RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o consumo de matéria seca, produção de leite, composição do leite e parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos entre vacas Holandesas e Jersey sob estresse térmico. Vacas Holandesas (n=8) e Jersey (n=8) foram alocadas em dois grupos de tratamento: VA, com resfriamento, e SVA, sem resfriamento. O experimento incluiu 14 dias de adaptação (todas as vacas foram resfriadas) e cinco dias de avaliação (apenas as vacas VA foram resfriadas). O consumo de matéria seca e a produção de leite foram medidos diariamente. No Dia 0 do período de adaptação e nos Dias 1, 3 e 5 do período de avaliação, foram coletadas amostras de leite para análise de composição, físico-química e células somáticas; foi coletado sangue para análise do conteúdo de proteínas totais, albumina, uréia, creatinina, glicose e beta-hidroxibutirato. Os parâmetros fisiológicos medidos foram frequência respiratória, temperatura superficial, temperatura retal e movimentos ruminais. O delineamento experimental foi fatorial 2 × 3, com dois tratamentos e três dias. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e testados quanto à normalidade dos resíduos. Para o consumo de matéria seca houve interação tratamento*dia e a produção e composição do leite foram semelhantes. Apenas o conteúdo proteico foi maior no grupo de tratamento VA do que no grupo SVA. O leite das vacas SVA apresentou maior resistência ao etanol do que o das vacas VA. O ponto de congelamento foi maior no grupo de tratamento VA. A concentração de beta-hidroxibutirato foi maior no grupo de tratamento VA. Um curto período de estresse térmico não afetou imediatamente a produção, mas afetou a composição e as propriedades físico-químicas do leite. O resfriamento ativo das vacas com ventilação e aspersão influencia a quantidade de calor produzido e retido, impactando nos parâmetros fisiológicos, metabólitos sanguíneos, composição e propriedades físico-químicas do leite.

ABSTRACT: This research compared dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and physiological and biochemical parameters between holstein and jersey cows under heat stress. Holstein (n=8) and Jersey (n=8) cows were allocated into two treatment groups: VA, with cooling, and SVA, with no cooling. The experiment included 14 days of adaptation (all the cows were cooled) and 5 days of evaluation (only the VA cows were cooled). Dry matter intake and milk production were measured daily. On Day 0 of the adaptation period and on Days 1, 3 and 5 of the evaluation period, milk samples were collected for composition, physicochemical and somatic cell analysis; blood was collected for analysis of the contents of total proteins, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate, surface temperature, rectal temperature and ruminal movements. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial, with two treatments and three days. The data were subjected to ANOVA and tested for normality of the residuals. For dry matter intake, there was a treatment*day interaction, and the milk yield and composition of the treatments were similar. Only the protein content was greater in the VA treatment group than in the SVA group. The milk from SVA cows had greater resistance to ethanol than that from VA cows. The freezing point was greater in the VA treatment group. The concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate was greater in the VA treatment group. A short heat stress period did not immediately affect production, but it did affect the composition and physicochemical properties of milk. The active cooling of cows with ventilation and sprinkling influences the amount of heat produced and retained, impacting the physiological parameters, blood metabolites, composition, and physicochemical properties of milk.

Heat stress has been identified as one of the major challenges for livestock production. Global temperatures are steadily increasing, with South African temperatures increasing at nearly twice the global rate. Of the livestock used for food production, dairy cows are the most sensitive to thermal changes, which have detrimental effects on their health, welfare, and overall productivity. Several abiotic factors that influence the heat load experienced by the cow are not commonly included in thermal indices used to measure heat stress; these include solar radiation, wind speed, and soil quality. Furthermore, the thermal comfort zone of cows has been altered by years of intense selection for increased milk yield, causing cows to become heat stressed at lower temperatures. Considering the abiotic and biotic factors affecting the cow's heat load, it can be argued that dairy cows in tropical and subtropical climates are experiencing constant heat stress. In this review, the abiotic and biotic factors influencing the heat load experienced by dairy cows are reviewed, along with the available thermal indices that can be utilised at farm level.

Global warming, the increase in heatwaves and periods of intense heat, is a major problem across the world, including in South Africa. Heat exposure has adverse health impacts, ranging from dehydration and heat stroke to death. The transport sector and its users are vulnerable to heat exposure both in vehicles and in places where they wait for transport. We investigated the heat perceptions and experiences of minibus commuters and the minibus taxi industry in minibus taxis and minibus taxi ranks to inform an intervention to prevent adverse health impacts from heat exposure in the City of Tshwane. Commuters (n = 279), drivers and marshals (n = 46) reported feeling hot in minibus taxis and minibus taxi ranks, experiencing sweating, headaches, exhaustion and dizziness. Some participants reported opening windows and doors, drinking water/cold drinks, removing a jersey and fanning themselves to try and cool down. All participants suggested solutions to address heat exposure in minibus taxis and minibus taxi ranks, including more shelters and trees for shade, the provision of water, benches and potentially an air-conditioned building for waiting/holding periods between trips. In consultation with our stakeholders, we prepared educational awareness materials about heat risks to health and actions to take when it is hot, and these were distributed through the minibus taxi sector in the City of Tshwane. Future research needs include measuring temperatures in these settings and rolling out large-scale interventions to protect health and well-being in a changing climate. SIGNIFICANCE: Heat exposure has adverse health impacts, ranging from dehydration to death. The transport sector and its users are vulnerable to extreme heat. We investigated the heat experiences and perceptions of minibus commuters and the minibus taxi industry to inform an intervention to prevent adverse health impacts from heat exposure in the City of Tshwane. We prepared educational awareness materials about heat risks to health and actions to take when it is hot, and these were distributed through the minibus taxi sector. Future research needs include measuring temperatures in these settings and rolling out large-scale interventions to protect health and well-being in a changing climate.

