ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyze some tools of critical legal feminism and the way in which the Colombian Constitutional Court has incorporated them into its rulings. To this end, two tools of feminist legal criticism are reviewed in four rulings of the Constitutional Court (two on constitutionality and two tutelas): (1) contextual reasoning, and (2) criticism of legal neutrality. It is concluded that, although jurisprudence has taken important steps to rethink constitutional law from feminist thought and experience and, as seen in the decisions studied, some of its argumentative tools have been used, we cannot speak of a "feminist court", but we can talk about decisions that pave the way for feminist constitutionalism.

RESUMEN El propósito de este escrito es analizar algunas herramientas del feminismo jurídico crítico y la forma en que la Corte Constitucional colombiana las ha incorporado a sus sentencias. Para ello se identifican dos herramientas de la crítica jurídica feminista que son revisadas en cuatro sentencias de la Corte Constitucional (dos de constitucionalidad y dos de tutela): (1) el razonamiento contextual y (2) el cuestionamiento de la neutralidad legal. Se concluye que si bien la jurisprudencia ha dado pasos importantes para repensar el derecho constitucional desde el pensamiento y la experiencia feminista y, como se advierte en las decisiones estudiadas, se ha acudido a algunas de sus herramientas argumentativas, no podemos hablar de una "corte feminista", aunque sí de decisiones que abonan el terreno para un constitucionalismo feminista.

Abstract: The use of e-commerce to enhance consumer relationships is becoming increasingly important in the information society. The constant development of technologies allows existing platforms to benefit from their characteristics; however, these advancements also bring various legal issues that must be addressed to protect users' interests and rights. Blockchain technology is revolutionizing B2C electronic relations due to its transnational nature, decentralization, guarantee of trust, immutability, and one of its most distinctive functionalities: smart contracts. These agreements are characterized by their automation and self-execution, features that can conflict with existing consumer and user legislation. Additionally, the opportunities provided by Blockchain, such as allowing users to act anonymously, may contradict regulations concerning the determination of international judicial jurisdiction and the applicable law for B2C consumer legal relationships. This work aims to analyze the applicability of smart contracts in e-commerce, particularly for B2C companies, and to study the potential issues they pose for current regulations, in order to determine whether these regulations need to be adapted for these technologies

Resumen: El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianza, inmutabilidad y a una de sus funcionalidades más características: los smart contracts. Este tipo de acuerdos se distinguen por su automatización y autoejecución, caracteres que a priori pueden poner en riesgo la legislación existente sobre consumidores y usuarios. Asimismo, las oportunidades que brinda blockchain de cara a que los usuarios puedan actuar de forma irreconocible puede poner en jaque la normativa encargada de determinar la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable a las relaciones jurídicas de consumo B2C. Este trabajo analiza la aplicabilidad de los smart contracts en el ámbito del comercio electrónico, en especial en el de empresas con consumidores (B2C) y estudiar los posibles inconvenientes que generan sobre la normativa existente a fin de analizar si es necesario adaptar la legislación a estas tecnologías

Resumo: A utilização do comércio eletrônico para efetivar relações de consumo assume cada vez mais um papel central na sociedade da informação. O constante desenvolvimento das tecnologias faz com que as plataformas existentes possam beneficiar-se das suas características, no entanto, também trazem consigo diversas questões jurídicas que devem ser mitigadas de forma a proteger os interesses e direitos dos usuários. A tecnologia blockchain é uma das tecnologias que veio revolucionar o campo das relações eletrônicas B2C graças ao seu carácter transnacional, descentralização, garantia de confiança, imutabilidade e uma das suas funcionalidades mais características, os smart contracts. Estes tipos de acordos distinguem-se pela sua automatização e auto-execução, características que, a priori, podem colocar em risco a legislação existente sobre consumidores e usuários. Da mesma forma, as oportunidades que o Blockchain oferece para que os usuários possam agir de forma irreconhecível podem colocar em xeque os regulamentos encarregados de determinar a competência judicial internacional e a lei aplicável às relações jurídicas de consumo B2C. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade dos smart contracts no campo do comércio eletrônico, especialmente o de empresas com consumidores (B2C) e estudar os possíveis inconvenientes que eles geram sobre a regulamentação existente, a fim de analisar se é necessário adaptar a legislação a estas tecnologias

