Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

ABSTRACT The Yunguyo coastline has been subject to a growing process of severe contamination as a result of anthropic action. The study analyzes the pro-environmental concerns and behaviors of the Yunguyo population regarding environmental management, coastal pollution and effects on human health. The research design is non-experimental, transversal; the approach is quantitative, of a descriptive and correlational nature, level of micro analysis and socio-environmental dimension. The study population comprises 17,343 people over 18 years of age; the sample determined at simple random was 332 heads of family. The data collection technique is the survey through a structured questionnaire. Results: The environmental concerns of the majority of the population are positive regarding sanitation, sources of contamination of the coastal coastline and negative effects on human health. The pro-environmental behaviors of the majority of the urban population of Yunguyo are adequate in environmental management, sanitation and hygiene conditions at home, and access to public social services. Conclusion: There is a relationship between concerns and pro-environmental behaviors of the population regarding environmental management and contamination of the coastal coastline.

RESUMEN El litoral costero de Yunguyo viene siendo objeto de un proceso creciente de contaminación severa producto de la acción antrópica. El estudio analiza las preocupaciones y comportamientos proambientales de la población de Yunguyo sobre gestión ambiental, contaminación del litoral costero y efectos en la salud humana. El diseño de investigación es no experimental, transversal; el enfoque es cuantitativo, de carácter descriptivo y correlacional, nivel de análisis micro y dimensión socioambiental. La población del estudio comprende 17 343 personas mayores de 18 años; la muestra determinada al azar simple fue de 332 jefes de familia. La técnica de recolección de datos es la encuesta a través de un cuestionario estructurado. Resultados: Las preocupaciones ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a saneamiento, fuentes de contaminación del litoral costero y efectos negativos en la salud humana. Los comportamientos proambientales de la mayoría de la población urbana de Yunguyo son adecuados en gestión ambiental, condiciones de sanidad e higiene en el hogar y acceso a servicios sociales públicos. Conclusión: Existe relación entre preocupaciones y comportamientos proambientales de la población respecto a gestión ambiental y contaminación del litoral costero.

Abstract Adopting the proposal of Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), in reference to the elements that constitute biocultural heritage, this research made a comprehensive analysis of each of these elements: ecosystem memory, landscape memories, and place-based memories, which are combined to generate the integrated landscape analysis. In this way, the man-nature relationship is deepened in several senses: the riverside inhabitants of Lake Chapala before it dries up, their interactions with their immediate natural environment, as well as some social tensions due to the presence of other human groups as landowners, settlers and businessmen who decide to appropriate the lake from a commercial, capitalist perspective, as well as romanticize and even discriminate against its original inhabitants due to conflicting visions in their relationship and interaction with Lake Chapala.

Resumen Adoptando la propuesta de Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), en referencia a los elementos que constituyen el patrimonio biocultural, esta investigación analiza de manera conjunta cada uno de éstos: la memoria de los ecosistemas, los recuerdos del paisaje y los recuerdos basados en el lugar, los cuales se combinan para generar el análisis del paisaje integrado. De esta manera, se profundiza en la relación ser humano-naturaleza en diversos sentidos: los habitantes ribereños de la laguna de Chapala antes de su desecación, sus interacciones con su medio natural inmediato, así como algunas tensiones sociales ante la presencia de otros grupos humanos como hacendados, colonos y empresarios, quienes deciden apropiarse del lago desde una perspectiva mercantil, capitalista, así como romantizar e incluso discriminar a sus habitantes originarios por visiones contrapuestas en su relación e interacción con el Lago de Chapala.

ABSTRACT Andean and Bolivian Indigenous Communities of Titicaca often depend on their natural resources to ensure their food security, making them especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations and changes in the ecosystem. Under this criterion, this study applies a qualitative methodology to analyze the relationship between the food security of the communities of the Cohana Bay region (taking the Chojasivi community as a case study) and water pollution in the Katari basin. The results reveal that such contamination has generated a potential effect on access, availability, use and stability over time of the food that makes up the basic food basket of the community.