ABSTRACT: Protocols to artificially induce cows and heifers into lactation are effective and commercially available in Brazil. However, these protocols demand long hormonal treatments, which is debatable since little research has been done in the subject. To further understand artificial induction to lactation (AIL) protocols, we conducted two experiments. In experiment 1, our objective was to better characterize steroidal profile during an AIL protocol and assess the estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) serum profiles of Jersey cows (n=6) subjected to a conventional protocol. In experiment 2, we aimed to compare milk production and serum E2 concentrations of Holstein heifers induced into lactation by the standard AIL protocol (15 injections of E2 and 8 P4 injections) and by a short protocol in which the number of E2 injections and, consequently, the overall dosage of E2, were reduced (8 injections of E2 and 8 P4 injections). We hypothesized that a short AIL protocol (8 days) would be as efficient as the long standard protocol of 15 days. Our hypothesis was confirmed, since we demonstrated that a shorter protocol was able to induce lactation in Holstein heifers without hindering milk production.

RESUMO: Protocolos que induzem à lactação artificial em vacas e novilhas são eficazes e estão comercialmente disponíveis no Brasil. No entanto, esses protocolos demandam longos tratamentos hormonais, o que é discutível visto que poucas pesquisas foram feitas sobre o assunto. Para entender melhor os protocolos de indução artificial à lactação (IAL), realizamos dois experimentos. Foi testada a hipótese de que um protocolo curto (oito dias) de IAL é tão eficiente quanto o protocolo padrão de 15 dias. No experimento 1 objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil esteroidal durante um protocolo de IAL e avaliou-se os perfis séricos de estradiol (E2) e progesterona (P4) de vacas Jersey (n=6) submetidas a um protocolo convencional. No experimento 2 foram comparadas a produção de leite e as concentrações séricas de E2 de novilhas holandesas induzidas à lactação pelo protocolo padrão de IAL (15 injeções de E2 e 8 injeções de P4) e por um protocolo curto, no qual o número de injeções de E2 e, consequentemente, a dosagem geral de E2 foram reduzidas (oito injeções de E2 e oito injeções de P4). A hipótese foi confirmada, demonstrado que um protocolo mais curto induziu a lactação em novilhas holandesas sem prejudicar a produção de leite.

ABSTRACT Vesicular stomatitis virus is the causative agent of the vesicular stomatitis disease, which mainly affects cattle, swine, and horses causing significant economic losses. Many other animal species, including humans, can be also affected by the disease. Up to now, the epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis disease is not well understood. Previous epidemiological studies in Central America described the existence of an association between the presence of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus antibodies and environmental risk factors such as mean annual rainfall, temperature, and elevation. Additionally, molecular epidemiology studies revealed that the phylogenetic relationship between vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus isolates is more related to ecological factors than temporal factors. We have performed a genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus samples isolated from animals in different geographical regions in Venezuela. We sequenced the hypervariable region of the phosphoprotein gene of 51 samples collected over eight years. The virus was found in a wide range of environmental conditions, at high and low altitudes and with variable levels of precipitation and temperatures. In contrast with previous reports, our phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from different ecological regions did not present significant genetic differences. cattle swine losses species humans now understood rainfall temperature elevation Additionally Venezuela 5 years conditions temperatures reports differences

Abstract In this study, first of all, single jersey fabric scraps knitted from Ne 30/1 (19.7 Tex) cotton yarns were obtained. These scraps were recycled in the rag puller machine without mixing with any other products. Yarn production from recycled fibers was made by open-end spinning machine and Ne 30/1 yarns were systematically produced again. By comparing the test results of the initial state of the yarns and the test results after the recycling process, the impacts of the recycling process of the single jersey fabric knitted from Ne 30/1 cotton yarns on the yarn performance properties were presented objectively. Yarn unevenness of the recycled yarns increased due to the decrease in fiber lengths due to the damage given to the fibers during mechanical recycling. study all 301 30 1 30/ 19.7 197 19 7 (19. Tex obtained products openend open end again objectively 3 19. (19 (1 (

