Abstract. In 1947, Emmanuel Levinas published a short essay entitled “Being Jewish” (“Être juif”) in the magazine Confluences. Starting from a reflection on “the Jewish question” or “problem” (Judenfrage), Levinas inquiries into the “reason for being” or justification of Jewish existence. His essay has been the subject of a reappropriation by some interpreters who make Levinas’s claim of “being Jewish” the fulcrum of an ontological conversion or Heideggerianization of his thought. This paper aims to critically analyze one of these hermeneutic perspectives, that of Sarah Hammerschlag, addressing two decisive questions opened by Levinas’s text: Jewish identity and Judaism in history. An alternative approach to the 1947 text is set out, which involves another way of understanding the meaning of Levinas’s analysis of being Jewish.

Resumen. En 1947, Emmanuel Levinas publica un breve ensayo titulado “Ser judío” (“Être juif”) en la revista Confluences. A partir de una reflexión sobre la “cuestión” o “problema judío” (Judenfrage), se pregunta por la “razón de ser” o justificación de la existencia judía. Su ensayo ha sido objeto de una reapropiación por parte de algunos intérpretes que hacen de la afirmación de Levinas de “ser judío” el punto de apoyo para una conversión ontológica o heideggerianización de su pensamiento. El presente artículo analiza críticamente una de estas perspectivas hermenéuticas, la lectura de Sarah Hammerschlag, atendiendo a dos cuestiones decisivas abiertas por el texto de Levinas: la de la identidad judía y la del judaísmo en la historia. Expone una aproximación alternativa al texto de 1947 que supone otro modo de comprender el sentido de los análisis de Levinas sobre ser judío.

Resumen El artículo plantea distintas concepciones que algunas tradiciones filosóficas y religiosas, tanto de Oriente como de Occidente, han mantenido en torno a lo que es el espíritu y la manera de concebirlo. Se analiza la noción de Alianza entre Dios y el hombre y la personalización del espíritu que deriva de ello en el judaísmo; además, se exponen los argumentos que confrontan tal posición y se debate en torno al finalismo espiritual, aludiendo tanto a Spinoza como a Nagarjuna. Con todo ello, se observará que la filosofía, ya sea como herramienta o modo de vida, constituye un antecedente necesario para considerar la meta-filosofía, la cual se alude en la tercera parte del texto.

Abstract The article analyzes different conceptions that some philosophical and religious traditions, both from the East and from the West, have maintained about what the spirit is and the way of conceiving it. The notion of Alliance between God and man and the personalization of the spirit that derives from it in Judaism is analyzed; In addition, the arguments that confront such position are exposed and the spiritual finalism is discussed, alluding to both Spinoza and Nagarjuna. It will be observed that philosophy, either as a tool or a way of life, constitutes a necessary antecedent to consider metaphilosophy, which is alluded to in the third part of the text.

Abstract In his writing On the Question: What is Enlightenment? Mendelssohn asserts that the progress of enlightenment finds its limits when it threatens the religious and moral foundations of society. These assump- tions can be read as part of the criticisms he develops in Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism against his friend Lessing’s philosophy of history. Hence, this article aims to show how, based on the differences in the ways both authors define the concept of enlightenment and the perfection of the human being, it is possible to understand Mendelssohn’s defense of religious pluralism in the face of the danger of a definitive unity that Lessing sets as the goal of the progress of history.

Resumen En su escrito Acerca de la pregunta ¿qué significa ilustrar?, Mendelssohn afirma que el progreso de la ilustración encuentra sus límites cuando amenaza los fundamentos religiosos y morales de la sociedad. Estas suposiciones pueden ser leídas como parte de las críticas que desarrolla en Jerusalem, o acerca del poder religioso y judaismo contra la filosofía de la historia de su amigo, Lessing. De ahí que este artículo intente mostrar cómo a partir de las diferencias entre las formas en que ambos autores definen el concepto de ilustración y de perfeccionamiento del ser humano, es posible entender la defensa del pluralismo religioso de Mendelssohn ante el peligro de una unidad definitiva que Lessing fija como meta del progreso de la historia.

