ABSTRACT Duponchelia fovealis is an important pest in strawberry crops. In search of an alternative biological control method, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of a diet composed of Ephestia kuehniella or D. fovealis eggs offered to Chrysoperla externa larvae on their subsequent development and survival under controlled conditions. Biological and reproductive parameters of C. externa were assessed. Additionally, the daily predation of D. fovealis eggs by C. externa was analyzed. Finally, a fertility life table was constructed. The egg-to-pupa development time differed significantly between diets. The weights of firstand second-generation male C. externa pupae were significantly higher when fed on D. fovealis eggs. Males tended to live longer on a diet based on D. fovealis eggs, but females presented no significant differences between diets. The oviposition period tended to be longer for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The time between generations and the net reproductive rate were greater for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The results showed that D. fovealis eggs are a suitable diet for the development of C. externa. This information is important for developing protocols for the use of C. externa as a biocontrol agent against this pest. crops method D conditions C assessed Additionally analyzed Finally constructed eggtopupa egg pupa diets secondgeneration second generation

RESUMO Duponchelia fovealis é uma praga severa no cultivo do morangueiro. Na busca de uma alternativa de agente de controle biológico, avaliamos o impacto de uma dieta composta por ovos de Ephestia kuehniella ou D. fovealis oferecidas às larvas de Chrysoperla externa em seu subsequente desenvolvimento e sobrevivência, sob condições controladas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos e reprodutivos de C. externa e a predação diária de ovos de D. fovealis por C. externa. Por fim, foi construída a tabela de vida de fertilidade. A duração do período do ovo à pupa diferiu significativamente entre as dietas. O peso das pupas de C. externa foi significativamente maior quando alimentadas com ovos de D. fovealis para machos de primeira e segunda geração. Os machos tenderam a viver mais tempo com uma dieta baseada em ovos de D. fovealis, mas não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as dietas para as fêmeas. O período de oviposição tendeu a ser mais longo em C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis. A predação média diária da primeira geração de C. externa foi afetada pela dieta. O tempo entre cada geração e a taxa líquida de reprodução foram maiores para C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis do que quando alimentada com ovos de E. kuehniella. Nossos resultados comprovaram que os ovos de D. fovealis são uma dieta adequada para o desenvolvimento de C. externa. Esta informação é valiosa no desenvolvimento de protocolos para o uso de C. externa como agente de controle desta praga. morangueiro biológico D sobrevivência controladas C fim fertilidade fêmeas E

Abstract Climaciella Enderlein is a genus of the family Mantispidae (Neuroptera) restricted to the New World with records ranging from southern Canada to northern Argentina. The genus is currently represented by 12 valid species, three of them with records from Brazil: C. amapaensis Penny, C. duckei Navás, and C. semihyalina (Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville). Besides the relatively low number of species from Brazil, it is known that Climaciella species present some historical taxonomic problems. In this sense, the main goal of this study was to taxonomically revise the Climaciella species from Brazil, providing detailed (re)descriptions and illustrations of all species, an updated distribution map, and an identification key to the whole genus. The study resulted in some new taxonomic acts: C. tincta (Navás) is revalidated and C. duckei is considered a new synonym of C. tincta; two new species are described: Climaciella hoffmani sp. nov. and Climaciella pennyi sp. nov. Neuroptera (Neuroptera Argentina 1 Brazil C Penny Navás Le AudinetServille. AudinetServille Audinet Serville . Audinet-Serville) problems sense redescriptions re descriptions map acts (Navás described sp nov Audinet-Serville