RESUMO: Embora vacinas intranasais contra complexo respiratório bovino (CRB) contendo vírus vivo atenuado provoquem maior estimulação de reposta humoral local, elas podem mimetizar uma infecção viral responsável por reduzir a defesa imune inata durante o estabelecimento da imunidade vacinal. Probióticos contendo Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Enterococcus faecium reduziram a ocorrência de CRB em bezerras neonatas desafiados com vírus respiratório sincicial bovino e potencializaram a resposta humoral após a vacinação em modelos murino, gerando-se a dúvida se poderiam ter o mesmo efeito em bezerros. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar se o probiótico contendo E. faecium e S. cerevisiae atenua a inflamação causada pela vacina na região do trato respiratório de bezerras. Vinte e quatro bezerras da raça Jersey, sadias com idade entre 6 a 7 meses de idade foram divididas nos grupos: controle (C), suplementado (S), vacinado (V) e suplementado e vacinado (SV), com seis animais em cada. Os grupos suplementados (S e SV) receberam S. cerevisiae e E. faecium uma vez ao dia, no dia D-15, durante 51 dias (Probios precise®, Ouro Fino®, 2g/dia/animal). Os grupos vacinados (V e SV) receberam a vacina intranasal contra CRB em dose única no dia 0 (Inforce®, Zoetis®, 1ml/ narina). Mensurou-se a irritação do trato respiratório e os parâmetros broncoalveolares (BA): citologia, função de fagócitos e IgA, nos dias D-15, D3, D7 e D21. Os grupos vacinados apresentaram maior irritação da nasofaringe e traqueia, porém apenas o V apresentou redução da função dos fagócitos BA e aumento da celularidade por influxo neutrofílico. Em relação a IgA BA, o SV apresentou o maior aumento, seguido do S e do V, em relação ao C. Conclui-se que a suplementação com E. faecium e S. cerevisiae isolada promoveu aumento de produção de IgA BA. Em associação com a vacina, atenuou a inflamação do trato respiratório produzida pela mesma, evitando a redução da função de fagócitos BA, além de potencializar a resposta humoral da vacina contendo vírus vivo atenuado contra o CRB. RESUMO (CRB local vacinal murino gerandose gerando bezerros E Jersey C, C , (C) S, (S) SV, (SV) cada D15, D15 D 15, 15 D-15 5 Probios precise precise® Fino Fino® 2g/dia/animal. 2gdiaanimal gdiaanimal 2g/dia/animal . 2g animal g 2g/dia/animal) Inforce®, Inforce (Inforce® Zoetis Zoetis® 1ml ml narina. narina narina) Mensurouse Mensurou (BA) citologia D3 D21 traqueia neutrofílico Concluise Conclui mesma (C (SV D1 1 D-1 Inforce® (Inforce (BA D2 D-

ABSTRACT: Although intranasal bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccines containing live attenuated virus elicit greater stimulation of local humoral immunity response, they can mimic a viral infection, responsible for reducing innate defense during the establishment of vaccine-induced immunity. Probiotics containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Enterococcus faecium reduced the occurrence of BRD in neonatal calves challenged with the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Furthermore, the probiotics potentiated the humoral immune response after vaccination in murine models, raising the question of whether they could have the same effect in calves. This study aimed to verify if the probiotic containing E. faecium and S. cerevisiae attenuates the inflammation caused by the vaccine against BRD in the respiratory tract region in calves. Twenty-four healthy Jersey calves, aged 6 to 7 months old, were divided into the groups: control (C), supplemented (S), vaccinated (V), and supplemented and vaccinated (SV), with six animals in each of them. Supplemented groups (S and SV) received S. cerevisiae and E. faecium once a day on D-15 for 51 days (Probios precise®, Ouro Fino®, 2g/day/animal). Vaccinated groups (V and SV) received a single dose of an intranasal BRD vaccine on day 0 (Inforce®, Zoetis®, 1ml/ nostril). The control group was not supplemented or vaccined. Irritation of the respiratory tract and bronchoalveolar (BA) evaluations: cytology, phagocyte function, and IgA were measured on D-15, D3, D7, and D21. The vaccinated groups showed greater irritation of the nasopharynx and trachea. However, only Group V showed a reduction in BA phagocyte function and an increase in cellularity by a neutrophil influx in the BA region. Regarding IgA BA, SV showed the greatest increase, followed by S and V, concerning C. We conclude that isolated supplementation with E. faecium and S. cerevisiae promoted increased production of BA IgA. In association with the vaccine, the supplementation attenuated the inflammation of the respiratory tract produced by the vaccine itself, avoiding the reduction of phagocyte function BA, besides potentiating the humoral immune response of the vaccine containing live attenuated virus against BRD. ABSTRACT (BRD infection vaccineinduced induced BRSV. BRSV . (BRSV) Furthermore models E Twentyfour Twenty four old C, C , (C) S, (S) (V) SV, (SV) them D15 D 15 D-1 5 Probios precise precise® Fino Fino® 2g/day/animal. 2gdayanimal gdayanimal 2g/day/animal 2g animal g 2g/day/animal) Inforce®, Inforce (Inforce® Zoetis Zoetis® 1ml ml nostril. nostril nostril) vaccined (BA evaluations cytology D15, 15, D3 D7 D21 trachea However itself (BRSV (C (SV D1 1 D- Inforce® (Inforce D2

