Abstract Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a product used in the form of panels that presents as a challenge the simultaneous consideration of the orthogonal arrangement of lamellae with the orthotropic behaviour of wood. In order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of CLT panels in bending, it is possible to resort to plate theories, numerical and simplified methods. Within this context, this paper proposed to analyse the normal and shear stresses, as well the vertical displacements in a given CLT panel through three plate theories, three simplified methods, Finite Element Method and a proposed analytical method. For the study, a five-layered CLT panel with lamellae thickness of 20 mm, at first, with sides of 3 m. Afterward, parametric variations of the ratio between spans were also stipulated. The structural analysis permitted to obtain the stresses and the vertical displacements for the aforementioned panel. The parametric variations carried out made it possible to verify the sensitivity of the proposed panel in terms of stresses and vertical displacements against variations in the ratio between the panel’s plan dimensions. Crosslaminated Cross laminated (CLT wood bending theories methods context method study fivelayered five layered 2 mm first m Afterward stipulated s dimensions

Resumo Amadeira lamelada colada cruzada (MLCC) é um produto empregado na forma de painéis que apresenta como desafio a consideração conjunta da disposição ortogonal de lamelas com o comportamento ortotrópico da madeira. Para avaliar o comportamento mecânico de painéis de MLCC, em flexão simples, é possível recorrer a teorias de placas, métodos numéricos e simplificados. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho se propôs a analisar as tensões, normais e de cisalhamento, bem como os deslocamentos verticais em um dado painel de MLCC por meio de três teorias de placas, três métodos simplificados, método dos elementos finitos e um método analítico proposto. Para o estudo, foi considerado um painel de MLCC com cinco camadas de 20 mm de espessura, inicialmente quadrado com lados de 3 m, sendo, posteriormente, realizadas análises paramétricas da razão entre as dimensões em planta. Com as análises estruturais, foi possível a obtenção das tensões, bem como os deslocamentos verticais do referido painel. As análises paramétricas realizadas permitiram averiguar a sensibilidade do painel de MLCC proposto, em termos de tensões e deslocamentos verticais, frente às variações da razão entre as dimensões em planta do painel. (MLCC madeira simples placas simplificados contexto cisalhamento proposto estudo 2 espessura m sendo posteriormente estruturais

Resumo As vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC) fabricadas com barras de aço coladas podem alcançar melhorias no seu desempenho mecânico e os efeitos da disposição das barras de aço na seção transversal são de interesse tecnológico. Esta pesquisa objetivou a avaliação do comportamento mecânico de vigas com reforços simétricos (zonas de compressão e de tração) e vigas com reforços assimétricos (zona de compressão), sob condições de carregamento impostas ao estado limite de serviço. Portanto, vigas de MLC com taxas de reforço variando de 0,5% a 4% foram simuladas pelo método dos elementos finitos. Em relação às vigas sem reforços, as flechas das vigas reforçadas assimetricamente resultaram até 31,5% menores e, as vigas com reforços simétricos foram mais eficientes, cuja redução das flechas foi de até 45%. Comparativamente ao arranjo simétrico das barras, a distribuição assimétrica proporcionou uma redução de até 10,5% na tensão normal da zona de compressão da MLC. A armadura disposta de forma assimétrica contribuiu efetivamente para o aumento da rigidez da viga e foi mais eficiente na redução das tensões normais na zona compressiva, evitando com isso o escoamento inicial da madeira. (MLC tecnológico zonas tração compressão, , compressão) serviço Portanto 05 0 5 0,5 4 finitos 315 31 31,5 eficientes 45 45% 105 10 10,5 compressiva 0, 3 31, 1 10,

