Abstract Before the arrival of the communicative approach in our classrooms, the teaching and the learning of vocabulary was based on memorising lists of words in written form. From then on, students had to learn how to pronounce them. This resulted in correct spelling and poor pronunciation. With the introduction of the communicative approach, the focus has been on oral learning of vocabulary and thus pronunciation has improved, but correct spelling has been lost in many cases. In this paper we present the results of a cross-sectional study of errors and correct productions of nine nouns at the end of primary, compulsory secondary and baccalaureate education. For this purpose, we have used a corpus created in the Canary Islands, representative of the students of the seven islands, which includes a sample of essays written in English. The results show a decrease in errors. In conclusion, we can see that most of the errors are of an intralinguistic type, being mostly writing hypotheses that the pupil uses in order to internalise the process of reading and writing in English.

Resumen Antes de la llegada del enfoque comunicativo a nuestras aulas, la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del vocabulario se basaba en la memorización de listados de palabras en su forma escrita y a partir de ahí el alumnado debía ir aprendiendo a pronunciarlas. Todo ello tenía como consecuencia una correcta ortografía y una pésima pronunciación. Con la introducción del enfoque comunicativo, el objetivo ha sido el aprendizaje oral del vocabulario y con ello se ha mejorado la pronunciación, pero se ha perdido la corrección ortográfica en muchos casos. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de un estudio transversal de los errores ortográficos y producciones correctas en nueve sustantivos al final de la Educación Primaria, Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. Para este fin hemos utilizado un corpus creado en Canarias, representativo del alumnado de las siete islas, en el que se recoge una muestra de redacciones escritas en inglés. Los resultados presentan una disminución de errores ortográficos. Como conclusión podemos comprobar que la mayoría de los errores ortográficos son de tipo intralingüístico, pues casi todos son hipótesis de escritura que el alumno utiliza para así ir interiorizando el proceso de lectoescritura inglesa.

Abstract: The Galapagos Islands present distinctive challenges in managing their electrical system due to their remote geographical position. Currently, their energy sources are limited to non-renewable energy and partially dependent on renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. The intermittence of these sources poses a threat to the stability and reliability of power systems. The battery energy storage systems (BESS) are a commonly adopted approach for promoting the stability of frequency and voltage in power systems. However, the effectiveness of these systems in accomplishing this objective is contingent on the type of controller and operation used in the storage system. Electrical energy storage systems implement two primary modes of operation; Grid Following and Grid Forming. This paper focuses on the implementation and evaluation in different scenarios of the network-forming mode of operation of the storage system, with the purpose of contributing to the primary frequency regulation in the MRE of the Galapagos Islands. The results obtained demonstrate significant improvements in the stability of the MRE, and greater efficiency in primary frequency regulation.

Resumen: Las Islas Galápagos, debido a su ubicación geográfica aislada, enfrentan desafíos únicos en la gestión de su Microrred eléctrica (MRE), pues actualmente depende de energías no renovables y en una medida considerable de fuentes de energías renovables, como la energía solar y eólica. Estas fuentes de energía intermitentes, afectan la confiabilidad y estabilidad de la MRE. Una solución destacada en la actualidad es la implementación de los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía con baterías, pues estos sistemas aportan a la estabilidad de frecuencia y voltaje, sin embargo, estos aportes a la estabilidad de frecuencia y voltaje de la MRE están en función del tipo de controlador y operación que se emplee al sistema de almacenamiento. Existen dos modos de operación en sistemas almacenamiento de energía eléctrica; seguidor de red y formador de red. Este trabajo se enfoca en la implementación y evaluación en diferentes escenarios, del modo de operación formador de red del sistema de almacenamiento, con el propósito de aportar a la regulación primaria de frecuencia en la MRE de las Islas Galápagos. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran las mejoras significativas en la estabilidad de la MRE, y una mayor eficiencia en la regulación primaria de frecuencia.