RESUMEN Las comunidades Indígenas Andino-bolivianas del Titicaca dependen a menudo de sus recursos naturales para garantizar su seguridad alimentaria, lo que las hace especialmente vulnerables a fluctuaciones ambientales y cambios en el ecosistema. Bajo ese criterio, el presente estudio aplica una metodología cualitativa para analizar la relación existente entre la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades de la región de la bahía de Cohana (tomando como caso de estudio a la comunidad de Chojasivi) y la contaminación hídrica presente en la cuenca Katari. Los resultados revelan que dicha contaminación ha generado un efecto potencial en el acceso, disponibilidad, uso y estabilidad en el tiempo de los alimentos que componen la canasta básica de los comunarios.

Resumen Desde su descolonización en los años 1960, África ha sido entendida en el imaginario global como un lugar de conflictos armados, inestabilidad política y pobreza. Sin embargo, durante las últimas décadas el continente ha atravesado un importante proceso de estabilización, democratización y pacificación. Desde el liderazgo de Mandela en África, en la década de 1990, hasta la creación y consolidación de la Unión Africana (UA), en 2002, los esfuerzos pacificadores han transformado radicalmente el continente. En este proceso han participado numerosos actores internacionales, continentales y regionales, como las Naciones Unidas (ONU), la UA y la Comunidad para el Desarrollo del África Meridional (SADC), que, en conjunto, han implementado diferentes enfoques para la consolidación de la paz en el continente. Uno de ellos es la puesta en marcha de una activa iniciativa de “diplomacia preventiva”, destinada a hacer frente a las tensiones antes de que se conviertan en conflictos armados. Algunos de los ejemplos más importantes son la disputa entre Malawi y Tanzania, por la demarcación de las fronteras nacionales en el lago Malawi, y la participación continental en la resolución de las crisis políticas de Lesoto y Gambia. Este artículo destaca los esfuerzos para prevenir los conflictos en África, a nivel estatal y desde las organizaciones regionales. También se analiza la forma en que África se ha convertido en un punto de referencia en las iniciativas internacionales de diplomacia preventiva, al tiempo que se asumen las carencias y dificultades a las que todavía se enfrenta el aparato de consolidación de la paz del continente.

Abstract Since decolonisation in the 1960s, Africa has been associated with conflict, political instability, and poverty. However, during the past few decades, the continent has gone through an outstanding process of stabilisation, democratisation, and pacification. From Mandela’s leadership in Africa in the 1990s to the creation and consolidation of the African Union (AU) since 2002, the pacifying efforts have radically transformed the continent. This process has involved many international and continental actors such as the United Nations (UN), the AU and regional organisations, such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), different approaches to peacebuilding as well as the implementation of an active “preventive diplomacy” initiative aimed at dealing with tensions before they turn into armed conflicts. As a result, Africa has provided several preventive diplomacy experiences, not only for the UN, but also for the world as a whole. Some of the most important examples include the dispute between Malawi and Tanzania, for the demarcation of national borders in Lake Malawi, and the active participation in solving the political crises in Lesotho and Gambia. This paper highlights the innovative efforts to prevent conflict in Africa, both at State and Regional Organisations levels. It also analyses the way in which Africa has become a point of reference in international preventive diplomacy initiatives, while, at the same time, coming to terms with the shortcomings and difficulties still faced by the continent’s peacebuilding apparatus.

ABSTRACT: Cooperative learning is considered one of the strategies that contribute to the improvement of learning for all students. However, implementing it in the classroom faces difficulties to promote the real participation and learning of all. With the purpose of supporting cooperative learning teams, we present one session in which 6 teachers, 3 researchers and a training advisor collaboratively analyse classes as part of the project “Collaboration among Teachers in the Development of Cooperative Learning for the Inclusion of the Most Vulnerable Students”. This is a cooperative learning team belonging to a 3rd grade primary school classroom in in the province of Castellón (Spain). In the classroom there is a student who experiences significant difficulties in communication and learning. Through the process of collaborative work of teachers from four schools, improvement proposals for inclusion are built. The main phases carried out in the collaborative analysis following an action research process are presented. The conclusions show some criteria of cooperative learning for inclusion, focusing on adjustments to the structures of cooperative learning and peer support, as well as criteria and guidelines for the collaborative work of teachers.

