Abstract: The use of e-commerce to enhance consumer relationships is becoming increasingly important in the information society. The constant development of technologies allows existing platforms to benefit from their characteristics; however, these advancements also bring various legal issues that must be addressed to protect users' interests and rights. Blockchain technology is revolutionizing B2C electronic relations due to its transnational nature, decentralization, guarantee of trust, immutability, and one of its most distinctive functionalities: smart contracts. These agreements are characterized by their automation and self-execution, features that can conflict with existing consumer and user legislation. Additionally, the opportunities provided by Blockchain, such as allowing users to act anonymously, may contradict regulations concerning the determination of international judicial jurisdiction and the applicable law for B2C consumer legal relationships. This work aims to analyze the applicability of smart contracts in e-commerce, particularly for B2C companies, and to study the potential issues they pose for current regulations, in order to determine whether these regulations need to be adapted for these technologies

Resumen: El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianza, inmutabilidad y a una de sus funcionalidades más características: los smart contracts. Este tipo de acuerdos se distinguen por su automatización y autoejecución, caracteres que a priori pueden poner en riesgo la legislación existente sobre consumidores y usuarios. Asimismo, las oportunidades que brinda blockchain de cara a que los usuarios puedan actuar de forma irreconocible puede poner en jaque la normativa encargada de determinar la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable a las relaciones jurídicas de consumo B2C. Este trabajo analiza la aplicabilidad de los smart contracts en el ámbito del comercio electrónico, en especial en el de empresas con consumidores (B2C) y estudiar los posibles inconvenientes que generan sobre la normativa existente a fin de analizar si es necesario adaptar la legislación a estas tecnologías

Resumo: A utilização do comércio eletrônico para efetivar relações de consumo assume cada vez mais um papel central na sociedade da informação. O constante desenvolvimento das tecnologias faz com que as plataformas existentes possam beneficiar-se das suas características, no entanto, também trazem consigo diversas questões jurídicas que devem ser mitigadas de forma a proteger os interesses e direitos dos usuários. A tecnologia blockchain é uma das tecnologias que veio revolucionar o campo das relações eletrônicas B2C graças ao seu carácter transnacional, descentralização, garantia de confiança, imutabilidade e uma das suas funcionalidades mais características, os smart contracts. Estes tipos de acordos distinguem-se pela sua automatização e auto-execução, características que, a priori, podem colocar em risco a legislação existente sobre consumidores e usuários. Da mesma forma, as oportunidades que o Blockchain oferece para que os usuários possam agir de forma irreconhecível podem colocar em xeque os regulamentos encarregados de determinar a competência judicial internacional e a lei aplicável às relações jurídicas de consumo B2C. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade dos smart contracts no campo do comércio eletrônico, especialmente o de empresas com consumidores (B2C) e estudar os possíveis inconvenientes que eles geram sobre a regulamentação existente, a fim de analisar se é necessário adaptar a legislação a estas tecnologias

Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

Abstract The arrival of the ESCER in the Inter-American jurisdiction has raised a great debate due to the different positions in relation to the direct judiciability and autonomy of Article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights. In this framework, the year 2022 witnessed the most radical change in the entire history of the Court, raising the question of the continuity of the jurisprudential line around ESCER. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to analyze its development from its beginnings to the present and to evaluate the impact of the new composition of the Court.

Resumen El desembarco de los DESCA en la jurisdicción interamericana, generó un gran debate a raíz de las diversas posiciones en relación con la judiciabilidad directa y autonomía del art. 26 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. En este marco, el año 2022 atestiguó el cambio más radical en toda la historia del Tribunal, planteado el interrogante sobre la continuidad de la línea jurisprudencial en torno a los DESCA. El objetivo del presente artículo es, por tanto, analizar cómo ha su desarrollo desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad y evaluar el impacto que ha tenido la nueva composición de la Corte.

