Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ecologia trófica de juvenis e adultos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris durante o período de enchente e cheia em seis lagos de ilha adjacentes ao rio Solimões. Assim, investigamos: i) a posição trófica, através do nicho trófico fracional; ii) a largura de nicho; iii) sobreposição de nicho; iv) a estratégia alimentar. Os espécimes foram coletados durante os anos de 2014 a 2017, utilizando redes de emalhar com malha variando de 30 a 120mm entre nós opostos. Por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal, observamos a preferência no consumo de itens de origem animal. Os juvenis consumiram insetos em maiores proporções (IAi% = 50%), enquanto os adultos consumiram preferencialmente peixes (IAi% = 99,98%). Apesar da grande oferta de alimentos disponíveis no período da cheia, os juvenis eram os únicos a consumir itens de origem alóctone, como por exemplo, os insetos. Os juvenis apresentaram uma estratégia alimentar e composição alimentar diferente para os adultos. Os juvenis foram considerados onívoros com uma estratégia generalista, enquanto os adultos foram considerados piscívoros com uma estratégia alimentar mais especialista. Assim, a composição alimentar, amplitude do nicho, posição trófica e a estratégia alimentar de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris muda em função do estágio de desenvolvimento.

Abstract The aim objective of this study was to determine the trophic ecology of juvenile and adult Acestrorhynchus falcirostris during the rising and flood (high-water) period in six island lakes adjacent to the Solimões River. As such, we investigated: i) the trophic position, through the fractional trophic niche; ii) the niche breadth; iii) niche overlap and iv) the food strategy of the species. The specimens were collected during the years 2014 to 2017, using gillnets with mesh sizes ranging from 30 to 120mm between opposite knots. Through the analysis of stomach contents, the preference in the consumption of items of animal origin was observed. Juveniles consumed insects in greater proportions (IAi% = 50%), while adults consumed fish (IAi%=99,98%). Despite the large supply of food items available in the high-water period, juveniles were the only ones to consume items of allochthonous origin, such as insects. Juveniles presented a different dietary strategy and dietary composition to adults. Juveniles were omnivores with a generalist strategy, while adults were piscivores with a specialist strategy. Thus, the food composition, niche breadth, trophic position and feeding strategy of Acestrorhynchus falcirostris change due to the stage of development.

Abstract The riverine population of the Amazon Basin are among the largest consumers of fish in the world, but the consumption patterns could be regionally distinct. Moreover, their total fish catches are not fully known. The objective of this work was to estimate the per capita fish consumption of the riverine people that inhabit the Paciência Island (Iranduba, Amazonas), where there is a fishing agreement in force. A total of 273 questionnaires were applied during the first two weeks of each month between April 2021 and March 2022. The sample unit was the residences. The questionnaire contained questions about the species captured and their quantities. Consumption was calculated by dividing the average monthly capture with the average number of residents per household interviewed, which was multiplied by the number of questionnaires applied. Thirty groups of consumed fish species belonging to 17 families and 5 orders were recorded. The total catch was 3,388.35 kg and the highest monthly catch was 602.60 kg during the falling-water season in October. Daily per capita fish consumption averaged 66.13 ± 29.21 g/day, with a peak of 116.45 g/day during the falling-water season in August. The high fish consumption rate highlighted the importance of fisheries management to food security and the maintenance of the community’s lifestyle.

Resumo As populações amazônicas são uma das maiores consumidoras de pescado do mundo, contudo os padrões de consumo podem ser regionalmente distintos. Além disso, as capturas totais não são totalmente conhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o consumo per capita e as capturas de pescado por ribeirinhos residentes na Ilha da Paciência (Iranduba, Amazonas), onde há um acordo de pesca vigente. Foram aplicados no total 273 questionários durante as duas primeiras semanas de cada mês entre abril de 2021 e março de 2022. A unidade amostral foram as residências. O questionário continha perguntas sobre as espécies capturadas e respectivas quantidades. O consumo foi calculado pela divisão entre a média de captura mensal com a média de moradores por residência entrevistada que foi multiplicada pelo número de questionários aplicados. Foram registrados 30 grupos de espécies de peixes consumidos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 5 ordens. A captura total foi de 3.388,35 kg e a maior captura mensal foi de 602,60 kg durante a vazante no mês de outubro. O consumo de pescado per capita diário foi em média 66,13 ± 29,21 g/dia, com pico de 116,45 g/dia durante a vazante no mês de agosto. A alta taxa de consumo de pescado mostra a importância do manejo pesqueiro para a segurança alimentar e a manutenção do estilo de vida da comunidade.

