ABSTRACT Nutritional management of high-producing dairy cows under heat stress conditions presents a significant challenge due to the increasing issue of global warming. The study aimed to explore the effects of Cr supplementation in the form of chromium propionate (CrP) on feed intake, lactation performance, and selected biochemical serum parameters in mid-lactation Simmental dairy cows under heat stress conditions. The experiment was conducted during July and August and lasted for 8 wk. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) was 76.45 ± 2.80 during the experimental period, indicating that the cows were under heat stress. The added CrP provided 0.34 mg Cr kg-1 DM of used ration. The supplementation of diet with CrP increased DM intake (4.11%, P < 0.01) and the yield of milk (4.48%, P < 0.01), 4% fat-corrected milk (4.08%, P < 0.01), milk fat (4.46%, P < 0.01), protein (4.21%, P < 0.01), lactose (3.79%, P < 0.01), and total solids (3.51%, P < 0.01). Additionally, CrP supplementation increased blood glucose concentrations (8.39%, P < 0.01), while reducing blood urea N (BUN) levels (14.85%, P < 0.05) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels (17.14%, P < 0.05). The use of CrP as additional dietary source of Cr significantly improved productive performances of dairy cows under heat stress conditions. It was indicated that supplemented Cr could have positive effect on glucose and N metabolism, as well as on energy metabolism of lactating cows at moderately high THI values.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da ordem de parto e do estágio da lactação na composição e na CCS do leite e no perfil bioquímico do soro lácteo de vacas da raça Holandesa. Duzentas amostras de leite negativas no teste da caneca de fundo escuro e CMT e com CCS < 200.000 células/mL foram alocadas em três grupos: amostras de leite de fêmeas de primeira lactação (G1; n=76), amostras de leite de fêmeas com duas ou três lactações (G2; n=73) e amostras de leite de fêmeas com quatro a seis lactações (G3; n=51) e em três momentos, de acordo com a fase da lactação (inicial, intermediária e final). Foram determinadas as atividades das enzimas GGT e ALP e as concentrações de proteína total, albumina, Ca total, P, Mg, Fe, Cl, Na, K e Ca ionizado. Houve influência da ordem de parto e da fase da lactação na CCS do leite em todos os grupos, enquanto a composição do leite (teor de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais) foi influenciada apenas pela ordem de parto. O estágio de lactação influenciou todos os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados no soro lácteo. A ordem de parto também influenciou o perfil bioquímico do soro lácteo, exceto a concentração de ferro. O conhecimento mais detalhado das variações fisiológicas que influenciam a composição do leite pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de intervalos de valores de normalidade mais precisos e específicos para monitorar a saúde da glândula mamária.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to verify the influence of calving order and stage of lactation on milk composition, SCC and biochemical profile of whey from Holstein cows. Two hundred negative milk samples in strip cup test and in CMT and with SCC < 200,000 cells/mL were allocated into three groups: milk samples from females with one lactation (G1; n=76), milk samples from females with two or three lactations (G2; n=73) and milk samples from females with four to six lactations (G3; n=51) according with the phase of lactation (initial, intermediate and final). GGT and ALP activities, and total protein, albumin, total Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cl, Na, K and ionized Ca concentrations were determined. There was an influence of calving order and stage of lactation on SCC in all groups, while milk composition (fat, protein, lactose and total solids) was influenced only by order of calving. The lactation stage influenced all biochemical parameters evaluated of whey. Calving order also influenced biochemical profile, except the iron concentration. More detailed knowledge of the physiological variations that influence milk composition can contribute to the establishment of more accurate and specific ranges of normal values to monitor the health of mammary gland.

RESUMO Foi realizado o do perfil bioquímico e das gorduras/proteínas do leite em cabras Saanen e Nubian de Los Asmoles, Colima. Gordura do leite, proteína do leite, relação gordura/proteína, glicose (GLU), colesterol (COL), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), triacilglicerol (TAG), β-hidroxibutirato (β-HBA), nitrogênio ureico no sangue (BUN), albumina (ALB), globulina (GLOB), proteína total (PROT-T), íon cálcio (Ca2+), fosfato inorgânico (Pi), íon sódio (Na+), íon potássio (K+), íon magnésio (Mg2+) e íon cloreto (Cl-) foram calculados. Os resultados do perfil bioquímico foram consistentes com a literatura internacional para caprinos. Todas as análises, exceto ALB e β-HBA, mostraram diferenças raciais. As três variáveis lácteas registraram maior concentração no Nubian. A comparação entre os grupos (alto rendimento vs. baixo rendimento vs. período seco) mostrou diferenças em COL e β-HBA em ambas as raças. Uma correlação negativa entre GLU e NEFA foi quantificada. Foram quantificadas correlações positivas entre NEFA com COL, TAG e β-HBA, entre Ca2+ com Na+ e entre K+ com Na+ e Mg2+. A gordura do leite foi correlacionada com COL, NEFA e β-HBA. A proteína do leite foi correlacionada com a BUN. A relação gordura/proteína foi correlacionada com COL e β-HBA. Os resultados fornecem informações sobre as adaptações metabólicas na lactação e identificam ligações entre as principais análises e gordura/proteína do leite em cabras.