Abstract This article aims to highlight the diverse religious and ecclesiastical realities that the archbishop of Mexico, Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, discovered during his pastoral visit to 34 curates located between the Sierra Gorda and the city of Querétaro from November 1685 until April 1686. Based on the analysis of the material status of each church and the quantification of the faithful, ecclesiastics and confraternities that the prelate visited, the article argues that the city of Queretaro was the frontier of the diocesan Church, oblivious to the dangers of the “chichimeca savages” that ravaged such missions as Xiliapa, Jalpan and Concá. To demonstrate this, I analyzed the book of pastoral visits to Queretaro, which was recently located in the National General Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) in Mexico. The article also explains the devices through which the Archbishop expanded his jurisdiction and fostered the process of evangelization in this area.

Resumen Este artículo pretende poner en relieve las diversas realidades religiosas y eclesiásticas que a su paso descubrió el arzobispo de México, Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, durante la visita pastoral que realizó por 34 curatos ubicados entre la Sierra Gorda y la ciudad de Querétaro de noviembre de 1685 a abril de 1686. A partir del análisis del estado de la fábrica material de cada iglesia y de la cuantificación de fieles, eclesiásticos y cofradías que el prelado visitó, sostenemos que la ciudad de Querétaro fue la frontera de la Iglesia diocesana, ajena a los peligros de los “salvajes chichimecas” que asolaban las misiones como Xiliapa, Jalpan y Concá. Para demostrar lo anterior se analizó el libro de visita a Querétaro, que recién fue localizado en el Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) en México. En este artículo explicamos también cuáles fueron los dispositivos que el arzobispo articuló para lograr el avance de la jurisdicción episcopal y de la evangelización en esta zona.

Abstract Criminal execution is a state activity based on the principles of certain, strict and exhaustive legality and jurisdictionality, which is why the rights and duties of prisoners must always comply with legal provisions. Despite this, the Brazilian Regional Federal Court of the 4th Region (TRF-4) has been imposed on the monitored person the burden of bearing the expenses arising from electronic monitoring, a burden that is not supported by Brazilian legislation that deals with the subject. For this reason, it is necessary to question, as a research problem: are these TRF-4 decisions legally correct? In view of this, this article aims to critically analyze the decisions of the TRF-4 in this sense and the main arguments used, in order to verify whether they are legally correct or mistaken, due to the lack of a explicit legal provision in this regard, which, in fact, came to be recognized on several occasions by the Brazilian Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ). The choice of TRF-4 is justified by the significant number of Court decisions in this regard, as well as by the fact that the other Federal Regional Courts do not have sentences with this content and intention. The theoretical framework uses productions related to criminal execution and its principles of legality and jurisdiction. The research concludes that the aforementioned decisional action of the TRF-4 is out of step with the principles of legality and jurisdictionality in criminal execution. certain provisions th TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 monitoring subject reason question problem TRF- used mistaken regard STJ. STJ . (STJ) intention jurisdiction (TRF- (STJ (TRF

Resumo A execução penal é atividade estatal pautada nos princípios da legalidade certa, estrita e taxativa e da jurisdicionalidade, razão pela qual os direitos e deveres dos presos devem sempre observar as determinações legais. Apesar disso, o Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF-4) vem impondo à pessoa monitorada o ônus de arcar com as despesas decorrentes da monitoração eletrônica, encargo que não encontra amparo na legislação brasileira que trata do assunto. Por essa razão, impõe-se questionar, a título de problema de pesquisa: estas decisões do TRF-4 estão juridicamente corretas? Diante disso, este artigo objetiva analisar criticamente as decisões do TRF-4 nesse sentido e os principais argumentos utilizados, a fim de verificar se estão juridicamente corretas ou equivocadas, em virtude da inexistência de disposição legal taxativa nesse intuito, o que, inclusive, veio a ser reconhecido em diversas oportunidades pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). A escolha pelo TRF-4 é justificada pelo número significativo de decisões da Corte nesse sentido, bem como pelo fato de os demais Tribunais Regionais Federais não possuírem sentenças com esse teor e intuito. O referencial teórico recorre a produções relativas à execução penal e seus princípios da legalidade e jurisdicionalidade. A pesquisa conclui que a referida atuação decisional do TRF-4 está em descompasso com os princípios da legalidade e da jurisdicionalidade na execução penal. certa legais disso ª TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 eletrônica assunto impõese impõe questionar TRF- utilizados equivocadas intuito inclusive STJ. STJ . (STJ) (TRF- (STJ (TRF