Abstract Glued laminated timber (glulam) beams manufactured with glued steel bars can achieve improvements in their mechanical performance and the effects of the arrangement of steel bars in the cross-section are of technological interest. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of beams with symmetric reinforcements (compression and tension zones) and beams with asymmetric reinforcements (compression zone), under loading imposed at the serviceability limit state. To achieve this goal, glulam beams with reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.5% to 4% were simulated using the finite element method. When compared to the nonreinforced beams it was found for the deflections that the asymmetric reinforcements provided reductions of up to 31.5% and the cases with symmetric reinforcements were more efficient, with deflection reductions of up to 45%. In comparison to the symmetric arrangement of the bars, the asymmetric distribution provided a reduction of up to 10.5% in the normal stress of the glulam beam compression zone. The asymmetrically arranged reinforcement effectively contributed to increasing the stiffness of the beam and was more efficient in reducing normal stresses in the compressive zone, thus preventing the initial yielding of the wood. (glulam crosssection cross section interest zones zone , zone) state goal 05 0 5 0.5 4 method 315 31 31.5 45 45% 105 10 10.5 wood 0. 3 31. 1 10.

Abstract: Recent applications demonstrated how fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites can improve the structural capabilities of glulam beams, particularly regarding their flexural and shear strength. With the development of precise numerical models, such systems can be optimized. There is currently a dearth of information in the literature on numerical models that can accurately anticipate the nonlinear behavior of low-grade glued laminated timber beams reinforced with FRP. In this study, larch beams were reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer fabric 1, 2 and 3 layers. The effect of the number of floors on the flexural properties of the beams in reinforcement was investigated experimentally and numerically. As a result of the study, the best flexural properties were achieved with 3-layer reinforcement. It was observed that 1- and 2-layer reinforcement compared to the reference beam were also significantly effective. Numerical analyzes gave close values with experimental test results. As a result of comparing the results obtained from the numerical model with the experimental findings, it was concluded that the FRP fabric managed to significantly increase the performance of larch timber. The model is a useful tool for examining the effect of reinforcement coefficient and will be used for optimization of the larch beam

Abstract: The proper choice of raw materials and manufacturing parameters for Cross Laminated Timber is essential to promote the proper bonding of the lamellas, aiming at their application in construction. However, few Brazilian species are currently used in the production of Cross Laminated Timber. The aim of this work was to characterize the bonding quality of four Brazilian reforestation species (Pinus elliottii (pino ellioti), Eucalyptus grandis (eucalipto), Toona ciliata (toona) and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (lazcar)) in the manufacture of Cross Laminated Timber with two-component polyurethane adhesive and five different pressure levels (from 0,1 MPa to 1,3 MPa). Bonding quality was evaluated through delamination and glue line shear tests based on the European standard. Delamination was affected by the wood species, and the best adhesion occurred for the Cross Laminated Timber manufactured with Pinus elliottii (pino ellioti) and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (lazcar) at the bonding pressure of 0,7 MPa. Cross Laminated Timber bonding pressure did not affect the percentage of wood in the shear test fractured surface, whereas higher density Cross Laminated Timber showed higher percentages.

Abstract Synthetic fibres applied as reinforcement in glued laminated timber (glulam) intend to increase the mechanical performance of beams, changing the brittle to ductile mechanical behaviour of wooden beams. This paper investigates the experimental results of glulam beams reinforced with synthetic fibre subjected to bending and compares them with those obtained by both an analytical method and the numerical method using the Ansys® software. Glulam beams were produced with a low-grade strength class wood species (Pinus elliottii) glued with an adhesive of emulsion isocyanate polymeric and reinforced with Vectran® synthetic fibres, positioned on the bottom of the beam. This type of fibre is not yet widely used for structural reinforcement. A three-point bending test was performed for loading in the elastic regime of the glulam beams. The results obtained indicate acceptable approximations of vertical displacements and normal stresses due to the bending of the beam with eight layers of synthetic fabric, both favourable to structural safety, in addition to the significant increase in stiffness of glulam with the introduction of Vectran® fibre reinforcement. (glulam Ansys software lowgrade low grade Pinus elliottii Vectran threepoint three point fabric safety

