RESUMEN Desde experiencias de investigación realizadas desde el año 2018 hasta la actualidad, se problematiza la relación entre sufrimiento ambiental y territorios sustentables. La incertidumbre que conlleva el sufrimiento ambiental, sumado a la falta de evidencia y las dificultades de levantar información científica acerca de la salud del territorio costero e insular, configura un espacio residual propicio para la baja regulación de las industrias y la profundización de sus afectaciones sobre los territorios y sus habitantes. Desde ahí que indagar en las experiencias de sufrimiento ambiental permite aproximarse a las desigualdades socio-ecológicas de la zona marino-costera de la Patagonia chilena y a las estrategias de sus habitantes para proponer y movilizar sus territorios a la sustentabilidad. 201 actualidad sustentables insular socioecológicas socio ecológicas marinocostera marino costera sustentabilidad 20 2

RESUMO A partir de experiências de pesquisa realizadas desde o ano de 2008 até o momento, problematiza-se a relação entre sofrimento ambiental e territórios sustentáveis. A incerteza que acompanha o sofrimento ambiental, somada à falta de evidência e às dificuldades de levantar informações científicas sobre a saúde do território costeiro e insular, configura um espaço residual propício para a baixa regulamentação das indústrias e a intensificação de seus impactos sobre os territórios e seus habitantes. Nesse sentido, investigar as experiências de sofrimento ambiental permite aproximar-se das desigualdades socioecológicas da zona marinho-costeira da Patagônia chilena e das estratégias de seus habitantes para propor e mobilizar seus territórios rumo à sustentabilidade. 200 momento problematizase problematiza se sustentáveis insular sentido aproximarse aproximar marinhocosteira marinho costeira sustentabilidade 20 2

ABSTRACT From research experiences carried out from 2018 to the present, the relationship between environmental suffering and sustainable territories is problematized. The uncertainty that environmental suffering entails, added to the lack of evidence and the difficulties to gather scientific information on the health of the coastal and insular territory, configures a residual space conducive to the low regulation of industries and the deepening of their effects on the territories and their inhabitants. From there, inquiring into the experiences of environmental suffering allows us to approach the socio-ecological inequalities of the coastal marine zone of Chilean Patagonia and the strategies of its inhabitants to propose and mobilize their territories to sustainability. 201 present problematized entails territory there socioecological socio ecological sustainability 20 2

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between perceptions and agricultural practices in the face of the effects of climate change from the agro-socio-economic context and the hydrological structure in the Cochapata high-altitude ecosystem in Urcuquí-Ecuador. The methodological strategy responds to the qualitative paradigm, case study method. Primary information was collected through landscape reading, interviews, and participant observation. It was found that the territory is occupied by timber industries, whose tree species are characterized by excessive water demand. The sub-paramo is inhabited by peasants in survival conditions who use the land to obtain goods for family sustenance using their labor force. Water distribution is of a hydro-social nature, as it excludes peasants from the right to irrigation and watering. Regarding the effects of the changing climate, the inhabitants perceive heat waves and variations in the rainy season in their daily lives; however, no agricultural practices were found to adapt to the climatic phenomenon. It is concluded that the vulnerability of the ecosystem is not directly related to climate change; it responds to historical failures in the distribution of ecosystem goods such as land and water, to the lack of knowledge of the peasant subject on the part of the state and society, and the excessive extractivism implemented during the last decades.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre percepciones y prácticas agrícolas frente a los efectos del cambio climático desde el contexto agro-socio-económico y la estructura hidrológica en el ecosistema de altura Cochapata en Urcuquí-Ecuador. La estrategia metodológica responde al paradigma cualitativo, método de estudio de caso. Se levantó información primaria mediante lectura del paisaje, entrevistas y observación participante. Se encontró que el territorio está ocupado por industrias madereras cuyas especies arbóreas se caracterizan por excesiva demanda hídrica. El subpáramo está habitado por campesinos en condición de sobrevivencia que usan la tierra para obtener bienes de sustento familiar, valiéndose de su fuerza de trabajo. Se evidenció que la distribución del agua es de carácter hidrosocial, pues excluye al campesinado del derecho a riego y abrevadero. Respecto a los efectos del clima cambiante, los pobladores perciben en su cotidianidad olas de calor y variaciones en las temporadas de lluvias, sin embargo, no se encontraron prácticas agrícolas con intención adaptativa al fenómeno climático. Se concluye que la vulnerabilidad del ecosistema no guarda relación directa con el cambio climático, esta responde a las fallas históricas en la distribución de los bienes ecosistémicos tierra y agua, al desconocimiento del sujeto campesino por parte del Estado y de la sociedad, y al excesivo extractivismo implantado durante las últimas décadas.