RESUMEN: El aprendizaje cooperativo se considera una de las estrategias que contribuye a la mejora del aprendizaje de todo el alumnado. Sin embargo, existen dificultades para implementarlo en el aula logrando favorecer la participación y el aprendizaje de todos. Con el propósito de apoyar a los equipos de aprendizaje cooperativo se presenta una de las sesiones de análisis colaborativo en la que han participado 6 docentes, 3 investigadores y una asesora de formación, enmarcado en el proyecto Colaboración entre el profesorado en el desarrollo del aprendizaje cooperativo para la inclusión del alumnado más vulnerable. Se trata de un equipo de aprendizaje cooperativo perteneciente a un aula de 3.º de educación primaria de un centro de la provincia de Castellón (España), en el aula hay un estudiante que experimenta dificultades significativas en la comunicación y el aprendizaje. Mediante un proceso de trabajo colaborativo entre profesores de cuatro escuelas se construyen propuestas de mejora para la inclusión. Se presentan las principales fases llevadas a cabo en el análisis colaborativo siguiendo un proceso de investigación-acción. En las conclusiones se muestran algunos criterios del aprendizaje cooperativo para la inclusión centrados en los ajustes de las estructuras del aprendizaje cooperativo y en los apoyos entre iguales, así como los criterios y orientaciones para el trabajo colaborativo del profesorado.

ABSTRACT: A recent research points to the importance of collaborative professional development for innovation and improvement of educational practice. This support among teachers becomes more necessary, perhaps, in processes as complex and deep as inclusive education. It seems particularly appropriate that these collaborative processes focus on the improvement of cooperative learning as a strategy for inclusion. This article presents a collaborative support network among teachers, the Khelidôn Network, used for cooperative learning and inclusion. It reviews the theoretical references of collaboration among teachers, which serve as a reference for the Network. The cooperative learning strategy “Cooperate to Learn / Learn to Cooperate”, is the shared reference for the inclusion of the members of the Network. The principles and spaces of the collaborative participation structure of the Network are presented. Special attention is given to the description of the tasks carried out by the 7 Khelidôn cooperative learning groups, which represent seven dimensions for promoting inclusion through cooperative learning in the educational projects of the centers.

RESUMEN: La investigación reciente señala la importancia de un desarrollo profesional colaborativo para la innovación y la mejora de la práctica educativa. Este apoyo entre los docentes se vuelve más necesario, si cabe, en procesos tan complejos y profundos como es la educación inclusiva. Parece especialmente adecuado que estos procesos colaborativos se centren en la mejora del aprendizaje cooperativo como estrategia para la inclusión. En este artículo se presenta una red de apoyo colaborativo entre profesorado, la Red Khelidôn para el aprendizaje cooperativo y la inclusión. También se revisan los referentes teóricos sobre la colaboración entre docentes, que sirven de referencia a la Red, y sobre la estrategia de aprendizaje cooperativo “Cooperar para Aprender / Aprender a Cooperar”, que es el referente compartido de los miembros de la Red para la inclusión. Se presentan además los principios y los espacios de la estructura de participación colaborativa de la Red y se presta una especial atención a la descripción de las tareas que llevan cabo los siete grupos Khelidôn de aprendizaje cooperativo, que representan a su vez las diferentes dimensiones para impulsar la inclusión a través del aprendizaje cooperativo en los proyectos educativos de los centros.

Abstract More than 40 years of ongoing archaeological research has been conducted in central-western Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina). Since the very beginning several connections were initiated by the research team with the communities from Perito Moreno, Gobernador Gregores and Lago Posadas. A variety of talks and workshops with different social actors were carried out in these localities. In recent years several factors led to the systematization of the management and extension activities. Specifically, different activities in the forenamed localities and in Buenos Aires´ metropolitan area were undertaken with the participation of students and educators from different levels, authorities, touristic entrepreneurs, aboriginal representatives and other villagers. In this article, we firstly aim to summarize our team´s experiences related to the public communication of science during almost four decades. We consider the type of activities executed and the relation with the different localities and publics. We also compare this trajectory with local circumstances and consider other contextual aspects that have had an impact in the development of the different activities. Lastly, we reflect upon the characteristics of our own experience in the public communication of science considering its scope and limitations.