Abstract Introduction: Eating behaviors acquired in childhood tend to be perpetuated in adulthood, so adherence to a healthy diet from an early age becomes important to prevent the onset of the occurrence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the food consumption of students in the third cycle of basic education and their parents and its relationship with weight status. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study. Data from 358 students and 318 parents living on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) were included in the study. A questionnaire was developed to collect sociodemographic, dietary habits and anthropometric data, this was applied between May and June 2015. A food frequency questionnaire was used, and weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index. A descriptive analysis of the variables under study was performed and the Mann-Whitney's test was used to compare the means between groups. Results: A high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity (students: 33.0%; parents: 62.4%) was found. Vegetables are consumed most often by parents while fruits, fast food and sweets are consumed more frequently by students. Normal weight students reported a higher frequency of soy, olive oil, sunflower oil, and sweets compared with overweight students, on the other hand overweight parents reported a higher frequency of consumption of milk, pork, fatty fish, potatoes, vegetables, citrus fruits, and sunflower oil, compared with normal weight parents. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity found, as well as the high frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods, it is recommended that health promotion measures be taken in these schools.

Resumen Introducción: Las conductas alimentarias adquiridas en la infancia tienden a perpetuarse en la edad adulta, por lo que la adherencia a una dieta saludable desde edades tempranas cobra importancia para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles relacionadas con la dieta. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el consumo de alimentos de los estudiantes del tercer ciclo de educación básica y sus padres, y su relación con el estado de peso. Metodología: Este es un estudio transversal. Se incluyeron datos de 358 alumnos y 318 padres residentes en la Isla Terceira (Azores, Portugal). Se elaboró un cuestionario para recoger datos sociodemográficos, de hábitos alimentarios y antropométricos, fue aplicado directamente entre mayo y junio de 2015. Se utilizó un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y se utilizó el peso y la talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables en estudio y se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para comparar las medias entre grupos. Resultados: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de pre-obesidad/obesidad (estudiantes: 33,0%; padres: 62,4%). Las verduras son consumidas con mayor frecuencia por los padres, mientras que las frutas, la comida rápida y los dulces son consumidos con mayor frecuencia por los estudiantes. Los estudiantes normopeso reportaron una mayor frecuencia de consumo de soya, aceite de oliva, aceite y dulces en comparación con los estudiantes con sobrepeso, mientras que los padres con sobrepeso reportaron una mayor frecuencia de consumo de leche, cerdo, pescado graso, papas, verduras, cítricos y aceite, en comparación con los padres de peso normal. Conclusiones: Dada la alta prevalencia de pre-obesidad/obesidad encontrada, así como la alta frecuencia de consumo de alimentos poco saludables, se recomienda tomar medidas de promoción de la salud en estas escuelas.

Abstract Introduction: Eating behaviors acquired in childhood tend to be perpetuated in adulthood, so adherence to a healthy diet from an early age becomes important to prevent the onset of the occurrence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the food consumption of students in the third cycle of basic education and their parents and its relationship with weight status. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study. Data from 358 students and 318 parents living on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) were included in the study. A questionnaire was developed to collect sociodemographic, dietary habits and anthropometric data, this was applied between May and June 2015. A food frequency questionnaire was used, and weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index. A descriptive analysis of the variables under study was performed and the Mann-Whitney's test was used to compare the means between groups. Results: A high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity (students: 33.0%; parents: 62.4%) was found. Vegetables are consumed most often by parents while fruits, fast food and sweets are consumed more frequently by students. Normal weight students reported a higher frequency of soy, olive oil, sunflower oil, and sweets compared with overweight students, on the other hand overweight parents reported a higher frequency of consumption of milk, pork, fatty fish, potatoes, vegetables, citrus fruits, and sunflower oil, compared with normal weight parents. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity found, as well as the high frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods, it is recommended that health promotion measures be taken in these schools.