Resumo O uso de fibras sintéticas como reforço em madeira lamelada colada (MLC) tem a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho mecânico de vigas, alterando o mecanismo de ruptura de frágil para dúctil. Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar resultados experimentais de flexão estática de vigas MLC reforçadas com fibras sintéticas e comparar com resultados obtidos tanto por método analítico quanto por numérico com o auxílio do software Ansys ® . As vigas de MLC foram produzidas com Pinus elliottii, uma espécie de madeira de baixa resistência, colada com adesivos de emulsão polimérica de isocianato (EPI) e reforçadas com tecido de fibras sintéticas de Vectran ® posicionado na face inferior da viga. Este tipo de fibra ainda não é largamente utilizado para reforço estrutural. Foi realizado ensaio de flexão a três pontos com carregamento no regime elástico das vigas de MLC. Os resultados obtidos mostram aproximações aceitáveis do deslocamento vertical e tensões normais devido à flexão da viga com reforço de oito camadas de tecido sintético, ambos a favor da segurança, além do expressivo aumento de rigidez da viga ao se introduzir o reforço de fibras de Vectran ® . (MLC dúctil elliottii resistência EPI (EPI estrutural sintético segurança

Abstract Thermally modification of wood is an environment-friendly alternative method for improving several properties of wood without the use of chemicals. The compressive strength (CS) parallel to the grain of reinforced laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from heat treated beech (Fagus orientalis) veneers and carbon fibre was determined. Thermally modification was performed at 140°C, 160°C, 180°C, and 200 °C according to thermal treatment process. Carbon fibre were added as a reinforcement layer between wood veneers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) polyurethane adhesives (PU) to improve properties of LVL. Results showed that reinforcing LVL panels with carbon fibre increased both density and CS. The PF adhesive showed better results for reinforced LVL panels with carbon fibre. The anatomical structure and density of the wood material significantly affect its mechanical properties, including compressive strength parallel to the grains. Wood density had a strong significant linear relationship with CS. environmentfriendly environment friendly chemicals CS (CS (LVL Fagus orientalis determined 140C C 140 140°C 160C 160 160°C 180C 180 180°C 20 process phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde PF, , (PF) PVAc (PVAc PU (PU grains 14 16 18 2 (PF 1

Abstract: Engineered wood products need alternatives of raw materials to their production. The hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis has great potential to supply the demand of this industrial sector. In this context, the present paper aims to analyse the feasibility of using Eucalyptus urograndis in glued laminated timber (glulam) production. To this end, four groups with ten glulam beams each, were produced and tested. An extensive experimental program was performed in order to determine: the stiffness and bending strength of the beams; and the compression strength parallel to grain of the beams. The performance of structural adhesives was verified based on shear tests of glue lines. The experimental mean of stiffness was higher than 14675 MPa and the characteristic value of compression strength parallel to grain achieved a value above 40 MPa. Nevertheless, failure mode of the glulam beams showed that finger-joints reduced bending strength. The glulam beams produced with Eucalyptus urograndis proved to be a feasible alternative due to their mechanical properties. However, this material presents difficulties in finger-joints adhesion.

Abstract Juvenile wood (JW) can influence the performance of structural boards since it presents lower physical and mechanical properties. This study aimed evaluate the influence of JW proportion on density and modulus of elasticity (MOE) on boards for structural use. Pinus taeda logs 30 years old, had growth rings manually counted (on the pith to bark direction), and the first six rings were painted with color red (0-6), followed by blue (6.1-12), orange (12.1-18), green (18.1-24), and yellow (over 24.1), successively, and cut into boards. The proportion of each color was obtained by analysis of the transversal areas of boards with software. MOE was obtained by a nondestructive test. Multiple linear regression models were applied with 5% of significance. The estimated MOE indicates that boards with at least 57% of orange and green colors (between 12.1 – 24 years old) can achieve the minimum MOE value for using as structural as well as boards without red color but with the presence of green and yellow can have MOE bigger than 7000 MPa. The study indicates a behavior tendency about which proportion and mixed colors can affect the MOE of the board to be classified as structural. (JW properties (MOE use 3 old direction, direction , direction) 06, 06 0 6 (0-6) 6.112, 6112 6.1 12 1 (6.1-12) 12.118, 12118 18 (12.1-18) 18.124, 18124 18.1 (18.1-24) over 24.1, 241 24.1 24.1) successively software test 5 significance 57 between 121 12. 2 700 MPa (0-6 112 6.112 611 61 6. (6.1-12 118 12.118 1211 (12.1-18 124 18.124 1812 181 18. (18.1-24 24. 70 (0- 11 6.11 (6.1-1 12.11 (12.1-1 18.12 (18.1-2 7 (0 (6.1- (12.1- (18.1- ( (6.1 (12.1 (18.1 (6. (12. (18. (6 (12 (18 (1