ABSTRACT The biochemical profile and milk fats/proteins in Saanen and Nubian goats from Los Asmoles, Colima was carried out. Milk fat, milk protein, fat/protein ratio, glucose (GLU), cholesterol (COL), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol (TAG), β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), total protein (PROT-T), calcium ion (Ca2+), inorganic phosphate (Pi), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), magnesium ion (Mg2+), and chloride ion (Cl-) was calculated. The biochemical profile results were consistent with the international literature for goats. All analytes except ALB and β-HBA showed racial differences. The three milk variables registered a higher concentration in Nubian. The comparison between groups (high-yield vs. low-yield vs. dry period) showed differences in COL and β-HBA in both breeds. A negative correlation between GLU and NEFA was quantified. Positive correlations between NEFA with COL, TAG and β-HBA, between Ca2+ with Na+ and between K+ with Na+ and Mg2+ were quantified. Milk fat was correlated with COL, NEFA and β-HBA. Milk protein was correlated with BUN. The fat/protein ratio was correlated with COL and β-HBA. Results provide insight into metabolic adaptations in lactation and identify links between key analytes and milk fat/protein in goats.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar e descrever dificuldades observadas no aleitamento materno em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mamoplastia de aumento. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, com a pergunta norteadora: “Quais as possíveis dificuldades na amamentação observadas em mulheres que realizaram a mamoplastia de aumento descritas na literatura?”. A estratégia de busca foi realizada com combinações de descritores para a busca nas bases Lilacs, SciELO, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIREME, Pubmed, ADOLEC, BDENF, MedCarib e literatura cinzenta, sendo 12 de outubro de 2023 a data da última busca. Foram incluídos artigos completos, sem restrição de idioma e tempo de publicação, delineamento observacional, e que analisaram mulheres com histórico de mamoplastia de aumento e possíveis dificuldades na amamentação. Revisão da Literatura: foram incluídos sete artigos. Os estudos identificaram como possíveis dificuldades no aleitamento materno em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mamoplastia de aumento: a presença de ingurgitamento mamário, mastite, dor, lesões mamilares e alterações de lactação e de sensibilidade envolvidas no aleitamento materno. Conclusão: espera-se que os resultados apresentados nesta revisão de escopo estimulem o desenvolvimento de evidências mais vigorosas sobre a relação entre estes achados. Objetivo Métodos tratase trata se norteadora Quais literatura. . literatura?” Lilacs SciELO CENTRAL BIREME Pubmed ADOLEC BDENF cinzenta 1 202 completos publicação observacional Literatura mamário mastite dor Conclusão esperase espera achados literatura? 20 2

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify and describe difficulties observed in breastfeeding in women who underwent breast augmentation surgery. Methods: a scoping review, with the guiding question: "What are the possible difficulties in breastfeeding observed in women who have undergone breast augmentation, as described in the literature?". The search strategy was carried out with combinations of descriptors for searching the Lilacs, SciELO, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIREME, Pubmed, ADOLEC, BDENF, MedCarib, and gray literature databases, October 12, 2023 being the date of the last search. Complete articles, without restrictions on language and publication time, observational design, and that analyzed women with a history of breast augmentation and possible difficulties in breastfeeding, were included. Literature Review: seven research articles were included with studies identifying the following as possible difficulties in breastfeeding in women undergoing breast augmentation surgery: the presence of breast engorgement, mastitis, pain, nipple lesions, and changes in lactation and sensitivity involved in breastfeeding. Conclusion: it is expected that the results presented in this scoping review will stimulate the development of more robust evidence on the relationship between these findings. Purpose surgery Methods question What literature. . literature?" Lilacs SciELO CENTRAL BIREME Pubmed ADOLEC BDENF MedCarib databases 12 202 time design Review engorgement mastitis pain lesions Conclusion findings literature? 1 20 2