Abstract Journalists, photographers, war correspondents, or media owners are attractive characters for audiovisual fiction. Television and streaming platforms have portrayed them as heroes or villains, as well as constructed audiovisual imaginaries about iconic cases (such as Watergate or abuses in the Catholic Church in the US) or as a cog in the wheel of power elites. However, both the production and analysis of this type of work focuses on mainstream industries, such as Hollywood or some European countries. We know less about the audiovisual portrayal of journalism in audiovisual productions for television or platforms in Latin America. The analysis of the Chilean series for free-to-air television, Bala Loca, allows us to explore the imaginaries -simultaneously complementary and contradictoryabout journalism and the media in a post-dictatorial and neoliberal society. Then, this article contributes to better understanding this type of audiovisual productions in similar contexts. This reading is anchored in audiovisual and cultural studies and in qualitative methodologies focused on the production (its narratives, representations, characters, and dramatic arcs, as well as its aesthetic features) and the world of reference with which the series dialogues. At these trends’ intersection in problematizing journalism and its fictional and visual representations, this article analyzes the types of journalists and journalisms built up and rearranged within the Chilean series Bala Loca based on its communicability strategy. On one hand, its closeness and/or distance with the world it refers to; that is, Chile during the post-dictatorship from 1990 to now and how it is understood. On the other hand, it refers to the type of narrative and audiovisual resources through which these strategies are constructed. Therefore, journalism appears as heterogeneous in Bala Loca. Nonetheless, it has a strong historical referentiality, incarnates the market orientation of the profession inherited from the dictatorship (1973-1990) and illustrates the lack of public service of contemporary journalism in Chile, both in a symbolic and a material sense.

Resumen Los periodistas, fotógrafos, corresponsales de guerra o dueños de medios de comunicación resultan personajes atractivos para la ficción audiovisual. La televisión y las plataformas de streaming los han representado como héroes o villanos, así como también han construido imaginarios audiovisuales sobre casos iconos (como Watergate o los abusos en la Iglesia Católica en Estados Unidos) o en tanto engranaje de las elites del poder. Sin embargo, tanto la producción como el análisis de este tipo de obras está concentrada en industrias robustas, como la hollywoodense o la de algunos países europeos. Conocemos menos sobre el retrato audiovisual del periodismo en las producciones audiovisuales para televisión o para plataformas realizadas en América Latina. El análisis de la serie chilena para televisión abierta, Bala Loca (Chilevisión, 2016), permite explorar los imaginarios - complementarios y contradictorios, al mismo tiempo sobre el periodismo y los medios en una sociedad postdictatorial y neoliberal. Esta lectura se ancla en los estudios audiovisuales y culturales y en metodologías cualitativas centradas en las condiciones de producción, la narrativa, su estética e intertextualidad. Sobre la base del cruce entre estos distintos ejes analíticos, este artículo describe, analiza y discute los tipos de periodistas y periodismos (re) construidos en la serie chilena Bala Loca a partir de su estrategia de comunicabilidad. Se concluye que el periodismo es heterogéneo en Bala Loca, sin embargo, tiene una fuerte referencialidad histórica, refleja la orientación de la profesión al mercado heredada de la dictadura (1973-1990) y pone en escena un periodismo sin dimensión pública, tanto en un sentido simbólico como material.