ABSTRACT Glued Laminated Timber technology allows the construction of wooden structural components bonded with adhesive. This technology enables the creation of large-scale structures, with technological control over the material, and in a competitive industrial system. Focusing on the structural application of wood, the present study assessed the strength of bonded joints with different angles between the fibers of Pinus sp. wood, joined with a two-component polyurethane adhesive based on vegetable oils. The bonded joints were fabricated with angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90°, and were evaluated for shear strength under compression and torsion. When regression analysis was performed, shear compression values showed compliance with Hankinson’s equation, with an R2 value close to 0.76. However, shear torsion results yielded R2 values near 0.17. Thus, Hankinson’s equation was unsuitable as an estimator for torsional shear strength values. The specimens showed a different mechanical response to shear when tested in compression compared to those tested in torsion. largescale large scale structures material system wood sp twocomponent two component oils 0 0° 10 10° 20 20° 30 30° 45 45° 60 60° 70 70° 80 80° 90 90° performed Hankinsons Hankinson s R 076 76 0.76 However 017 17 0.17 Thus 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 07 0.7 01 0.1 0.

RESUMO A tecnologia da Madeira Lamelada Colada permite a execução de peças estruturais em madeira unidas com adesivo. Com o emprego desta tecnologia é possível gerar estruturas de grande porte, com controle tecnológico do material e em sistema industrial competitivo. Com ênfase ao emprego estrutural da madeira, o presente trabalho avaliou a resistência de juntas coladas com diferentes ângulos entre as fibras da madeira de Pinus sp. e unidas com o adesivo poliuretano bicomponente a base de óleos vegetais. As juntas coladas foram confeccionadas com a formação dos ângulos de 0°, 10°, 20º, 30°, 45°, 60°, 70°, 80º e 90° e avaliadas em ruptura por esforço de cisalhamento à compressão e cisalhamento à torção. Quando realizada a análise de regressão, os valores de cisalhamento à compressão apresentaram adequação com a fórmula de Hankinson, apresentando valor de R2 próximo a 0,76. Porém, os resultados de cisalhamento sob torção apresentaram valores de R2 próximos a 0,17. Desta maneira, a fórmula de Hankinson não se mostrou propícia como estimadora dos valores de resistência para o cisalhamento à torção. Os corpos de prova apresentaram resposta mecânica diferente ao cisalhamento quando ensaiados à compressão comparativamente aos ensaiados à torção. porte competitivo sp vegetais 0 0° 10 10° 20º º 30 30° 45 45° 60 60° 70 70° 90 regressão R 076 76 0,76 Porém 017 17 0,17 maneira 1 3 4 6 7 9 07 0,7 01 0,1 0,

ABSTRACT CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) is a pre-fabricated engineered wood panel, generally made from conifer woods, mainly pine and spruce. Due to the low natural resistance of this species to deteriorating organisms attack, the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1 (2022) orients the treatment of structural elements before being used. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of woods from Pine and Spruce species, with different preservative treatments and retentions, against wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis) attack. Different species of Pine and Spruce (Pinus abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda) were evaluated, as well as different preservatives such as Impralit KDS-B, CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate), CCB (Copper Borate Chromated), MCA-C (Micronized Copper Azol type C) and HQC 791 (fire retardant for wood), usually used in Brazil, the United States and Europe. The results demonstrated that the fire retardant induced greater resistance to attack by xylophagous organisms, with total insect mortality and no surface deterioration after 45 days of testing. The CCA preservative also demonstrated efficiency in wood treatment with high resistance to termite attack, high mortality and only superficial wear of the specimen. It was concluded, therefore, that preservative treatments are recommended to guarantee the durability of the constructive system so that the so-called engineered wood elements can be used as structural systems. Cross Timber prefabricated pre fabricated panel spruce 71901 7190 1 7190: 2022 (2022 retentions Cryptotermes brevis abies sylvestris taeda evaluated KDSB, KDSB KDS B, B KDS-B Chromated Arsenate, Arsenate , Arsenate) Chromated, Chromated) MCAC MCA C Micronized 79 wood, wood) Brazil Europe 4 testing specimen concluded therefore socalled called systems 719 202 (202 7 71 20 (20 2 (2 (