Abstract: Hybrid triticale is rich in protein content, with values around 20% higher than in wheat. Therefore, there is a need to investigate and evaluate producing spring triticale in southern Sonora, in order to incorporate this crop into the agri-food chain for the production of food and forage. The objective of this research was to evaluate forage production in advanced lines of spring-habit triticales and their chemical properties. The study was carried out in the fall-winter 2022-2023 agricultural cycle at Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui, Sonora (Mexico), using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions; each experimental unit consisted of four furrows of five meters in length. The measured variables were: green forage, dry forage, plant height and number of stems. In addition, the following chemical properties were evaluated: dry matter (MS), crude protein (PC), digestible protein (DP), fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net lactation energy (NLE), net maintenance energy (NME), net energy gain (NEG), digestible dry matter (DDM), and dry matter intake (DMI). The results showed statistical differences between lines for all the variables evaluated; the L-8 line showed a higher production of green and dry forage, as well as in the most basic chemical properties such as DDM, ADF, NDF, TDN, DM and ash. However, the Bicentenario control and the L-11, L-7, L-10, L-6, L-9, L-4 were associated with plant height, fat, DMI, CP and number of stems.

Resumen: El híbrido triticale se caracteriza por poseer un importante contenido de proteína, con alrededor de 20% más que el trigo. Por ello, surge la necesidad de investigar y evaluar la alternativa de producir triticales primaverales, de manera particular, en el sur de Sonora, e incorporarlos a la cadena agroalimentaria en la elaboración de alimentos y obtención de forraje. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la producción de forraje en líneas avanzadas de triticales y sus propiedades químicas. El estudio se realizó en el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2022-2023, en el Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui, Sonora (México), usando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por cuatro surcos de cinco metros de longitud. Las variables medidas fueron: producción de forraje verde, forraje seco, altura de planta y número de tallos. Además, se evaluaron las siguientes propiedades químicas: materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), proteína digestible (PD), grasa, fibra ácido detergente (FAD), fibra neutro detergente (FND), carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), total de nutrientes digestibles (TND), energía neta de lactancia (ENL), energía neta de mantenimiento (ENM), energía neta de ganancia (ENG), materia seca digestible (MSD) y consumo de materia seca (CMS). Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre líneas para todas las variables evaluadas. La línea L-8 mostró mayor producción de forraje verde y seco, así como en las propiedades químicas más elementales como MS, FAD, FND, TND, MS y cenizas. Sin embargo, el testigo Bicentenario y las L-11, L-7, L-10, L-6, L-9, L-4 se asociaron a altura de planta, grasa, consumo de materia seca, proteína y número de tallos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and welfare of dairy goats housed throughout a productive cycle. Sixty multiparous dairy goats, over four years old, were selected. Ananimal welfare assessment was conducted using health indicators for goats, according to the AWIN protocol. Blood samples were also collected for haematology and determination of seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair samples for determination of HCC, milk samples for chemical composition and somatic cell counts, and faecal samples for parasite load. Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLv) had a prevalence of 71.66%, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of 5%, Leptospira interrogans of 40% and Ovine Gammaherpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) of 50%. The percentages of goats that tested positive for one, two or three diseases were 31.67%, 50% and 11.66% respectively. Haematological alterations included hyperproteinaemia (84.94±1.58g/L) and hyperfibrinogenaemia (6.11±0.65g/L) for those with one or two diseases, with significant differences being found (P<0.05). The welfare indicators related to health and the number of diseases were poor body condition, poor coat, poor udder conformation, and mucosal lesions (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between HCC and the number of chronic diseases in dairy goats (P>0.05). Higher concentrations of cortisol in hair were found at 150 days of lactation (16.65±1.39pg/mg) compared to the mating season (9.55±0.04pg/mg) (P<0.05). No associations were found (P>0.05) between the production, composition, and somatic cell counts in milk and cortisol concentrations and diseases. It was concluded that the presence of chronic diseases in goats did not influence hair cortisol concentrations, possibly due to an effect of adaptive tolerance to diseases, as occurs in other domestic species; however, there was an effect of the productive stage.