ABSTRACT Brazil stands out as one of the largest manufacturers of MDF (medium density fiberboard) in the world. The industries are concentrated in the south and southeast of the country and are primarily based on the use of Pinus and Eucalyptus wood, which are available in extensive planted areas. In the northern region, there is only one MDF industrial plant. Despite an abundance of potential raw materials in this region, there is a lack of studies on native species wood and their industrial waste utilization for MDF production. The present study aimed to evaluate the properties of MDF manufactured from a mixture of cultivated paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) wood and wood waste from native Amazonian species. The study assessed the isolated effects of different proportions of the raw materials and panel thicknesses on MDF properties. Panels were produced, and samples were obtained for testing. Using standard procedures, the following properties were determined: density, water absorption, thickness swelling, internal bonding, static bending, and resistance to screw withdrawal. The results revealed a significant impact of the analyzed variables on some physical and mechanical properties of MDF. With the exception of internal bonding, all other properties of the evaluated MDF panels met the specified regulatory requirements for use in furniture manufacturing. It is concluded that mixtures of the assessed raw materials have great potential for MDF production in the furniture industry. However, adjustments in the production process are recommended to improve the internal bonding property. medium fiberboard world areas region plant Schizolobium amazonicum produced testing procedures determined absorption swelling bending withdrawal manufacturing industry However property

RESUMO O Brasil se destaca como um dos maiores fabricantes de MDF (medium density fiberboard) do mundo. As indústrias concentram-se nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país e baseiam-se no aproveitamento das madeiras de Pinus e Eucalyptus, disponíveis em extensas áreas plantadas. Na região Norte há apenas uma planta industrial de MDF. Embora haja abundância de matéria-prima potencial nesta região, há carência de estudos sobre madeiras de espécies nativas e seus resíduos industriais para aproveitamento na produção de MDF. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades de painéis MDF fabricados a partir de misturas de madeira cultivada de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) e resíduos de madeira de espécies nativas da Amazônia. Foram avaliados os efeitos isolados de diferentes proporções de mistura entre as matérias-primas e da espessura dos painéis sobre as propriedades do MDF. Os painéis foram produzidos e deles retiradas amostras para ensaios. Utilizando normas padrão, as seguintes propriedades foram determinadas: densidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura, tração perpendicular, flexão estática e resistência ao arranque de parafusos. Os resultados mostraram efeito significativo das variáveis analisadas sobre algumas das propriedades físico-mecânicas do MDF. Com a exceção da resistência à tração perpendicular, todas as demais propriedades dos painéis MDF avaliados atenderam aos requisitos normativos especificados para uso na fabricação de móveis. Conclui-se que as misturas das matérias-primas avaliadas possuem grande potencial para a fabricação de MDF para aplicação na indústria moveleira, porém, são recomendadas adequações no processo de produção a fim de melhorar a propriedade de tração perpendicular. medium fiberboard mundo concentramse concentram baseiamse baseiam Eucalyptus plantadas matériaprima matéria prima Schizolobium amazonicum Amazônia matériasprimas matérias primas ensaios padrão determinadas densidade água perpendicular parafusos físicomecânicas físico mecânicas móveis Concluise Conclui moveleira porém

The variety of vegetables available for plant-based beverage production is associated with a lack of specific regulatory aspects and difficult standardization. The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of plant-based beverages (five different sources, three different market brands for each vegetable). The parameters studied were pH, moisture content, acidity, soluble ionic calcium at initial pH and pH 4.3, soluble solids, heat coagulation time (HCT), density, conductivity, surface zeta potential, morphology, polydispersity index, particle size. When comparing the mean values of the results found in the present work with model emulsions and/or plant based beverages produced on a laboratory scale, it can be found that the mean values for pH, moisture, soluble solids, calcium, surface zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index were similar to the reported values in the literature, however, acidity, HCT, density, and conductivity were lower than those reported in the literature. The coconut plant-based beverage exhibited the most significant statistical difference as compared to other plant-based beverages, especially in terms of pH, conductivity, particle size, and polydispersity index. This study is a promising aid to regulatory agencies and industries for standardization of nutritional value, production, stability, storage and chemical attributes of these beverages. plantbased five sources vegetable. vegetable . vegetable) content acidity 43 4 3 4.3 solids HCT , (HCT) density potential morphology size andor or scale literature however value stability 4. (HCT