Resumen En el centro-oeste de Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina) se han desarrollado investigaciones arqueológicas desde hace más de 40 años. Desde sus inicios, el equipo de trabajo estableció vínculos con las comunidades de Perito Moreno, Gobernador Gregores y Lago Posadas y se desarrollaron charlas y talleres con distintos actores sociales de estas localidades. A partir de diversos factores, en los últimos años se sistematizaron las tareas de gestión y extensión. En particular, se han realizado distintas actividades en las localidades mencionadas y en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, en las que han participado estudiantes y docentes de distintos niveles educativos, autoridades, emprendedores turísticos, representantes de las comunidades originarias y otros pobladores locales. En este artículo, en primer lugar, se resumen las experiencias del equipo de trabajo en relación con la comunicación pública de la ciencia a lo largo de aproximadamente cuatro décadas. En particular se consideran los distintos tipos de actividades llevadas a cabo y los vínculos establecidos con las distintas localidades y los actores sociales participantes. Asimismo, se relaciona esta trayectoria de trabajo con las coyunturas locales y otros aspectos contextuales que incidieron en su desarrollo. Por último, se reflexiona sobre las características de nuestra propia experiencia en la comunicación pública de la ciencia atendiendo a sus alcances y limitaciones.

The transplant rate in Chile is low compared to other countries. Although significant advances have been made to increase this number, there is little clarity regarding safety protocols for organ procurement teams. Internationally, various tragedies have marked this work, the most famous being the one that occurred in Michigan, where a medical team lost their lives when they crashed into a lake during transport for a lung transplant. Years after the tragedy, repeated complaints by medical personnel came to light concerning the lack of safety during transfers. Although organ procurement inherently carries associated risks, these should be kept to a minimum. In 2020, a safety guide was created to make progress with participation from the most crucial transplant organizations in the United States. Recommendations were issued regulating air and ground transportation, insurance, and the future of transplant activity. In Chile, technical guidelines that regulate procurement need to specify crucial safety metrics, and there is no publicly available information or recommendations, leaving safety to the discretion of local institutions. While it is essential to recognize the national effort to improve the number of transplants year after year, it is necessary to advance in improving the safety of procurement teams and not wait for a tragedy to occur to generate the required changes, particularly in a country with challenging geography like Chile.

Resumen Las tasa de trasplantes en Chile es baja en comparación con otros países. Si bien se han hecho importantes avances para aumentar este número, existe poca claridad en cuanto a protocolos de seguridad de los equipos de procuramiento de órganos. A nivel internacional existen diferentes tragedias que han marcado este trabajo, la más conocida es la ocurrida en Michigan, donde un equipo médico perdió la vida al caer sobre el lago en un transporte por un trasplante de pulmón. Años después de la tragedia se conocieron los reiterados reclamos por parte del personal médico en relación a la falta de seguridad durante los traslados. Si bien el procuramiento de órganos tiene un riesgo asociado inherente, este se debe mantener al mínimo. Para avanzar en esto se confeccionó una guía de seguridad donde participaron las organizaciones de trasplante más importantes de Estados Unidos. Se emitieron recomendaciones, donde se regula el transporte aéreo, terrestre, seguros y el futuro de esta actividad. En Chile la orientación técnica que regula el procuramiento, no especifica ninguno de estos puntos y no existe información pública disponible, dejando la seguridad a disposición de las instituciones locales. Si bien es importante reconocer el esfuerzo nacional por mejorar el número de trasplantes año a año, es necesario avanzar en mejorar la seguridad de los equipos de procuramiento, y no esperar que ocurra una tragedia, para generar cambios necesarios, particularmente en un país con una geografía desafiante como Chile.

Resumen Conocer el contenido de biomasa aérea de árboles individuales es importante en los esfuerzos para determinar la contribución de los bosques en el secuestro de carbono. Los datos LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) son una alternativa a las imágenes satelitales para estimar características del arbolado. Dada la importancia de los bosques de la vertiente oriental de la Cuenca del ex Lago de Texcoco para la captura de carbono, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar modelos de regresión para la estimación de biomasa aérea en árboles individuales de Pinus hartwegii Lindl. a partir de datos LiDAR. En campo se midió el diámetro normal (Dn), la altura total (AT), altura de fuste limpio (AF) y el diámetro de copa (DC) de 60 árboles. Sobre un conjunto de datos LiDAR aerotransportados se identificaron esos árboles y se midieron las mismas variables (ATL, AFL y DCL, donde la letra L hace referencia a LiDAR), excepto el diámetro normal, ya que no es posible su medición directa con el LiDAR. Para conocer la biomasa aérea de los árboles se usó el Dn y una ecuación alométrica generada previamente por otros autores. Mediante la técnica de regresión se ajustaron siete modelos lineales y cinco no lineales eligiendo aquel con menor raíz del cuadrado medio del error, mayor R2adj y menor valor del criterio de información de Akaike, además de cumplir con los supuestos de regresión. El modelo seleccionado es de tipo exponencial, con las variables ATL y DCL para estimar la biomasa: RMSE = 406.70, R2adj = 0.8107 y AIC = 723.88.