Abstract The Constitutional Court is facing one of the biggest crises in its history, due to the constant politicization of the body, baseda on the justifications that are made when appointing magistrates and, thanks to a legal system that does not require too many requirements when carrying out the function: be a lawyer of recognized competence and have fifteen years of professional practice. In this work, its legitimacy will be questioned based on the lack of independence and neutrality of its magistrates and the constant detriment of the collegiate nature of the body due to the practices that take place within it. Also, it will come to be argued that we have a dysfunctional Constitutional Court due to the past personal situations of its magistrates, both political and institutional, based on the doubts that are displayed regarding its legitimacy. history function practice work Also institutional

Resumen El Tribunal Constitucional afronta una de las mayores crisis de su Historia, por causa de una constante politización del órgano, en función de las justificaciones que se hacen a la hora de designar a los magistrados y, gracias a un ordenamiento jurídico que no requiere de demasiadas exigencias a la hora de desempeñar la función: ser jurista de reconocida competencia y contar con quince años de ejercicio profesional. En este trabajo se pondrá en duda su legitimidad en base a la falta de independencia y neutralidad de sus magistrados y el detrimento constante del carácter colegiado del órgano por las prácticas que tienen lugar en su seno. También, se llegará a sostener que tenemos un Tribunal Constitucional disfuncional debido a las situaciones personales pasadas de sus magistrados, tanto políticas como institucionales, a partir de las dudas que se despliegan en lo relativo a su legitimidad. Historia profesional seno También institucionales

There is a prevalent notion among healthcare professionals that their private lives have no bearing on their work. Yet, the public has expectations about the conduct of health professionals while at work or in public. Citizens are quick to broadcast information, and express opinions, and beliefs about the conduct of health partitioners via social media. Consequently, incidents and behaviours traditionally confined to the work environment, have been brought into the public domain, attracting interest and scrutiny. The exposure of personal information can have serious ramifications to the individual and professional reputation. We have witnessed in recent times, the regulator having to acknowledge, process and adjudicate professional conduct emanating outside the work environment. In this article we interrogate the jurisdiction of the HPCSA regarding "unprofessional conduct" outside work. Several contextual questions are discussed: (i) what does it mean for the HPCSA to protect the public? (ii) How far does the HPCSA's mandate to protect the public go extend? (iii) How should the regulator interact with social media as a source of information about practitioner's behaviour and conduct. We contend that, in some cases, the HPCSA as a regulatory authority, can exercise its jurisdiction and prescribe how their members should conduct themselves outside of work. Eventually, Health Professions Council of South Africa, must protect the public and regulate the profession - "by all means necessary" or only when the "means are necessary"

Abstract: The work presented aims to visualize the importance and role played by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the evolution and consolidation of the community integration system as guardian of legality and guarantor of the legal security of the EU. The essential role of the jurisprudence of the TJUE in the European integration process is explored, focusing, more specifically, on its contribution to the construction of Community Law, its function in guaranteeing the rights of citizens and the controversies it has raised. Legal concepts that are and have been fundamental, from the beginning, in the integration process are also addressed, such as that of direct effect or that of the primacy of Union Law over national Law. To understand the legal potential of the TJUE it is necessary to address the numerous sentences, resolutions and documents it has issued, which make it a guarantor of the uniform application of laws, guaranteeing the cohesion of the legal order of the European Union as a whole.

Resumo: O trabalho apresentado pretende visualizar a importância e o papel desempenhado pelo Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia na evolução e consolidação do sistema de integração comunitário como guardião da legalidade e garante da segurança jurídica da UE. É explorado o papel essencial da jurisprudência do TJUE no processo de integração europeia, centrando-se, mais especificamente, em sua contribuição para a construção do Direito Comunitário, na sua função na garantia dos direitos dos cidadãos e nas polémicas que tem suscitado. São também abordados conceitos jurídicos que são e foram fundamentais,desde o início, no processo de integração, como o do efeito direto ou a primacía do Direito da União sobre o Direito nacional. Para compreender o potencial jurídico do TJUE, é necessário abordar inúmeras sentenças, resoluções e documentos que emitiu, e que o tornam garante da aplicação uniforme das leis, garantindo a coesão da ordem jurídica da União Europeia como um todo.