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

Abstract This paper analyses the episcopal normativities that regulated the government of the cathedral church of La Plata. In this way, we analyse the Ejecutoria de Erección de la Catedral of 1553 and the Constitutions of the cathedral church of 1597. Both express the legislative power of the bishops and the loss of autonomy experienced by the cathedral chapters. It also provides an insight into the production of normative knowledge in ecclesiastical institutions. The Constitutions of 1597 were based on the ordinary jurisdiction of the bishop and the delegated jurisdiction of information and visitation, as well as on the power granted to him by the Erection of 1553 to amend, extend and interpret the chapters. In addition, a modernised literal palaeographic transcription of the Constitutions of 1597 is given.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza las normatividades episcopales que regularon el gobierno de la iglesia catedral de La Plata. De esta manera se analiza la Ejecutoria de Erección de la Catedral de 1553 y las Constituciones de la iglesia catedral de 1597. En ambas se expresa la potestad legislativa de los obispos y la pérdida de autonomía que experimentaron los capítulos catedralicios. Asimismo, permite aproximarse a la producción de saber normativo en las instituciones eclesiásticas. Las Constituciones de 1597 se apoyaron en la jurisdicción ordinaria del obispo y delegada de información y visita, así como en la facultad que le otorgaba la Erección de 1553 para enmendar, ampliar e interpretar los capítulos. Además, se entrega una transcripción paleográfica literal modernizada de las Constituciones de 1597.

Abstract Ever since the inception of the classroom teachers have made use of its walls for displaying posters with letters and syllables. However, near the end of the XIX century, a renovation of the reading materials took place that changed its design, pedagogical basis and teaching methods. This article analyses three compilations of graphics that were endorsed by the Consejo Nacional de Educacion for jurisdiction of national law: - “Los Carteles de lectura y logografía”, by Francisco Berra - “Los carteles El Nene”, by Andrés Ferreyra - “Los carteles El Alfa”, by Eleodoro Suárez All three of these compilations support concepts such as simultaneous teaching of reading and writing, relaying on the concept of intuition, introduced by Pestalozzi (in conjunction with positivist elements), and the advantages of “smart reading” over “mechanical reading”. The combination of these components allows us to consider these posters “modern material”. Nevertheless, even though the authors agree on the importance of the “generative word” method, they differed on which was the most effective approach for its implementation. As a final point of analysis, the article exposes what realistically took place in classrooms in the city of Buenos Aires, where the use given to the posters depended on the interaction of multitude of dimensions that affected the pedagogical practices, such as the availability and conservation of the didactical materials, as well as the personal interpretation of each teacher.

Resumen La práctica de exponer carteles con letras y sílabas en las paredes de las aulas estaba presente desde sus primeras configuraciones, sin embargo, hacia fines del siglo XIX, se produjo una renovación en los soportes materiales destinados en la enseñanza inicial de la lectura que innovaba en cuanto a su diseño, sus fundamentos pedagógicos y los métodos de enseñanza. El artículo analiza tres colecciones de carteles aprobados por el Consejo Nacional de Educación para uso en la jurisdicción nacional: - Los Carteles de lectura y logografía, de Francisco Berra. - Los carteles El Nene, de Andrés Ferreyra. - Los carteles El Alfa, de Eleodoro Suárez. Las tres colecciones coinciden en la imposición de la enseñanza simultánea de la lectura y la escritura, el sustento en el concepto pestalozziano de intuición (en algunos aspectos, articulado con elementos positivistas) y la primacía del concepto de “lectura inteligente” sobre la “lectura mecánica”. La combinación de estos componentes nos lleva a plantear que se trata de soportes materiales modernos. Por otra parte, a pesar de que los autores coincidían en la importancia del método de “palabra generadora” diferían en cuanto a los procedimientos más efectivos para implementarlo. Como último punto de análisis, el artículo se refiere a lo que efectivamente sucedía dentro de las aulas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, donde el uso de los carteles dependía de la interacción con otras dimensiones que afectan las prácticas pedagógicas, como por ejemplo la disponibilidad y conservación de estos materiales didácticos así como la apropiación particular que hacían los/as maestros y maestras.

