know the corresponding rights and duties, thus the increase of claims before the airlines; in that way it goes through a problem, because it would not be compliance with the rights of request of the citizens, as well as rescheduling the flight, giving refreshment, lodging, transfer expenses, every time it has been noticed in all the national and international airlines.

Resumen: En el marco del comercio exterior, la floricultura es una de actividades agrícolas que más cultivos de alto valor produce, más empleos directos e indirecto crea y, en consecuencia, ingresos genera. Bajo este contexto, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo, analizar la competitividad a precios privados de plantaciones de rosa de corte, ubicadas territorialmente en localidades de Tenancingo y Villa Guerrero, Estado de México. A través del trabajo realizado en campo se obtuvo información de la organización relacionada con los costos, ingresos, indicadores socioeconómicos y de mercado durante marzo-mayo de 2019; asimismo, se tomó una muestra representativa de productores de Tenancingo y de la Asociación de floricultores de Villa Guerrero A. C., con más de 29 años de trabajo como floricultores. Para el análisis de los resultados se estructuró una Matriz de Análisis de Política a fin de estimar los ingresos, costos y ganancias a precios privados. Los resultados revelaron que no existe diferencia de los costos de producción ni de las ganancias en el mercado nacional e internacional, dado que el aprovechamiento de los predios ha sido rentable y competitivo, aunado a lo anterior, en ambos escenarios los factores internos de producción representaron más del 80% de los costos, incluyendo y excluyendo el costo por concepto de tierra y, la mano de obra, la cual representó la mayor parte de los recursos, seguido de gastos de transporte. Considerando que la competitividad de los sistemas se sustentó en el uso de la mano de obra que sustituyó a los avances tecnológicos y de capitalización, se deduce que la competitividad y rentabilidad para ambos sistemas es marginal.

Summary: Within the framework of foreign trade, floriculture is one of the agricultural activities that produces more high-value crops, creates more direct and indirect jobs and, consequently, generates income. In this context, the present research work aims to analyze the competitiveness at private prices of cut rose plantations, located territorially in the towns of Tenancingo and Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico. Through work carried out in the field, information was obtained from the organization related to costs, income, socioeconomic and market indicators during March-May 2019; Likewise, a representative sample of producers from Tenancingo and the Association of Floriculturists of Villa Guerrero A.C., with more than 29 years of work as floriculturists, was taken. For the analysis of the results, a Policy Analysis Matrix was structured in order to estimate the income, costs and profits at private prices. The results revealed that there is no difference in production costs or profits between the national and international markets, since the use of the properties has been profitable and competitive, in addition to the above, in both scenarios the internal factors of production represented more than 80% of the costs, including and excluding the cost of land and labor, which represented the largest part of the resources, followed by transportation expenses. Considering that the competitiveness of the systems was based on the use of labor that replaced technological and capitalization advances, it follows that the competitiveness and profitability for both systems is marginal.

Resumen: Las percepciones de seguridad y comodidad relacionadas con viajar en bus o en avión pueden afectar las decisiones de elección de los pasajeros en viajes domésticos. En este artículo se incorporaron las variables latentes seguridad y comodidad dentro de los modelos econométricos para estudiar la elección del modo de transporte para pasajeros que viajan en el trayecto Medellín-Barranquilla. En el modelo calibrado se incluyeron variables asociadas al modo de transporte, como el costo, el tiempo de viaje y las frecuencias, además de las variables de percepción. El modelo de elección discreta con variables latentes (VLs) se estimó secuencialmente: en primer lugar, se obtuvieron los parámetros del modelo de múltiples indicadores múltiples causas (MIMIC) y -posteriormente- se calibró el modelo híbrido de elección. El modelo calibrado permitió identificar las variables que inciden en la elección del modo de transporte aéreo o terrestre. Los resultados obtenidos son una herramienta eficaz en la toma de decisiones para las empresas que operan en cada uno de los modos. Clasificación JEL: R15, R41, L93.

Abstract: Safety and comfort perceptions related to travel by bus or plane could affect passenger choice behavior in domestic trips. In this research, the safety and comfort latent variables were incorporated into the econometric models to study the choice of transportation mode for passengers who travel along the Medellin - Barranquilla route. Variables associated with the transportation mode such as cost, travel time, and frequency were included in the calibrated model and perceptional variables. The discrete choice model with latent variables (LVs) found in this research was sequentially estimated. Firstly, the parameters of Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Model (MIMIC) were found, and then the hybrid choice model was calibrated. The calibrated model allowed us to identify the variables that affect the decision-making process for air and land transportation mode choice. The results are an effective decision-making tool for companies that operate in each of the transportation modes.