RESUMO CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) é um painel de madeira engenheirado pré-fabricado, geralmente feito de madeiras de coníferas, principalmente pinus e abeto. Devido à baixa resistência natural desta espécie ao ataque de organismos deteriorantes, a norma brasileira ABNT NBR 7190:1 (2022) orienta o tratamento de elementos estruturais antes de serem utilizados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de madeiras das espécies Pinus e Spruce, com diferentes tratamentos conservantes e retenções, ao ataque do cupim xilófago (Cryptotermes brevis). Diferentes espécies de pinus e abeto (Pinus abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda) foram avaliadas, bem como diferentes conservantes como Impralit KDS-B, CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate), CCB (Copper Borate Chromated), MCA- C (Azol de Cobre Micronizado tipo C) e HQC 791 (retardante de fogo para madeira), normalmente utilizados no Brasil, Estados Unidos e Europa. Os resultados demonstraram que o retardante de fogo induziu maior resistência ao ataque de organismos xilófagos, com mortalidade total dos insetos e sem deterioração da superfície após 45 dias de teste. O conservante CCA também demonstrou eficiência no tratamento da madeira com alta resistência ao ataque de cupins com alta mortalidade e desgaste apenas superficial do corpo de prova. Concluiu-se, portanto, que para garantir a durabilidade do sistema construtivo são recomendados tratamentos preservativos para que os chamados elementos de madeira engenheirada possam ser utilizados como sistemas estruturais. Cross Timber préfabricado, préfabricado pré fabricado, fabricado pré-fabricado coníferas deteriorantes 71901 7190 1 7190: 2022 (2022 Spruce retenções Cryptotermes brevis. brevis . brevis) abies sylvestris taeda avaliadas KDSB, KDSB KDS B, B KDS-B Chromated Arsenate, Arsenate , Arsenate) Chromated, Chromated) MCA Azol 79 madeira, madeira) Brasil Europa xilófagos 4 teste prova Concluiuse, Concluiuse Concluiu se, se Concluiu-se portanto 719 202 (202 7 71 20 (20 2 (2 (

ABSTRACT The main function of the adhesive is to promote adhesion between materials, as well as provide fluidity and fill in the gaps between joints. Information such as grammage and bonding pressure is fundamental when it comes to the execution of structures in glued laminated wood. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the shear strength in compression of bonded joints using a one-component polyurethane adhesive with cold curing at three different gram levels, being 150 g.m-2, 200 g.m-2 and 250 g.m-2, with spreading on a single face, applied at two pressure levels, 0.7 MPa, and 1.0 MPa. The apparent density was determined, and with that, four blocks/density groups were obtained, which comprised four repetitions. In addition, the percentage of failure in the specimens after performing the shear test was analyzed. Statistical data analysis was carried out adopting a randomized design in a 2x3 factorial block to analyze the effects of grammage and bonding pressure on wood strength and failure The homogeneity and normality of the data were tested, and later the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the joints’ strength was not affected, both for weight and pressure levels. As for the wood failure percentage, the values obtained were low, with averages below 35%. materials sense onecomponent one component levels 15 g.m2, gm2 gm g.m 2, g m 2 20 g.m2 g.m- 25 face 07 0 7 0. MPa 10 1 1. determined blocksdensity blocks repetitions addition analyzed x 2x tested ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) affected low 35 35% m2 (ANOVA 3