Abstract The Galapagos Islands, a natural heritage of humanity, have meticulous control of wildlife and strict inspection of the number and frequency of visitors. The increase in tourists, apart from positive aspects, and the increase in population generates a greater demand for electrical energy. In this sense, Galapagos seeks a boost to comprehensive energy sustainability, replacing thermal energy with environmentally friendly Non-Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE), through the optimal energy management project through the Conolophus microgrid project. This document analyzes the optimal management of electrical energy (short-term economic dispatch) considering the stochasticity presented by the high insertion of NCRE in the Santa Cruz-Baltra electrical system. For it. The free simulation software called “SimSEE” (Electric Energy Systems Simulator) is used, where operational scenarios are modeled with and without the Conolophus project in order to analyze its impact on the planning of the operation of the Santa Cruz-Baltra system.

Resumen: Las islas Galápagos, patrimonio natural de la humanidad, cuentan con un control minucioso de la vida silvestre y ejercen estricta inspección del número y frecuencia de visitantes. El incremento de turistas, aparte de aspectos positivos, y el incremento de la población genera una mayor demanda de energía eléctrica. En este sentido, Galápagos busca un impulso a la sostenibilidad energética integral, reemplazando la energía térmica con Energías Renovables No Convencionales (ERNC), amigables con el medio ambiente, a través del proyecto de gestión óptima de la energía mediante el proyecto de microrred Conolophus. En el presente documento se analiza la gestión óptima de la energía eléctrica (despacho económico de corto plazo) considerando la estocasticidad que presenta la alta inserción de ERNC en el sistema eléctrico Santa Cruz-Baltra. Para ello. se usa el software libre de simulación denominado “SimSEE” (Simulador de Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica), donde se modelan escenarios operativos con y sin el proyecto Conolophus con la finalidad de analiza su impacto en la planificación de la operación del sistema Santa Cruz-Baltra.

ABSTRACT Based on the application of the first pilot mobility survey in households and at strategic points of land and sea public transport in the islands of the Chiloé Archipelago, this article aims to describe and analyze the mobility dynamics of those who inhabit these territories, highlighting the modes of transport, reasons for travel, times and other factors related to island mobilities. Through a statistical-descriptive presentation of the data, the main results are identified: the importance of the use of interurban terrestrial transport, the attractiveness of intermediate cities as concentrators of services and activities; the relevance of marine transport in the minor islands of Chiloé; work, studies and health as the main reasons for travel; and the intermodality in the use of transport to access destinations of interest in this insular territory.

RESUMEN A partir de la aplicación de la primera encuesta piloto de movilidad en hogares y en puntos estratégicos del transporte público terrestre y marítimo en las islas del archipiélago de Chiloé, este artículo tiene por objetivo describir y analizar las dinámicas de movilidades de quienes habitan estos territorios, enfatizando en los modos de transporte, motivos de viaje, tiempos y otros factores relacionados con las movilidades isleñas. A través de una presentación estadística descriptiva de los datos, se identifican como principales resultados la importancia del uso de transporte terrestre interurbano; el carácter atractor de las ciudades intermedias, en tanto concentradoras de servicios y actividades; la relevancia del transporte marítimo en islas menores de Chiloé; el trabajo, los estudios y la salud como principales motivos de viajes; y la intermodalidad en el uso de transportes para acceder a destinos de interés en este territorio insular.