Abstract In his writing “On the Question: What is Enlightenment?” Moses Mendelssohn considers that, in cases where human enlightenment would compromise the stability of the State, the philosophy must remain si- lenced. To justify this, he appeals to the words of “a Hebrew writer”, but wi- thout mentioning him. The present article will offer a detailed analysis of the references implied in this quotation, facilitating the task of interested readers. Starting from it, an alternative interpretation of Mendelssohn’s writing will be proposed, reading between the lines, inspired by the philosophy of Leo Strauss. With special attention to the citizenship conditions of Mendelssohn and the Jews, the philosophical and political understanding that an enlightened Jewish philosopher could have of this text will be considered.

Resumen En su escrito “Acerca de la pregunta: ¿Qué significa ilustrar?”, Moses Mendelssohn considera que, en casos donde la ilustración del ser humano comprometiese la estabilidad del Estado, la filosofía debería guardar silencio. Para justificarlo, apela a las palabras de un “escritor hebreo”, pero sin mencionarlo. El presente trabajo ofrecerá un detenido análisis de las referencias contenidas en dicha cita, facilitando la tarea de los lec tores interesados. Partiendo de ella, se propondrá una interpretación alternativa del artículo, haciendo una lectura entre líneas inspirada en la filosofía de Leo Strauss. Con especial énfasis en las condiciones de ciudadanía de Mendelssohn y los judíos, se considerará la comprensión filosófica y política que un filósofo judío ilustrado pudiera hacerse del texto.

ABSTRACT This article deals with the actions of the commissioners of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition of Lisbon in the colonial state of Maranhão and Grão-Pará during the first half of the 18th century. The aim is to analyze the inquiries carried out by these commissioners in the towns and cities of that state between 1708 and 1743. For this purpose, digital documents from the National Archives of Torre do Tombo-ANTT referring to the Lisbon Inquisition are used, as well as digital files from the Overseas Historical Archive-AHU and the Public Archive of the State of Maranhão-APEM. The methodology consists of analyzing the networks of denouncers and denounced. By cross-referencing the sources through name clues, we obtained a snapshot of the information circulating in the colonial state of Maranhão and Grão-Pará and in the Kingdom about the religious practices of the Andrades and the influence of members of this family on local public administration. GrãoPará Grão Pará th century 170 1743 purpose TomboANTT Tombo ANTT used ArchiveAHU AHU MaranhãoAPEM. MaranhãoAPEM APEM. APEM Maranhão-APEM denounced crossreferencing cross referencing clues administration 17 174 1

RESUMO O presente artigo aborda as ações de comissários do Tribunal do Santo Ofício da Inquisição de Lisboa no Estado colonial do Maranhão e Grão-Pará durante a primeira metade do século XVIII. Objetiva-se analisar as inquirições ocorridas nas diligências desses comissários por vilas e cidades daquele Estado entre 1708 e 1743. Para tanto, utilizam-se documentos digitais do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (ANTT) referentes à Inquisição de Lisboa, bem como documentos digitais do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU) e do Arquivo Público do Estado do Maranhão (APEM). A metodologia consiste na análise das redes de denunciantes e denunciados. Ao cruzar as fontes por meio dos indícios dos nomes, obteve-se uma conjuntura das informações que circulavam no Estado colonial do Maranhão e Grão-Pará e no Reino sobre as práticas religiosas dos Andrades e a influência dos membros dessa família na administração pública local. GrãoPará Grão Pará XVIII Objetivase Objetiva se 170 1743 tanto utilizamse utilizam ANTT (ANTT AHU (AHU APEM. APEM . (APEM) denunciados nomes obtevese obteve local 17 174 (APEM 1

Abstract: Lisbon, throughout the 16th century, established itself as one of the most important cities in Europe. It was the effervescent center where, along with trade and business that marked relationships, dynamics and landscapes, women’s stories unfolded, such as that of Maria Fernandes, a New Christian, haggler, seller of onions, garlic and oranges in Ribeira and resident of beco da Tinturaria. Her process is unique, because even though she was arrested and accused of Judaism, a “crime” for which severe penalties were imposed, she was sentenced in an auto da fé with determination of release after payment of the term of imprisonment surety by Francisco Fernandes, New Christian, book merchant. Taking aspects of the inquisitorial process of Maria Fernandes, this article intertwines two New Christians in a story of solidarity, in the face of the tension provoked by the actions of the Tribunal of the Holy Office. Abstract Lisbon th century Europe where relationships landscapes womens women s unfolded Fernandes Christian haggler onions Tinturaria unique Judaism crime “crime imposed merchant solidarity Office