RESUMO A principal função do adesivo é promover aderência entre os materiais, bem como proporcionar fluidez e preencher os vazios entre as juntas. Informações como gramatura e pressão de colagem são fundamentais quando se trata da execução de estruturas em madeira lamelada colada. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento na compressão de juntas coladas com adesivo poliuretano monocomponente de cura a frio em três níveis de gramatura, sendo de 150 g.m-2, 200 g.m-2 e 250 g.m-2 com espalhamento em face única, aplicados em dois níveis de pressão, 0,7 MPa e 1,0 MPa. Determinou-se a densidade aparente, e com isso obtiveram-se quatro blocos/grupos de densidade que compuseram quatro repetições. Além disso, analisou-se a porcentagem de falha nos corpos de prova após a realização do ensaio de cisalhamento. Para analisar os efeitos da gramatura e pressão de colagem na resistência e na falha da madeira, realizou-se a análise estatística dos dados adotando o delineamento casualizado em bloco fatorial 2x3. Testou-se a homogeneidade e normalidade dos dados, e posteriormente a análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as resistências das juntas não foram afetadas, tanto para os níveis de gramatura quanto para os níveis de pressão. Quanto ao percentual de falha na madeira, os valores obtidos foram baixos, com médias inferiores a 35%. materiais colada sentido 15 g.m2, gm2 gm g.m 2, g m 2 20 g.m2 g.m- 25 única 07 0 7 0, 10 1 1, Determinouse Determinou aparente obtiveramse obtiveram blocosgrupos blocos grupos repetições disso analisouse analisou realizouse realizou 2x3 x Testouse Testou ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) afetadas baixos 35 35% m2 2x (ANOVA 3

Abstract Glued-Laminated Timber (GLULAM) is a widely-used building material, popular for its strength, durability, and sustainability. It is created by bonding together layers of wood, making it a common choice for civil structures. In this study, Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) is proposed to improve the performance of GLULAM structures. By positioning steel bars within the GLULAM structure, the objective is to increase the structure's stiffness and enhance its structural integrity. To achieve this, the study introduces the concept of a sub-design domain and utilizes optimization theory to determine the optimal placement of the steel bars. The finite element problem is solved using ANSYS software, while the topological optimization problem is solved using MATLAB software. The use of sub-design domains and optimization theory enables the optimal placement of the reinforcements to be determined. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of this approach for enhancing the structural integrity and stiffness of GLULAM structures under static loads. GluedLaminated Glued Laminated (GLULAM widelyused widely used material strength durability sustainability wood Bidirectional Bi directional BESO (BESO structure s subdesign sub design software determined loads

Abstract: This study presents an opportunity for rational utilization of poplar wood peeler cores in the production of glued laminated timber (glulam) beams. An approach for optimal use of small-diameter raw material with a circular cross-section is also proposed in order to obtain a final product in a significantly high quantitative yield. The applied novel method of sawing the peeler cores and subsequent combination of gluing the obtained lamellas allows to achieve: reduction of labor and energy consumption in the processing; rational utilization of this waste raw material; obtaining a product sought by consumers; opportunity to implement technology for the production of glulam from peeler cores. The results showed that sawing the peeler cores and obtaining lamellas with a trapezoidal cross-section leads to a high quantitative yield of 76,3 %. The final quantitative yield in subsequent technological operations in the manufacturing of engineered wood of glulam type reaches 48,8 % of the volume of raw material. In addition, equations have been working are used for the determination of the most suitable sizes of the lamellas, depending on the diameter and the kerf width.

Resumo Este estudo foi voltado a caracterização e avaliação do potencial da combinação de estratégias de tratamento para a remoção de compostos fenólicos, cor e ecoxicidade de um efluente gerado por uma indústria madeireira de Produção de Laminados. A caracterização de uma amostra do efluente gerado pelo processo de laminação de pinus coletada em uma indústria da região Sudoeste do estado do Paraná confirmou o potencial impactante do efluente, com destaque para o elevado teor de compostos fenólicos (1.530 ±50 mg/L), cor (2.159 ±30 unidades), significativa toxicidade aguda (63% de mortalidade de microcrustáceos Artemia. salina) e baixa biodegradabilidade (DBO5 /DQO=0,53) podendo, se eventualmente lançado em corpos receptores, causar irreversíveis e deletérios efeitos a microbiota aquática. Os processos de tratamento estudados neste trabalho envolveram ozonização catalítica mediada por material catalítico ferroso baseado em carepas de aço e processo biológico com fungos Pleurotus florida, avaliados de forma individual e integrados da sequinte forma: Ozonização catalítica>>processo biológico e vice-versa. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pela aplicação da sequência “ozonização catalítica>>processo biológico”, que resultou em reduções de 96,2% em concentrações de lignina solúvel, 93,3% nas unidades de cor e mais de 99% na redução de fenóis totais, além de baixa taxa de mortalidade de A. salina (≈10%). No processo integrado, a aplicação da ozonização catalítica antes do processo biológico apresenta maiores vantagens em razão do processo de pré-decomposição de compostos recalcitrantes pela ação química da ozonização catalítica, que pode converter estes compostos em biodegradáveis, facilitando a ação do processo biológico para a remediação do efluente estudado.

