Abstract The Plans for the Social Organization of Rural Property (POSPR) in Colombia would allow the implementation of the Integral Rural Reform (RRI), an essential component of the Peace Agreements. Specifically, POSPR’s institutional design in Ovejas (a municipality in the Department of Sucre) would enable the implementation of the RRI. Information from interviews with key actors, the review of national legislation, and the use of software to elaborate databases show that, in this locality, plans to incorporate hectares into the Land Fund and the delivery of land titles strengthen community participation with gender equity and guarantee territorial planning. However, the gradual suspension of these plans at the national level has halted the progress of rural reform. Ovejas would be the only municipality complying with this point of the Peace Agreements.

Resumen Los planes de ordenamiento social de la propiedad rural (POSPR) en Colombia permitirían la implementación de la reforma rural integral (RRI), componente esencial del Acuerdo de Paz. De manera puntual, se argumenta que el diseño institucional del POSPR de Ovejas, municipio del Departamento de Sucre, posibilitaría la ejecución de la RRI. La información de entrevistas a actores clave, la revisión de legislación nacional y la elaboración de matrices en un software muestran que, en esta localidad, los planes de incorporación de hectáreas al Fondo de Tierras y de entrega de títulos de propiedad fortalecen la participación comunitaria con equidad de género y garantiza el ordenamiento del territorio. No obstante, la suspensión paulatina a escala nacional de estos planes ha detenido el avance de la reforma rural. Ovejas sería el único municipio que estaría cumpliendo con este punto del Acuerdo de Paz.

Abstract: Urban growth impacts the built environment and historical buildings in the pericentral areas of cities. In this context, this research aims to identify the urban transformation processes involving high-rise densification around a heritage space with dual protection: Historical Monument and Typical Zone of the Civic Quarter, such as the case of the Basilica of the Sacramentinos in the commune of Santiago, Chile. Employing a mixed methodology, the repopulation plan, evolution, and displacement of real estate supply, building permits, land value, and analysis of state and municipal heritage regulations were analyzed. The results show how the neighborhood surrounding the Basilica has been transformed, the regulatory benefits of the Municipal Regulatory Plan, and the physical obsolescence affecting the property, which has contributed to a loss in its heritage value, leaving it as a pathological element segregated from the current urban fabric. Finally, based on the findings, recommendations are proposed for the coexistence of new urban processes and heritage buildings.

Resumen: El crecimiento urbano impacta en el entorno construido y en edificios históricos de las áreas pericentrales de las ciudades. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los procesos de transformación urbana que involucran la densificación en altura en torno a un espacio patrimonial con doble acción de protección: Monumento Histórico y Zona Típica del Barrio Cívico, como el caso de la Basílica de los Sacramentinos de la comuna de Santiago, Chile. A partir de una metodología mixta, se analizó el plan de repoblamiento, la evolución y desplazamiento de la oferta inmobiliaria, los permisos de edificación, el valor de suelo y el análisis de la normativa patrimonial estatal y municipal. Los resultados muestran cómo se ha transformado el barrio donde se inserta la basílica, el beneficio normativo del Plan Regulador Comunal y la obsolescencia física que afecta al inmueble, la cual ha incidido en su desvalorización patrimonial, dejándolo como un elemento patológico segregado de la actual trama urbana. Finalmente, con base en los resultados se proponen recomendaciones para la convivencia de nuevos procesos urbanos y edificios patrimoniales.

Abstract This paper aims to understand if there has been an “evolution” of the articulation between urban planning and mobility planning and how it developed. To accomplish this, it analyzed three regulatory sets of the city of São Paulo: the Master Plan for Integrated Development (1971) and zoning (1972); the Strategic Master Plan (PDE) (2002) and the Land Use and Occupation Subdivision Law (LPUOS) (2004); and the 2014 PDE and the 2016 LPUOS. The paper questions the concepts behind the proposals, the relationship between the origins of the ideas and the actors and public institutional designs, and the mobilization between zoning and urban design for transformation, through a comparative cartographic analysis between the regulatory sets and interviews with managers and urban planners. evolution “evolution developed this Paulo 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 LPUOS (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 proposals designs transformation planners 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo pretende compreender se houve e como se deu uma “evolução” da articulação entre o planejamento urbano e da mobilidade, a partir da análise de três conjuntos regulatórios de São Paulo – Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado (PDDI) (1971) e zoneamento (1972); o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) (2002) e a Lei de Parcelamento Uso e Ocupação do Solo (LPUOS) (2004); e do PDE 2014 e a LPUOS 2016 – questionando os conceitos por trás das propostas, a relação das origens das ideias com os atores e os desenhos institucionais públicos, e a mobilização entre zoneamento e projeto urbano para transformação através de análise cartográfica comparativa entre os conjuntos regulatórios e da condução de entrevistas com gestores e planejadores urbanos. evolução “evolução mobilidade PDDI (PDDI 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 propostas públicos urbanos 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