Abstract This article has the objective of study the inter-island aerial accessibility in the Azores Islands (Portugal). As a space with a particular territorial fragmentation and, furthermore, distant between the different islands, air transport is of vital importance for the socioeconomic development of the Archipelago, promoting the mobility of residents and the increase in tourism. This is penalized in the Azores by the low demographic and economic weight, and also by the notorious imbalance between islands. Methodologically, we study several accessibility parameters, focusing on hourly operations, since it is the one that we detected that presents the worst ratios. For this, we take the inter-island air schedules of 12 years (2009-2020) of the winter seasons, with a greater probability of use by residents and, therefore, for reasons of travel related to business, health, administration, etc. As a result of this article, we discovered that although positive work has been done with the introduction of air public service obligations, imposing a certain number of frequencies, seats, rate caps, etc., the little interest in working in an adaptation of the operating hours based on demand, is leading to availability of time for travelers at destination - in a round-trip operation on the same day, very frequent in inter-island mobility, hardly positive for travelers in more than 70% of the operational routes.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da acessibilidade aérea inter-ilhas nas ilhas dos Açores (Portugal). Enquanto espaço afetado pela fragmentação territorial e, ainda por cima, distante entre as diferentes ilhas, o transporte aéreo assume uma importância vital para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico do Arquipélago, facilitando a mobilidade dos residentes e o aumento do turismo. Esta situação é agravada nos Açores pelo baixo peso demográfico e económico, para além do notório desequilíbrio entre ilhas. Metodologicamente, analisamos vários parâmetros de acessibilidade, focando-nos nas operações horárias, pois é onde detetámos os piores rácios. Para tal, tomamos como base os horários das conexões aéreas inter-ilhas de 12 anos (2009-2020) das épocas de inverno, com maior probabilidade de utilização por residentes e, portanto, por motivos de deslocação relacionados com negócios, saúde, administração, etc. Como resultado do artigo, detetamos que embora se tenha trabalhado positivamente com a introdução de obrigações de serviço público aéreo, impondo um certo número de frequências, lugares, tetos tarifários, etc., o pouco interesse em trabalhar num ajustamento dos horários de funcionamento em função da procura está a levar a uma disponibilidade de tempo no destino - numa operação de ida e volta no mesmo dia, muito recorrente na mobilidade inter-ilhas, pouco favorável paraos viajantes em mais de 70% das rotas operacionais.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo la realización de un análisis de la accesibilidad aérea interinsular en las Islas Azores (Portugal). Como espacio afectado por una fragmentación territorial y, además, distante entre las diferentes islas, el transporte aéreo es de vital importancia para el desarrollo socioeconómico del Archipiélago, facilitando la movilidad de los residentes y creciente turismo. Ello se ve agravado en Azores por el escaso peso demográfico y económico, además con notorio desequilibrio entre islas. Metodológicamente, analizamos varios parámetros de accesibilidad, centrándonos en la operativa horaria, ya que es la que detectamos que presenta peores ratios. Para ello tomamos los horarios aéreos interinsulares de 12 años (2009-2020) de las temporadas de invierno, con mayor probabilidad de uso por residentes y, por ende, por motivos de desplazamiento relacionados con negocios, sanitarios, administración, etc. Como resultados del artículo, detectamos que si bien se ha trabajado positivamente con la introducción de las obligaciones de servicio público aéreo, imponiendo un determinado número de frecuencias, asientos, tope de tarifas, etc., el escaso interés en la mejora de los horarios de operatividad en función de la demanda, está llevando a disponibilidades de tiempo en destino - en una operativa de ida y vuelta en la misma jornada, muy recurrente en la movilidad interinsular, escasamente favorable para los viajeros en más del 70% de las rutas operativas.

Resumen: El artículo presenta un estudio de caso, construido como tal a partir de una investigación de archivo. El caso se aborda a partir del análisis microtextual y desde la articulación de perspectivas teórico-metodológicas provenientes de la historia del libro, de las materialidades y de las textualidades. Se busca comprender mejor la circulación de textos literarios en un contexto específico, integrando al libro, sus protocolos de escritura y el horizonte de proyectos autoriales y legitimaciones que supone, en la densa y profusa red de las publicaciones de prensa, en un momento de intensas transformaciones en el campo literario argentino, en el contexto de las primeras vanguardias. Para ello, se presentan dos textos muy poco conocidos de un martinfierrista igualmente poco estudiado: Sergio Piñero (h.). El primero consiste en una serie de crónicas sobre un viaje a las islas Orcadas del Sur, publicadas sin firma en el vespertino La Razón entre mayo y junio de 1924, bajo el título Navegando en el Guardia Nacional (Diario de un tripulante). El segundo es un libro que aborda el mismo asunto, publicado por editorial Proa a fines de 1925, titulado El puñal de Orión. Apuntes de viaje, en el que la firma aparece como uno de los rasgos de inscripción del nombre de autor en un proyecto literario de ambición vanguardista. El estudio contrastivo de ambos textos sugiere la importancia de atender a la mediación del periódico y del libro, pero también a las relaciones e intercambios entre ambas, para comprender mejor la especificidad de las prácticas escriturarias que proponen, las redes culturales e intelectuales que trazan y los modos en que desafían y amplían la noción de literatura más allá del libro-centrismo.