ABSTRACT This study structures objectives and sustainable-development alternatives for the Amazon Forest, based on the Amazônia 4.0 project. Value-Focused Thinking and Value-Focused Brainstorming were adopted. Amazônia 4.0 presents a new paradigm for the rainforest development, emphasizing the sustainable use of the biodiversity with innovative technologies. The project’s strategic objective is to promote the standing-forest’s value, through four fundamental objectives: adding value to products, creating means for industrialization, developing local economy and empowering communities. Alternatives include local mobile bio-industries, certified products, and educational partnerships. Challenges identified involve reevaluating the traditional credit system, creating new public policies, engaging numerous stakeholders, and addressing the lack of infrastructure. The project is in line with the Living Amazon Vision, proposed by the Science Panel for the Amazon, and takes the form of an operational bioeconomy project (already being tested). This study’s methodology can be applied to other initiatives seeking sustainable development in ecologically valuable regions. sustainabledevelopment Forest 40 4 0 4. ValueFocused Value Focused adopted technologies projects s standingforests standing forest products industrialization communities bioindustries, bioindustries bio industries, industries bio-industries partnerships system policies stakeholders infrastructure Vision already tested. tested . tested) studys regions

ORIENTATION: The conflicting demands of work and family contribute to individual stress levels, particularly for women because of gender stereotypes. The male-dominated and pressured environment of manufacturing and gendered expectations at home exacerbate of stress for women manufacturing managers. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study aimed to explore the gendered expectations of female managers in the manufacturing industry in South Africa and how they cope with resulting stress. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Limited research has been conducted on the gendered expectations of female managers in the South African manufacturing industry, including stress experienced due to work-family conflict (WFC) and coping mechanisms for managing this stress. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative research approach was adopted, with a sample of 14 female managers from South African manufacturing organisations. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. MAIN FINDINGS: Female manufacturing managers' stress is linked to the patriarchal working environment, compounded by the lack of support for the 'double burden' of work and family responsibilities. Generally, female managers resort to unsustainable coping mechanisms rather than permanent solutions PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study revealed structural problems within the manufacturing industry, which, unaddressed, will result in women increasingly pursuing more accommodating industries, depriving manufacturing organisations of much-needed female talent. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study acknowledged the call for cross-national work on WFC and makes a unique contribution by focusing on gendered expectations in the male-dominated sector of manufacturing in South Africa.

RESUMEN Desde experiencias de investigación realizadas desde el año 2018 hasta la actualidad, se problematiza la relación entre sufrimiento ambiental y territorios sustentables. La incertidumbre que conlleva el sufrimiento ambiental, sumado a la falta de evidencia y las dificultades de levantar información científica acerca de la salud del territorio costero e insular, configura un espacio residual propicio para la baja regulación de las industrias y la profundización de sus afectaciones sobre los territorios y sus habitantes. Desde ahí que indagar en las experiencias de sufrimiento ambiental permite aproximarse a las desigualdades socio-ecológicas de la zona marino-costera de la Patagonia chilena y a las estrategias de sus habitantes para proponer y movilizar sus territorios a la sustentabilidad.

RESUMO A partir de experiências de pesquisa realizadas desde o ano de 2008 até o momento, problematiza-se a relação entre sofrimento ambiental e territórios sustentáveis. A incerteza que acompanha o sofrimento ambiental, somada à falta de evidência e às dificuldades de levantar informações científicas sobre a saúde do território costeiro e insular, configura um espaço residual propício para a baixa regulamentação das indústrias e a intensificação de seus impactos sobre os territórios e seus habitantes. Nesse sentido, investigar as experiências de sofrimento ambiental permite aproximar-se das desigualdades socioecológicas da zona marinho-costeira da Patagônia chilena e das estratégias de seus habitantes para propor e mobilizar seus territórios rumo à sustentabilidade.