RESUMO Os Medicamentos Isentos de Prescrição (MIP) ou de venda livre podem ser fornecidos sem exigência de receita. Este estudo objetivou analisar o perfil farmacológico, risco e qualidade da evidência dos MIP registrados no Brasil. Foram consultadas as bases de dados da Anvisa e a base de síntese Micromedex. As indicações de uso foram classificadas segundo Ciap, os medicamentos segundo ATC e a qualidade da evidência segundo método Grade. Foram identificados 188 MIP, com 376 apresentações. Os grupos de trato alimentar e respiratório tiveram os maiores números de fármacos, com 19% cada. No geral, 61% dos fármacos foram classificados como evidência alta ou moderada e 39% como baixa, muito baixa ou sem evidência. Apesar da prevalência de maior qualidade de evidência, as restrições precisam ser evidenciadas, pois cerca de 55% dos fármacos possuem força de recomendação fraca, 67% não podem ser utilizados por crianças menores de 6 anos, 95% não possuem informações confiáveis de segurança na gestação e 87% não possuem informações de uso na lactação. Mais pesquisas sobre o tema, políticas de autocuidado apoiado e monitoramento parecem essenciais para melhor compreender os riscos e benefícios associados aos MIP, garantindo uma prática clínica mais segura e baseada em evidências. (MIP receita farmacológico Brasil Micromedex Ciap Grade 18 37 apresentações 19 cada geral 61 39 evidenciadas 55 fraca 67 anos 95 87 lactação tema evidências 1 3 5 9 8

ABSTRACT Over-the-counter medications (OTC), also known as non-prescription drugs can be dispensed without a prescription. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological profile, risk, and quality of evidence of OTC medications registered in Brazil. The databases of ANVISA and Micromedex synthesis were consulted. The indications for use were classified according to CIAP, the medications according to ATC, and the quality of evidence according to the GRADE method. A total of 188 OTC medications were identified, comprising 376 presentations. The groups related to the digestive tract and respiratory system had the highest number of drugs, each accounting for 19%. Overall, 61% of the drugs were classified as having high or moderate evidence, and 39% as low, very low, or lacking evidence. Despite the prevalence of higher-quality evidence, restrictions need to be highlighted, as approximately 55% of the drugs have a weak recommendation, 67% may not be used by children under the age of 6, 95% lack reliable safety information during pregnancy, and 87% lack clear information regarding use during lactation. Further research on the topic, supported self-care policies, and monitoring seem essential to better understand the risks and benefits associated with OTC medications, thus ensuring a safer and evidence-based clinical practice. Overthecounter Over counter OTC, , (OTC) nonprescription non prescription profile risk Brazil consulted CIAP ATC method 18 identified 37 presentations 19 19% Overall 61 39 low higherquality higher highlighted 55 recommendation 67 6 95 pregnancy 87 lactation topic selfcare self care policies evidencebased based practice (OTC 1 3 5 9 8

Resumen El conocimiento y modelación de curvas de lactación hacen posible identificar factores que ayuden a explicar las variaciones ambientales y genéticas, que permitan implementar un programa de selección. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes modelos para las curvas de producción de leche, grasa y proteína en ganado Holstein en México, así como evaluar algunos factores que las afectan. Se usó información de 125,982 lactaciones pertenecientes a 68,804 animales nacidos del año 2000 al 2020. Se evaluó el efecto del número de parto, época del año y hato. Con la paquetería Lactcurves de R, se ajustaron los 38 modelos que incluye, de los cuales se eligieron los cuatro mejores (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer y Pollot modificado) que posteriormente se usaron para modelar las curvas individuales a través de un modelo de regresión no lineal. Los parámetros calculados para cada modelo fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre el número de lactación (P<0.05), así como el número de parto, época de parto y hato (P<0.01). Las curvas modeladas tienen formas similares a las reportadas en otros estudios, a excepción de las obtenidas para proteína en el tercer y cuarto o más partos con el modelo de Pollot modificado. La ecuación propuesta por Wilmink fue la que presentó mejor ajuste para la población de estudio según los diferentes criterios de evaluación. El emplear el modelo que mejor se adapte a los datos dará predicciones más cercanas a la realidad, y poder aplicarlo a distintos ámbitos como el mejoramiento genético.

Abstract The knowledge and modeling of lactation curves make it possible to identify factors that help explain environmental and genetic variations that allow the implementation of a selection program. This work aimed to evaluate different models for milk production, fat, and protein curves in Holstein cattle in Mexico and some factors that affect them. The information used was from 125,982 lactations belonging to 68,804 animals born from 2000 to 2020. The effect of calving number, season of the year, and herd was evaluated. R’s Lactcurves package was employed to fit the 38 models included in the package, of which the best four (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer, and modified Pollot) were chosen and then used to model the individual curves through a nonlinear regression model. The parameters calculated for each model were statistically different among the number of lactations (P<0.05), as well as the number of calving, calving season, and herd (P<0.01). The modeled curves have similar shapes to those reported in other studies, except those obtained for protein in the third and fourth or more calvings with the modified Pollot model. The equation proposed by Wilmink was the one that presented the best fit for the study population according to the different evaluation criteria. Using the model that best suits the data will give a closer predictions to reality, and it can be applied to different areas, such as genetic improvement.