In the historical and current transformation discourses in South Africa and Namibia, the concept of decolonisation is no longer a mere abstract concept. Decolonisation is now a fundamental policy and regulatory imperative that is heavily centred on, among other things, the land question and debates around the historical as well as present-day use of indigenous cheap and unskilled labour in underpaid sectors of industry -particularly the mining sector. During the colonial era, as the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia expanded, a substantial number of migrant labourers and local workers entered the mines. To safeguard these mineworkers' legal rights, labour laws were passed. Despite the implementation of such labour laws, regular strikes were a feature of the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia at the time. In the post-colonial dispensation, the South African mining industry has been characterised by numerous strike actions, while in Namibia, widespread dissatisfaction with working conditions has been noted. This raises the question of whether or not South Africa and Namibia have made progress in defending mineworkers' labour rights. This question is critical when viewed through the lens of a post-colonial society governed by a constitutionalised labour law framework. While there has arguably been a noticeable improvement in mineworkers' employment conditions, labour-related inequities continue to characterise the mining industries in South Africa and Namibia in the post-colonial era. Profiteering, capitalism, safeguarding the security of tenure of foreign mining corporations, and the persistent need to ensure the ease of doing business in the mining sector appear to take precedence over defending mineworkers' rights. Thus, this article explores the labour rights discourse developed by South African and Namibian mineworkers, as well as the applicable labour legislation. A strong case is made for reconsidering the extent to which South African and Namibian labour laws have been decolonised. This is done in a manner that is attentive to investment security and sustainable growth of the mining sector in the two countries as well as the realisation of African mineworkers' fundamental labour rights.

Leha ho se ho bokelletsoe lingoliloeng tsa boithuto tse ngata mabapi le phetoho ea molao oa moralo ho tloha pheletsong ea aparateiti, liphuputso li foka haholo mabapi le maikutlo a barali ba litoropo ka melao ena e mecha, le litlamorao tsa eona profesheneng ea ho rala libaka haholo-holo thehong ea metse e boleng bo botle. Morero oa sengoliloeng sena ke ho tlatsa sekheo sena sa tsebo lefapheng lena ka ho tlaleha boithuto mabapi le maikutlo a barali ba libaka Kapa Bophirima. Boithuto bona bo kenyelletsa liphuputso mabapi le maikutlo a litsebi mabapi le melao ea meralo e neng e sebelisoa nakong le ka morao ho khethollo ea merabe le litla-morao tsa melao ena meralong le nts'etsopeleng ea metse. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ka lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng hantle le litsebi tse 25 tse hiriloeng makaleng a sechaba le a poraefete. Mohlala oa thlahiso leseling, o lekanyelitsoeng feela profensing ea Kapa Bophirima, o ile oa sebelisoa e le qalo ea lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele ka maikutlo a litsebi mabapi le lintlha tsena liporofenseng tse robeli tsa naha. Tse fumanoeng tsa bohlokoa phuputsonbg ena ke hore baetsi ba meralo ka kakaretso ba amohela molao o mocha oa moralo mme ba o nka e le ntlafatso ho oa khale. Liqholotso tse hlahellang li amana haholo-holo le boemo ba litsi le lichelete tseo molao o sebetsang ho tsona ho e-na le molao ka booona, haholo-holo nako e telele e nkuoang ho etsa meralo; tsepamiso ea maikutlo ho fihlelleng lipehelo tsa phano ea matlo ho sa natse lipheo tse ling tsa bohlokoa ntlafatsonhg ea bolulo; bokhoni, le likhaello tsa lichelete.

While a significant body of academic work has been compiled on the transformation of planning law since the end of apartheid, far less has been produced on the perceptions of practising planners of these new laws, and their impacts on the planning profession's stated objective of contributing to the creation of quality human settlements. This article seeks to assist in filling this gap in the field by reporting on a study into the perceptions of practising planners in the Western Cape in this regard. The study involves research into the views of professional planners on planning laws applied during and post-apartheid and the impact of these laws on human settlement planning and development. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 professional planners employed in the public and private sectors. The data sample, limited to the Western Cape province, was regarded as a starting point for further research on the perception of planners in these regards in the remaining eight provinces in the country. The key findings of this study are that planners by and large welcome the new planning legislation and view it as an improvement on the old. The challenges being experienced are mainly related to the institutional and financial landscape in which the law plays out rather than the law itself, notably lengthy planning processes; a focus on meeting housing-delivery targets at the cost of other equally important settlement development objectives; and capacity, and budget constraints.