ABSTRACT From research experiences carried out from 2018 to the present, the relationship between environmental suffering and sustainable territories is problematized. The uncertainty that environmental suffering entails, added to the lack of evidence and the difficulties to gather scientific information on the health of the coastal and insular territory, configures a residual space conducive to the low regulation of industries and the deepening of their effects on the territories and their inhabitants. From there, inquiring into the experiences of environmental suffering allows us to approach the socio-ecological inequalities of the coastal marine zone of Chilean Patagonia and the strategies of its inhabitants to propose and mobilize their territories to sustainability.

RESUMO A estrutura produtiva é determinante para promover o desenvolvimento econômico regional. A abordagem da Complexidade Econômica ajuda a entender o nível de sofisticação industrial, enquanto o conceito de Bases de Conhecimento informa características do conhecimento em uma região. Este trabalho visa a identificar indústrias e conhecimentos necessários para impulsionar o potencial do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (CEIS). A metodologia envolveu o uso de dados de emprego para construir indicadores de complexidade e do grau de relacionamento entre as indústrias. Para as Bases de Conhecimento, foram utilizados dados de ocupações. O recorte geográfico e setorial do estudo compreende a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ) e as indústrias que compõem o CEIS. Como resultado, foram identificados dois gargalos: o primeiro é a ausência da indústria mais complexa do CEIS; o segundo é a carência de ocupações da Base de Conhecimento sintética. Isso significa que o CEIS não opera em seu pleno potencial, o que afeta o desenvolvimento econômico regional. regional industrial região EconômicoIndustrial Econômico Industrial . (CEIS) RMRJ (RMRJ resultado gargalos sintética (CEIS

ABSTRACT The productive structure plays a crucial role to promote regional economic development. The Economic Complexity approach illustrates the level of industrial sophistication, while the concept of Knowledge Bases offers insights into the characteristics of knowledge within a region. This paper aims to identify which industries and types of knowledge are necessary for the Health Economic-Industrial Complex (CEIS) to reach its potential. Complexity indicators have been created based on employment data and the relatedness of industries was assessed using occupational employment data. The geographic and sectoral scope of our study encompasses the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region (RMRJ) and the industries that constitute the CEIS. Results point to two bottlenecks: firstly, the absence of the most complex industry within the CEIS; secondly, the lack of synthetic Knowledge Base-related occupations. This indicates that the CEIS is not operating at its full potential, thereby impacting regional economic development. development sophistication region EconomicIndustrial Industrial (CEIS potential RMRJ (RMRJ bottlenecks firstly secondly Baserelated Base related occupations

ABSTRACT The objective of the research is to describe the profile of the higher education teacher for inclusive education in a private university in Paraguay in 2022. The study has a mixed cross-sectional approach with an exploratory and descriptive scope. Active teachers from the evaluated institution who voluntarily accepted to participate, were included in the study. For the quantitative research, 81 teachers were surveyed and a 19-question questionnaire was used to collect data. For qualitative research, 10 in-depth interviews were conducted with two question guides. The results show that the institution has adequate infrastructure; pedagogical training programs do not include content related to diversity to carry out an effective pedagogical intervention. The lack of a teaching profile is a weakness, and knowledge of the legal framework is limited. Teachers are not trained for inclusive classrooms and they do not conduct courses or workshops on such topics. It is concluded that the profile presented by higher education teachers to carry out an effective pedagogical intervention in inclusive classrooms at the university analyzed is deficient.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación es describir el perfil del docente de la educación superior para la educación inclusiva en una universidad privada de Paraguay en el 2022. El estudio es de enfoque mixto de corte transversal con alcance exploratorio y descriptivo. Se incluyeron en el estudio docentes activos de la institución evaluada que aceptaron participación voluntariamente. Para la investigación cuantitativa se encuestó a 81 docentes y para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario de 19 preguntas. Para investigación cualitativa se realizaron 10 entrevistas en profundidad con dos guías de preguntas. Los resultados evidencian que la institución dispone de infraestructura adecuada; los programas de formación pedagógica no contemplan contenidos referidos a la diversidad para realizar una intervención pedagógica efectiva. La falta de un perfil docente es una debilidad, y el conocimiento del marco legal es limitado. Los docentes no están capacitados para aulas inclusivas y tampoco realizan cursos o talleres sobre dichos temas. Se concluye que el perfil que presentan los docentes de educación superior para realizar una intervención pedagógica efectiva en aulas inclusivas de la universidad analizada es deficiente.