Summary Knowing the aboveground biomass content of individual trees is important in efforts to determine forests contribution to carbon sequestration. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data are an alternative to satellite images to estimate tree attributes. Considering the importance of forestland on the eastern slopes of the former Texcoco Lake basin for carbon capture, this study aimed to assess regression models for the estimation of above-ground biomass in individual Pinus hartwegii Lindl. trees from LiDAR data. In the field the breast-height diameter (Dn), total height (AT), stem height (AF) and crown diameter (DC) of 60 trees were measured. Those trees were identified on an air-borne LiDAR dataset and the same variables were measured (namely ATL, AFL and DCL, where L stands for LiDAR), except for Dn since it is not possible to measure it directly from LiDAR. Above-ground tree biomass was determined based on Dn and an allometric equation previously developed by other authors. Using the regression technique seven linear and five nonlinear models were adjusted, choosing the one with the lowest mean square root of the error (RMSE), the largest R2adj and the lowest value of the Akaike information criterion, in addition to the compliance of regression assumptions. The selected model is exponential with ATL and DCL variables to estimate biomass: RMSE = 406.70, R2adj = 0.8107 and AIC = 723.88.

Abstract: We present new ichthyo-archaeological evidence about the native ichthyofauna and ancient fishing practices of the human populations that inhabited Nahuel Huapi lake landscape during the late Holocene. The analysis of fish remains found at the PT1 site on Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina) allowed us to identify the lacustrine assemblage of native species that included at least 5 species. Our findings also indicate temporal variations in the frequency and diversity of species exploited at the site. Likewise, these data provide valuable insights on native landscapes, specifically in relation to aspects of biodiversity prior to the introduction of exotic species more than 100 years ago. Finally, we discuss significance of the novel and until now underappreciated records in understanding the historical role of fish in sustaining the human populations that inhabited the region, and in identifying processes of change and transformations that occurred in aquatic landscapes over time.

Resumen: En este trabajo aportamos nuevos conocimientos sobre la ictiofauna nativa y la pesca entre las poblaciones humanas que habitaron el paisaje lacustre del Nahuel Huapi durante el Holoceno Tardío a partir de evidencias ictioarqueológicas. El análisis de los restos de peces hallados en el sitio PT1 de la Isla Victoria (Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Patagonia, Argentina) permitió identificar el ensamble lacustre de especies nativas presentes en el pasado que alcanzó al menos cinco especies. Los resultados indican, además, variaciones temporales en la frecuencia y diversidad de especies explotadas en el sitio. Asimismo, estos datos aportan valiosa información sobre los paisajes nativos, específicamente para conocer aspectos vinculados a la biodiversidad antes de la introducción de las especies exóticas realizada hace más de 100 años. Finalmente se discute el carácter novedoso y poco valorado de esta clase de registros tanto para comprender el rol que los peces tuvieron en la subsistencia de las poblaciones humanas que habitaron la región como para identificar procesos de cambio y/o transformaciones que ocurrieron en los paisajes acuáticos a lo largo de la historia.

Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid adaptive radiations with significant diversification rates in response to ecological variability, i.e., ecological opportunity or geographical isolation. The discovery of a Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur, Indonesia's largest volcanic lake, first reported in 2013, could represent such adaptations. Midas cichlids can now be found in a range of habitats in Lake Batur and dominate the lake's fish population by up to 60%. This study aimed to identify the interaction between habitat, water quality, and Midas cichlid in Lake Batur, facilitating morphometric variances in the fish populations. The fish were captured at five locations in Lake Batur using fishing rods, community nets with mesh sizes of 2–3 inches, experimental gillnets with mesh sizes of 1 inch, and fish scoops in floating net cages during August and November 2022. There were 46 fish samples caught from the five stations, all photographed using a digital camera and later measured using the ZEN 2012 software. The fish measurement employed a truss morphometric method using 21 distinct morphometric body features. Canonical analysis was used to determine the distribution of characteristics, while discriminant analysis was used to examine the closeness of association. The measured water quality parameters included pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, and TDS for in-situ and TSS, TP, TN, and chlorophyll A for ex-situ. The findings revealed morphometric changes among Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur caused by habitat and water quality differences. The distinction can be detected in the anterior and posterior bodies (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 and B4). Temperature and aquatic plants, Azolla pinnata, may detect the station and shape of fish in Lake Batur. Body shape cannot be identified by chlorophyll A, TN, DO, and TDS. Future genetic research could answer why fish groups with varied body types coexist in the same location. variability ie i e i.e. isolation Indonesias Indonesia s lake 2013 adaptations lakes 60 60% populations rods 23 2 3 2– inches inch 2022 4 stations 201 software features characteristics association pH DO temperature conductivity insitu situ TSS TP TN exsitu. exsitu ex situ. ex-situ differences C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) plants pinnata location i.e 6 202 20 (C

Resumo Os peixes ciclídeos exibem radiações adaptativas rápidas com taxas de diversificação significativas em resposta à variabilidade ecológica, ou seja, oportunidade ecológica ou isolamento geográfico. A descoberta de uma espécie de ciclídeo Midas em Lago Batur, o maior lago vulcânico da Indonésia, relatada pela primeira vez em 2013, poderia representar tais adaptações. Os ciclídeos Midas agora podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de hábitats no Lago Batur, onde dominam a população de peixes em até 60%. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a interação entre hábitat, qualidade da água e ciclídeo Midas no Lago Batur, facilitando variações morfométricas nas populações de peixe. Os peixes foram capturados em cinco locais no Lago Batur usando varas de pesca, redes comunitárias com malhas de 2-3 polegadas, redes de emalhar experimentais com malhas de 1 polegada e colheres de peixe em gaiolas de rede flutuantes, durante agosto e novembro de 2022. Foram capturadas 46 amostras de peixes nas cinco estações, todas fotografadas com câmera digital e posteriormente medidas no software ZEN 2012. A medição dos peixes empregou um método morfométrico de treliça usando 21 características morfométricas distintas do corpo. A análise canônica foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição das características, enquanto a análise discriminante foi empregada para examinar a proximidade da associação. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos incluíram pH, OD, temperatura, condutividade e TDS para in situ, e TSS, TP, TN e clorofila A para ex situ. As descobertas revelaram mudanças morfométricas entre as espécies de ciclídeos Midas no Lago Batur, causadas por diferenças de hábitat e qualidade da água. A distinção pode ser detectada nos corpos anterior e posterior (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 e B4). A temperatura e as plantas aquáticas, Azolla pinnata, podem detectar a estação e o formato dos peixes no Lago Batur. A forma do corpo não pode ser identificada pela clorofila A, TN, OD e TDS. Futuras pesquisas genéticas poderiam responder por que grupos de peixes com tipos corporais variados coexistem no mesmo local. seja geográfico Indonésia 2013 adaptações 60 60% pesca 23 2 3 2- polegadas flutuantes 2022 4 estações 2012 associação pH situ TSS TP C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) aquáticas pinnata local 201 6 202 (C 20