ABSTRACT Climatic conditions cause variation in the availability and nutritional quality of forages; therefore, the use of corn (Zea mays L.) silage has been proposed. However, this crop has a low protein concentration, so the combination with legumes can improve this characteristic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of silage in different proportions of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and corn forage grown in a subtropical region. In Tamaulipas, Mexico, six treatments were evaluated: Soybean 100% (S100), corn 100% (C100), and soybean-corn proportions (80%-20%: S80C20; 60%-40%: S60C40; 40%-60%: S40C60, and 20%-80%: S20C80). The variables that were evaluated were: Density, pH, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), starch, crude fat, net energy for lactation (NEL), net energy for weight gain (NEG), and metabolizable energy (ME) and mineral content. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. Treatment S100 showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in CP, ADF, crude fat, NEL, and NEG. The C100 had the highest values (p < 0.05) in starch and NFC, and the lowest pH value (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the S40C60, S60C40, S20C80 combinations showed the highest values (p < 0.05) of TDN, ENL, and ENG. In the case of the combinations, the one with the best values was S40C60. In this regard, the mean values were: CP 143 g kg-1; NEL 1.43 Mcal kg-1; and pH 3.9. According to these values, it is classified as a silage of good nutritional quality, and we recommend its use in subtropical climates.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de la música del género Guarania en el desempeño productivo y bienestar animal (producción láctea y cortisol sérico). Se utilizaron 17 animales de varias razas y en diferentes estados de lactación, con un diseño cruzado, donde cada animal recibió ambos tratamientos en cada periodo (inclusión y no inclusión de música en el proceso de ordeño). Cada periodo fue de dos semanas. Se realizaron controles diarios de la producción de leche (dos ordeñes diarios) y semanalmente se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para determinar concentraciones séricas de cortisol. El promedio de producción de leche del grupo de vacas sin aplicación de música fue de 19.7 L/día y en el grupo de vacas con aplicación de música fue de 20.4 L (p=0.008). El 96% de las concentraciones de cortisol presentó un tenor menor a 1 µg/dl, considerado dentro del rango de referencia, y sin diferencia significativa entre tratamientos.