Résumé: Les perceptions de sécurité et de confort liées aux voyages en autobus ou en avion peuvent influer sur les décisions et choix des passagers en matière de voyages intérieurs. Dans cet article, les variables latentes de sécurité et de confort ont été incorporées aux modèles économétriques pour étudier le choix du mode de transport pour les passagers voyageant sur le trajet Medellin-Barranquilla. Le modèle calibré comprenait des variables associées au mode de transport, comme le coût, le temps de déplacement et les fréquences, en plus des variables de perception. Le modèle à choix discret avec variables latentes (VLs) a été estimé séquentiellement : d’abord, les paramètres du modèle à causes multiples e à indicateurs multiples (MIMIC) ont été obtenus et, par la suite, le modèle hybride de choix a été étalonné. Le modèle calibré a permis d’identifier les variables qui influent sur le choix du mode de transport aérien ou terrestre. Les résultats obtenus sont un outil de prise de décision efficace pour les entreprises opérant dans chacun des modes.

Effective mitigation planning is needed for communities living in areas prone to disasters, including natural calamities such as volcanic eruptions. The development of disaster evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas, including the area where this study was conducted, requires proper planning in transportation infrastructure. Ternate city in Indonesia is a disaster-prone area because of the presence of an active volcanic mountain and an area traversed by the Pacific ring of fire. This area includes a vulnerable zone that has the potential for disasters such as volcanic eruptions, therefore it is important to make mitigation plans to assist the community in evacuating and reducing the impacts of a disaster. Data was obtained from road network observations and by carrying out inventory surveys on the condition of facilities and infrastructure for land transportation and sea transportation in Ternate city, which is located close to Mount Gamalama. A quantitative approach was utilised in this study through transportation modelling using Vissim to analyse the existing traffic conditions and forecasting. The research aims to formulate disaster mitigation measures to reduce the damages caused by the volcanic eruption of Mount Gamalama and identify plans for evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas. The road network performance of Ternate city showed that the city has roads that can be used as evacuation routes for disaster victims. It has good road performance in terms of meeting points and final evacuation points. Efforts to reduce the number of victims when a volcanic eruption occurs, the socialisation of disaster mitigation to the community and the installation of disaster information signs need to be equipped with the preparation of evacuation routes in the form of evacuation gathering points and final evacuation points. This study recommends local governments to develop new evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas and increase evacuation capacity.

RESUMO O trabalho apresenta um procedimento metodológico de apoio aos processos de tomada de decisão, relacionados com a assimilação de tecnologias, para a produção de bioenergética, através da utilização de óleo de palma (dendém) e biomassa florestal residual, que garante o abastecimento energético às instalações de reciclagem de alumínio, na província de Cabinda, Angola. A principal novidade científica relatada, é o instrumento metodológico desenvolvido para apoiar processos de tomada de decisão relacionados à assimilação e transferência de tecnologias alternativas, para a produção sustentável de bioenergética, e sua aplicação experimental, aproveitando as oportunidades que são oferecidas para o melhoramento da matriz energética do país, sem contaminar o meio ambiente e sem afectar o uso da terra para a produção de alimentos, tudo por meio da colaboração sul-sul. Eles também constituem a contribuição da solução proposta, e que destacam o seu valor prático e da relevância social. O cálculo e a avaliação do impacto da assimilação no país das tecnologias de transformação do óleo de dendém em biocombustível (biodiesel) e dos processos tecnológicos de conversão de resíduos florestais, mormente (madeireiros) a madeira e produtos agrícolas, para a geração de energia nas condições específicas do território objecto de estudo, bem como tecnologias de produção de biodiesel a partir do óleo de dendém, unindo a produção aos estudos de transporte de outras matérias-primas para determinar a localização de novas instalações, considerando aspectos relacionados à sua escala de produção.

ABSTRACT The work shows a methodological procedure to support the decision-making processes related to the assimilation of technologies for the production of bioenergetics, through the use of African palm oil and residual forest biomass that guarantees the energy supply to the aluminum recycling facilities. and plastics in a region with application in Cabinda, Angola. The main scientific novelty that is reported is the methodological instrument developed to support decision-making processes related to the assimilation / transfer of alternative technologies for the sustainable production of bioenergetics, and their experimental application, taking advantage of the opportunities that these offer to the improvement of the energy matrix. of the country, without damaging the environment and without affecting the use of the land for food production, all through south-south collaboration. They also constitute contributions of the proposed solution, and that highlight its practical value and social relevance. The calculation and assessment of the impact of assimilating by the country the technologies of transformation of crude palm oil into biofuel (biodiesel) and the technological processes of conversion of forest, wood and agricultural residues, for the generation of energy in the specific conditions of the territory object of study, as well as biodiesel production technologies from crude oil of African palm, linking its production with transportation studies of other raw materials to determine the location of new facilities, considering aspects related to their production scale .