RESUMO: Um surto de fotossensibilização em bovinos da raça Holandesa e Jersey foi observado após a passagem de um ciclone extratropical no Sul do Brasil, quando houve queda de diversas árvores, dentre elas Myrocarpus frondosus (família Fabaceae), popularmente conhecida como “gabreúva, cabriúna ou gabriúna”. Cinco novilhas consumiram folhas dessa planta, e todas adoeceram. Os principais sinais clínicos foram diminuição do apetite, permanência dentro da água, diminuição dos movimentos ruminais, fezes ressecadas, esclera e conjuntivas congestas e ictéricas, urina escura e inquietação quando expostas ao sol. Uma novilha apresentou andar em círculos, incoordenação e inquietação e morte seis dias após início dos sinais clínicos. A partir do sétimo dia, três novilhas apresentaram melhora e uma permaneceu apática, com as mucosas ictéricas, ulceração e descamação na língua, aumento da frequência respiratória, febre e morreu 18 dias após ingestão da planta. Na necropsia foram observadas lesões de fotossensibilização na pele despigmentada, focinho, tetos, ponta da orelha, caracterizadas por descontinuidade da pele com formação de crostas, exsudato inflamatório associado a vermelhidão da pele além de ulceração na boca, focinho e porção ventral da língua e icterícia acentuada e edema, na região submandibular. O fígado estava aumentado de volume, de cor laranja, vesícula biliar repleta e com edema de parede. Através da microscopia foram observadas, lesões hepáticas, caracterizadas por necrose de hepatócitos, moderada e difusa, degeneração vacuolar, centrolobular, retenção de bilirrubina e proliferação de epitélio biliar. Na literatura, não há relatos da toxicidade de M. frondosus para bovinos. Com o objetivo de esclarecer o possível quadro clínico-patológico produzido por essa planta foram conduzidos experimentos em bovinos. Foi realizado um levantamento dos dados epidemiológicos do surto espontâneo diagnosticado e, posteriormente, três bovinos receberam as folhas verdes da planta e um quarto recebeu as folhas dessecadas. Após a administração da planta, foram coletadas amostras de sangue diariamente para hemograma, dosagem de enzimas hepáticas (gama glutamil transferase, fosfatase alcalina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato transferase), bilirrubina, aferição dos parâmetros vitais e biópsia hepática a partir do surgimento dos sinais clínicos. Em caso de morte, foi realizada necropsia com coleta de amostras de vísceras para avaliação macro e microscópica. A parte experimental foi desenvolvida nas dependências do Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CAV-UDESC. A dose única de 33g/kg de folhas verdes causou graves sinais clínicos, enquanto a administração de 22g/kg e 11g/kg causou sinais leves a moderados da doença. O fornecimento de folhas dessecadas em dose única não causou manifestações clínicas. M. frondosus pode ser responsabilizada como causa de fotossensibilização hepatógena espontânea em bovinos. A ingestão de folhas verdes dessa planta em doses superiores a 11g/kg pode levar a alterações clínicas, com posterior recuperação, ou evoluir para morte com lesões hepáticas graves. RESUMO Brasil árvores família Fabaceae, Fabaceae , Fabaceae) gabreúva, gabreúva “gabreúva gabriúna. gabriúna . gabriúna” adoeceram apetite água ruminais ressecadas ictéricas sol círculos dia apática respiratória 1 despigmentada tetos orelha crostas boca submandibular volume laranja parede hepatócitos difusa vacuolar centrolobular literatura M clínicopatológico clínico patológico posteriormente hemograma gama transferase alcalina aminotransferase transferase) microscópica Animal CAVUDESC. CAVUDESC CAV UDESC. UDESC CAV-UDESC 33gkg gkg 33g kg g 22gkg 22g 11gkg 11g doença clínicas recuperação

ABSTRACT: An outbreak of photosensitization in Holstein and Jersey cattle occurred after the passage of an extratropical cyclone in Southern Brazil. On that occasion, several trees fell, including some of the species Myrocarpus frondosus (Fabaceae family) popularly known as “gabreúva”, “cabriúna” or “gabriúna”. Five heifers consumed the leaves of this plant, and all of them became ill. The main clinical signs were decreased appetite, permanence in the water, decreased ruminal movements, dry stools, congested and icteric sclera and conjunctivae, dark urine and restlessness when exposed to the sun. One heifer showed circling, incoordination, restlessness and death six days after the onset of clinical signs. From the seventh day, three heifers showed improvement; one remained apathetic, with jaundiced mucous membranes, ulceration, and scaling on the tongue, increased respiratory rate, and fever, and died 18 days after ingestion of the plant. At necropsy, photosensitivity lesions were observed on the depigmented skin, snout, teats, and ear tip, characterized by discontinuity of the skin with the formation of crusts, inflammatory exudate associated with redness of the skin, in addition to ulceration in the mouth, snout and ventral portion of the tongue and jaundice and edema in the submandibular region. The liver was enlarged, with an orange color, full gallbladder, and wall edema. Through microscopy, liver lesions were characterized by moderate and diffuse necrosis of hepatocytes, vacuolar and centrilobular degeneration, bilirubin retention and proliferation of biliary epithelium. The literature shows no reports of M. frondosus toxicity in cattle. Experiments were carried out in cattle to clarify the possible clinical-pathological picture produced by this plant. A survey of the epidemiological data of the diagnosed spontaneous outbreak was carried out, and subsequently, three cattle received the plant’s green leaves, and a fourth received the dried leaves. After administering the plant, blood samples were collected daily for blood count, measurement of liver enzymes (gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transferase), bilirubin, measurement of vital parameters and liver biopsy from the onset of signs. In case of death, a necropsy was performed with collection of viscera samples for macro and microscopic evaluation. The experimental part was developed at the Laboratory of Animal Pathology, CAV-UDESC. The single dose of 33g/kg of green leaves caused severe clinical signs, while the administration of 22g/kg and 11g/kg caused mild to moderate signs of the disease. The supply of desiccated leaves in a single dose did not cause clinical manifestations. M. frondosus can be blamed as a cause of spontaneous hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle. Experimentally, the ingestion of green leaves of this plant, in doses greater than 11g/kg can lead to clinical changes, with subsequent recovery, or progress to death with severe liver damage. ABSTRACT Brazil occasion fell Fabaceae family gabreúva, gabreúva , “gabreúva” cabriúna “cabriúna gabriúna. gabriúna . “gabriúna” plant ill appetite water movements stools conjunctivae sun circling incoordination day improvement apathetic membranes rate fever 1 teats tip crusts mouth region enlarged color gallbladder microscopy hepatocytes degeneration epithelium M clinicalpathological pathological subsequently plants s count gamma transferase phosphatase aminotransferase transferase) evaluation Pathology CAVUDESC. CAVUDESC CAV UDESC. UDESC CAV-UDESC 33gkg gkg 33g kg g 22gkg 22g 11gkg 11g disease manifestations Experimentally changes recovery damage “gabreúva “gabriúna