Abstract: This article presents a case study constructed from archival research. It delves into the case through microtextual analysis, drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from the history of books, materiality, and textual elements. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the circulation of literary texts within a specific context. This approach integrates the book, its writing protocols, and the broader horizon of authorial projects and legitimations within the intricate and prolific realm of press publications. This investigation focuses on a period of significant transformation in the Argentine literary field, set against the backdrop of the early avant-garde movements. To achieve this, we introduce two lesser-known texts by a Martinfierrista figure, Sergio Piñero (h.). The first comprises a series of chronicles on a journey to Orcadas del Sur Islands, anonymously published in the evening argentine newspaper La Razón between May and June 1924 and titled “Navegando en el Guardia Nacional (Diario de un tripulante)” (“Navigating on the Guardia Nacional (Journal of a Crew Member)”. The second is a book that explores the same subject, published by Editorial Proa at the end of 1925, titled El puñal de Orión. Apuntes de viaje (Orion Dagger. Travel Notes). Here, the author´s name becomes a definig element within an avant-garde literary project. The comparative analysis of these two texts underscores the significance of considering the interplay between newspapers and books, as well as the relationships and exchanges between them. This approach helps us better understand the unique characteristics of the writing practices they represent, the cultural and intellectual networks they establish, and how they challenge and expand the concept of literature beyond a book-centric perspective.

Abstract Is the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) an “individualistic” institution? In three decades of academic studies and public debates, the theme of a court as divided as its number of judges has recurred. This theme has been summarized in various images, the most popular of which is “eleven islands”. But there is less consensus in the field than the widespread and recurrent use of this metaphor suggests. In this paper, we have identified at least six possible meanings of “individualism” in interpretations and criticisms of the court’s functioning - some of them focusing on actions of individual judges within the collegiate body, and others focusing on individual behavior beyond and outside the collective decision-making process. Without clarity about these different readings and their specific truth conditions as descriptions of the STF, the malleability of images about the nature or functioning of the institution becomes problematic. In this paper, drawing on two decades of empirical and normative work on the STF, we aim to contribute to diagnoses of the court’s functioning by articulating a conceptual framework: (1) of the different possible ways in which the STF can be “individualistic”, (2) of the different truth conditions for empirical claims and studies involving hypotheses on each of such dimensions, and (3) of the different aspects of institutional design related to the dimensions. (STF individualistic “individualistic debates recurred eleven islands. islands . islands” suggests paper individualism “individualism courts s body decisionmaking decision making process problematic framework 1 (1 individualistic, , 2 (2 dimensions 3 (3 (

Resumo O Supremo Tribunal Federal é uma instituição “individualista”? Em três décadas de estudos acadêmicos e debates públicos, o tema de um tribunal tão dividido quanto o número de ministros tem sido recorrente e sintetizado em variadas imagens, das quais “onze ilhas” é a mais popular. Na verdade, há menos consenso na literatura do que sugere o uso generalizado dessa metáfora. Neste trabalho, identificamos ao menos seis sentidos possíveis de “individualismo” como chave de leitura e crítica do funcionamento do tribunal - alguns deles sobre a atuação dos(as) ministros(as) dentro do colegiado, outros enfocando essa atuação fora do processo decisório colegiado. Sem clareza quanto a essas diferentes leituras e suas condições específicas de sucesso como descrições do STF, a maleabilidade das imagens sobre a natureza ou funcionamento da instituição se torna problemática. Neste artigo, recorrendo a duas décadas de trabalhos empíricos e normativos sobre o STF, pretendemos contribuir para diagnósticos sobre o funcionamento do tribunal por meio da reconstrução conceitual: (1) dos diferentes sentidos possíveis em que o Supremo pode ser “individualista”, (2) das diferentes condições de sucesso de trabalhos empíricos que pretendam testar hipóteses sobre cada uma dessas dimensões, e (3) dos diferentes aspectos de desenho institucional relacionados às distintas dimensões. individualista “individualista” públicos onze ilhas popular verdade metáfora trabalho individualismo “individualismo dosas as dos(as ministrosas ministros(as colegiado STF problemática artigo conceitual 1 (1 individualista, , 2 (2 dimensões 3 (3 “individualista (