Resumen Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) es un depredador utilizado en el control biológico de plagas, por lo que establecer métodos de reproducción en laboratorio es fundamental para el uso de estos organismos en campo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener los parámetros biológicos y poblacionales de esta especie en condiciones de laboratorio. El experimento se realizó en el laboratorio de Control Biológico del Colegio de Posgraduados, Campus Puebla en el año 2021; con una población colectada en la zona productora de hortalizas en Los Reyes de Juárez, Puebla. Siguiendo un protocolo de cría estandarizado y después de que la población fue adaptada a las condiciones de laboratorio, se realizaron bioensayos para obtener los parámetros poblacionales, individualizando 50 huevos en cajas petri observando el desarrollo hasta la etapa adulta. Se formaron tres parejas de adultos y se les dio seguimiento hasta la muerte. El periodo de preoviposición fue de 4.6 días, y longevidad media de 53 días, en promedio una hembra puso en total 1 289 huevos, 25.56 huevos por día, y eclosión de 88.35%. El desarrollo promedio de huevo a adulto fue de 24.19 días con supervivencia acumulada de 32% y una ratio sexual de 0.6, el valor de rm fue 0.18014. El conocimiento generado en este trabajo ha sido de gran utilidad para programar la cría de este insecto, obtener la producción de huevos en fechas determinadas y para las personas que quisieran dedicarse a la cría de este depredador.

Abstract Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a predator used in biological pest control, so establishing laboratory breeding methods is essential for the use of these organisms in the field. The objective of this work was to obtain the biological and population parameters of this species under laboratory conditions. The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Biological Control of the College of Postgraduates, Puebla Campus in 2021; with a population collected in the vegetable-growing area in Los Reyes de Juárez, Puebla. Following a standardized breeding protocol and after the population was adapted to the laboratory conditions, bioassays were performed to obtain the population parameters, individualizing 50 eggs in Petri dishes, and observing the development until the adult stage. Three couples of adults were formed and followed until death. The preoviposition period was 4.6 days, average longevity of 53 days, on average a female laid a total of 1 289 eggs, 25.56 eggs per day, and a hatching of 88.35%. The average development from egg to adult was 24.19 days with cumulative survival of 32% and a sex ratio of 0.6, the rm value was 0.18014. The knowledge generated in this work has been very useful to program the breeding of this insect, obtain egg production on certain dates, and for people who would like to engage in the breeding of this predator.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the residual action of the insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox, spinetoram, indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide on the predator Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The bioassays followed the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). The insecticides were sprayed on grapevine plants cv. Burgundy, using the maximum recommended field dosage for fruit trees. Larvae and adults of the predator were exposed to leaves containing the insecticide residues, at 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after spraying, to determine the residual effect on the following biological parameters: mortality, fecundity and fertility. Based on the toxicity observed during the bioassays, the insecticides were classified according to the IOBC persistence scale. Spinetoram was classified as moderately persistent to larvae and slightly persistent to adults, indoxacarb also he was consideredpersistent for larvae and as a short-lived for the adult stage of the lacewing, thus showing the difference in susceptibility between the stages of development of C. externa. The insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox and methoxyfenozide are the most suitable for ecologically safe application, in areas where the predator occurs because they are classified as short-lived insecticides for the larval and adult stages of C. externa. spinetoram Hagen 186 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae. Chrysopidae . Chrysopidae) IOBC. (IOBC) cv Burgundy trees residues 3 10 17 2 spraying parameters mortality fertility scale shortlived short lived lacewing C application 18 (IOBC 1

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a ação residual dos inseticidas acetamipride + etofenproxi, espinetoram, indoxacarbe e metoxifenozida sobre o predador Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Os bioensaios seguiram as metodologias propostas pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Os inseticidas foram pulverizados em plantas de videira cv. Borgonha, usando a dosagem máxima de campo recomendada para frutíferas. Larvas e adultos do predador foram expostos às folhas contendo os resíduos do inseticida, aos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias após a pulverização, para determinar o efeito residual sobre os seguintes parâmetros biológicos: mortalidade, fecundidade e fertilidade. Com base na toxicidade observada durante os bioensaios, os inseticidas foram classificados de acordo com a classificação de persistência da IOBC. Espinetoram foi classificado como moderadamente persistente para larvas e levemente persistente para adultos, indoxacarbe também foi considerado moderadamente persistente para larvas e, como de vida curta para a fase adulta do crisopídeo, mostrando assim a diferença de suscetibilidade entre os estágios de desenvolvimento de C. externa. Os inseticidas acetamiprido + etofenproxi e metoxifenozida são os mais indicados para aplicação ecologicamente segura, em áreas onde o predador ocorre naturalmente, pois são classificados como inseticidas de vida curta (classe 1) para os estágios larval e adulto de C. externa. espinetoram Hagen 186 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae. Chrysopidae . Chrysopidae) IOBC (IOBC) cv Borgonha frutíferas inseticida 3 10 17 2 pulverização biológicos mortalidade fertilidade crisopídeo C segura naturalmente classe 1 18 (IOBC

ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that the survival and reproduction of lacewings varies depending on the type of prey they consumed, especially during the first instar. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a diet consisting of Ephestia kuehniella (EK) and/or Planococcus-citri (PC) eggs offered to first instar Chrysoperla externa on subsequent development and survival. Larvae supplied only with P. citri (PC) nymphs had extended immature development, low survival, adults with lower weight and longevity, low fecundity and egg viability, and lower net reproduction rate (R0). Larvae submitted to the treatment EK+PC responded positively to the diet, showing results similar to those obtained in the control-EK treatment. Therefore, this mealybug supports suitable development and reproduction of C. externa when it is provided to second instar larvae after they fed on E. kuehniella eggs as first instars. As far as we know, this is the first report that demonstrates the effect of natural prey and alternatives on different larval stages of lacewings. This information is valuable in developing protocols for use of C. externaas a pest control agent. consumed study EK (EK andor or Planococcuscitri Planococcus PC (PC P longevity viability R0. R0 R . (R0) EKPC controlEK Therefore C E instars know agent (R0 (R

Abstract Brown lacewings have a cosmopolitan distribution and stand out for their entomophagous habits on small, soft-bodied prey. In Mexico, the species Sympherobius barberi (Banks, 1903) is recorded from Baja California, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and Morelos. Interest in its potential commercial use as a biological control agent in the country motivated the review of this species. Both in scientific publications and in databases and biological collections, the taxonomic characters required to determine this species are documented, proposing to replace the basic taxonomy based on wing spot patterns. In addition, new information on prey and host plants is recorded: Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) in Brassica spp.; Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell, 1893) in various species of Opuntia y Nopalea cochenillifera; Dactylopius opuntiae in Opuntia ficus-indica; Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 in cotton; Planococcus ficus Signoret, 1875 in grapevine; and larvae of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) in broccoli.

Resumen Los hemeróbidos tienen una distribución cosmopolita y destacan por sus hábitos entomófagos sobre insectos pequeños de cuerpo blando. En México, la especie Sympherobius barberi (Banks, 1903) se registra en Baja California, Estado de México Guanajuato, y Morelos. El interés sobre su potencial uso comercial como agente de control biológico en el país motivó la revisión de esta especie. Tanto en publicaciones científicas como en bases de datos y colecciones biológicas, se documentan los caracteres taxonómicos requeridos para determinar esta especie y se propone sustituir la taxonomía básica basada en patrones de manchas alares. Además, se reporta nueva información sobre presas y plantas hospederas: Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) en Brassica spp.; Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell, 1893) en varias especies del género Opuntia y Nopalea cochenillifera; Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell, 1896) sobre Opuntia ficus-indica; Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 en algodón; Planococcus ficus Signoret, 1875 en vid; y larvas de Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) en brócoli.

ABSTRACT Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest persistent that attacks the Mexican lemon fruit. Given this, the effect of biorational insecticides on thrips pest management and the impact on natural enemies for the cultivation of Mexican lemon in Michoacán, Mexico, was evaluated, in a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and ten repetitions; the experimental unit was a tree. The variance data homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05) were applied. In the data collection, a previous sampling was done as the starting point of the study and comparison. After treatments, samples were taken at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days later. The study variables were: 1) the number of Frankliniella occidentalis thrips; 2) The number of Olla v-nigrum lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) The number of lacewings Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) The number of phytoseiids [predatory mites] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Garlic extract + chamomile and rue extract reduced the thrips population by 58.47; 9.30; 71.43; 40.20; 50.17; 90.37 and 99.67 % at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days after application, respectively. Tolfenpyrad reached its greatest effect by reducing the coccinellid population by 100 % at 3, 6, 12, 26, and 41 days after application. Garlic oil proved to be a good option for thrips control by reducing its population by an average of 60 % and increasing phytoseiid mites by 800 %.