ABSTRACT The effect of Guarania genre music on productive performance and animal wellbeing (milk production and serum cortisol) was evaluated. In total, 17 animals of various breeds and in different stages of lactation were used, with a crossover design, where each animal received both treatments in each period (inclusion and non-inclusion of music in the milking process). Each period was two weeks. Daily controls of milk production were carried out (two milkings per day) and blood samples were obtained weekly to determine serum cortisol concentrations. The average milk production of the group of cows without music application was 19.7 L/day and in the group of cows with music application it was 20.4 L (p=0.008). 96% of cortisol concentrations had a level less than 1 µg/dl, considered within the reference range, and without significant difference between treatments.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer y comparar las prácticas de lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y el estado nutricional de los preescolares que acudieron a diversos centros de desarrollo infantil de un municipio de la Ciudad de México. Materiales y métodos: Diseño transversal analítico, que analizó una muestra de 444 preescolares a quienes se les tomaron medidas antropométricas y determinación de hemoglobina; por otro lado, se obtuvo información de las madres respecto de las prácticas de lactancia y alimentación complementaria. Se dividió a los niños en dos grupos de edades (13 a 59 meses y 13 a 80 meses). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 48,4 meses, el 90 % recibió lactancia materna por un tiempo promedio de 7,7 meses y el 63 % inició su alimentación complementaria antes de los seis meses. Se encontró correlación lineal en talla-edad (r = 0,88) y peso-edad (r = 0,72). Respecto a la estatura, el 6,5 % tuvo talla baja para la edad. Según el estado nutricional por el índice de masa corporal para la edad (IMC/E), el 3,8 % tuvo peso bajo; el 66,0 %, peso adecuado; el 22,4 %, sobrepeso, y el 7,8 %, obesidad. La distribución de estas categorías fue homogénea respecto al sexo (p = 0,90). Por otro lado, el 13,0 % fueron clasificados con riesgo de desnutrición en base el perímetro braquial. Las niñas presentaron mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (GC) (p = 0,008) y grasa total (GT) (p = 0,01); el 4 % presentó anemia, la cual fue mayor en niñas (p = 0,02). Existió un incremento proporcional de peso anual entre las categorías de edad en un promedio de 2,3 kg, excepto en la categoría de mayores a seis años que fue 11,36 kg. Conclusiones: La malnutrición es un problema creciente de salud pública. La edad preescolar es la etapa idónea para realizar intervenciones que estimulen y promuevan buenos hábitos alimenticios y actividad física. La lactancia materna exclusiva prolongada durante al menos seis meses es la alimentación ideal del recién nacido y del lactante y, en definitiva, es imperante hacer a un lado el consumo de sucedáneos de leche materna y no adelantar la alimentación complementaria antes de este periodo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To learn about and compare breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding and the nutritional status of preschoolers attending various child development centers in a municipality of Mexico City. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study which analyzed a sample of 444 preschoolers who underwent anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin determination. Additionally, information on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices was gathered from mothers. The children were categorized into two age groups (13 to 59 months and 13 to 80 months). Results: The average age was 48.4 months, with 90 % having received breastfeeding for an average of 7.7 months and 63 % having started complementary feeding before six months of age. Significant linear correlations were observed in height-for-age (r = 0.88) and weight-for-age (r = 0.72), and 6.5 % exhibited stunting. According to the nutritional status by body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age), 3.8 % were classified as underweight, 66.0 % as normal weight, 22.4 % as overweight and 7.8 % as obese. The distribution of these categories was consistent across genders (p = 0.90). Moreover, 13.0 % were classified as at risk of malnutrition based on upper arm circumference. Girls exhibited higher percentages of body fat (BF) (p = 0.008) and total fat (TF) (p = 0.01); 4 % of the children presented anemia, being more prevalent in girls (p = 0.02). There was an average annual weight gain of 2.3 kg across age categories, except for those over six years old, who averaged 11.36 kg. Conclusions: Malnutrition is a growing public health problem. Preschool age is the ideal stage to carry out interventions that stimulate and promote healthy dietary habits and physical activity. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months is crucial for newborns and infants. In conclusion, it is imperative to refrain from using breastmilk substitutes and to delay the introduction of complementary feeding before this period.

ABSTRACT Introduction: exclusive breastfeeding is essential for the development of the baby in the first months of life. However, in recent years, a worrying decrease in this practice has been observed. Objective: to describe the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding and its relationship with mothers' age, occupation and level of knowledge. Methods: observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study, population of 174 mothers, from which a sample of 148 was selected, by means of probabilistic sampling by quotas, choosing participants randomly under inclusion and exclusion criteria, in the last quarter of 2022 in two health areas of Holguin municipality. Results: 47 % of the mothers stopped breastfeeding their child exclusively in the first three months of age, 26 % at five months and 27 % maintain it for more than six months, the most representative group in the study are mothers between 20 and 30 years of age, predominantly those who work and 90,5 % of them have knowledge on the subject of exclusive breastfeeding, not showing a significant relationship between these variables. Hypogalactia was the main reason for early abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is below WHO recommendations, the abandonment of this practice is associated to not having enough milk, to the incorporation to work or school and that the child is not able to breastfeed exclusively.

RESUMEN Introducción: la lactancia materna exclusiva es fundamental para el desarrollo del bebé en los primeros meses de vida. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, se ha observado una preocupante disminución en esta práctica. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva y su relación con la edad, ocupación y nivel de conocimiento de las madres. Métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal, población de 174 madres, de las cuales se seleccionó una muestra de 148, mediante muestreo probabilístico por cuotas, eligiéndose participantes aleatoriamente bajo criterios de inclusión y exclusión, en el último trimestre del 2022 en dos áreas de salud del municipio Holguín. Resultados: el 47 % de las madres dejaron de amamantar su hijo de forma exclusiva en los tres primeros meses de edad, el 26 % a los cinco meses y el 27 % lo mantienen por un tiempo mayor a seis meses, el grupo más representativo en el estudio son las madres entre los 20 y 30 años edad, predominan las que trabajan y predominan en un 90,5 % el conocimiento sobre el tema de lactancia materna exclusiva, no demostrándose relación significativa entre estas variables. La hipogalactia fue la razón principal del abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusiones: la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva se encuentra por debajo de las recomendaciones de la OMS, el abandono de esta práctica está asociado a no tener suficiente leche, a la incorporación al trabajo o escuela y que el niño no aumenta de peso.