Resumen Una nueva vacuna contra el dengue ha sido reciente mente aprobada en Argentina, y el gobierno argentino se encuentra planificando su adquisición para desarrollar una estrategia de vacunación. Mientras la enfermedad se está dirigiendo gradualmente hacia la endemicidad en algunas regiones del país, la incorporación de estas vacunas tendrá el potencial de atacar la creciente inci dencia de la enfermedad y de reducir su carga. Sin em bargo, el establecimiento de un programa de vacunación puede también ser susceptible de amenazas relaciona das con el cambio epidemiológico de la enfermedad. La selección de un grupo de edad específico para la vacunación puede resultar en un cambio en el pico de la incidencia hacia otros grupos de edad más vulnerables a las formas graves de la enfermedad, como los niños o los ancianos. Además, la percepción de protección lue go de la introducción de la vacuna en una jurisdicción puede reducir la adherencia a las actividades de control del vector, incrementando el riesgo de introducción y transmisión del virus en otras áreas no priorizadas por la estrategia de vacunación, y aumentando el riesgo de otras arbovirosis como las fiebres Zika y chikungunya. Estas y otras potenciales limitaciones para ser conside radas antes de la implementación de los programas de vacunación son discutidas en este artículo, en conjunto con una serie de recomendaciones sobre cómo abordar estas preocupaciones. Estas recomendaciones pueden resultar de utilidad para los tomadores de decisión y actores sanitarios, en esta etapa temprana del desarrollo de un programa de vacunación.

Abstract A new dengue vaccine has recently been licensed in Argentina, with the Argentine government planning to acquire it in order to develop a vaccination strategy. As the disease is gradually following a path to endemicity in some regions of the country, the incorporation of these vaccines will have the potential to tackle the grow ing incidence of the disease and to reduce the disease burden. However, the establishment of the vaccination programme may also be susceptible of threats related to the epidemiological shift of the disease. Selecting a specific age group for the vaccine may result in a change in the peak incidence to other age groups more suscep tible to severe forms of the disease, such as children or the elderly. Furthermore, the perception of protection following vaccine introduction in one jurisdiction may reduce adherence to vector control activities, increasing the risk of virus introduction and transmission in other areas not prioritised by the vaccination strategy, and the risk of other arboviral diseases such as Zika and chikun gunya fever. These and other potential limitations to be considered prior to the implementation of vaccination programmes are discussed in this article, with a series of recommendations on how to address these concerns. These recommendations can help decision makers and public health practitioners at this early stage of the vac cination programme development.

Abstract The paper analyzes seven legal cases from the 1980s brought by the Public Justice of the district of Belém de São Francisco against Cannabis farmers, probably the first cases of this kind. Based on theories of the Flow of the Justice System, the analysis indicates that the slowness in the execution of procedural acts made the conviction of the defendants unfeasible. The cases seem to reveal that the objective of the legal actions was not focused on dismantling criminal groups or agents who acted to structure illicit activity or to punish incriminated individuals more vehemently. Finally, the article explores the inherent contradictions in the priorities of drug policies established by the civil-military dictatorship through law 6368/76, in conjunction with the actions of the judiciary in the analyzed jurisdiction. The type of legal action performed more of a political propaganda function to combat these crops than an action to exterminate said activities. s farmers kind System unfeasible vehemently Finally civilmilitary civil military 636876 6368 76 6368/76 jurisdiction activities 63687 636 7 6368/7 63 6368/ 6

Resumo O trabalho analisa sete processos-crime da década de 1980 instaurados pela Justiça Pública da comarca de Belém de São Francisco contra agricultores de maconha, provavelmente os primeiros processos desse tipo. Baseada em teorias de Fluxo de Processos, a análise sugere que a morosidade no cumprimento dos atos processuais inviabilizou a condenação dos réus. Os processos parecem revelar que o objetivo das ações judiciais não se concentrava no desmantelamento de grupos ou agentes criminosos que atuavam no sentido de estruturar a atividade ilícita, nem em punir mais veementemente os indivíduos incriminados. Por fim, o artigo explora as contradições inerentes às prioridades das políticas de drogas estabelecida pelo ditadura civil-militar, por meio da lei 6368/76, com a ação do judiciário da referida comarca. O tipo de ação desempenhava mais uma função política de propaganda de combate a esses cultivos do que propriamente uma ação de extermínio das referidas atividades. processoscrime crime 198 maconha Processos réus ilícita incriminados fim civilmilitar, civilmilitar civil militar, militar civil-militar 636876 6368 76 6368/76 atividades 19 63687 636 7 6368/7 1 63 6368/ 6