Resumo: El trabajo presentado pretende visualizar la importancia y el rol que cumple el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la evolución y consolidación del sistema de integración comunitario como guardián de la legalidad y garante de la seguridad jurídica de la UE. Se explora el papel esencial de la jurisprudencia del TJUE en el proceso de integración europea, enfocándose, más específicamente, en su contribución a la construcción del Derecho Comunitario, su función en la garantía de los derechos de los ciudadanos y las controversias que ha suscitado. Se abordan también conceptos legales que son y han sido fundamentales, desde el origen, en el proceso de integración, tales como el de efecto directo o el de la primacía del Derecho de la Unión sobre los Derecho nacionales. Con la finalidad de comprender el potencial jurídico que significa el TJUE se aborda numerosas sentencias, resoluciones y documentos emitidos por él, que lo hace garante de la aplicación uniforme de las leyes asegurando la cohesión del orden jurídico de la Unión Europea en su conjunto.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza al arquitecto Horacio Acosta y Lara (Montevideo, 1875-1966) en tanto figura relevante de la profesión: primer presidente de la Sociedad de Arquitectos, primer decano de la Facultad de Arquitectura, primer presidente de los Congresos Panamericanos de Arquitectos y personalidad de proyección internacional. Pero el interés no consiste en resumir su biografía sino en examinar su función al interior de la organización profesional. Se sostiene aquí que su figura se construyó, por parte de sus colegas y de él mismo, como la de un héroe profesional. El objetivo del artículo es brindar pautas para comprender el reconocimiento obtenido por Acosta y Lara y, más importante aún, para entender cómo construyó ese reconocimiento y qué vínculos tenía con aquello que la profesión deseaba. Se sostiene entonces que, más allá de sus méritos personales, la acumulación de capital simbólico estuvo ligada a las necesidades y la autopercepción de la profesión arquitectónica, que veía en su figura la encarnación de sus propios ideales, aún si la actuación de Acosta y Lara no estuvo exenta de contradicciones. El método que se ha elegido para este estudio parte de la revisión cualitativa de una serie de fuentes escritas seleccionadas. En particular, se hará énfasis en el número doble de la revista Arquitectura, publicación de la Sociedad de Arquitectos, de julio-agosto de 1929, que homenajea la figura de Acosta y Lara. Este documento, no solamente nos permite adentrarnos en su trayectoria, sino que evidencia las características del personaje que se exaltan (y aquellas que no), lo que nos permite vislumbrar los rasgos más nítidos del “ideal profesional” buscado por los arquitectos.

Abstract This article analyses the architect Horacio Acosta y Lara (Montevideo, 1875-1966) as an important figure in the profession: first president of the Society of Architects, first dean of the Faculty of Architecture, first president of the Pan-American Congress of Architects and a personality of international renown. But the interest is not in summarizing his biography but in examining his function within the professional organization. It is argued here that his figure was constructed, by his colleagues and by himself, as that of a professional hero. The objective of the article is to provide guidelines to understand the recognition obtained by Acosta and Lara and, more importantly, to understand how he built that recognition and what links it had with what the profession wanted. It is then argued that, beyond his personal merits, the accumulation of symbolic capital was linked to the needs and self-perception of the architectural profession, which saw in his figure the embodiment of its own ideals, even if the actions of Acosta and Lara It was not without contradictions. The method chosen for this study is based on the qualitative review of a series of selected written sources. In particular, emphasis will be placed on the double issue of Arquitectura magazine, publication of the Society of Architects, from July-August 1929, which pays tribute to the figure of Acosta y Lara. This document not only allows us to delve into his career, but also shows the characteristics of the character that are exalted (and those that are not), which allows us to glimpse the clearest features of the “professional ideal” sought by architects.