RESUMEN Frankinella occidentalis es una plaga muy persistente que ataca al limón mexicano. Ante ello, se evaluó el efecto de insecticidas biorracionales para el manejo de trips plaga y el impacto sobre los enemigos naturales para el cultivo de limón mexicano en Michoacán, México, en un diseño completamente al azar, con doce tratamientos y diez repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un árbol. Se aplicó la prueba de homogeneidad de datos de las varianzas, ANOVA y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). En la recolección de datos, se hizo un muestreo previo como punto de inicio del estudio y comparación. Posterior a los tratamientos, se realizaron muestreos a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después. Las variables de estudio fueron: 1) Número de trips Frankinella occidentalis; 2) Número de catarinas Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) Número de crisopas Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) Número de fitoseidos [ácaros depredadores] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). El Extracto de ajo + extracto de manzanilla y ruda redujo la población de trips en un 58,47; 9,30; 71,43; 40,20; 50,17; 90,37 y 99,67 % a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después de la aplicación respectivamente. El Tolfenpyrad alcanzó su mayor efecto de al disminuir en un 100 % la población de coccinélidos a los 3, 6, 12, 26 y 41 días después de la aplicación. El Aceite de ajo mostró ser una buena opción para el control de trips al disminuir la su población en un promedio de 60 %, e incrementó en un 800 % los ácaros fitoseidos.

Resumo As pragas sugadoras são uma grande ameaça para a cultura do algodão, causando perdas insuportáveis no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo do estudo atual foi registrar a dinâmica sazonal das principais pragas de insetos sugadores, incluindo mosca-branca, jassid, tripes e seus artrópodes predadores naturais, ou seja, crisopídeos e aranhas verdes em parcelas de algodão. Os efeitos das plantações circundantes na densidade de pragas e na eficiência predatória de predadores também foram registrados. Para amostragem e pesquisa de insetos, a contagem visual foi considerada o método mais eficiente para registrar a abundância de insetos, seguido por varredura e batida de rede. A mosca-branca foi a praga sugadora mais dominante encontrada na fase vegetativa do algodoeiro, seguida pelo jassid e tripes. Populações flutuantes de artrópodes predadores, aranhas e crisálidas também foram registradas durante toda a safra, no entanto as densidades de pragas e predadores variaram com a fenologia da cultura. A população de aranhas foi encorajadora tanto na fase vegetativa como na floração e também a mesma tendência de jassid e mosca-branca foi observada em ambas as fases da cultura. Os habitats circundantes mostraram efeito não significativo nas densidades populacionais de insetos-praga e predadores. Para os fatores abióticos, as aranhas apresentaram forte correlação positiva com umidade e temperatura. No entanto, lacewing verde foi apenas positivamente correlacionado com a umidade. Por outro lado, as populações de mosca-branca, jassid e tripes apresentaram correlação não significativa com temperatura e umidade. As densidades gerais de pragas sugadoras de insetos foram encontradas acima do nível do limiar econômico. A idade da planta, o estágio da cultura e os habitats circundantes afetam a flutuação populacional de pragas, bem como a abundância de predadores. Os estudos futuros também são necessários para investigar os habitats alterados e cultivo com armadilhas múltiplas para descobrir seu impacto sobre predadores de insetos e parasitoides desacompanhados na cultura do algodão.