Resumen El objetivo central radica en abordar las líneas de defensa penales de las poblaciones migrantes vulnerables ante la jurisdicción penal ordinaria. La estigmatización, a la que se ven sometidos los migrantes por parte de los Estados receptores, propicia la utilización de un derecho penal simbólico, concatenado con un derecho penal de autor, desconociendo principios como la dignidad humana y la culpabilidad. El fenómeno migratorio de los últimos tiempos, combinado con pobreza, desempleo, hambre y los problemas internos de los Estados latinoamericanos, amenaza a los gobiernos democráticos.

Abstract The central objective is to address the criminal defense lines of vulnerable migrant populations before ordinary criminal jurisdiction. The stigmatization to which migrants are subjected by receiving states encourages the use of symbolic criminal law linked to offender-based criminal law, ignoring principles such as human dignity and guilt. The migratory phenomenon of recent times, combined with poverty, unemployment, hunger and the internal problems of Latin American states, threatens democratic governments.

Resumen: Referenciadas en las Ciencias de la Educación y las Sociologías de la Infancia, la Familia y la Educación, abordamos el reciente interés político en la guardería en el ámbito de las relaciones entre la infancia, la familia y el Estado, con el fin de cuestionar el lugar de la guardería en el contexto de la educación infantil anterior a la escolarización obligatoria. La institucionalización educativa de la infancia de 0 a 6 años solo adquiere relevancia social en la democracia de Portugal. Hemos sido testigos de la configuración de un sistema y una gobernanza separados para el cuidado y la educación de la infancia, en forma de guardería para los 0 a 3 años y escuela infantil para los 3 a 6 años. El análisis de la producción legislativa relacionada con el cuidado y la educación de la infancia publicada en Portugal entre 1974-2023 han permitido constatar que la guardería constituye una respuesta socioeducativa bajo la jurisdicción del Ministerio de Seguridad Social, asumiendo funciones de custodia y cuidado y orientada a la conciliación del trabajo y la familia, mientras que al escuela infantil se le asigna una función educativa cuya tutela pedagógica, bajo la jurisdicción del Ministerio de Educación, se integra en el sistema educativo en el ámbito de la red nacional de educación preescolar. Este sistema bipartido plantea interrogantes sobre la diferenciación entre el cuidado y la educación y su impacto en el derecho de los niños pequeños a la educación.

Resumo: Referenciadas às Ciências da Educação e às Sociologias da Infância, da Família e da Educação, perspetivamos o recente interesse político sobre a creche no âmbito das relações entre pequena infância, família e Estado, para interrogarmos o lugar da Creche no contexto da educação para a infância que antecede a escolaridade obrigatória. A institucionalização educativa da infância dos 0 aos 6 anos apenas ganha relevância social no Portugal da democracia. Desde então, assiste-se à configuração de um sistema e de uma governação separada do acolhimento e da educação da infância, sob a forma da Creche para as idades do 0-3 anos e do Jardim de Infância para as idades dos 3-6 anos. O levantamento e análise da produção legislativa relativa ao cuidado e educação da pequena infância, publicada em Portugal entre 1974-2023, permitiram constatar que a Creche constitui uma resposta socioeducativa sob tutela do Ministério da Segurança Social, assumindo funções de guarda e cuidado e orientada para a conciliação do trabalho e da família e que, sob tutela pedagógica do Ministério da Educação, ao Jardim de Infância se atribui uma função educativa ao integrar o sistema educativo no âmbito da rede nacional da educação pré-escolar. Este sistema bipartido obriga a questionar a diferenciação entre cuidar/educar e o seu impacto no direito das crianças pequenas à educação.