BACKGROUND: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has transformed value chains across various industries. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively utilise 4IR technologies in organisational value chains. Research must explore how organisations can use 4IR technologies to optimise their value chain performance. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study is to explore the holistic impact of 4IR technologies on the structural transformation of value chains. METHOD: Applying the principles of the resource-based view and the VRIO (Valuable, Rare, Inimitable and Organisation) framework, a systematic literature review was conducted to map the intersection of 4IR technologies and value chain performance. It utilised resource-based view theory and the VRIO framework to assess the role of 4IR in transforming value chains. This study focused on the VRIO integration of 4IR resources, such as advanced data analytics, Internet of Things (IoT), proprietary technologies and skilled workforces. RESULTS: The research shows that 4IR resources are valuable and rare assets that require meticulous organisational integration, adaptable organisational structures, innovation-driven cultures and cross-functional collaboration. CONCLUSION: The strategic integration of 4IR resources within value chains can lead to innovation, efficiency and enduring competitive advantage. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides a strategic roadmap for integrating emerging 4IR technologies into business value chains, cultivating a deeper understanding and maximising the benefits of these technologies to achieve sustained value creation and competitive advantage

Abstract Background: Farming of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) is an important part of the poultry industry in developed countries. However, the lack of research and improvement programs has led to poor productive outcomes in developing regions where this duck breed is important to procure adequate food security. Objective: To evaluate the effect of improved management conditions and the use of commercial probiotics on the growth performance of Muscovy ducks in a semi-intensive system farm in Colombia. Methods: We recorded the weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of ducks under three treatments: Backyard management; Improved management; and Improved management plus probiotic supplementation. Results: The backyard farming system led to poor weight gains (male=2,797; female=1,605 g) and less efficient FCR (4.06). Improvement of management conditions led to a better (p<0.05) FCR (3.1) and greater (p<0.05) weight gain (male=2,888, female=1,637 g). The FCR under improved management is comparable to those reported in developed duck farming industries, but the final weight was notably lower than those obtained with selected lines. The use of commercial probiotics led to significant (p<0.05) improvement in weight gain (male=2,930; female=1,692 g); however, it also increased the FCR (3.5; p<0.05). Conclusions: The improvement of management conditions enhance the productivity of Muscovy ducks, but further genetic selection processes or use of selected lines is required in developing countries such as Colombia. Further studies are required to assess if probiotic supplementation can lead to improvement in Muscovy ducks farming due to the contrasting effect over the weight gain and FCR.

Resumen Antecedentes: La cría de patos criollos (Cairina moschata) es una parte importante de la industria avícola en los países desarrollados. Sin embargo, la falta de programas de investigación y mejora ha llevado a resultados productivos en regiones en desarrollo donde esta raza de pato es importante para la seguridad alimentaria. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de mejoras en las condiciones de manejo y el uso de probióticos comerciales sobre el crecimiento de patos criollos en una granja semi-intensiva en Colombia. Métodos: Registramos la ganancia de peso y el índice de conversión alimenticia (FCR) de patos bajo tres tratamientos: Manejo de traspatio; Manejo mejorado; y Manejo mejorado más suplemento de probióticos. Resultados: Observamos que el sistema de crianza de traspatio conduce a ganancias de peso deficientes (machos=2.797; hembras=1.605 g) y un FCR menos eficiente (4,06). La mejora de las condiciones de manejo condujo a una mejor (p<0,05) FCR (3,1) y mayor ganancia (p<0,05) de peso (machos=2.888; hembras=1.637 g). El FCR observado en el manejo mejorado es comparable a los reportados en industrias desarrolladas, pero el peso final fue notablemente más bajo que los obtenidos con líneas seleccionadas. El uso de probióticos comerciales condujo a una mejora significativa (p<0,05) en el aumento de peso (machos=2.930; hembras=1.692 g); sin embargo, también aumentó el FCR (3,5; p<0,05). Conclusiones: La mejora de las condiciones de manejo aumenta la productividad de los patos criollos, pero se requieren realizar selección genética o usar líneas seleccionadas en países en desarrollo como Colombia. Se requieren más estudios para evaluar si la suplementación con probióticos puede conducir a una mejora en la cría de patos criollos debido al efecto contrastante entre la ganancia de peso y el FCR.