Abstract Sucking pests are major threat to cotton field crop which cause unbearable losses to the crop yield. Aim of the current study was to record seasonal dynamics of major sucking insect pests including whitefly, jassid, thrips and their natural arthropod predators i.e. green lacewings and spiders in cotton field plots. The effects of surrounding field crops on pests’ density and predatory efficiency of predators were also recorded. For sampling and survey of insects, the visual counting was found to be the most efficient method for recording the abundance of insects, trailed by net sweeping and tapping. Whitefly was the most dominant sucking pest found on the vegetative stage of cotton, followed by jassid and thrips. Fluctuated populations of predatory arthropods, spiders and green lacewings were also recorded during whole cropping season however, the densities of pests and predators varied with crop phenology. Spiders’ population was encouraging at both vegetative and flowering stage and also the same trend of jassid and whitefly were observed at both stages of the crop. Surrounding habitats showed non-significant effect on population densities of insect pests and predators. For abiotic factors, the spiders showed strong positive correlation with humidity and temperature. However, green lacewing was only positively correlated with humidity. On the other hand, the populations of whitefly, jassid and thrips showed non-significant correlation with both temperature and humidity. Overall densities of sucking insect pests were found above economic threshold level. The plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats effect on the population fluctuation of pests as well as the predators’ abundance. The future studies are also warranted to investigate the altered habitats and multiple trap cropping to find out their impact on unattended insect predators and parasitoids in cotton crop.

ABSTRACT The species Lainius constellatus Navás is recorded for the first time from Mexico; thus this report represents the northernmost record of the genus and species for the Americas. In addition, it provides data on the variation in color marks and a description of the hypandrium internum. A brief summary of the distribution of the species belonging to the subfamily Apochrysinae is provided, with emphasis on the three American genera, which share distribution mostly in the Pacific domain of the Brazilian subregion, ranging from the Mexican transition zone to possibly the Chacoan subregion. Mexico Americas addition internum provided genera subregion

ABSTRACT The tribe Ululodini is one of the most remarkable taxa of Neotropical Neuroptera, mainly due to its great flight ability, eyes divided into two lobes, and production of abortive eggs that act as a chemical barrier against predators. Nonetheless, Ululodini remains little studied. One genus of this tribe, Ascalorphne Banks 1915, currently comprises four valid species: A. macrocerca (Burmeister, 1839), A. impavida (Walker, 1853), A. umbrina (Gerstaecker, 1884), and A. leisewitzi (Navás, 1911). This study reviews the taxonomy of Ascalorphne, redescribing the external morphology and, for the first time, the male and female genitalia. Furthermore, A. leisewitzi is proposed as a new synonym of A. umbrina, an identification key is presented, and the geographic distribution of the genus is updated based on collected specimens and data available in the citizen science project iNaturalist. Also, the body and genital morphology of Ululodini were comparatively studied and analyzed in a phylogenetic context with all other Ascalaphinae tribes that occur in the Neotropics, allowing a better understanding of the evolution and biology of these insects. As a result, new synapomorphies for Ululodini are presented, Albardia furcata Oswald, 1903 is recovered as the sister taxon to the rest of the tribe, Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922 was recovered as paraphyletic, and Ascalorphne was recovered as monophyletic in all analyses. Neuroptera ability lobes predators Nonetheless 1915 species A Burmeister, Burmeister (Burmeister 1839, 1839 , 1839) Walker, Walker (Walker 1853, 1853 1853) Gerstaecker, Gerstaecker (Gerstaecker 1884, 1884 1884) Navás, Navás (Navás 1911. 1911 . 1911) time genitalia Furthermore presented iNaturalist Also Neotropics insects result Oswald 190 EsbenPetersen, EsbenPetersen Esben Petersen, Petersen Esben-Petersen 192 paraphyletic analyses 191 183 185 188 19 18 1

ABSTRACT Italy was likely the first country in the world to have a complete list of all the species of animals known for its territory, thanks to the project ‘Checklist delle Specie della Fauna d'Italia’. The project on the ‘Updated Checklist of the Italian Fauna’ started in 2020 and the process is now complete for the data on the superorder Neuropterida. In the period between the first and the most recent version of the checklist, the evolution of knowledge relating to the Italian territory was constantly updated every semester into the online repertoire edited by the author. Moreover an online English version within the “World Neuropterida Faunas” project was created and subsequently updated. This report discusses the thirty-year development of the overall and local knowledge of this group of insects in Italy, analyzing the strengths and shortcomings, together with the repercussions of the studies finalized for the protection and conservation of a territory within the Mediterranean area, a hotspot of world organic biodiversity.