Resumo: Lisboa, ao longo do século XVI, firmava-se como uma das cidades mais importantes da Europa. Era o efervescente centro onde, a par do comércio e de negócios que marcavam relações, dinâmicas e paisagens, desenrolavam-se histórias de mulheres, como a de Maria Fernandes, cristã-nova, regateira, vendedora de cebolas, alhos e laranjas na Ribeira e moradora no beco da Tinturaria. Seu processo é singular, pois mesmo tendo sido presa e acusada de judaísmo, “crime” para o qual eram imputadas severas penas, foi sentenciada em um auto da fé com determinação de soltura após o pagamento de termo de fiança por Francisco Fernandes, cristão-novo, mercador de livros. Tomando aspectos do processo inquisitorial de Maria Fernandes, este artigo entrelaça dois cristãos-novos em uma história de solidariedade, frente à tensão provocada pelas ações do Tribunal do Santo Ofício. Resumo Lisboa XVI firmavase firmava se Europa onde relações paisagens desenrolavamse desenrolavam mulheres Fernandes cristãnova, cristãnova cristã nova, nova cristã-nova regateira cebolas Tinturaria singular judaísmo crime “crime penas cristãonovo, cristãonovo cristão novo, novo cristão-novo livros cristãosnovos cristãos novos solidariedade Ofício

Abstract Written almost simultaneously (c. 1160) by Abraham Ibn Daud, The Book of Tradition and The Exalted Faith respond to a common purpose, developed, respectively, from a historiographic and philosophical perspective: to define and defend rabbinic Judaism in the Iberian Peninsula, within the general framework of an apologia pro religione Judaica. Our objective in this present paper is to investigate the fundamental features of these two works from the perspective of the religious polemicism, showing the differences between the philosophical and historical version that each of them, respectively, represents.

Resumen Escritos casi simultáneamente (c.1160) por Abraham Ibn Daud, El libro de la tradición y La fe exaltada responden a un propósito común desarrollado, respectivamente, desde una perspectiva historiográfica y filosófica: definir y defender el judaísmo rabínico en la península Ibérica, dentro del marco general de una apologia pro religione judaica Nuestro objetivo en el presente trabajo es indagar en los rasgos fundamentales de estas dos obras desde la perspectiva del polemismo religioso, mostrando las diferencias entre la versión filosófica e histórica que cada una de ellas, respectivamente, representa.

Resumen En este estudio, se examinan algunos principios del diálogo interreligioso e intercultural en el contexto posterior al Concilio Vaticano II en América Latina y su influencia a través del Decreto Nostra Aetate. Se explora también la Teología India y su relevancia para promover el diálogo entre el cristianismo y las tradiciones indígenas en la región. Además, se introduce el método del Razonamiento de la Escritura, utilizado en Chile para facilitar el diálogo interreligioso e intercultural entre las tradiciones originarias, el cristianismo, el islam y el judaísmo, con el objetivo de promover un diálogo enriquecedor y respetuoso. Este estudio busca ofrecer nuevas perspectivas y enfoques metodológicos para fomentar el diálogo interreligioso e intercultural más efectivo y significativo.

Abstract This study examines some principles of interreligious and intercultural dialogue post-Vatican II in South America, particularly in light of the impact of the Nostra Aetate decree. It also explores the principles of Indigenous Theology to recognize the key demands and possibilities for fostering dialogue between Christianity and the indigenous traditions in the region. Additionally, the method called Scriptural Reasoning, currently being employed in Chile, is proposed to promote interreligious and intercultural dialogue among indigenous traditions (specifically Mapuche), Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. The intention of this work is to explore new perspectives and methodological approaches to encourage a more enriching and respectful dialogue.