Abstract: Positioned within the fields of Education Sciences and the Sociology of Childhood, Family, and Education, we approach the recent political interest in crèches in the context of the relationship between early childhood, family, and the state. Our aim is to examine the role of crèches in the context of early childhood education prior to compulsory schooling. The educational institutionalization of early childhood (0 to 6 years old) has gained social significance in democratic Portugal. A separate system has been established for the care and education of young children, with crèche for ages 0-3 and kindergarten for ages 3-6. By analysing the legislative production regarding the care and education of young children published in Portugal from 1974 - 2023, we have observed that crèches serve as a socio-educational response under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Social Security. They assume responsibilities of guardianship and care while aiming to facilitate the reconciliation between work and family. On the other hand, kindergarten is attributed an educational function, with its pedagogical oversight falling under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. It integrates the educational system within the national network of pre-school education. This dichotomous system raises questions about the differentiation between care/education and its impact on the right of young children to education.

Abstract This article aims to highlight the diverse religious and ecclesiastical realities that the archbishop of Mexico, Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, discovered during his pastoral visit to 34 curates located between the Sierra Gorda and the city of Querétaro from November 1685 until April 1686. Based on the analysis of the material status of each church and the quantification of the faithful, ecclesiastics and confraternities that the prelate visited, the article argues that the city of Queretaro was the frontier of the diocesan Church, oblivious to the dangers of the “chichimeca savages” that ravaged such missions as Xiliapa, Jalpan and Concá. To demonstrate this, I analyzed the book of pastoral visits to Queretaro, which was recently located in the National General Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) in Mexico. The article also explains the devices through which the Archbishop expanded his jurisdiction and fostered the process of evangelization in this area.

Resumen Este artículo pretende poner en relieve las diversas realidades religiosas y eclesiásticas que a su paso descubrió el arzobispo de México, Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, durante la visita pastoral que realizó por 34 curatos ubicados entre la Sierra Gorda y la ciudad de Querétaro de noviembre de 1685 a abril de 1686. A partir del análisis del estado de la fábrica material de cada iglesia y de la cuantificación de fieles, eclesiásticos y cofradías que el prelado visitó, sostenemos que la ciudad de Querétaro fue la frontera de la Iglesia diocesana, ajena a los peligros de los “salvajes chichimecas” que asolaban las misiones como Xiliapa, Jalpan y Concá. Para demostrar lo anterior se analizó el libro de visita a Querétaro, que recién fue localizado en el Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) en México. En este artículo explicamos también cuáles fueron los dispositivos que el arzobispo articuló para lograr el avance de la jurisdicción episcopal y de la evangelización en esta zona.

Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

Abstract The arrival of the ESCER in the Inter-American jurisdiction has raised a great debate due to the different positions in relation to the direct judiciability and autonomy of Article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights. In this framework, the year 2022 witnessed the most radical change in the entire history of the Court, raising the question of the continuity of the jurisprudential line around ESCER. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to analyze its development from its beginnings to the present and to evaluate the impact of the new composition of the Court.

Resumen El desembarco de los DESCA en la jurisdicción interamericana, generó un gran debate a raíz de las diversas posiciones en relación con la judiciabilidad directa y autonomía del art. 26 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. En este marco, el año 2022 atestiguó el cambio más radical en toda la historia del Tribunal, planteado el interrogante sobre la continuidad de la línea jurisprudencial en torno a los DESCA. El objetivo del presente artículo es, por tanto, analizar cómo ha su desarrollo desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad y evaluar el impacto que ha tenido la nueva composición de la Corte.

Abstract Based on the analysis of all the lawsuits available in the General Archive of the Nation, this article analyzes the phenomenon of theft in Santa Fe (Bogotá since 1819) and its jurisdiction between 1740 and 1836, in order to present a panorama that includes changes that occurred after Independence. It is argued that, during the viceroyalty, violent thefts did not occur nor were there criminals professionally dedicated to such crimes, but rather that they were accessory acts with respect to the ways of life of the popular sectors, despite their regularity. This crime was framed in a network of clandestine circulation of meat and animals, as well as stolen things. It is also shown that, after Independence, urban thefts increased in the capital and violent cases began to occur, as well as a greater organization among those who committed thefts, without this implying that they had socio political connotations in general.