Terwyl 'n beduidende hoeveelheid akademiese werk saamgestel is oor die transformasie van beplanningswetgewing sedert die einde van apartheid, is veel minder gepubliseer oor die persepsies van praktiserende beplanners van hierdie nuwe wette, en hul impak op die beplanningsberoep se verklaarde doelwit om by te dra tot die skepping van kwaliteit menslike nedersettings. Hierdie artikel poog om 'n bydrae te maak tot die vul van hierdie gaping deur verslag te doen oor 'n studie oor die persepsies van praktiserende beplanners in die Wes-Kaap in hierdie verband. Die studie behels navorsing oor die sienings van professionele beplanners oor beplanningswette wat tydens en postapartheid toegepas is, en hul impak op menslike nedersettingsbeplanning en -ontwikkeling. Data is ingesamel deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met 25 professionele beplanners wat in die openbare en privaat sektore werksaam is. Die datasteekproef, beperk tot die Wes-Kaap provinsie, is beskou as 'n beginpunt vir verdere navorsing oor die persepsie van beplanners in hierdie verband in die ander agt provinsies in die land. Die sleutelbevindinge van hierdie studie is dat beplanners die nuwe beplanningswetgewing grootliks verwelkom en as 'n verbetering op die oue beskou. Uitdagings wat ervaar word, hou grootliks verband met die institusionele en finansiële landskap waarin die reg afspeel, eerder as die wetgewing self, veral lang beplanningsprosesse; 'n fokus op die bereiking van behuisingslewering teikens ten koste van ander ewe belangrike nedersettingsontwikkelingsdoelwitte; en kapasiteit, en begrotingsbeperkings.

Abstract Hunting has been banned in Brazil by a Federal Law (No. 5197), except in a few cases where it has been regulated, for over 50 years now. Since then, the country suffered dramatic land use change, especially in its Central-South region. In this study we investigate the possible influence of land use change on hunters’ socioeconomic profile (e.g., education, income) and motivation (e.g., leisure or subsistence) in the Central-South Brazil since the implementation of the ban policy. On a systematic literature review we found 18 papers about hunting activities and hunters’ profile in this region, one third of which presented evidence of change in hunting activities or in hunters’ profile somehow related to land use change since 1967. With this small number of articles, it was not possible to fully assess whether there was a change in hunting culture in the target region as a result of changes in land use. However, the found studies present consistent evidence of changes in hunting culture, especially in regard to a trade on the hunted species, hunting techniques and hunters’ profile. Considering the relevance of hunting in agricultural landscapes for wildlife conservation, we hope the present results stimulate further studies on this field. No. No (No 5197, 5197 , 5197) regulated 5 now then CentralSouth Central South hunters e.g., eg e g (e.g. education income subsistence policy 1 1967 articles However species conservation field 519 e.g. (e.g 196 51 e.g 19

Resumo A caça é uma atividade proibida no Brasil por uma Lei Federal (nº 5.197), exceto em alguns casos onde é regulamentada, há mais de 50 anos. Desde então, o país sofreu uma mudança dramática no uso da terra, especialmente na região Centro-Sul. Neste estudo investigamos a possível influência da mudança no uso da terra no perfil socioeconômico (e.g., educação, renda) e motivação (e.g., lazer, subsistência) dos caçadores no Centro-Sul do Brasil desde a implementação da política de proibição. Em uma revisão sistemática da literatura encontramos 18 artigos sobre atividades cinegéticas e o perfil dos caçadores nesta região, sendo que um terço apresentou evidências de alguma mudança nas atividades cinegéticas ou no perfil dos caçadores, relacionada à mudança do uso da terra desde 1967. Com este pequeno número de artigos, não foi possível avaliar plenamente se houve mudança na cultura cinegética na região-alvo em decorrência de mudanças no uso da terra. No entanto, os estudos encontrados apresentam evidências consistentes de mudanças na cultura da caça, principalmente no que diz respeito ao comércio das espécies caçadas, técnicas de caça e perfil dos caçadores. Considerando a relevância da caça em paisagens agrícolas para a conservação da vida selvagem, esperamos que os presentes resultados estimulem novos estudos nesta área. nº 5.197, 5197 5.197 , 5 197 5.197) regulamentada anos então CentroSul. CentroSul Centro Sul. Sul e.g., eg g (e.g. educação renda lazer subsistência proibição 1 1967 regiãoalvo alvo entanto caçadas selvagem área 519 5.19 19 e.g. (e.g 196 51 5.1 e.g 5.