Abstract Despite the adverse effects of late spring frost on the ecological and economic impact on agriculture, the management of these events are poorly investigated. Therefore, the grounded theory was used for extracting the livelihood stabilization model of orchardists on the shores of Lake Urmia against late spring frosts. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative part included 22 experts in the field of horticulture. In the quantitative study, they included all orchardists in the villages along with Lake Urmia, comprising 341 people, of which 236 were randomly selected. By carefully examining and linking the concepts and subcategories, the most important subcategories that were included six subcategories. The results of all calculated goodness-of-fit indexes (chi-square [P > 0.01], RMSEA = 0.000, NFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.91, and GFI = 0.92) showed the model provided an excellent fit for the data. Standardized regression coefficients showed that interfering factors had the greatest impact on the livelihood of orchardists against late spring frosts (β = 0.47). Also, the background factors (β = 0.43) and causal factors (β = 0.39) were found to affect the livelihood of the orchardists in encountering late spring frost. The results of multiple square correlations of dependent variables also indicated that about 41% of the livelihood variance of small-scale orchardists was explained by the predictor variables (i.e. causal conditions, background factors and interfering factors). The findings of this study can assist policymakers, planners and relevant managers while paying more attention to orchardists in the region, so as to support decisions in order to achieve sustainable development. agriculture investigated Therefore 2 horticulture 34 people 23 selected goodnessoffit goodness chisquare chi P 0.01, 001 0.01 , 0 01 0.01] 0000 000 0.000 095 95 0.95 091 91 0.91 0.92 092 92 data β 0.47. 047 0.47 . 47 0.47) Also 0.43 043 43 0.39 039 39 41 smallscale small scale i.e. ie i e (i.e conditions factors. factors) policymakers region development 3 00 0.0 0.00 09 9 0.9 04 0.4 4 0.3 03 i.e 0.

Resumo Apesar dos efeitos adversos das geadas do final da primavera no impacto ecológico e econômico na agricultura, o manejo desses eventos é pouco investigado. Portanto, a teoria fundamentada foi utilizada para extrair o modelo de estabilização dos meios de subsistência dos pomares nas margens do Lago Urmia contra as geadas do final da primavera. A população estatística deste estudo na parte qualitativa incluiu 22 especialistas na área de horticultura. O estudo quantitativo incluiu todos os fruticultores nas aldeias junto ao Lago Urmia, compreendendo 341 pessoas, das quais 236 foram selecionadas aleatoriamente. Ao examinar cuidadosamente e vincular os conceitos e subcategorias, as subcategorias mais importantes que foram incluídas em outras 6 subcategorias. Os resultados de todos os índices de qualidade de ajuste calculados (qui-quadrado [P > 0,01], RMSEA = 0,000, NFI = 0,95, CFI = 0,91 e GFI = 0,92) mostraram que o modelo forneceu um excelente ajuste para os dados. Os coeficientes de regressão padronizados mostraram que os fatores interferentes tiveram o maior impacto sobre a subsistência dos pomares contra as geadas do final da primavera (β = 0,47). Além disso, descobriu-se que os fatores de fundo (β = 0,43) e os fatores causais (β = 0,39) afetam o sustento dos pomares ao enfrentarem geadas no final da primavera. Os resultados de múltiplas correlações quadradas de variáveis dependentes também indicaram que cerca de 41% da variância dos meios de subsistência de pequenos pomares foi explicada pelas variáveis preditoras, ou seja, condições causais, fatores de fundo e fatores interferentes. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar os formuladores de políticas, planejadores e gestores relevantes, dando mais atenção aos pomares da região, de modo a apoiar as decisões a fim de alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. agricultura investigado Portanto 2 horticultura 34 pessoas 23 aleatoriamente quiquadrado qui quadrado P 0,01, 001 0,01 , 0 01 0,01] 0000 000 0,000 095 95 0,95 091 91 0,9 0,92 092 92 dados β 0,47. 047 0,47 . 47 0,47) disso descobriuse descobriu se 0,43 043 43 0,39 039 39 41 preditoras seja políticas relevantes região sustentável 3 00 0,0 0,00 09 9 0, 04 0,4 4 0,3 03