Resumen A partir del análisis de todos los juicios disponibles en el Archivo General de la Nación, este artículo estudia el fenómeno de los hurtos en Santa Fe, Bogotá, desde 1819, y su jurisdicción entre 1740 y 1836, con el fin presentar un panorama que incluya los cambios ocurridos después de la Independencia. Se argumenta que, durante el virreinato, no ocurrieron hurtos violentos ni había delincuentes dedicados profesionalmente a tales delitos, sino que se trataba de actos accesorios con respecto a las formas de vida de los sectores populares, a pesar de su regularidad. Esta delincuencia estaba enmarcada en una red de circulación clandestina de carne y animales, así como también de cosas hurtadas. Además, se muestra que, después de la Independencia, aumentaron los hurtos urbanos en la capital y comenzaron a ocurrir casos violentos, así como una mayor organización entre quienes cometían los hurtos, sin que esto implicara que tuvieran connotaciones sociopolíticas en general.

Resumo Com base na análise de todos os processos disponíveis no Arquivo Geral da Nação, este artigo analisa o fenômeno do furto em Santa Fé (Bogotá desde 1819) e sua jurisdição entre 1740 e 1836, a fim de apresentar um panorama que inclua mudanças que ocorreram após a independência. Argumenta-se que, durante o vice-reinado, não ocorreram furtos violentos nem criminosos dedicados profissionalmente a tais crimes, mas que foram atos acessórios aos modos de vida dos setores populares, apesar de sua regularidade. Este crime foi enquadrado numa rede de circulação clandestina de carnes e animais, bem como de coisas roubadas. Mostra-se também que, após a Independência, os furtos urbanos aumentaram na capital e começaram a ocorrer casos de violência, bem como uma maior organização entre os que cometeram furtos, sem que isso implique que tivessem conotações sociopolíticas em geral.

Abstract Criminal execution is a state activity based on the principles of certain, strict and exhaustive legality and jurisdictionality, which is why the rights and duties of prisoners must always comply with legal provisions. Despite this, the Brazilian Regional Federal Court of the 4th Region (TRF-4) has been imposed on the monitored person the burden of bearing the expenses arising from electronic monitoring, a burden that is not supported by Brazilian legislation that deals with the subject. For this reason, it is necessary to question, as a research problem: are these TRF-4 decisions legally correct? In view of this, this article aims to critically analyze the decisions of the TRF-4 in this sense and the main arguments used, in order to verify whether they are legally correct or mistaken, due to the lack of a explicit legal provision in this regard, which, in fact, came to be recognized on several occasions by the Brazilian Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ). The choice of TRF-4 is justified by the significant number of Court decisions in this regard, as well as by the fact that the other Federal Regional Courts do not have sentences with this content and intention. The theoretical framework uses productions related to criminal execution and its principles of legality and jurisdiction. The research concludes that the aforementioned decisional action of the TRF-4 is out of step with the principles of legality and jurisdictionality in criminal execution. certain provisions th TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 monitoring subject reason question problem TRF- used mistaken regard STJ. STJ . (STJ) intention jurisdiction (TRF- (STJ (TRF

Resumo A execução penal é atividade estatal pautada nos princípios da legalidade certa, estrita e taxativa e da jurisdicionalidade, razão pela qual os direitos e deveres dos presos devem sempre observar as determinações legais. Apesar disso, o Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF-4) vem impondo à pessoa monitorada o ônus de arcar com as despesas decorrentes da monitoração eletrônica, encargo que não encontra amparo na legislação brasileira que trata do assunto. Por essa razão, impõe-se questionar, a título de problema de pesquisa: estas decisões do TRF-4 estão juridicamente corretas? Diante disso, este artigo objetiva analisar criticamente as decisões do TRF-4 nesse sentido e os principais argumentos utilizados, a fim de verificar se estão juridicamente corretas ou equivocadas, em virtude da inexistência de disposição legal taxativa nesse intuito, o que, inclusive, veio a ser reconhecido em diversas oportunidades pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). A escolha pelo TRF-4 é justificada pelo número significativo de decisões da Corte nesse sentido, bem como pelo fato de os demais Tribunais Regionais Federais não possuírem sentenças com esse teor e intuito. O referencial teórico recorre a produções relativas à execução penal e seus princípios da legalidade e jurisdicionalidade. A pesquisa conclui que a referida atuação decisional do TRF-4 está em descompasso com os princípios da legalidade e da jurisdicionalidade na execução penal. certa legais disso ª TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 eletrônica assunto impõese impõe questionar TRF- utilizados equivocadas intuito inclusive STJ. STJ . (STJ) (TRF- (STJ (TRF