Resumo Este artigo analisa o arquiteto Horacio Acosta y Lara (Montevidéu, 1875-1966) como figura relevante da profissão: primeiro presidente da Sociedade de Arquitetos, primeiro reitor da Faculdade de Arquitetura, primeiro presidente dos Congressos Pan-Americanos de Arquitetos e personalidade com projeção internacional. Mas o interesse não está em resumir a sua biografia, mas em examinar a sua função dentro da organização profissional. Argumenta-se aqui que sua figura foi construída, pelos colegas e por ele mesmo, como a de um herói profissional. O objetivo do artigo é fornecer diretrizes para compreender o reconhecimento obtido por Acosta y Lara e, mais importante, compreender como ele construiu esse reconhecimento e quais ligações ele tinha com o que a profissão desejava. Argumenta-se então que, para além dos seus méritos pessoais, a acumulação de capital simbólico estava ligada às necessidades e à autopercepção da profissão de arquiteto, que via na sua figura a materialização dos seus próprios ideais, ainda que as ações de Acosta y Lara não tenham sido isentas de contradições. O método escolhido para este estudo baseia-se na revisão qualitativa de uma série de fontes escritas selecionadas. Em particular, será dado destaque ao duplo número da revista Arquitectura, publicação da Sociedade de Arquitetos, de julho-agosto de 1929, que presta homenagem à figura de Acosta y Lara. Este documento não só nos permite aprofundar a sua trajetória, mas também mostra as características do personagem que são exaltadas (e as que não o são), o que nos permite vislumbrar os traços mais claros do “ideal profissional” almejado pelos arquitetos.

Resumen Poco después de sancionada la Constitución de 1853, la provincia de Entre Ríos, una de las integrantes de la Confederación Argentina, fue declarada Territorio Federalizado. Esta transformación implicó la extinción del gobierno provincial y la colocación de Entre Ríos bajo la exclusiva jurisdicción del Estado federal. El artículo examina esta singular experiencia, desatendida por la historiografía, con el propósito de reflexionar acerca de las diversas formas en que la condición de provincia parece haber sido entendida hacia mediados del siglo XIX. En este sentido, se postula que la calidad provincial estaba entonces todavía lejos de ser concebida como una condición perpetua e inalterable, lo que podía llevar a subordinarla a los imperativos dictados por las circunstancias políticas. Con el propósito de restituir la incertidumbre con que los actores se movieron en el proceso, las coyunturas políticas son reconstruidas a partir de los debates parlamentarios y con apoyo en la historiografía sobre el periodo.

Abstract Soon after the enactment of the 1853 Constitution, the province of Entre Ríos, a member of the Argentine Confederation, was declared Federal Territory. This transformation meant the extinction of the provincial government and the disposition of Entre Ríos under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal State. The paper examines this unique experience, largely overlooked by historians, in order to think about the different ways in which the provincial condition seems to have been understood by mid-XIXth Century. The article posits that the provincial quality was then far from being conceived as a perpetual and unalterable condition, which might have led to its subordination to political circumstances. To recreate the uncertainty under which agents acted the paper lays mainly on the analysis of legislative debates in the light of historiography on the period.

South African law under the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), as amended, confers on the Labour Court the power to adjudicate on issues relating to strikes and to grant an interdict and/or order the payment of just and equitable compensation for any loss attributable to the strike or lockout. At least 48 hours before the strike, workers or their trade unions must give written notice of their intention to strike to the employer, the applicable negotiating council, and the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation, and Arbitration. If a strike follows the law, workers who take part in it are shielded from being fired for no other reason than that they are striking. Employees on strike and their trade unions are shielded from lawsuits for any losses or harm sustained while on the protected strike. During an unprotected strike, workers lose the legal protections afforded by labour laws, leaving them open to legal action and possible termination. In the case under review - Massmart Holdings and Others v South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union [2022] ZALCJHB 119 - the trade union, from whom the employer sought compensation for damages caused during a protected strike, objected to the Labour Court's jurisdiction as derived from the LRA. This article provides a critical review of the Labour Court's jurisdiction, particularly in the light of section 68 of the LRA, to order compensation. The analysis revisits previous judgments to test the correctness of the judgment given in the Massmart case.