Abstract Peri-urbanization constitutes one of the most dynamic territorial expressions in contemporary society. New forms have emerged as a result of the predominant role played by urban centers, which express transformations and emerging phenomena in their peripheries and in the surrounding rural environment. Various territorial dynamics are taking place in these areas as a result of the reconfiguration of food production spaces in the peri-urban environments that are part of metropolitan systems. Differentiated facets of the institutionalization of sustainable food in urban and peri-urban environments are manifested in the transition towards sustainable food and in which different territorial modalities are expressed. Here, decisive processes in contemporary territorial structuring acquire relevance, linked to new sustainable and sanitary food trends, such as proximity, the consolidation of short consumption circuits and the establishment of new territorial forms such as cityregion food systems and agricultural parks, in a context of restructuring and reorganization of peri-urban spaces, as an integral part of metropolitan systems. The figure of the agricultural park constitutes a territorial innovation in the face of growing metropolization, which threatens and disarticulates the dynamics of periurban agricultural spaces. Mainly in Europe, it constitutes a modality through which agricultural spaces are organized and managed in metropolitan hierarchical spheres. Emphasis is placed on the social character and collective actions that sustain agricultural practices, as part of urban sustainability. The transcendental roles of social actors, citizen and producer organizations, as well as participating institutions, in the configuration of peri-urban territorial governance, based on the foundations of solidarity economy and social justice, are pointed out. The dissemination acquired in these processes, the modalities based on a broad cooperativist support (food hubs, cooperative supermarkets, shared workshops), linked to the management of food production and consumption, are highlighted. The idea of peri-urban proximity agriculture is highlighted as a valuable contribution to food supply through alternative production and consumption systems. Although conventional food production still predominates in the food supply of urban centers, the challenge is to strengthen the existing modalities of urban and peri-urban agriculture, as healthy food options and as a safeguard for local and peasant agrarian economies. Their consideration within the public policies of Rural Development is limited, so it is essential to strengthen the support of local and metropolitan governments. In terms of the permanent redefinition of the multifunctional character experienced by contemporary rural spaces, especially those linked to the dynamics of metropolitan systems, it is necessary to study in depth other transformations and differentiated expressions in these areas of urban-rural interaction (land use, new forms of population, neo-rurality and socioterritorial differentiations), due to the links they establish among themselves, in the permanent transformation of peri-urban spaces.

Resumen La periurbanización constituye una de las expresiones territoriales de mayor dinamismo en la sociedad contemporánea. Se han constituido nuevas formas derivadas del rol preponderante que ejercen los núcleos urbanos, que expresan transformaciones y fenómenos emergentes en sus periferias y en el entorno rural circundante. En esos ámbitos tienen lugar diversas dinámicas territoriales a partir de la reconfiguración de los espacios de la producción alimentaria en los entornos periurbanos que forman parte de los sistemas metropolitanos. Se manifiestan facetas diferenciadas de la institucionalización de la alimentación sostenible en entornos urbanos y periurbanos, en la ruta de la transición hacia la alimentación sustentable y en las que se expresan diferentes modalidades territoriales. Ahí, adquieren relevancia procesos determinantes en la estructuración territorial contemporánea, vinculados a nuevas tendencias alimentarias sustentables y sanitarias, como la proximidad, la consolidación de los circuitos cortos de consumo y la instauración de novedosas formas territoriales como los sistemas alimentarios ciudad-región y los parques agrarios, en un contexto de reestructuración y reordenamiento de los espacios periurbanos, como parte integrante de los sistemas metropolitanos. La figura del parque agrario constituye una innovación territorial frente a la metropolización creciente, que amenaza y desarticula la dinámica de los espacios agrarios periurbanos. Principalmente en Europa, constituye una modalidad a través de la cual se ordenan y gestionan los espacios agrarios en los ámbitos jerárquicos metropolitanos. Se enfatiza el carácter social y las acciones colectivas que sustentan las prácticas agrícolas, como parte de la sustentabilidad urbana. Se señalan los roles trascendentales de los actores sociales, las organizaciones ciudadanas y de productores, así como de las instituciones participantes, en la configuración de la gobernanza territorial periurbana, a partir de los fundamentos de la economía solidaria y la justicia social. Se destaca la difusión que adquieren en estos procesos las modalidades fundamentadas en un amplio sustento cooperativista (hubs alimentarios, supermercados cooperativos, obradores compartidos), vinculadas a la gestión productiva y del consumo alimentario. Se señala la idea en torno a la agricultura periurbana de proximidad como un valioso aporte al abasto alimentario, a través de los sistemas alternativos de producción y consumo. Si bien la producción convencional de alimentos predomina aún en el abasto de los centros urbanos, el reto consiste en fortalecer las modalidades existentes en la agricultura urbana y periurbana, como opciones de alimentación sana y como salvaguarda de las economías agrarias locales y campesinas. Su consideración dentro de las políticas públicas de desarrollo rural es limitada, por lo que es imprescindible fortalecer los apoyos de los gobiernos locales y metropolitanos. En términos de la permanente redefinición del carácter multifuncional que experimentan los espacios rurales contemporáneos, sobre todo aquellos vinculados a las dinámicas de los sistemas metropolitanos, se requiere estudiar a fondo otras transformaciones y expresiones diferenciadas en estos ámbitos de interacción urbano-rural, (usos del suelo, nuevas formas de poblamiento, neoruralidad y las diferenciaciones socioterritoriales), por las vinculaciones que establecen entre sí, en la transformación permanentemente de los espacios periurbanos.