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do vírus da Leucose Bovina (BLV - BovineLeukosis Virus) sobre o perfil sistêmico em vacas primíparas no período de transição. Novilhas prenhas das raças Holandesa e Jersey (n=24) foram distribuídas em pares em dois grupos experimentais: (BLV+) e (BLV-). Os animais BLV+ foram classificados em subgrupos com alta e baixa carga proviral, de acordo com a mediana dos valores obtidos. Os animais foram avaliados nas semanas -3, -2, -1, parto (0), +1, +2 e +3. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para análises hematológicas e bioquímicas, além da dosagem de haptoglobina. Na fase de triagem observou-se soroprevalência de 57,25% e 38.7%, respectivamente no rebanho e na categoria novilhas (38,7%). Em relação ao eritrograma, a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) foi a única variável que apresentou interação grupo*tempo, observando-se maiores valores no grupo BLV+ (BLV+ = 33,29 ± 3,39%; BLV- = 31,08 ± 2,31%). BLV teve efeito sobre a atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST), com maiores valores no grupo BLV+. Os animais BLV+ apresentaram 4,96 mais chances de inflamação (haptoglobina ≥ 2,0 mg/dL). A concentração do fibrinogênio também foi maior no grupo BLV+ no parto e semana +1 pós-parto. O efeito da carga proviral sobre os leucócitos totais e número absoluto de linfócitos foi detectado. No nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo reportando o efeito do BLV sobre a saúde de vacas primíparas no período de transição, e a dependência da carga proviral sobre o perfil leucocitário e o perfil pró-inflamatório dos animais BLV+. RESUMO Virus transição n=24 n24 n 24 (n=24 experimentais BLV. . (BLV-) obtidos 3, 3 -3 2, 2 -2 1, 1 -1 0, 0 , (0) + +3 bioquímicas haptoglobina observouse observou se 5725 57 25 57,25 387 38 7 38.7% 38,7%. 38,7% (38,7%) eritrograma CHCM (CHCM grupotempo tempo grupo*tempo observandose observando 3329 33 29 33,2 3,39% 339 39 3108 31 08 31,0 2,31%. 231 2,31% 2,31%) AST, AST (AST) 496 4 96 4,9 20 mg/dL. mgdL mg/dL mg dL mg/dL) pósparto. pósparto pós parto. pós-parto detectado conhecimento próinflamatório pró inflamatório n=2 n2 (n=2 (BLV- (0 572 5 57,2 38.7 38,7 (38,7% 332 33, 3,39 310 31, 23 2,31 (AST 49 9 4, n= (n= ( 57, 38. 38, (38,7 3,3 2,3 (n (38, (38 (3