Abstract Introduction: The biological collections represent the foundation for the knowledge and management of the biodiversity of a region. However, regional collections focused on echinoderms are scarce in Mexico, particularly in the Central Mexican Pacific (CMP). The biological collection of the Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) belongs to the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias of the Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico and it aims to serve as a reference for the region’s marine biodiversity. Objective: To state the richness of echinoderms in the LEMITAX collection. Methods: The organisms deposited at the LEMITAX have been collected by SCUBA, free-diving, and bottom trawls with biological dredges in different areas of the Mexican Pacific. The specimens are wet-preserved (70 % ethanol; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea) or dried (Asteroidea and Echinoidea). Results: The specimens are from the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima, including two natural protected areas (NPAs), the Isabel Island National Park and the sanctuary of the Islands and Islets of Bahía de Chamela. The collection has 20 761 specimens of echinoderms distributed in 75 species (10 asteroids, 17 ophiuroids, 17 echinoids, and 31 holothuroids). The best-represented state is Jalisco (64 species), followed by Nayarit (31), Colima (20), and Sinaloa (11). Concerning the NPAs, Chamela is the best represented (60), followed by Isabel Island (22). Thirty-four new records are added; the largest contribution is for Chamela, with 14 new records, followed by the state of Jalisco (seven), Nayarit (four), Colima (three), and Isabel Island (three). For the CMP, the presence of Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, is reported for the first time, updating the echinoderm richness to 197 species. The bathymetric distribution range of Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae is extended, as well as the geographic range of Cucumaria crax. Conclusions: The biological collections deposited in the universities contribute substantially to the knowledge of biodiversity, as reflected in the LEMITAX collection, whose revision resulted in the updating of the echinoderm richness in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Las colecciones biológicas representan los cimientos para el conocimiento y manejo de la biodiversidad de una región. No obstante, en México, y en particular en el Pacífico central mexicano (PCM), las colecciones regionales enfocadas en equinodermos, son escasas. La colección biológica del Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) pertenece al Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México y sirve como referencia de la biodiversidad marina de la región. Objetivo: Dar a conocer la riqueza de equinodermos resguardada en la colección del LEMITAX. Métodos: Los organismos depositados en LEMITAX se han recolectado mediante buceo libre, SCUBA, y arrastres de fondo con dragas biológicas en diversas áreas del Pacífico mexicano. Los especímenes están preservados en húmedo (alcohol al 70 %; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea y Ophiuroidea) o en seco (Asteroidea y Echinoidea). Resultados: Los especímenes provienen de los estados de Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco y Colima, incluyendo dos áreas naturales protegidas, el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel y el Santuario de las islas e islotes de Bahía de Chamela. La colección dispone de 20 761 ejemplares de equinodermos distribuidos en 75 especies (10 asteroideos, 17 ofiuroideos, 17 equinoideos y 31 holoturoideos). El estado mejor representado es Jalisco (64 especies) seguido de Nayarit (31), Colima (20) y Sinaloa (11). Bahía de Chamela es la mejor representada (60), seguido de Isla Isabel (22). Se aportan 34 registros nuevos, la mayor contribución es para Bahía de Chamela con 14 registros nuevos, seguido del estado de Jalisco (siete), Nayarit (cuatro), Colima (tres) e Isla Isabel (tres). Para el PCM, se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, lo que actualiza su riqueza de equinodermos a 197 especies. Se amplía el intervalo de distribución batimétrica de Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, así como el intervalo de distribución geográfica de Cucumaria crax. Conclusiones: Las colecciones biológicas de las universidades contribuyen de manera sustancial al conocimiento de la biodiversidad, como se refleja en la colección LEMITAX, cuya revisión resultó en la actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos de la región.