Resumen Introducción: Alcanzar las metas de lactancia materna exclusiva ha sido un desafío. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de una estrategia para promover y lograr la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros seis meses de vida. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental aleatorizado no enmascarado. Se incluyeron primigestantes adultas con edad gestacional entre 12 y 27 semanas, en Cali, Colombia, entre 2014 y 2017. El grupo control recibió atención estándar; el grupo de intervención, además, se sometió a una estrategia prenatal y posnatal que incorporó las tecnologías de la información y comunicación. El seguimiento se realizó hasta los 6 meses posparto. Resultados: Se analizó a 141 participantes distribuidas en dos grupos: control (73) e intervención (68). La duración media de la adherencia a la lactancia materna exclusiva fue mayor en el grupo de intervención (1,1 ± 0,65, p<0,001), alcanzando un promedio de 4,8 meses (IC95%=[4,4; 5,3]). El grupo control presentó 11,68 veces mayor probabilidad de no lograr la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros seis meses posparto, en comparación con el grupo de intervención. Conclusión: La integración de asesoramiento prenatal y posnatal, utilizando tecnologías de la información y comunicación, fomentó la lactancia materna exclusiva y mejoró su duración promedio.

Abstract Introduction: Accomplishing exclusive breastfeeding goals has been a challenge. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a strategy to promote and achieve exclusive breastfeeding during the first months of life. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental randomized non-masked study was carried out during the 2014-2017 period. Adult first-time pregnant women at gestational age between 12-27 weeks from Cali, Colombia were included. While the control group received standard care only, the intervention group was also subjected to a prenatal and postnatal strategy that included information and communication technologies. Follow-up was carried out until 6 months postpartum. Results: The 141 participants were distributed in two groups: control (73) and intervention (68). The mean adherence to exclusive breastfeeding was greater in the intervention group (1.1 ± 0.65, p<0.001), reaching an average of 4.8 months (IC95%=[4.4; 5.3]). The control group was 11.68 times more likely to end exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum as compared to the intervention group. Conclusion: The incorporation of prenatal and postnatal counseling through information and communication technologies promoted a sustained exclusive breastfeeding.

Resumo Introdução: Alcançar as metas de amamentação exclusiva tem sido um desafio. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de uma estratégia para promover e alcançar o aleitamento materno exclusivo durante os primeiros seis meses de vida. Materiais e métodos: Estudo quase-experimental aleatório, não mascarado. Foram incluídas mulheres adultas primeiras gestantes, com idade gestacional entre 12 e 27 semanas em Cali, Colômbia, entre 2014 e 2017. O grupo controle recebeu cuidados padrão; o grupo intervenção também passou por uma estratégia pré-natal e pós-natal que incorporou tecnologias de informação e comunicação. O acompanhamento foi realizado até 6 meses pós-parto. Resultados: foram analisados 141 participantes distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (73) e intervenção (68). O tempo médio de adesão ao aleitamento materno exclusivo foi maior no grupo intervenção (1,1 ± 0,65, p < 0,001), atingindo média de 4,8 meses (IC 95%= [4,4; 5,3]). O grupo controle teve 11,68 vezes mais chances de não conseguir o aleitamento materno exclusivo durante os primeiros seis meses pós-parto, comparado ao grupo intervenção. Conclusão: A integração do aconselhamento pré-natal e pós-natal, com recurso às tecnologias de informação e comunicação, promoveu o aleitamento materno exclusivo e melhorou a sua duração média.