Resumen Introducción: Las conductas alimentarias adquiridas en la infancia tienden a perpetuarse en la edad adulta, por lo que la adherencia a una dieta saludable desde edades tempranas cobra importancia para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles relacionadas con la dieta. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el consumo de alimentos de los estudiantes del tercer ciclo de educación básica y sus padres, y su relación con el estado de peso. Metodología: Este es un estudio transversal. Se incluyeron datos de 358 alumnos y 318 padres residentes en la Isla Terceira (Azores, Portugal). Se elaboró un cuestionario para recoger datos sociodemográficos, de hábitos alimentarios y antropométricos, fue aplicado directamente entre mayo y junio de 2015. Se utilizó un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y se utilizó el peso y la talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables en estudio y se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para comparar las medias entre grupos. Resultados: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de pre-obesidad/obesidad (estudiantes: 33,0%; padres: 62,4%). Las verduras son consumidas con mayor frecuencia por los padres, mientras que las frutas, la comida rápida y los dulces son consumidos con mayor frecuencia por los estudiantes. Los estudiantes normopeso reportaron una mayor frecuencia de consumo de soya, aceite de oliva, aceite y dulces en comparación con los estudiantes con sobrepeso, mientras que los padres con sobrepeso reportaron una mayor frecuencia de consumo de leche, cerdo, pescado graso, papas, verduras, cítricos y aceite, en comparación con los padres de peso normal. Conclusiones: Dada la alta prevalencia de pre-obesidad/obesidad encontrada, así como la alta frecuencia de consumo de alimentos poco saludables, se recomienda tomar medidas de promoción de la salud en estas escuelas.

Abstract In Colombia, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people were in strict confinement between March and September 2020, which forced families to perform all their daily life activities at home. Within this context, the changes in consumption and coping strategies are topics of interest because of their implications on human health and wellbeing. Colombia has two main territorial zones: a continental platform and a group of islands in the Caribbean, composed of the archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina. The continental zone, despite the diversity between regions, has common patters, while the insular territory has a strong cultural particularity bot in its social structure and regarding its Raizal population. Based on this reality, our research seeks to identify the differences between a Colombian group of people from the continental and island territories regarding the changes in their consumption habits and coping strategies during the quarantine due to COVID-19. Methodologically, this is a quantitative descriptive study, with the participation of 1,252 Colombian men and women, all of them above 18 years and residents of the continental or island zones of the country. According to our results, insular inhabitants consumed more food and medicines than those from the mainland, who, in turn, consumed more alcoholic beverages and made more online purchases. Men consumed more alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and psychoactive substances, while women consumed more medications. As for coping strategies, people from the island territory sought for family and professional support and relied on spiritual and leisure activities. Women engaged in spiritual activities as a coping strategy more than men. During the COVID-19 lockdown, people experienced circumstances they had never experienced. For this reason, they had to resort to coping strategies focused on finding support in people and executing activities that helped them feel relieved mentally and emotionally.