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) on the systemic profile of naturally infected dairy heifers during the transition period. Pregnant Holstein and Jersey heifers (n=24) were distributed in pairs into two experimental groups: (BLV+) and (BLV-). Animals in the BLV+ group were divided into two subgroups based on the median BLV proviral load (high and low). The animals were then assessed at weeks -3, -2, -1, calving time (0), +1, +2, and +3. Blood samples were obtained for hematological and biochemical analyses, as well as haptoglobin measurements. Farm BLV screening revealed a herd BLV prevalence of 57.25% and heifer BLV prevalence of 38.7%. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was the only hematological variable for which group interaction was observed, with BLV+ cattle having higher values (33.29 ± 3.39%) than BLV- cattle (31.08 ± 2.31%). Aspartate aminotransferase activity was higher in the BLV+ heifers. The BLV+ group had greater incidence of inflammation (haptoglobin ≥ 2.0 mg/dL). Fibrinogen concentrations were also higher at weeks 0 and +1 in BLV+ heifers than in BLV- heifers. A high proviral load affected total leukocyte and lymphocyte count; however, this profile was not observed in the low proviral load and paired BLV- heifers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the impact of BLV infection on the health of dairy heifers during the transition period, demonstrating the effect of proviral load on white blood cell changes and early inflammation in infected animals. ABSTRACT (BLV period n=24 n24 n 24 (n=24 groups (BLV+ BLV. . (BLV-) low. low) 3, 3 -3 2, 2 -2 1, 1 -1 0, , (0) +2 +3 analyses measurements 5725 57 25 57.25 387 38 7 38.7% 33.29 3329 33 29 (33.2 3.39% 339 39 31.08 3108 31 08 (31.0 2.31%. 231 2.31% 2.31%) 20 2. mg/dL. mgdL mg/dL mg dL mg/dL) + count however knowledge n=2 n2 (n=2 (BLV- - (0 572 5 57.2 38.7 33.2 332 (33. 3.39 31.0 310 (31. 23 2.31 n= (n= ( 57. 38. 33. (33 3.3 31. (31 2.3 (n (3 3.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the oxidative stability of flaxseed cake and its inclusion in the diet of lactating cows, on milk production and composition and blood parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein -HDL and low density lipoprotein - LDL). Oxidative stability was evaluated by acidity index (AI) and peroxides (PI), determined from day zero to the ninth day of storage. Eighteen crossbreed Holstein x Jersey cows were used, nine animals per treatment (without and with the inclusion of cake). The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments and nine replications. There was an increase in PI during the first six days of storage, followed by a decrease on the ninth day. Supplying 4.5% flaxseed cake to lactating cows for 90 days did not promote changes in production, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk, somatic cell counts and blood parameters. Thus, flaxseed cake can be used to feed lactating cows. total cholesterol triglycerides HDL LDL. LDL . LDL) AI (AI PI, , (PI) storage without cake. cake) randomized replications 45 4 5 4.5 9 Thus (PI 4.

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the spatiotemporal prevalence of bovine babesiosis in cattle population (n=376) of Layyah, Pakistan as affected by location, age, breed, gender, and seasons. Blood samples were collected aseptically and assessed for babesiosis through microscopy and PCR, and through automated analyzer for hematological attributes. Overall results of prevalence through PCR in cattle population showed significantly (P≤0.05) lower prevalence of 19.4% (n=72/376) as compared to 37.2% (n=140/276) through microscopy. None of the studied cattle from Cholistani breed were Babesia-positive. However, significantly (P≤0.05) higher prevalence was noticed for crossbred cattle (46.7%, n= 50/107) followed by that in Friesian (16.1%, n= 10/62), Jersey (7%, n= 5/71) and Sahiwal (6.9%, n= 7/101) cattle breeds. Female cattle (19.5%, n= 55/281) and age group 1 (Up to 2 years) (40%, n= 42/105) had higher prevalence of Babesia as ascertained through PCR in comparison to their counterpart groups. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher prevalence of 35.9% (n=60/167) was shown in summer as compared to that in winter season (5.7%, n= 12/209). All the positive samples produced the 490bp amplicons specific and typical for Babesia bigemina. Hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytic count, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in babesia-positive cattle as compared to healthy ones.

RESUMO O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar a prevalência espaço-temporal da babesiose bovina na população bovina (n=376) de Layyah, Paquistão, conforme afetada por localização, idade, raça, gênero e estações. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas assepticamente e avaliadas quanto à babesiose por meio de microscopia e PCR, e por meio de um analisador automatizado para atributos hematológicos. Os resultados gerais da prevalência por PCR na população bovina mostraram uma prevalência significativamente (P≤0,05) menor de 19,4% (n=72/376) em comparação com 37,2% (n=140/276) por microscopia. Nenhum dos bovinos estudados da raça Cholistani foi positivo para Babesia. No entanto, uma prevalência significativamente maior (P≤0,05) foi observada em bovinos mestiços (46,7%, n= 50/107), seguida por bovinos das raças Friesian (16,1%, n= 10/62), Jersey (7%, n= 5/71) e Sahiwal (6,9%, n= 7/101). O gado fêmea (19,5%, n= 55/281) e a faixa etária 1 (até 2 anos) (40%, n= 42/105) apresentaram maior prevalência de Babesia, conforme verificado por PCR, em comparação com seus grupos homólogos. Uma prevalência significativamente maior (P≤0,05) de 35,9% (n=60/167) foi mostrada no verão em comparação com a do inverno (5,7%, n=12/209). Todas as amostras positivas produziram os amplicons de 490 pb específicos e típicos de Babesia bigemina. A concentração de hemoglobina, a contagem de eritrócitos, o hematócrito e o volume corpuscular médio foram significativamente (P≤0,05) menores nos bovinos positivos para babesia em comparação com os saudáveis.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la duración de la vida productiva, la supervivencia a los partos posteriores, los descartes y muertes en diferentes cruzamientos de razas lecheras en un tambo comercial a pastoreo. Se analizaron datos retrospectivos de un tambo comercial de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El período de tiempo evaluado fue desde el 1 de agosto del 2017 al 12 de enero del 2021. La base de datos constaba de 1342 lactancias de raza Holstein puras (HO; n: 799 vacas), 344 lactancias de cruza HO x Jersey (JY; n: 164 vacas), 190 lactancias de la cruza JY x Montbeliarde (MO; n: 96 vacas) y 316 lactancias de la cruza MO x HO (XB; n: 134 vacas). No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las curvas de supervivencia de la variable vida productiva entre la raza HO pura y los cruzamientos evaluados (p=0,1281). Cuando se analizó la supervivencia a los partos posteriores, se encontró que todos los cruzamientos fueron superiores tanto en el segundo como en el tercer parto, con respecto a las vacas HO puras. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables descarte y muerte entre las vacas HO y las diferentes cruzas. Se concluye que la longitud de la vida productiva fue similar entre la raza pura HO y los cruzamientos estudiados JY, MO y XB. Finalmente, los descartes y las muertes fueron similares entre la raza pura (HO) y los cruzamientos JY, MO y XB, aunque las muertes en las vacas MO mostraron los menores valores.