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Abstract The green areas in urban areas have provided a variety of ecosystem services which influence the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of green areas on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) recorded by remote sensors in the city of Durango, Durango. The existing public and private green areas in the city were differentiated and the area in square meters per inhabitant was calculated. A classification by land use (urban, body of water, bare soil and green area) was carried out in order to analyze the ST derived from Landsat 8 satellite images and geographic information systems (QGIS), in addition a comparison of ST in three types of green areas (parks, squares and gardens, and ridges). The behavior of the ST was analyzed in two seasons of the year, in winter 2021 and spring 2022, identifying the areas with the highest incidence of temperature in two periods. The results indicate a lower ST in green areas compared to urban areas (concrete, construction and asphalt areas), as well as a regulatory trend in larger green areas (parks). The ST satellite product allowed to evaluate the temperature in spaces with vegetation within an urban area and it is shown that the larger the green area, the more thermal regulation exists in urban areas.

Resumen Las áreas verdes de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a la regulación térmica y por lo tanto al confort de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de las áreas verdes en la temperatura superficial (TS) registrada mediante sensores remotos en la ciudad de Durango, Durango. Se diferenciaron las áreas verdes públicas y privadas existentes en la ciudad y se calculó la superficie en metros cuadrados por habitante. Se realizó una clasificación por uso de suelo (urbano, cuerpo de agua, suelo desnudo y área verde) con el fin de analizar la TS derivada de imágenes del satélite Landsat 8 y sistemas de información geográfica (QGIS); además, se hizo una comparación de TS en tres tipos de áreas verdes (parques, plazas, jardines y camellones). Se analizó el comportamiento de la TS en dos estaciones del año, en invierno de 2021 y primavera de 2022; a partir de lo cual se identificaron las zonas con mayor incidencia de temperatura en dos periodos. Los resultados indicaron una TS menor en las áreas verdes comparada con el uso de suelo urbano (zonas de concreto, construcción y asfalto), así como una tendencia regulatoria en las áreas verdes de mayor extensión (parques). El producto satelital TS permitió evaluar la temperatura en espacios con vegetación dentro de una zona urbana, y se demuestra que entre mayor es el área verde, más regulación térmica existe en las zonas urbanas.

Abstract In this age of crisis and uncertainty, the design has to propose, in present and future, a reflection thinking in the perspectives of science, technology, economy, production, and ecology. The new scenarios of global growth pose a cultural structure from the project to the real world by associating object-user-nature. This plans society wellness under the statement of Brundtland Commission (1987). The satisfaction of necessities is argued in the economic speeches from two approaches: development and sustainability. The argumentation of the last has two reasonable doubts: an antieconomic growth due to an infinite growth in a finite system, and on the other hand the social inequality in wealth distribution. This proposal of Design Islands breaks routines towards more collective ways, from social innovation syncing individual, social, and environmental interests in 3Re: Re-discover, Re-organize, and Re-engineer. The Design Islands establish certainty via a sustainable design model to improve the quality of life from managing social innovation in production systems, solving problems and creating meaning towards an ecology of relationships between people and their environment. From this context, we propose the 3Re as an approach for small and medium footwear manufacture companies in Tungurahua province in which 70% of Ecuadorian footwear is manufactured, with a production of around 19 million of pairs of shoes in 2016.