Resumo Antecedentes: Criação de pato almiscarado (Cairina moschata) é uma parte importante da indústria avícola nos países desenvolvidos; sem embargo, a falta de programas de investigação e melhorar os resultados produtivos deficientes nas regiões desarrolho donde esta raça de pato é importante para a segurança alimentar. Objetivo: Avaliou o efeito de melhorias nas condições de manejo e o uso de probióticos comerciais no crescimento de patos-almiscarados em uma granja de semi-intensiva colombiana. Métodos: Registramos o ganho de peso e o índice de conversão alimentar (FCR) de patos baixos três tratamentos: Manejo de quintal; Manejo melhorado; e Manejo melhorado com suplemento de probióticos. Resultados: Observamos que o sistema de quintal conduz a ganhos de peso deficientes (machos=2.797; fêmeas=1.605 g) e uma FCR menos eficiente (4,06). A melhor das condições de manejo conduz a um FCR (3,1) maior (p<0,05) e maior (p<0,05) ganho de peso (machos=2.888; fêmeas=1.637 g). O FCR baixo manejo melhorado é comparável aos reportados nas indústrias de criação de patos desenvolvidos, mas o peso final é notavelmente mais baixo que os obtidos com as linhas selecionadas. O uso de probióticos comerciais conduz a uma maior significância (p<0,05) no aumento de peso (machos=2.930; fêmeas=1.692 g); sem embargo, também aumentou o FCR (3,5; p<0,05). Conclusões: A melhor das condições de manejo aumenta a produtividade dos patos-almiscarados, mas requer mais processos de seleção genética ou o uso de linhas selecionadas em países em desenvolvimento como a Colômbia. Se precisar de mais estudos para avaliar se a suplementação com probióticos pode conduzir a uma melhora na criação de patos almiscarados devido ao efeito contrastante do ganho de peso e do FCR.

Resumen Actualmente, existe un desarrollo constante y vertiginoso en la industria de los videojuegos y de las nuevas tecnologías, situación que ha forzado a distintos Estados a presentar normas, y desarrollar al mismo paso. Sin embargo, gran parte de naciones no han tomado las acciones pertinentes al respecto, sin prever la crisis social y jurídica que podrá darse en la materia hacia un futuro. Entendiendo así, como las nuevas tecnologías, en especial la inteligencia artificial, ha permitido que industrias como la de los videojuegos, presenten estrategias de marketing que no se encuentran reguladas en los estados, y, por consiguiente, ello, atenta contra la integridad de los consumidores debido a la falta de normatividad en la materia, no solo en Colombia, también en gran parte del mundo. De manera tal, que tras entender ello, es menester entonces identificar aquellas consecuencias socio jurídicas derivada de la falta de regulación por parte del Estado. Y así, comprender lo idóneo para que los Estados, en materia jurídica respondan a esta posible crisis hacía un futuro de no ser reguladas, las nuevas tecnologías.

Abstract Currently, there is a constant and vertiginous development in the video game industry and the development of new technologies, a situation that has forced different States to present regulations, and develop at the same pace. However, a large number of nations have not taken the pertinent actions in this regard, without foreseeing the social and legal crisis that may occur in the matter in the future. Understanding in this way, how new technologies, especially artificial intelligence, have allowed industries such as video games to present marketing strategies that are not regulated in the states, and, therefore, this threatens the integrity of the consumers due to the lack of regulations on the matter, not only in Colombia, but also in much of the world. In such a way, that after understanding this, it is then necessary to identify those socio-legal consequences derived from the lack of regulation by the State. And thus, understand what is ideal for the States, in legal matters, to respond to this possible crisis in the future if new technologies are not regulated.