Abstract. The objective of this work was to evaluate the duration of productive life, survival to subsequent calving, discards and deaths in different crosses of dairy breeds in a grazing commercial dairy farm. Retrospective data from a commercial farm in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, were analyzed. The period evaluated ranged from August 1, 2017, to January 12, 2021. The database consisted of 1,342 lactations of pure Holstein breed (HO; n: 799 cows), 344 lactations of HO x Jersey cross (JY; n: 164 cows), 190 lactations of the JY x Montbeliarde cross (MO; n: 96 cows) and 316 lactations of the MO x HO cross (XB; n: 134 cows). No significant differences were found between the survival curves of the productive life variable between the pure HO breed and the evaluated crosses (p=0.1281). When the survival to subsequent calving was analyzed, it was found that all the crosses were superior both in the second and in the third calving, with respect to the pure HO cows. No significant differences were found in culling and mortality variables between HO cows and the different crosses. It is concluded that the length of the productive life was similar between the pure breed HO and the studied crosses JY, MO and XB. Finally, culling and deaths were similar between the purebred (HO) and the JY, MO and XB crosses, although MO cows showed the lowest mortality rates.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to compare the dry matter intake, milk yield and quality, physiological and biochemical parameters in Holstein (n=10) and Jersey (n=10) cows under heat stress and insolation, in two treatments: CL - cooling by ventilation and sprinkling and HS - heat stress and insolation. Data were submitted to ANOVA. There was an interaction between treatment and breed and day effect for dry matter intake. For consumption in % of body weight, CL and Jersey cows consumed more. CL cows produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk. Feed efficiency was similar between treatments and breeds. Fat, lactose, total solids, and somatic cell score did not differ. The concentration of milk urea nitrogen was higher for CL cows. Milk from Holstein cows had greater stability to alcohol, and from HT cows had a greater freezing point of milk. HT cows had higher respiratory rates in the morning and surface temperatures in the afternoon. There were no differences in beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations. Heat stress, with insulation, reduces intake, especially in Holstein cows, as well as milk production and increases the freezing point of milk, respiratory rate, and surface temperature.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o consumo de matéria seca, a produção e a qualidade do leite, os parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos em vacas das raças Holandesa (n=10) e Jersey (n=10) sob estresse calórico e insolação, em dois tratamentos: CL - resfriamento por ventilação e aspersão; HS - estresse térmico e insolação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Houve interação entre tratamento e raça e efeito de dia para consumo de matéria seca. Para consumo em % de peso vivo, vacas CL e Jersey consumiram mais. Vacas CL produziram mais leite e leite corrigido a 3,5% de gordura. A eficiência alimentar foi similar entre tratamentos e raças. Teores de gordura, lactose, sólidos totais e escore de células somáticas não diferiram. A concentração de nitrogênio ureico do leite foi maior para vacas CL. O leite das vacas Holandesas apresentou maior estabilidade ao álcool, e de vacas HT maior crioscopia. Vacas HT apresentaram maior frequência respiratória de manhã e temperatura superficial à tarde. Não houve diferenças para concentração de beta-hidroxibutirato e glicose. O estresse calórico, com insolação, reduz o consumo, especialmente em vacas Holandesas, bem como a produção de leite, com aumento da crioscopia, elevando a frequência respiratória e a temperatura superficial.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação gordura:proteína (RGP) no primeiro controle leiteiro no pós-parto de vacas no estado do Paraná. Dados de 257.847 controles de 114.162 vacas leiteiras, realizados no primeiro controle mensal após o parto foram submetidos à análise estatística após edição dos dados. Os procedimentos MIXED, CORR e STEPWISE do programa estatístico SAS 9.4 foram utilizados. A fim de validar a RGP, um rebanho com monitoramento regular de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB) no sangue foi utilizado para estimar a correlação com RGP. Observou-se uma correlação forte e positiva entre a RGP e teor de gordura no leite (r = 0,85; P < 0,01) e uma correlação fraca e negativa entre a RGP e o teor de proteína (r = -0,23; P < 0,01). A equação de regressão que melhor se ajusta à RGP foi 1,1806 + 0,3304*%G - 0,3877*%P (R2 = 0,98), na qual a variável com maior influência foi a porcentagem de gordura (R2 = 0,72). Animais de 4ª e 5ª lactações ou mais, apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) RGP, seguidos dos animais de terceira, primeira e segunda lactações, com menores RGP. Vacas da raça Jersey apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) RGP que vacas da raça Holandesa e Pardo-Suíça. Animais com duas ordenhas diárias apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) RGP que os animais ordenhados três vezes ao dia. Observaram-se correlações positivas, mas de pequena magnitude, entre a RGP do leite e BHB no sangue no quarto, sétimo e 12 dias pós-parto (0,07, 0,13 e 0,14; respectivamente). Concluindo, o teor de gordura é o fator que mais impacta as variações da RGP do leite, mas a RGP tem valor limitado na avaliação da incidência de hipercetonemia no período de transição.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated milk fat to protein ratio (FPR) in the first test-day after calving of dairy cows in Paraná State. Data from 257,847 first monthly test-days after calving of 114,162 cows were submitted to analysis after the data edition. Procedures MIXED, CORR and STEPWISE from SAS were used in the data analysis. In order to validate FPR, a herd with regular postpartum monitoring of blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was used to estimate the correlation with FPR. There was a strong positive correlation between FPR and fat content (r = 0.85; P < 0.01) and a weak negative correlation between FPR and protein content (r = - 0.23; P < 0.01). The regression equation that best fitted FPR was 1.1806 + 0.3304*%F - 0.3877*%P (R2 = 0.98), where the variable with the greatest influence was milk fat content (partial R2 = 0.72). Animals of 4th and 5th or more lactations had higher (P < 0.01) FPR, followed by animals of third, first, and second lactations. Jersey cows had higher (P < 0.01) FPR than Holsteins and Brown Swiss animals. Cows milked twice daily had higher (P < 0.01) FPR than animals milked three times daily. There were small positive correlations between milk FPR and blood BHB on days 4, 7 and 12 after calving (0.07, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively). In conclusion, milk fat content was reported to be the most important variable affecting FPR changes, but the milk FPR has limited value to evaluate hyperketonemia incidence during the transition period.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com extrato tanífero de acácia negra (Acacia mearnsii) sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos no leite de ovelhas e vacas. No experimento 1, vinte e quatro ovelhas Lacaune receberam um dos seguintes tratamentos dietéticos: controle (sem extrato tanífero), T30 (30 g de extrato tanífero/kg concentrado) e T40 (40 g de extrato tanífero/kg concentrado). No experimento 2, trinta vacas Jersey receberam uma dieta controle ou a mesma dieta contendo 40 g de extrato tanífero/kg concentrado (T40). O consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e o teor de sólidos do leite das ovelhas e vacas não foram afetados pela suplementação com o extrato tanífero. O teor de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) cis-9, trans-11 aumentou em 21% na gordura do leite de ovelhas alimentadas com o extrato tanífero, enquanto o teor de C18:2 n-6 (ácido linoleico) tendeu (P = 0,051) a aumentar em 13% em vacas suplementadas com o extrato. A suplementação com extrato tanífero de acácia negra melhora em pequena escala a qualidade nutricional da gordura do leite de ovelhas e vacas, sem efeitos adversos no desempenho ou na composição bruta do leite. RESUMO Acacia mearnsii 1 dietéticos , tanífero) T T3 30 (3 taníferokg kg T4 (4 concentrado. . 2 4 T40. (T40) seca CLA (CLA cis9, cis9 cis 9, 9 cis-9 trans11 trans 11 trans-1 21 C182 C C18 C18: n6 n 6 n- P 0,051 0051 0 051 13 3 ( (T40 cis- trans1 trans- C1 0,05 005 05 (T4 0,0 00 (T 0,