Resumen En esta época de crisis e incertidumbre el Diseño debe plantear en presente y futuro un pensamiento de reflexión desde su accionar intermediario entre las perspectivas de ciencia, tecnología, economía, producción y ecología. Los nuevos escenarios del crecimiento global plantean un marco de estructura cultural desde lo proyectual hacia el mundo real en la asociatividad objeto-usuario-naturaleza, esta perspectiva planifica el bienestar de la sociedad, bajo el enunciado sostenible de la Comisión Brundtland (1987). La satisfacción de necesidades se argumenta en los discursos económicos desde dos enfoques: desarrollo y sustentabilidad. La argumentación de la sustentabilidad tiene dos dudas razonables: un crecimiento antieconómico debido a un crecimiento infinito en un sistema finito, y por otro lado la desigualdad social en la distribución de riqueza. Esta propuesta de Islas de Diseño rompe rutinas hacia formas más colectivas desde la innovación social, sincronizando el interés individual, social y ambiental en las 3Re: Re-descubrir, Re-organizar, Re-ingeniarse. Las Islas de Diseño establecen espacios de certidumbre mediante un modelo de diseño sostenible para mejorar calidad de vida desde la gestión de la innovación social en los sistemas de producción a través de la solución de problemas y la creación de sentido, hacia una ecología de relaciones entre personas y su entorno. A partir de este contexto proponemos las 3Re como enfoque en las pequeñas y medianas empresas manufactureras de calzado en la provincia de Tungurahua en la que se manufactura el 70 % del calzado ecuatoriano y representa una producción de alrededor de 19 millones de pares de zapatos en 2016.

Resumo O centro prestará serviços especializados relacionados a processos de design, modelagem, qualidade e produção, por meio da implantação de oficinas tecnológicas de ponta para oferecer produtos e serviços de qualidade. Complementarmente, é imprescindível a criação de um modelo de intervenção de apoio às MPME, com enfoque especializado no setor do calçado desde a engenharia, design e economia. O mais importante é o reforço da qualidade dos produtos e a abertura dos mercados através da intervenção da CITCA. Beneficiará 75 empresas associadas em CALTU, 40 pertencentes à província de Tungurahua, incluindo a associação do curtidor como parte da cadeia de valor. Outro importante grupo de apoio são os cerca de 300 alunos médios por ciclo acadêmico da Carreira em Design Têxtil e de Confecção, FDA - UTA, e a oportunidade para 23 professores pesquisadores da FDA - UTA, além de pesquisadores de outras carreiras da UTA, universidades e instituições da zona 3 que têm interesse na geração de projetos locais e regionais. O projeto CITCA irá repassar resultados através de publicações científicas, publicações técnicas, desenvolvimento de Congressos de Design (IV Congresso de Pesquisa em Design e II Congresso de Design de Calçados 2020), Modelos de intervenção aplicados a empresas do setor coureiro-calçadista. Em relação aos aspectos bioéticos que afetam diretamente o ecossistema, especialmente o ser humano pela contaminação de seus recursos hídricos, serão propostas alternativas de processos e materiais amigáveis que proporcionem uma consciência de consumo e produção; pela pesquisa do ciclo de vida do produto e transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia em um mercado eco-sustentável.

ABSTRACT The calanoid copepod family Epacteriscidae is one of the most representative cave-dwelling copepods worldwide, especially in the Caribbean region. We provide new records of two epacteriscid copepods from anchialine habitats of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP); both were previously known only from their type locality in Jamaica and Caicos Islands. We document the occurrence of Edaxiella rubra Fosshagen, Boxshall and Iliffe, 2001 in Cozumel Island and Bofuriella spinosa Fosshagen and Iliffe, 2007 in Playa del Carmen, the adjacent continental region of the YP. We found slight morphological differences compared to the original descriptions of both species, including some characters not previously described; also, the male of B. spinosa remained unknown and is herein described. These records show the growth of the epacteriscid copepod listings and expand the morphological knowledge of these species in the Yucatan Peninsula into the Western Caribbean, likely harboring one of the most diverse anchialine copepod fauna worldwide and currently going through intense anthropogenic pressure, thus enhancing the intrinsic value of these new findings. It is expected that new samplings will reveal the true diversity and distribution of the Mexican Caribbean anchialine copepod fauna, where knowledge of its biological diversity is still incipient. cavedwelling cave dwelling YP (YP) Islands Iliffe 200 Carmen described also B pressure findings incipient (YP 20 2