Resumen En Colombia, por causa de la pandemia del covid-19, las personas estuvieron en aislamiento estricto entre marzo y septiembre de 2020, lo que obligó a las familias a desarrollar en casa todas las actividades de la vida cotidiana. En este contexto, los cambios en el consumo y las estrategias de afrontamiento aparecen como temas de interés por sus implicaciones en la salud y el bienestar de las personas. En esta situación también es pertinente tener en cuenta que Colombia tiene dos zonas territoriales marcadas: la continental y la isleña, compuesta por el archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. La continental, a pesar de la diversidad entre regiones, mantiene patrones comunes y la isleña, una fuerte particularidad cultural tanto en su estructura social como en su población raizal. Objetivo: conocer las diferencias entre un grupo de colombianos, hombres y mujeres, continentales e isleños, en su vivencia de la cuarentena según los cambios en el consumo y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, transversal, mediante cuestionario en línea. Participaron 1252 hombres y mujeres colombianos, mayores de 18 años, residentes en Colombia en la zona continental e isleña. Resultados: los isleños consumieron más alimentos y medicamentos que los continentales, y estos consumieron más bebidas alcohólicas y realizaron más compras por internet. Los hombres consumieron más bebidas alcohólicas, cigarrillo y sustancias psicoactivas, y las mujeres más medicamentos. Los isleños utilizaron más estrategias de afrontamiento, como acudir a apoyo intrafamiliar, apoyo profesional, actividades espirituales y de ocio. Las mujeres acudieron más que los hombres a la participación en actividades espirituales como estrategia de afrontamiento. Conclusiones: durante el confinamiento por el covid-19, las personas vivieron muchas circunstancias particulares que jamás habían vivido; por esta razón, tuvieron que acudir a estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en la búsqueda de apoyo en otras personas y en la ejecución de actividades que les ayudaran a sentirse aliviados mental y emocionalmente.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las características de las intervenciones nutricionales realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo durante los últimos 20 años. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión exploratoria rápida mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science de las intervenciones realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo entre los años 2000 y 2019 con el fin de mejorar la nutrición de su población. También se examinó la publicación Monitoreo de avances en materia de las enfermedades no transmisibles 2020 para evaluar las políticas nutricionales en estos Estados. Resultados. Se efectuaron 174 intervenciones en 49 de los 58 pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. La mayor parte se llevaron a cabo en el Caribe (75 intervenciones; 43%), en tanto que la región del Pacífico y la región de los océanos Atlántico e Índico y de los mares de China Meridional y Mediterráneo efectuaron aproximadamente un 30% de las intervenciones cada una. Con la ayuda del marco NOURISHING, la mayor parte de las intervenciones (67%) se efectuaron a nivel de la comunidad y a nivel de país o de política utilizando distintos componentes del marco. La mayor parte de las intervenciones (35%) fueron educativas y de concientización. Entre las políticas que se notificaron con más frecuencia estuvieron las restricciones a la disponibilidad física de las bebidas alcohólicas y el aumento de los impuestos al alcohol; entre las menos frecuentes, las restricciones a las grasas. Por lo general, estos resultados fueron uniformes en todas las regiones con pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. Conclusiones. Los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo tienen pocas políticas nutricionales; esto puede estar relacionado con sus vulnerabilidades sociales, económicas y ambientales. Las intervenciones deberían ampliarse más allá de la educación para así incorporar múltiples componentes del marco NOURISHING, con una inclusión multisectorial que garantice una mayor colaboración y aceptación de las partes interesadas. Se justifica una revisión sistemática que haga uso de una gama más completa de fuentes para evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever as características das intervenções nutricionais implementadas em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (PEID) nos 20 últimos anos. Métodos. Uma revisão de escopo rápida foi realizada mediante pesquisa dos bancos de dados PubMed e Web of Science, buscando intervenções para melhoria nutricional da população em PEID no período entre 2000 e 2019. A publicação Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020 também foi consultada para avaliar as políticas nutricionais destes países. Resultados. Foram implementadas 174 intervenções em 49 dos 58 PEID, distribuídas na sua grande maioria na região do Caribe (75, 43%) e nas regiões do Pacífico e AIMS (Atlântico, Índico, Mediterrâneo e Mar do Sul da China) (cerca de 30% cada). Elaboradas a partir do NOURISHING Framework, a maior parte das intervenções (67%) teve implementação ao nível nacional, da comunidade ou de política, englobando os vários componentes deste quadro. Houve predomínio de intervenções educacionais e de sensibilização (35%). Observou-se com maior frequência o cumprimento total ou parcial de políticas de restrição à oferta física de bebidas alcoólicas e aumento de impostos sobre estas. Políticas de restrição à utilização de gorduras em alimentos foram as menos observadas. Em geral, as conclusões foram semelhantes em todas as regiões de PEID. Conclusões. Os PEID carecem de políticas nutricionais, devido a fatores possivelmente associados a vulnerabilidades ambientais e socioeconômicas. Além de educacionais, as intervenções devem ser ampliadas para englobar diversos outros componentes do NOURISHING Framework, com participação multissetorial para assegurar uma maior colaboração e comprometimento das partes envolvidas. Recomenda-se realizar uma revisão sistemática, com pesquisa de um rol mais amplo de fontes de informação, para avaliar a efetividade das intervenções.