Resumo Indústrias alimentícias estão reformulando produtos para reduzir a quantidade total de açúcar. Para reduzir a densidade calórica e manter o dulçor de seus produtos, açúcares são combinados com edulcorantes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as informações sobre a presença, número e tipo, e conteúdo de diferentes edulcorantes exibidos na lista de ingredientes de 10 produtos ultraprocessados, de 3 categorias diferentes. O estudo também avaliou as percepções e entendimento dos consumidores sobre adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos usados em produtos ultraprocessados, através da análise de discussões com 12 grupos focais. Observou-se combinação de açúcares com edulcorantes no mesmo produto e, frequentemente, ausência das quantidades dos edulcorantes nos rótulos nutricionais. Esses produtos voltados a crianças oferecem calorias reduzidas às custas do aumento da variedade e concentração desses edulcorantes. Os participantes mostraram-se confusos sobre os diferentes tipos de adoçantes e edulcorantes e suas possíveis consequências à saúde. Apresentar informações mais claras sobre os ingredientes e nutrição facilitariam a compreensão dos consumidores e os apoiariam em escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Abstract Food industries are reformulating their products to lower total sugar and caloric content. Caloric sugars are often substituted by or combined with non-caloric sweeteners. Our study analyzed information about the presence, number and type, and content of different sweeteners displayed on the ingredient list of 10 key ultra-processed products (UPP), from 3 different categories. It also assessed consumers’ opinions, perceptions and understanding of caloric and non-caloric sugars used in UPPs using data from 12 focus group discussions. Results indicate a large diversity in sweeteners, frequent use of a combination of multiple caloric and non-caloric sweeteners, often in the same product, and a lack of disclosure of the amounts of non-caloric sweeteners on the nutrition labels. Qualitative analysis reflected the inconsistency of information on nutrition labels and the challenges in compliance with regulations. Participants were unsure about the different types of sweeteners, examples of artificial sweeteners and their potential health consequences. Presenting clearer additive and nutrition information would facilitate consumer comprehension and support healthy food choices.

Resumo Indústrias alimentícias estão reformulando produtos para reduzir a quantidade total de açúcar. Para reduzir a densidade calórica e manter o dulçor de seus produtos, açúcares são combinados com edulcorantes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as informações sobre a presença, número e tipo, e conteúdo de diferentes edulcorantes exibidos na lista de ingredientes de 10 produtos ultraprocessados, de 3 categorias diferentes. O estudo também avaliou as percepções e entendimento dos consumidores sobre adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos usados em produtos ultraprocessados, através da análise de discussões com 12 grupos focais. Observou-se combinação de açúcares com edulcorantes no mesmo produto e, frequentemente, ausência das quantidades dos edulcorantes nos rótulos nutricionais. Esses produtos voltados a crianças oferecem calorias reduzidas às custas do aumento da variedade e concentração desses edulcorantes. Os participantes mostraram-se confusos sobre os diferentes tipos de adoçantes e edulcorantes e suas possíveis consequências à saúde. Apresentar informações mais claras sobre os ingredientes e nutrição facilitariam a compreensão dos consumidores e os apoiariam em escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Abstract Food industries are reformulating their products to lower total sugar and caloric content. Caloric sugars are often substituted by or combined with non-caloric sweeteners. Our study analyzed information about the presence, number and type, and content of different sweeteners displayed on the ingredient list of 10 key ultra-processed products (UPP), from 3 different categories. It also assessed consumers’ opinions, perceptions and understanding of caloric and non-caloric sugars used in UPPs using data from 12 focus group discussions. Results indicate a large diversity in sweeteners, frequent use of a combination of multiple caloric and non-caloric sweeteners, often in the same product, and a lack of disclosure of the amounts of non-caloric sweeteners on the nutrition labels. Qualitative analysis reflected the inconsistency of information on nutrition labels and the challenges in compliance with regulations. Participants were unsure about the different types of sweeteners, examples of artificial sweeteners and their potential health consequences. Presenting clearer additive and nutrition information would facilitate consumer comprehension and support healthy food choices.