The Grad-Shafranov (GS) equation is a fundamental tool extensively used in plasma physics, particularly in the context of magnetic confinement, notably in tokamaks for fusion energy research. This equation plays a crucial role in reconstructing magnetic field topology in plasma regions like the magnetopause and magnetotail, leading to the development of the GS reconstruction technique. In this third installment of our series, we explore the merger of the Yoon-Lui-2 and Yoon-Lui-3 generating functions, allowing for a deeper understanding of the core equation in Plasma Physics. Furthermore, this article provides a comprehensive summary of solutions previously presented in Parts 1 and 2. We investigate the behavior of magnetic islands positioned above either the X-axis or the Z-axis for specific parameter values and their impact on plasma confinement. The article concludes that the derived model offers a simpler, more stable, and easily analyzable solution for magnetic morphology. However, it is worth noting that the model’s inflexibility in singularity positions may limit its adaptability to different scenarios. This article marks the conclusion of our physics education series dedicated to studying new specific solutions of the GS equation. GradShafranov Grad Shafranov (GS confinement research magnetotail technique YoonLui2 YoonLui Yoon Lui 2 Yoon-Lui- YoonLui3 3 functions Physics Furthermore Xaxis X axis Zaxis Z simpler stable morphology However models s scenarios Yoon-Lui

ABSTRACT Objective: this study explores the complex dynamics of collaboration and competition within the Delta ecosystem, a mature, networked environment characterized by diverse coopetitive behaviors. The study interprets reality through a continuous process of reconstruction of meaning, using the theoretical lens of sensemaking. Methods: an intrinsic case study methodology is adopted, using the relationships between participants as the unit of analysis and triangulating primary and secondary data. Data collection integrates semi-structured interviews, desk research, and a sensemaking technique for pattern identification. Results: three key patterns of tension emerged: the interplay between identity formation and self-determination, the dichotomy of ‘islands’ and ‘archipelagos,’ and the nuances of performance asymmetries. Within this ecosystem, coopetition is evident as groups pool resources and insights, while competitive tensions arise from participants’ similarities and performance differences, spurring innovation but also potential conflict. Conclusions: the study delineates the nuanced interplay of competitive and collaborative forces within that coopetitive ecosystem, emphasizing their impact on value creation, thereby shedding light on specific patterns of tension that arise from these coopetitive dynamics. Objective ecosystem mature behaviors meaning Methods adopted data semistructured semi structured interviews research identification Results emerged selfdetermination, selfdetermination self determination, determination self-determination ‘islands islands ‘archipelagos, archipelagos asymmetries insights differences conflict Conclusions creation ‘archipelagos

ABSTRACT We present the first report of plastic biomedia contamination on Brazilian beaches based on evidence collected from 14 beaches of the Paraná state coastline (southern Brazil). Plastic biomedia, also called biocarriers, are small, perforated plastic pieces used worldwide in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that apply the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) process. Accidental release of these particles into the environment adds to Ocean’s long-term plastic pollution problem. A high amount of plastic biomedia presence in the coastal areas of Paraná was first noticed by a community member, who found 411 plastic particles on a beach located in Pontal do Paraná, bringing this issue to our attention. In this study, plastic biomedia was retrieved from drift line alongshore transects (0.3 to 1 km long) and cross-shore transects (5 m wide) from the water line to the backshore zone. A total of 749 items were collected from 11 of the 14 sampled beaches, including the Mel and Superagui Islands nature reserves. The decreasing trend in plastic biomedia abundance with the increase in distance of the PEC southern outlet suggests that these particles probably originate from a WWTP in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC). Once in the water, these floating plastic particles that followed the suspended sediment transport pattern were exported to coastal waters and were transported by longshore currents. Highlighting the potential role of the PEC as a substantial vector for marine debris to the Paraná coastline. The most likely source of this novel plastic contaminant to the Brazilian coastline are WWTP with MBBR systems. Therefore, stakeholders need to discuss and establish a reporting system so that plastic biomedia spillovers or losses are reported, and its dispersal in the environment is reduced. Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) biocarriers small (WWTP (MBBR process Oceans Ocean s longterm long term problem member 41 attention study 0.3 03 0 3 (0. crossshore cross shore 5 ( wide zone 74 reserves PEC. (PEC) currents systems Therefore reported reduced 4 0. (0 7 (PEC