ABSTRACT Rose crops are attacked by many pests, including mealybugs. Although Planoccocus citri is not registered as a main pest of roses in Brazil, it is an increasing problem on roses inside greenhouses. Chrysoperla externa and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are options against P. citri and other pests on roses, however using two predators in biological control programs may face problems like intraguild predation. This work aimed to assess the consumption of 1st instar nymphs and adult females of P. citri by adults of C. montrouzieri and 3rd instar larvae of C. externa, as well as the interaction between these predators when confined together. The following treatments were performed with ten replications in a completely randomized design: 1 - C. externa + 200 nymphs of P. citri; 2 - C. externa + 10 adults of P. citri; 3 - C. montrouzieri + 500 nymphs of P. citri; 4 - C. montrouzieri + 15 adults of P. citri. Each replication was set on rose leaflets inside a Petri dish (9cm Ø). Intraguild interaction was assessed by releasing both predators inside dishes containing 700 nymphs of P. citri. Before the releases, predators stayed 24 hours without food. We evaluated the prey consumption and intraguild predation for three hours. C. externa consumed significantly less (85,4±2,99) nymphs than did C. montrouzieri (387,0±3,02). There was no difference in adult mealybugs consumed, with an average of 1,85±0,19. No intraguild predation was observed, and an increase of 11,8% in consumption was observed when predators were released together compared to the scenario of no competition. Brazil greenhouses P st C rd design 20 50 9cm cm Ø. Ø . Ø) 70 releases food 85,4±2,99 854299 85 99 (85,4±2,99 387,0±3,02. 3870302 387,0±3,02 387 0 02 (387,0±3,02) 185019 19 1,85±0,19 118 11 8 11,8 competition 5 7 85,4±2,9 85429 9 (85,4±2,9 387030 387,0±3,0 38 (387,0±3,02 18501 1,85±0,1 11, 85,4±2, 8542 (85,4±2, 38703 387,0±3, (387,0±3,0 1850 1,85±0, 85,4±2 854 (85,4±2 3870 387,0±3 (387,0±3, 185 1,85±0 85,4± (85,4± 387,0± (387,0±3 18 1,85± 85,4 (85,4 387,0 (387,0± 1,85 85, (85, 387, (387,0 1,8 (85 (387, 1, (8 (387 ( (38 (3

ABSTRACT This survey presents an overall view of the order Neuroptera from Brazil. A total of 432 valid extant species of Neuroptera divided into ten families, are recorded from the country. Among the Brazilian fauna, 211 species are endemic (48.8%), with the majority belonging to two families: Chrysopidae with 182 species in 19 genera, and Myrmeleontidae with 88 species in 25 genera. The first species discovered from Brazil was Climaciella semihyalina (Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville), in 1825, by European authors. In fact, European authors entirely dominated the description of Brazilian Neuroptera during the 19th century. Father Longinos Navás from Spain authored the highest number of species described from Brazil, 98, followed by US-American Norman Penny, with 83 species. Sérgio de Freitas, a Brazilian researcher, ranks third, with a total of 50 species described. It was not until the 21st century that the study of neuropterans from Brazil was primarily led by Brazilian-born authors. Primary type specimens of species described from Brazil are predominantly deposited in non-Brazilian institutions (65.7%). The order Neuroptera is distributed across all Brazilian states, except for Alagoas. The two states with the highest neuropteran biodiversity are Amazonas and São Paulo, with 132 and 124 species, respectively. Among the Brazilian biomes, the Mata Atlântica is the most diverse region with 227 known species, followed by the Amazônia with 192 species. Data on immature stages of Neuroptera are scarce and known for only 47 species recorded from Brazil (10.9%). 43 families country fauna 21 48.8%, 488 48.8% , 48 8 (48.8%) 18 1 genera 2 Le AudinetServille, AudinetServille Audinet Serville Audinet-Serville) 1825 fact th 98 USAmerican US American Penny Freitas researcher third 5 st Brazilianborn born nonBrazilian non 65.7%. 657 65.7% . 65 7 (65.7%) Alagoas Paulo 13 12 respectively biomes 22 4 10.9%. 109 10.9% 10 9 (10.9%) 48.8 (48.8% Audinet-Serville 65.7 6 (65.7% 10.9 (10.9% 48. (48.8 65. (65.7 10. (10.9 (48. (65. (10. (48 (65 (10 (4 (6 (1 (