Summary: In recent decades, food growing demand associated with population growth has led to the transformation of forested areas or natural ecosystems into land for agricultural production. The use of soil quality indices allows a better understanding of soil degradation or improvement level under different agricultural systems, which favors decision-making and the selection of sustainable management practices. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate soil quality indices (ICS) in different agricultural systems, as a decision-making strategy for soil conservation and rehabilitation in the Colombian Caribbean region. Four land use systems were selected in the departments of Córdoba, Bolívar, Sucre, Cesar, and Magdalena: commercial forestry (Forestry), traditional livestock pasture (Pr), Agroforestry with Cocoa (SAF) and silvopastoral (SSP) systems. In each land use, the systems were evaluated with soil physical, chemical, and biological variables to calculate ICS. The implementation of SSP increased organic matter accumulation and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the range from 25 to 29% more than forest monoculture and Pr systems. Soil biological diversity was higher within systems associated with tree species. CIC was the most relevant soil indicator in the soil index construction with a contribution from 34.7 to 41.2% of the ICS total value. The minimum set of selected data was made up of CEC, mechanical resistance to compaction, sand percentage (A), order Isoptera, pH and phosphorus content. The land use system with the highest ICS was SAF (0.77), followed by SSP (0.66). The inclusion of tree species within production systems improves soil quality, increasing soil carbon sequestration by more than 19% within SSP.

Resumen: En las últimas décadas, la creciente demanda de alimentos, asociada al aumento demográfico conllevó a la transformación de áreas boscosas o ecosistemas naturales en tierras de producción agropecuaria. El uso de índices de calidad de suelo permite mejor comprensión del nivel de degradación o mejoría que puede tener el suelo bajo diferentes sistemas agropecuarios, lo que favorece la toma de decisiones y la selección de prácticas de gestión sostenibles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el índice de calidad de suelo (ICS) en diferentes sistemas agropecuarios, como estrategia en la toma de decisiones para la conservación y rehabilitación de los suelos en el caribe colombiano. En los departamentos de Atlántico, Córdoba, Bolívar, Sucre, Cesar y Magdalena, se seleccionaron cuatro sistemas de uso de la tierra: sistema forestal comercial (Forestal), sistemas de praderas de ganadería tradicional (Pr), sistemas Agroforestales con cacao (SAF) y sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP); en cada uno se evaluaron variables físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo con el fin de calcular los ICS. La implementación de SSP favoreció la acumulación de materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), entre 25 y 29% más que los sistemas monocultivo forestal y Pr. La diversidad biológica del suelo fue mayor dentro de los sistemas asociados con especies arbóreas. La CIC fue el indicador de suelo de mayor relevancia en la construcción del índice, con un aporte de entre 34.7 al 41.2% del valor total del ICS. El conjunto mínimo de datos seleccionados estuvo conformado por CIC, resistencia mecánica a la compactación, porcentaje de arena (A), orden isóptera, pH y contenido de fósforo. El sistema de uso de suelo con mayor ICS fue SAF (0.77), seguido de SSP (0.66). La inclusión de especies arbóreas dentro de los sistemas de producción mejora la calidad del suelo, aumentando la captura de carbono en el suelo en más de 19% dentro de SSP.

Resumen El presente estudio aborda la relación entre la sociedad de Guadalajara y la naturaleza de su entorno desde una perspectiva antropocénica pero también de los significados y la interacción con el medio ambiente. En una mirada multidimensional, se hace la historia de los parques principales desde 1888 hasta finales del siglo XX con el propósito de explicar la transformación medio ambiental y urbana así como la relación entre la ciudad y su cultura medioambiental. Principalmente, se analizan los procesos de compra de terrenos del parque Agua Azul en el centro de la ciudad y su deformación sociourbana en las funciones ecosistémicas.

Abstract This study addresses the relationship between the society of Guadalajara and the nature of its environment from an anthropocene perspective but also from the meanings and interaction with the environment. In a multidimensional view, the history of the main parks is made from 1888 to the end of the 20th century with the purpose of explaining the environmental and urban transformation as well as the relationship between the city and its environmental culture. Mainly, the land purchase processes of the Agua Azul Park in the center of the city and its socio-urban deformation in ecosystem functions are analyzed.

Resumo Este estudo aborda a relação entre a sociedade de Guadalajara e a natureza de seu ambiente a partir de uma perspectiva antropocênica, mas também dos significados e da interação com o ambiente. Numa visão multidimensional, a história dos principais parques é feita de 1888 até o final do século XX com o objetivo de explicar a transformação ambiental e urbana, bem como a relação entre a cidade e sua cultura ambiental. Principalmente, são analisados os processos de compra de terras do parque Água Azul no centro da cidade e sua deformação sociourbana nas funções ecossistêmicas.