Abstract The case of Soconusco’s «neutrality» and its inclusion as part of Mexico is still being discussed in academic circles. The clergy’s action in the dispute over this territory between Mexico and Central America/Guatemala has not yet been fully addressed. Within this framework, this paper aims to provide some historical perspectives through which to analyze the actions taken by the parish clergy and the Chiapas ecclesiastical hierarchy in the context of the political uncertainty in Soconusco. It takes into account the clergy’s profile and relationships within the diocese, which despite the status of political «neutrality», ecclesiastically continued to depend on the Chiapas diocese.

Resumen El caso del Soconusco «neutral» y su proceso de incorporación a México continúan siendo temas vigentes en la discusión académica reciente. Entre los pendientes en la materia, se encuentra lo relacionado con la actuación del clero en la disputa por dicho territorio entre México y Centroamérica/Guatemala. En este marco, el presente texto pretende proporcionar algunas aproximaciones históricas para analizar la actuación del clero parroquial y de la jerarquía eclesiástica chiapaneca en el contexto de la indefinición política del Soconusco, esto tomando en cuenta el perfil y las relaciones de los eclesiásticos dentro del obispado puesto que, a pesar de su estatus de «neutralidad» política, en lo eclesiástico la región continuó dependiendo de la mitra chiapaneca.

It is important that the views of children be considered during the process of their parents' divorce. Parental divorce mediation informed by the needs of children is more likely to produce better outcomes. The ways in which divorce mediators in South Africa, Australia and Kenya consider views of the children of marriages in the process of dissolution are compared. The extent to which these three countries have domesticated and implemented relevant international law and policies is compared. Recommendations are provided for Kenya, where empirical research was undertaken to establish the practices and attitudes of Kenyan divorce mediators. The outcome of this empirical research indicates that - prior to mediating between their parents - most of Kenya's divorce mediators fail to elicit the views and wishes of the children who will be affected by the divorce. Proposals are put forward on how this may be rectified. In formulating these proposals, practices in South Africa and Australia are examined for the purpose of comparative analysis. The recommendations for Kenya include the formulation of appropriate laws and policies; the establishment of cost-effective mechanisms for hearing the voices of children prior to their parents' divorce mediation; and the education of the general public on the importance of considering the views and wishes of children when their parents are divorcing.

This article gives an overview of the jurisdiction of the proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights (African Court) over the transnational crime of trafficking in hazardous wastes as provided for in Article 28 L of the Malabo Protocol. It asserts that Article 28 L ought to be considered as emancipatory in view of the factors which motivated its inclusion in the Protocol; and that it is a significant innovation not only for the African Union but for the field of international criminal justice as a whole. The article concludes that the criminalisation of trafficking in hazardous waste through the Malabo Protocol is necessary as Article 28 L will help to fill the gap created by the ineffectiveness of the domestic implementation of the Bamako Convention, and the potential ineffectiveness of the Basel Ban Amendment, which entered into force in December 2019.

Ethiopia has extensive experience with traditional dispute resolution practices that function parallel to the formal courts in various parts of the country. In pluralistic justice systems where state and non-state justice systems operate, how the state responds to the situation is significant. Through a study of cases prosecuted by the Jaarsa Biyyaa institution of the Arsi Oromo people, this article explores whether and how traditional dispute resolution institutions (TDRIs) interact with the formal courts and the impact of this interaction, if any, on the culture of the Arsi Oromo people. In line with that, the article analyses primary data gathered through two months of ethnographic fieldwork in Negele Arsi town in Ethiopia and from secondary sources of previous scholarly works. The findings show a shared interest in jurisdiction (predominantly over criminal matters) and competition between the Jaarsa Biyyaa and the formal courts. Moreover, there is also a practice of cooperation and complementarity between the Jaarsa Biyyaa and the formal justice system (FJS) where each recognises the other in practice. For the Arsi Oromo people, such mutual recognition is an opportunity to maintain the clanship organisation. More importantly, mutual recognition promotes conflict management in the community, which serves as a valuable lesson for the country. Other than the opportunities that arise, there are constraints such as the interruption of Jaarsummaa (elders reconciliation), broken social bonds and enmity.