Resumen El artículo aborda una litografía muy detallada y compleja con el título Aperçu de l’Origine du Culte Hébraïque (Una aproximación al origen del culto hebreo), que fue diseñada y ejecutada en París, en 1841, por un rabino húngaro, David Rosenberg. El artículo explica el significado cabalístico de la litografía y su aplicación a la masonería. El esfuerzo de Rosenberg será analizado dentro del contexto histórico masónico más amplio. Se explorarán las razones probables detrás de la reinterpretación de la litografía de una obra judaica a una masónica, incluidos los posibles motivos personales de Rosenberg. Se argumentará que el rabino usó la Cábala como una herramienta dentro de la logia masónica.

Abstract This article addresses a highly detailed and complex lithograph with the title Aperçu de l’Origine du Culte Hébraïque (An Overview of the Origin of Hebrew Worship), which was designed and executed in Paris in 1841 by a Hungarian rabbi, David Rosenberg. It explains the Kabbalistic meaning of the lithograph and its application to Freemasonry. Rosenberg’s endeavour will be analysed within the wider Masonic historical context. The probable reasons behind the reinterpretation of the lithograph from a Judaic into a Masonic work will be explored, thus also including Rosenberg’s possible personal motives. It will be argued that the rabbi used Kabbalah as a tool to gain higher recognition within the Masonic lodge.

Abstract The paper analyzes the links that have been established between the Jewish stuff and the “national and popular” field taking as a case study the origins of the organization called “LlamamientoArgentinoJudío”. The paper inquiries into the precedents of the Llamamiento and into the overall context of mingling between politics and Judaism throughout Cristina Fernandez's second term. Trough document analyzes looking at inductive identification of frames the paper analyzes the meanings that have been projected by the Llamamiento throughout its first public interventions. In-deep interviewing complements our analyzes. We find that ethnicity and politics overlap each other in a way that differ from the ways that used to be observed in research agenda: It is not a matter of struggling for the rights or visibility of ethnics but the portraying of the political conflicts inside the Jewish collectivity. The making of this representation of the Jewish stuff articulate with political conflict in the national scale. The paper allows us at analyzing how the members of the Llamamiento dwell both the ethnic and the political field while activating the same cognitive frames.

Resumen El artículo analiza vínculos entre lo judío y el campo nacional y popular a partir de un estudio sobre la organización denominada Llamamiento Argentino Judío. Indaga en sus precedentes y en el contexto general de intersección entre lo político y lo judío que tiene lugar a fines del segundo gobierno de Cristina Fernández. Mediante la técnica de un análisis de documentos que apunta a la identificación inductiva de marcos, analiza los significados que el Llamamiento puso en circulación a través de sus primeras intervenciones públicas. Este análisis es complementado con entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a miembros del Llamamiento. Encontramos que las articulaciones entre etnicidad y política difieren de aquellas que tienden a observarse en la agenda de investigaciones. Más que la lucha por el reconocimiento de los derechoso el intento por visibilizar a un colectivo étnico, el Llamamiento se propone evidenciar las diferencias políticas que dividen al colectivo judío. La producción de esta imagen de lo judío se inserta en un contexto más amplio de lucha política a escala nacional. El estudio nos permite indagar en cómo los activistas del Llamamiento habitan los mundos étnico y político a partir de los mismos marcos cognitivos.

ABSTRACT In this article, we will discuss the Bakhtinian concepts of Grotesque realism and grotesque body from various perspectives. We will begin by exploring the synchronic approaches taken by contemporary linguists and semioticians. Additionally, we will delve into Bakhtin’s own treatment of these concepts, tracing their origins to his doctoral thesis during the early 20th century within the context of the Soviet Union. Subsequently, we will examine the significance of both concepts within the work Rabelais and His World, Finally, we will scrutinize some instances of the Grotesque in literary and visual arts from Ancient Judaism and early in Medieval Christianity, which were either directly or indirectly referenced by Bakhtin. article perspectives semioticians Additionally Bakhtins Bakhtin s th Union Subsequently World Finally Christianity