Resumen Introducción: Las hormigas cumplen funciones ecológicas importantes en muchos ecosistemas, y son altamente sensibles a los cambios en el uso del suelo. Sin embargo, la respuesta ante estos cambios está poco documentada, a grandes escalas espaciales y en distintos usos de suelo, en ecosistemas poco estudiados como la Serranía del Perijá. Objetivo: Analizar la riqueza, diversidad y composición de las comunidades de hormigas en cuatro usos de suelo de dos paisajes agroforestales de la Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia. Métodos: En dos paisajes agroforestales (compensación y no compensación) se delimitaron dos ventanas de muestreo de 4 × 4 km. Dentro de cada ventana y paisaje se escogieron cuatro usos de suelo: bosques, sistemas agroforestales de café, regeneración natural y pastizales, en los cuales se aplicaron dos métodos de captura: trampas Pitfall y sacos Winkler. Se midieron seis variables ambientales: cobertura de dosel, altura de la hojarasca, densidad aparente, temperatura, humedad y dureza del suelo. El esfuerzo de muestreo fueron 384 trampas Pitfall y 192 m2 de extracción de hojarasca. El trabajo de campo se realizó entre febrero y marzo de 2021. Resultados: Las hormigas mostraron alta sensibilidad a los cambios en el uso del suelo. La diversidad y riqueza de especies disminuyó en los usos de suelo con menor cobertura vegetal natural, como los pastizales; mientras que los bosques, en ambos paisajes, conservaron la mayor riqueza de especies. La cobertura de dosel y la disponibilidad de hojarasca fueron los parámetros ambientales que favorecieron la diversidad y riqueza de las comunidades de hormigas en todos los usos de suelo. No se encontraron diferencias entre la composición de hormigas de los dos paisajes estudiados. Conclusiones: Las hormigas responden a los cambios de uso de suelo y en particular a la cobertura vegetal. Se confirmó nuestra hipótesis puesto que los usos de suelo con alta cobertura vegetal fueron los hábitats con mayor riqueza y diversidad de hormigas. La heterogeneidad ambiental, producto de la dinámica de transformación de los paisajes es un elemento que debe considerarse en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Introduction: Ants fulfill important ecological functions in many ecosystems and are highly sensitive to changes in land use. However, the response to these changes is poorly documented, at large spatial scales and in different land uses, in poorly studied ecosystems such as the Serranía del Perijá. Objective: To analyze the richness, diversity, and composition of ant communities in four land uses of two agroforestry landscapes of the Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia. Methods: Two sampling windows of 4 × 4 km were delimited in two agroforestry landscapes (compensation and non-compensation). In each window and landscape four land uses were chosen: forests, coffee agroforestry systems, natural regeneration and pastures, in which two trapping methods were applied: Pitfall traps and Winkler bags. Six environmental variables were measured: canopy cover, leaf litter height, bulk density, temperature, humidity and soil hardness. The sampling effort was 384 Pitfall traps and 192 m2 of leaf litter extraction. The fieldwork was conducted between February and March 2021. Results: Ants showed high sensitivity to changes in land use. Species diversity and richness decreased in land uses with less natural vegetation cover, such as pastures; while forests, in both landscapes, retained the highest species richness. Canopy cover and leaf litter availability were the environmental parameters that favored the diversity and richness of ant communities in all land uses. No differences were found between the ant composition of the two landscapes studied. Conclusions: Ants respond to changes in land use, particularly to vegetation cover. Our hypothesis was confirmed since land uses with high vegetation cover were the habitats with the greatest richness and diversity of ants. Environmental heterogeneity, a product of the dynamics of landscape transformation, is an element that should be considered in future research.

This study examines the transformation process of indigenous school education into territorialized education. Through action research and ethnography, the construction of the Indigenous Political Pedagogical Project in the Maró Indigenous Land, in the Lower Tapajós region, reveals that education for the Arapirun and Borari peoples is constructed at the confluence of worlds and the diverse beings of nature (both visible and invisible). Educational experiences are closely associated with the defense of territory and identity. Children's learning, therefore, encompasses a range of knowledge: traditional and scientific, allowing for inter-scientificity, as pointed out by Gersem Baniwa (2019).

El estudio aborda el proceso de transformación de la educación escolar indígena en educación territorializada. Al analizar, a través de la investigación-acción y la etnografía, la construcción del Proyecto Político Pedagógico Indígena en la Tierra Indígena de Maró, en el Baixo Tapajós, puedes ver que la educación de los pueblos Arapirun y Borari se construye en la confluencia entre los mundos y los diversos seres de la naturaleza (visible e invisible), siendo la experiencia educativa asociada a la defensa del territorio y la identidad. El aprendizaje de los niños, por tanto, se constituye entre saberes: tradicionales y científicos, permitiendo así la intercientificidad, como señala Gersem Baniwa (2019).

O estudo aborda o processo de transformação da educação escolar indígena em educação territorializada. Ao analisar, por meio da pesquisa ação e da etnografia, a construção do Projeto Político Pedagógico Indígena na Terra Indígena Maró, no Baixo Tapajós, percebe-se que a educação para os povos Arapirun e Borari constrói-se na confluência entre mundos e os diversos seres da natureza (visíveis e invisíveis), sendo a vivência educativa associada a defesa do território e da identidade. A aprendizagem das crianças, portanto, constitui-se entre saberes: o saber tradicional e científico, permitindo assim a intercientificidade, como aponta Gersem Baniwa (2019).