ABSTRACT A survey of the brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) was carried out with five Malaise traps/area in five areas in Atlantic rainforest of São Paulo State, Brazil, between October 2009 and December 2011. 237 specimens of Hemerobiidae were obtained belonging to 14 species and five genera: Nusalala tessellata (Gerstaecker, 1888) (31.6% of the total collected), Hemerobius hernandezi Monserrat, 1996 (26.0%), Nusalala dispar (Banks, 1910) (17.7%), H. cubanus Banks, 1930, H. edui Monserrat, 1991, H. nigridorsus Monserrat, 1996 and H. withycombei (Kimmins, 1928) (1.7% each), H gaitoi Monserrat, 1996, Megalomus ricoi Monserrat, 1997 and Notiobiella cixiiformis (Gerstaecker, 1888) (1.3% each), Sympherobius ariasi Penny & Monserrat, 1985 (0.9%) and, M. impudicus (Gerstaecker, 1888), M. rafaeli Penny & Monserrat, 1985 and S. mirandus (Navás, 1920) (0.4% each). Eighteen specimens of Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 and nine of Megalomus Rambur, 1842, totaling 11.4% of the collected Hemerobiidae, could not be identified at the species level. The hemerobiids were more frequent in the Parque Estadual Intervales (55.3% of the total collected) and in the Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo (23.2%), inland collection sites in the state of São Paulo, with higher abundances recorded in spring (43.9% of the total collected) and in winter (37.1%). This study extends the geographic distribution range of five species of Hemerobiidae to Brazil and three to the state of São Paulo. Neuroptera, Neuroptera (Neuroptera trapsarea traps area State 200 2011 23 1 genera Gerstaecker, Gerstaecker (Gerstaecker 1888 31.6% 316 31 6 (31.6 collected, , Monserrat 199 26.0%, 260 26.0% 26 0 (26.0%) Banks (Banks 1910 17.7%, 177 17.7% 17 7 (17.7%) 1930 1991 Kimmins, Kimmins (Kimmins 1928 1.7% (1.7 each, each each) 1.3% 13 3 (1.3 198 0.9% 09 9 (0.9% M 1888, S Navás, Navás (Navás 1920 0.4% 04 4 (0.4 each. . Linnaeus 175 Rambur 1842 114 11 11.4 level 55.3% 553 55 (55.3 23.2%, 232 23.2% 2 (23.2%) 43.9% 439 43 (43.9 37.1%. 371 37.1% 37 (37.1%) 20 201 188 31.6 (31. 19 26.0 (26.0% 191 17.7 (17.7% 193 192 1.7 (1. 1.3 0.9 (0.9 0.4 (0. 184 11. 55.3 5 (55. 23.2 (23.2% 43.9 (43. 37.1 (37.1% 18 31. (31 26. (26.0 17. (17.7 1. (1 0. (0 55. (55 23. (23.2 43. (43 37. (37.1 (3 (26. (17. ( (5 (23. (4 (37. (26 (17 (23 (37 (2

ABSTRACT Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are important predators in agroecosystems. Frequently there are studies which treat these beneficial insects at family level as a whole. This approach, despite its practical advantages, may, however, include many species with markedly different life history traits. As green lacewings are also rather diverse in their chemical ecology, treating several different species within one unit may lead to confusion and confounding effects of natural phenomena in research. Besides interspecific differences, sex-specificity is another important factor to consider in respect of insect chemical ecology. This is especially important for green lacewings, in particular the attraction of females, since oviposition is crucial in their application as biological control agents. The aim of our paper is to provide a brief insight into the diversity of the chemical ecology of green lacewings with a special emphasis on the species- and sex-specific differences in their responses to semiochemicals.