RESUMO Nesse artigo, discutiremos os conceitos bakhtinianos de realismo grotesco e corpo grotesco a partir de diferentes aspectos, a começar pelas abordagens sincrônicas feitas pelos linguistas e semióticos contemporâneos nossos, mas também pela abordagem que o próprio Bakhtin fez desses conceitos desde a pré-história deles, isto é, enquanto o pensador russo elaborava-os em sua tese de doutorado, no contexto da União Soviética na primeira metade do século XX. Depois disso, discutiremos o significado de ambos os conceitos no interior da obra A cultura popular na Idade Média e no Renascimento: O contexto de François Rabelais e, por fim, examinaremos algumas manifestações do grotesco em obras literárias e de artes plásticas do judaísmo antigo e do cristianismo antigo e medieval, as quais foram direta ou indiretamente citadas ou aludidas por Bakhtin. artigo aspectos nossos préhistória pré história deles é elaboravaos elaborava doutorado XX disso Renascimento fim medieval

Resumen Este artículo analiza las acciones llevadas a cabo por el colectivo Judíes feministas en pos de visibilizar el pedido de legalización del aborto, tanto dentro como fuera del espacio social judío, a lo largo del 2020. Estas actividades dialogan, a su vez, con otras experiencias previas al interior de este espacio en el marco de diferentes intervenciones a favor de la interrupción del embarazo, fechadas entre 2010 y 2020. En este sentido, el escrito reflexiona sobre las articulaciones entre pertenencias y asociaciones religiosas y agenciamientos políticos, observando posicionamientos que se fundamentan, por un lado, en concepciones religiosas y, por el otro, en el imperativo de separación de lo religioso y la esfera pública. Se destaca que no necesariamente quienes se representan como especialistas en religión defienden su politización, y en cambio, quienes se presentan como judíxs humanistas o laicxs, llevan a cabo intervenciones donde hacen jugar lo religioso en lo público.

Abstract This article analyzes the actions carried out by the Jewish feminist collective, in order to make visible the request for the legalization of abortion, both inside and outside the Jewish social space, throughout 2020. This activities dialogue, at the same time, with other previous experiences inside this space, within the framework of different interventions in favor of the interruption of pregnancy, dated between 2010 and 2020. In this sense, the writing reflects on the articulations between religious belongings and associations and political agencies, observing positions that are based, on the one hand, on religious conceptions and, on the other, on the imperative of separating the religious and the public sphere. It is highlighted that those who represent themselves as specialists in religion do not necessarily defend their politicization, and instead, those who present themselves as humanist or secular Jews, carry out interventions where they play religion in the public sphere.

Resumen En el marco de los estudios judíos y los estudios sobre el kirchnerismo, el artículo analiza cómo las categorías políticas impregnan el campo judaico. En el último tramo del segundo mandato de Cristina Fernández, lo judío formó parte del discurso de los actores políticos y de sus estrategias de construcción de un campo antikirchnerista. En ese marco, y como respuesta a estas estrategias discursivas, fue creado el Llamamiento Argentino Judío, agrupación cuyo lema central fue la impugnación de la pretensión de la DAIA de definirse como el representante de la colectividad judía. El discurso articulado por el Llamamiento proyectó una definición de lo judío imbricada en las categorías políticas de derecha e izquierda, produciendo articulaciones entre lo judío y el movimiento nacional y popular. El artículo analiza como esta articulación tiene lugar a través del proceso de producción de memoria. Para ello, analiza la memoria como una producción en proceso no exenta de tensiones.

Abstract As a contribution to both Jewish studies and studies on Kirchnerism, the paper analyses how political categorization takes place inside the Jewish field. During the last stretch of Cristina Fernandez Presidency, Judaism becomes one of the main dimensions of the discourses and strategies of some political actors whose objective was the making of an antikirchnerist stance. It was in this very context, and as a reply to those strategies, that the Llamamiento Argentino Judío was founded. The LAJ was created as an organization aimed at supporting the government and to contest the claiming of DAIA of being recognized as the only representative of Argentinean Jews. The LAJ projected a kind of definition of Jewishness which dived into the Left- Right scheme of political categorization. This way, the LAJ articulated both Jewishness and the national-popular movement. The paper analyses how this articulation took place through the memory politics dynamics, taking into account that memory has to be analysed as a not without tensions process.