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on milk fatty acid profile of dairy ewes and cows. In experiment 1, twenty-four Lacaune ewes received one of the following dietary treatments: control (no tannin extract added to the diet), T30 (30 g tannin extract/kg concentrate), and T40 (40 g extract/kg concentrate). In experiment 2, thirty Jersey cows received either a control diet (no tannin extract added to the diet) or the same diet containing 40 g tannin extract/kg concentrate (T40). Dry matter intake, milk production and milk solids content of ewes and cows were unaffected by tannin supplementation. The cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content increased linearly by 21% in milk fat from ewes fed tannin extract, while the C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid) content tended (P = 0.051) to increase by 13% in cows fed TE. The supplementation with black wattle tannin extract improves the nutritional quality of milk fat of ewes and cows to a small extent, with no adverse effects on performance or gross milk composition. ABSTRACT 1 twentyfour twenty four treatments diet, , T T3 30 (3 extractkg kg concentrate, concentrate) T4 (4 concentrate. . 2 4 T40. (T40) intake cis9, cis9 cis 9, 9 cis-9 trans11 trans 11 trans-1 CLA (CLA 21 C182 C C18 C18: n6 n 6 n- P 0.051 0051 0 051 13 TE extent composition 3 ( (T40 cis- trans1 trans- C1 0.05 005 05 (T4 0.0 00 (T 0.