Resumen: En los últimos años en el departamento de Potosí, con extensión territorial 118.217 Km2 se observa un significativo patrón de cambios en las prácticas de uso de suelo, lo que ha provocado un marcado desequilibrio en el desarrollo sostenible de los distintos ecosistemas. Considerando que el cambio de uso de suelo es una variable para dimensionar la temática territorial-ambiental y su implicancia para la toma de decisiones en la mejora del desarrollo sostenible, se analizó la información de Potosí disponible en el Plan Uso de Suelo (2000) y Plan Departamental de Ordenamiento Territorial (2016), para constatar las transformaciones del uso de suelo y su influencia en la sostenibilidad territorial, haciendo uso del enfoque metodológico Fuerzas motrices-Presiones-Estado-Impactos-Respuesta, con una visión integrada con el principio de causa-efecto, teniendo como resultado que la extensión territorial y la relativa baja densidad de población subestiman los impactos generados por las fuerzas motrices relacionadas con aspectos económicos-poblacionales.

Abstract: In recent years in the department of Potosí, with a territorial area of 118,217 km2, a significant pattern of changes in land use practices has been observed, which has caused a marked imbalance in the sustainable development of the different ecosystems. Considering that the change in land use is a variable to dimension the territorial-environmental issue and its implication for decision-making in improving sustainable development, the information for Potosí available in the Land Use Plan (2000) was analyzed and Departmental Territorial Planning Plan (2016), to verify the transformations in land use and its influence on territorial sustainability, using the methodological approach Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Impacts - Response, with a vision integrated with the principle of cause-effect, resulting in the territorial extension and the relative low population density underestimating the impacts generated by the driving forces related to economic-population aspects.

Resumen: Cartografiar usos del suelo y delimitar ámbitos de estudio en las zonas periféricas de las ciudades ha sido uno de los temas centrales de la literatura sobre estudios urbanos y territoriales en países latinoamericanos con difícil acceso a datos en donde los procesos de transformación son acelerados. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una metodología aplicable para la detección de áreas de huertos familiares en zonas rurales de Cuenca. Se partió del uso de imágenes satelitales Sentinel-2 y procesos de clasificación no supervisados para identificar las posibles áreas de cultivos y con base en ello se definieron criterios espaciales para clasificar e identificar los huertos familiares, basados en las características propias de los huertos. Se identificó en campo un total de 699 huertos. Por lo tanto, este estudio es una primera aproximación a la identificación de huertos familiares en zonas rurales, y constituye una información de gran utilidad para los gobiernos locales, quienes son los encargados de impulsar estas actividades y a su vez mejorar las condiciones de producción, movilización y comercialización del grupo vulnerable que se dedica a la actividad agrícola de subsistencia. Es así como esta investigación puede ser replicada en diferentes localidades y contextos geográficos.

Abstract: Mapping land use and delimiting study areas in the peripheral zones of cities has been one of the central themes of the literature on urban and territorial studies in Latin American countries with difficult access to data where transformation processes are accelerated. The objective of this study was to propose an applicable methodology for the detection of home garden areas in rural areas of Cuenca. It was based on the use of Sentinel-2 satellite images and unsupervised classification processes to identify possible cultivation areas. Based on this, spatial criteria were defined to classify and identify home gardens, based on the characteristics of the gardens themselves. A total of 699 gardens were identified in the field. Therefore, this study is a first approximation to the identification of home gardens in rural areas and constitutes very useful information for local governments, who are responsible for promoting these activities and in turn improving the production, mobilization, and marketing conditions of the vulnerable group that engages in subsistence agriculture. Thus, this research can be replicated in different localities and geographical contexts.

This contribution summarises and assesses the applicability of and application to modern global democratic practices of Niccold Machiavelli's views about the theory and practice of political governance strategies during the Renaissance. Machiavelli focussed on how to promote transitions from feudal authoritarian and tyrannical governmental systems in his era to more stable, responsive and sustainable democratic governance systems. He developed a cogent and coherent governance approach during his career, from 1494 to 1512, as a senior strategic advisor, diplomat and official in the government of the "democratic" Republic of Florence. This approach was aimed at satisfying the main concerns and interests of the rulers as well as their subjects. His proposals combined strategies to satisfy the needs and desires of the population through responsive public services and facilities, supported by strong military back-up interventions to quell resistance to and uprisings against governments. His recommended strategies included morally and ethically doubtful propaganda, disinformation, deflection and even outright lies and, as a last resort, murdering perceived opponents where necessary. These "cynical" strategies afforded Machiavelli a very negative historical and modern reputation as an immoral, unethical power-hungry opportunist. Contemporary research into the driving forces behind different types of governance systems, however, is increasingly confirming the worldwide modern applicability and validity of these suspect practices of governments, including democratic governments. Machiavellian governance strategies remain "normal" democratic government practices today, although they are routinely disavowed. They include so-called "dirty hands" and "white lies" practices, which are not any different from behaviour alleged to be Machiavellian. Machiavelli's influence on contemporary political practice can be illustrated by various examples in virtually all modern democracies. It is also illustrated by a number of National Party (NP) persuasion strategies in South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, inter alia through the work and advisory involvement of international intellectual thought leaders on transitions such as Samuel Huntington and Philippe Schmitter. NP leaders and government units under PW Botha and FW de Klerk used various Machiavellian double-speak persuasion strategies, deflection and deliberate disinformation campaigns aimed at white voter constituencies in particular in order to mobilise support for their respective transformation agendas. They also reneged on a number of political undertakings. These strategies contributed to bring about the end of apartheid and to manage a relatively peaceful transition to a more democratic post-apartheid political dispensation. Machiavelli's relevance to and influence on contemporary democratic politics have in fact been significantly underrated. Many of his views for which he has been ostracised in the past have proved to be "normal" democratic governance assumptions and practices to this day, despite the fact that their ethical nature may be questioned.