Abstract This study characterized and evaluated the potential of a combination of treatment strategies for the removal of phenolic compounds, color, and ecotoxicity of an effluent generated by a laminated wood industry. The characterization of a sample of the effluent generated by the pine lamination process collected in an industry in the Southwest region of the state of Paraná confirmed the potential impact of the effluent, with emphasis on the high content of phenolic compounds (1,530 ±50 mg/L), color (2,159 ±30 units), significant acute toxicity (63% mortality of microcrustaceans Artemia salina) and low biodegradability (BOD/COD=0.53), which, if eventually released into receiving bodies, can cause irreversible and harmful effects to the aquatic microbiota. The treatment processes studied in this work involved catalytic ozonation mediated by ferrous catalytic material based on steel scale and biological process with Pleurotus Florida fungi, evaluated in an individual way and sequentially integrated as follows: Catalytic ozonation>>biological process and vice-versa. The best results were obtained by applying the sequence "catalytic ozonation>>biological process", which resulted in reductions of 96.2% in soluble lignin concentrations, 93.3% in color units and more than 99% reduction in total phenols, in addition to a low mortality rate of A. salina (≈10%). In the integrated process, the application of catalytic ozonation before the biological process presents greater advantages because of the pre-decomposition process of recalcitrant compounds by the chemical action of catalytic ozonation, which can convert these compounds into biodegradable, facilitating the action of the biological process for the remediation of the effluent.

Resumo As placas de madeira lamelada colada cruzada (em inglês, cross laminated timber [CLT]) vêm sendo utilizadas na construção civil devido a seu elevado desempenho arquitetônico e estrutural e por questões de sustentabilidade. Por ser um produto compósito ortotrópico, o conhecimento das características mecânicas de sua matéria prima nas direções em que são utilizadas é relevante para o projeto estrutural destas placas. O presente trabalho avalia os resultados experimentais de amostras extraídas de placas industrializadas de CLT produzidas com madeira da espécie Pinus taeda L. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão paralela e normal às fibras e ensaios de flexão. Verificou-se a conformidade da distribuição dos resultados experimentais com distribuições gaussianas. Foi utilizada a transformação de Johnson em resultados não compatíveis com a distribuição normal. Além disso, foram obtidos e discutidos coeficientes de correlação, valores característicos e classes de resistência de camadas do CLT. Identificou-se associação significativa entre as variáveis e um comportamento não linear na relação força × deslocamento de uma das amostras. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo podem ser empregados em projetos de placas de CLT considerando-se a diferença de materiais entre as camadas por métodos analíticos, numéricos ou de confiabilidade.

Abstract Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) plates are used in the construction industry both due to their high architectural and structural performance and for sustainability reasons. Because it is an orthotropic composite product, knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of its raw material in the directions of use is relevant to the structural design of such plates. This paper analyses the experimental results of samples extracted from industrialised CLT plates. The plates were produced with wood of the species Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.). Compression tests parallel and perpendicular to the grain, as well as bending tests were carried out. The conformity of the results distribution with Gaussian distributions was verified. Johnson’s transformation was used for results not compatible with the normal distribution. In addition, the correlation coefficient, characteristic values and strength classes of CLT layers are presented and discussed. A significant association between the variables and nonlinear behaviour in the force × displacement relationship of one of the samples was identified. The results presented in this study can be used in CLT plate design, considering the difference in materials between layers by analytical, numerical or reliability methods.