ABSTRACT Background: The breeding of water buffaloes for milk production reaches 41 years in the Cuban livestock panorama. Objective. An analysis of dairy behavior was carried out in different herds in the country and compared with that of the Los Naranjos enterprise, the behavior of the Most Probable Productive Ability (HPMP) was analyzed and genetic components were estimated for different dairy traits of the buffaloes belonging to that particular company. Methods: A total of 24 907 lactations from different herds in the country and 6 498 from the Los Naranjos company that occurred between 2013 to 2020, were studied using multicharacter linear models with random effects of father and the female that produces the record, models to estimate some environmental factors. and genetics that affect milk production at 100 days (L100); 200 days (L200), total milk (Ltot) and the duration of lactation (Dlac). Results: The females that gave birth in 2020 produced -62,1 kg and -96,2 kg of L200 and Ltot respectively compared to those that gave birth in 2013, even though Dlac increased by 15 days in the same period. A wide variability was manifested in the most probable productive ability (HPMP), but the evolution of this indicator depending on the year of birth of the buffaloes was practically null, indicating the little selection pressure exerted in the breeding of this species. Repeatability estimates (() were between 0,372 to 0,397 for L100; L200 and Ltot, magnitudes practically twice as high in the Los Naranjos company compared to the rest of the country. Heritability estimates (h2) were between ≈0,217±0,01 and 0,166±0,02 for L100; L200 and Ltot respectively with genetic correlations greater than 0,961. From the expected differences in the progenies (DEP), it was found that the daughters of the best 20 sires reached an EPD of +37,6±12.9 kg in L200 and +42,5±15,7 kg for Ltot. Conclusions: The indicators under study did not present a favorable evolution, however, possibilities for selection and improvement work are evident.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La cría de búfalas de agua para la producción de leche alcanza 41 años en el panorama pecuario cubano. Objetivos. Se realizó un análisis del comportamiento lechero, en diferentes rebaños del país y se compararon con el de la empresa Los Naranjos, se analizó el comportamiento de la Habilidad Productiva Más Probable (HPMP) y se estimaron componentes genéticos para diferentes rasgos lecheros de las búfalas pertenecientes a esa empresa en particular. Métodos: Un total de 24 907 lactancias de diferentes rebaños del país y 6 498 de la Empresa Los Naranjos que ocurrieron entre 2013 a 2020, se estudiaron mediante modelos lineales multicarácter con efectos aleatorios de padre y de la hembra que produce el registro, modelos para estimar algunos factores ambientales y genéticos que afectan la producción de leche a 100 días (L100); 200 días (L200), leche total (Ltot) y la duración de la lactancia (Dlac). Resultados: Las hembras que parieron en el año 2020 produjeron -62,1 kg y -96,2 kg de L200 y Ltot respectivamente respecto a las paridas en 2013, aun cuando la Dlac se incrementó en 15 días en el mismo periodo. Se manifestó una amplia variabilidad en la habilidad productiva más probable (HPMP), pero la evolución de este indicador en función del año de nacimiento de las búfalas fue prácticamente nula, indicando la poca presión de selección ejercida en la crianza de esta especie. Los estimados de repetibilidad (() estuvieron entre 0,372 a 0,397 para L100; L200 y Ltot, magnitudes prácticamente dos veces superiores en la empresa Los Naranjos respecto al resto del país. Los estimados de heredabilidad (h2) estuvieron entre ≈0.217±0.01 y 0.166±0,02 para L100; L200 y Ltot respectivamente con correlaciones genéticas superiores a 0,961. A partir de las diferencias esperadas en las progenies (DEP) se constató que las hijas de los mejores 20 sementales alcanzaron un DEP de +37,6±12,9 kg en L200 y +42,5±15,7 kg para Ltot. Conclusiones: Los indicadores bajo estudio no presentaron una evolución favorable, no obstante, se evidencian posibilidades para el trabajo de selección y mejora.

Resumen La interacción entre la madre y el feto durante el embarazo se ha estudiado exhaustivamente. Una de estas interacciones es el microquimerismo, el cual se caracteriza por un intercambio madre-feto de células y material genético. Adicional a la gestación, la madre hereda más células por medio de la lactancia, donde se transfieren biocomponentes (células, anticuerpos y bacterias comensales) que juegan un papel importante en la adaptación del recién nacido al medio. Las consecuencias de este microquimerismo posparto genera beneficios directos en los primeros meses de vida, previniendo enfermedades e infecciones, induciendo tolerancia a moléculas inocuas, así como favoreciendo el entrenamiento inmunitario del recién nacido, con respuestas dirigidas y beneficios en la vida adulta. Es destacable que el microquimerismo materno podría interpretarse como un legado inmunológico en el neonato, el cual es perdurable para algunos de sus componentes y definitorio en el correcto desarrollo de la progenie.

Abstract The interaction between mother and fetus during pregnancy has been extensively studied. One of these interactions is the microchimerism, which is characterized by a mother-fetus exchange of cells and genetic material. In addition to gestation, the mother inherits more cells through lactation, in which biocomponents (cells, antibodies, and commensal bacteria) that play an important role in the adaptation of the newborn to the environment are transferred. The consequences of this post-partum microchimerism generate direct benefits in the first months of life, preventing diseases and infections, inducing tolerance to innocuous molecules, as well as favoring the immunological training of the newborn, with specialized responses and benefits in adult life. It is noteworthy that maternal microchimerism could be interpreted as an immunological legacy in the neonate, which is lasting for some of its components, and defining in the correct development of the progeny.