Hierdie artikel beoordeel die toepassing van "Machiavelliaanse" benaderings dat die doel die middele heilig, wat tussen 1980 en 1992 as redelik suksesvolle demokratiese politieke transformasie- en oorredingstrategieë deur die Nasionale Party (NP) regering in Suid-Afrika gevolg is. Dit het onder meer doelbewuste manipulasie van inligting en ondernemings wat nie gestand gedoen was nie, ingesluit. Die doel daarvan was om wit kiesers op verskillende wyses te probeer oorreed om op 'n vreedsame, demokratiese wyse afstand te doen van hul monopolie op politieke mag en gesag tot in daardie stadium. Die suksesvolle, vreedsame konstitusionele oorgang van apartheid na volle demokrasie in Suid-Afrika tussen 1990 en 1996 kan deels toegeskryf word aan hierdie "onetiese Machiavelliaanse" politieke oorredingsprosesse van die NP. Dit het egter ook uiters negatiewe beoordelings uitgelok by konserwatiewe wit kiesers wat die leier van die NP op daardie tydstip, FW de Klerk, van disinformasie, misleiding, bedrog en selfs verraad teenoor die wit gemeenskap in die land beskuldig het. Hierdie negatiewe beoordelings bestaan steeds in baie van daardie kringe. Dit het egter groot meerderhede wit kiesers in die 1989-verkiesing en die 1992-referendum oorreed om aan die Nasionale Party vae beginselmandate te gee om die finale tegniese besonderhede van 'n nuwe demokratiese politieke magsdelingsbedeling met swart bevrydingsbewegings te beding. Machiavelli se Renaissance-denke word vyf eeue ná sy advies oor hoe om meer stabiele, responsiewe en volhoubare regerings te bedryf, as aanvaarde politieke optrede toegepas. Hierdie en ander vermeende "immorele" beïnvloedingstegnieke en optrede deur staatsagente en staatsagentskappe word naamlik in hedendaagse demokrasieë paradoksaal steeds de facto as "normale" praktyke aanvaar.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la división sexual del trabajo y el reparto de beneficios al interior de la familia en la producción de leche y queso en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Metodología: Se efectuaron entrevistas a 14 mujeres y 17 hombres, dos talleres, observación participante y 90 cuestionarios a titulares de la tierra de ambos sexos. Resultados: La mayor cantidad de titulares de la tierra (67.7%) comercializan la leche sin procesar a queseros de la región. Las de sexo femenino son viudas o solteras, motivo por el cual tienen menos acceso a recursos y niveles más bajos de producción. Un porcentaje menor (18.8%) de familias transforma la leche en queso, en cuyo caso, las mujeres tienen participación en su elaboración y venta, y, por lo tanto, mayor acceso a los beneficios. Limitaciones: La muestra se diseñó a partir del padrón de beneficiarios/as de programas de la Secretaría de Agricultura, excluyendo a ganaderos/as que no reciben estos apoyos. Conclusiones: Primero, el estado civil de las mujeres (viudez o soltería) las hace más vulnerables ante el mercado de leche tradicionalmente dominado por hombres. Segundo, la transformación de la leche en queso ha ido desapareciendo en la región y, con ello, la participación de las mujeres en labores de procesamiento y su acceso a los beneficios.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the sexual division of labor and the distribution of benefits around milk and cheese production in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Methodology: Interviews with 14 women and 17 men, two workshops, participant observation, and 90 questionnaires applied to male and female landowners. Results: Most landowners (67.7%) sell unprocessed milk to cheesemakers in the region. Female landowners are either widows or single; as such, they have less access to resources and lower production levels. A smaller percentage (18.8%) of families transform milk into cheese, with women playing a crucial role and having a larger access to benefits. Limitations: Landowners were selected from the Ministry of Agriculture program lists, thus excluding cattle owners who are not beneficiaries. Conclusions: First, the marital status of women (widowhood or single) increases their vulnerability in the milk market traditionally dominated by men. Second, the transformation of milk into cheese is decreasing in the region, and with it, women’s participation in processing tasks and access to ranch benefits.