Resumo Abundam os relatórios sobre Lernaea parasitando o estoque de cria, alevinos e espécies de peixes de água doce cultiváveis de tamanho comercial em várias partes do mundo. Investigamos sete fazendas de aquicultura de pequena escala e de que maneira a Lernaea predominante está impactando-as. Aleatoriamente, sete fazendas de peixes foram selecionadas para determinar a porcentagem de prevalência de ectoparasitas de Lernaea. Foram recolhidas informações relevantes sobre os viveiros de peixes para estimar os vários aspectos, tais como efeitos da fonte e qualidade da água, alimentação, densidade de povoamento, tratamento utilizado e peso e comprimento dos peixes, relacionados com a infestação e prevalência de Lernaea. Os resultados indicaram que Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) apresentou maior prevalência (41,7%) entre as sete espécies de peixes, enquanto Oreochromis niloticus apresentou zero. Outras cinco espécies de peixes Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita e Hypophthalmichthys molitrix apresentaram 13,2%, 8,1%, 7,7%, 7,4%, 0,9% de prevalência, respectivamente. Em Royal Fish Farm, 84,3% de infestação de Lernaea foi observada, enquanto não se observou nenhum parasita na fazenda de peixes Chunnian de Vicent. A fonte de água, qualidade, ração, fertilizantes, densidade de estocagem, temperatura da água e opções de tratamento potenciais exibiram tendências variadas entre as fazendas de peixes e prevalência. Dependendo do peso e comprimento, a maior prevalência (56,7% e 66,7%) foi observada nos grupos de 3501-4000 g e 81-90 cm. A taxa de infestação variou em várias partes do corpo dos peixes, sendo a nadadeira dorsal o órgão mais vulnerável e apresentou 2,3% de prevalência geral (enquanto 18,4% de contribuição dentro do total de 12,6% de infestação). Das 147 amostras de peixes infectados, 45 estavam amplamente contaminadas pela propagação de Lernaea. Em conclusão, nossos resultados confirmam que Lernaea pode representar uma ameaça considerável para peixes comercializáveis, e várias opções de tratamento devem ser educadas para os agricultores para ajudar a mitigar a propagação e as perdas potenciais. Além disso, Catla catla é mais vulnerável à infestação por Lernaea (41,7%), assim como as espécies de peixes sendo cultivadas em densidades de estocagem mais altas.

Abstract Reports abound on Lernaea parasitizing the brood stock, fingerlings, and marketable-sized culturable freshwater fish species in various parts of the world. We investigated seven small-scale aquaculture farms and how the prevailing Lernaea is impacting them. Randomly seven fish farms were selected to determine the prevalence percentage of lernaeid ectoparasites. Relevant information of the fishponds to estimate the various aspects such as effects of water source and quality, feed, stocking density, treatment used, and weight and length of fish, concerned with Lernaea infestation and prevalence was gathered. The results indicated that Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) showed highest prevalence (41.7%) among the seven fish species, whereas Oreochromis niloticus showed zero. Other five fish species Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed 13.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%, 7.4%, 0.9% prevalence, respectively. In Royal Fish Farm 84.3% lernaeid infestation was observed, while no parasite was observed in the Vicent’s Chunnian fish farm. The water source, quality, feed, fertilizers, stocking density, water temperature, and potential treatment options displayed varying tendencies among fish farms and prevalence. Depending on the weight and length, the highest prevalence (56.7%, and 66.7%) was observed in 3501-4000 g and 81-90 cm groups. The infestation rate varied in various fish body parts with the dorsal fin the most vulnerable organ and showed 2.3% overall prevalence (while 18.4% contribution within total 12.6% infestation). Out of 147 infected fish samples, 45 were extensively contaminated by Lernaea spread. In conclusion, our findings confirm that Lernaea could pose a considerable threat to marketable fish, and various treatment options should be educated to the farmers to help mitigate the spread and potential losses. Furthermore, Catla catla is more vulnerable to Lernaea infestation (41.7%), so are the fish species being cultured at higher stocking densities.

Resumo O trabalho de pesquisa foi projetado para investigar a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos pelágicos em um lago perto de Marala Headworks. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, transparência e turbidez. A correlação entre rotíferos e esses parâmetros também foi estudada. A amostragem do plâncton foi realizada mensalmente para verificar a densidade populacional dos rotíferos. No total, foram identificadas 18 espécies de rotíferos pertencentes a 11 gêneros. O maior número de rotíferos e sua diversidade foi demonstrado pelos gêneros Brachionus, Keratella e Filinia. O Brachionus calyciflorus foi a espécie dominante em todas as amostras, com densidade populacional média (41%). A análise de variância dos parâmetros físico-químicos mostrou que a temperatura do ar e da água, condutividade elétrica, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio foram estatisticamente significantes em todos os meses. Enquanto o pH foi estatisticamente não significativo (p≥0,05), a correlação de Pearson mostrou que o oxigênio e a transparência foram negativamente correlacionados com a densidade e diversidade dos rotíferos. A temperatura do ar e da água, a concentração de íons de hidrogênio (pH), a condutividade elétrica e a salinidade mostraram relação positiva com a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos.

Abstract Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.