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe features of nutritional interventions implemented in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the past 20 years. Methods. A rapid scoping review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases for interventions conducted in SIDS that sought to improve the nutrition of their populations between 2000 and 2019 inclusive. The Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2020 was also examined to assess nutritional policies in SIDS. Results. A total of 174 interventions were implemented in 49 of the 58 SIDS. The greatest proportion were conducted in the Caribbean (75 interventions; 43%), with the Pacific region, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea region each implementing about 30% of interventions. Using the NOURISHING framework, most interventions (67%) were implemented at the community and national or policy level, using multiple components of the framework. The greatest proportion of interventions (35%) were educational and awareness raising. Restrictions on physical availability of and increased taxation on alcohol were the most commonly reported policies that were partially or fully achieved; restrictions on fats were the least commonly reported. These findings were generally consistent across the SIDS regions. Conclusions. There is a paucity of nutritional policies in SIDS; the reasons may be linked to their social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Interventions should be expanded beyond education to encompass multiple components of the NOURISHING framework, with multisectoral inclusion to ensure stronger stakeholder collaboration and buy-in. A systematic review is warranted using a fuller range of sources to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar qué cambios ha ocasionado la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en los ingresos y los medios de subsistencia, el consumo de alimentos y el hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe: Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos. En este estudio transversal realizado en julio del 2020, para seleccionar a los participantes se utilizaron guías telefónicas y listas de números de teléfono celular. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas en persona y por teléfono. Los participantes calificaron cuál había sido la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia; el hambre se evaluó mediante la escala de la encuesta sobre seguridad alimentaria en los hogares “Adult Food Security Module”. Para estudiar cómo variaban los resultados según el grupo sociodemográfico, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable, con razones de probabilidades (odds ratios u OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC). Resultados. El análisis incluyó a 880 participantes. De estos, 40% (344/871) declararon haber pasado algún grado de hambre y 18% (153/871) lo calificaron de moderado a grave. Casi tres cuartos de los hogares informaron que sus medios de subsistencia habían tenido algún tipo de repercusión (640/880) y 28% (243/880) la calificaron de moderada a grave. Las mujeres tenían un 60% más de probabilidades de valorar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia de moderada a grave (OR 1,59; IC de 95% 1,09, 2,31) y un 70% más de probabilidades de haber tenido un nivel de hambre de moderado a grave (OR 1,70; IC de 95% 1,37, 2,09). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los medios de subsistencia y el hambre fueron mayores en aquellos participantes con educación primaria y secundaria en comparación con aquellos con educación terciaria. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 está afectando desproporcionadamente a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Los programas de protección social son un componente clave de las iniciativas dirigidas a paliar las consecuencias de la pandemia; sin embargo, debe garantizarse que el acceso a estos programas es equitativo.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar mudanças na renda e na subsistência, no consumo de alimentos e na fome devido à doença causada pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (SIDS, na sigla em inglês) no Caribe: Jamaica, São Cristóvão e Névis, e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em julho de 2020. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio da utilização de listas telefônicas e números de celular. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas presenciais e telefônicas. Os participantes avaliaram o impacto da COVID-19 em seus meios de subsistência, e o módulo de segurança alimentar para adultos foi utilizado para avaliar a fome. Para examinar como esses resultados variavam por grupo sociodemográfico, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariável, com razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC) relatados de 95%. Resultados. A análise incluiu 880 participantes. Entre eles, 40% (344/871) relataram alguma forma de fome, com 18% (153/871) classificados como fome moderada a grave. Quase três quartos das famílias relataram algum impacto em sua subsistência (640/880), com 28% (243/880) classificando esse impacto como moderado a grave. As mulheres tiveram 60% mais probabilidade de relatar que seus meios de subsistência foram afetados moderada a gravemente pela COVID-19 (RC 1,59; IC 95% 1,09, 2,31) e 70% mais probabilidade de passar fome de moderada a grave (RC 1,70; IC 95% 1,37, 2,09). Os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre a subsistência e a fome foram maiores nas pessoas com ensino fundamental e médio, em comparação com o ensino superior. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 está afetando de forma desproporcional os segmentos mais vulneráveis da população. Programas de proteção social são um componente essencial dos esforços para aliviar as consequências da pandemia; entretanto, o acesso equitativo deve ser garantido.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic’s consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

Abstract Background The systematics of Liolaemus magellanicus has been relatively well researched, but despite its recognition as the southernmost lizard in the world, scant attention has been paid to the discovery, distribution, biogeography, and ecology of this lizard at the southern tip of South America. I hereby research such aspects and collate the most relevant information reported in the primary literature. Methods and Results I conducted a selective review of the history of discovery, distributional records, biogeography, and ecological features of L. magellanicus, as recorded in mainstream journals and landmark monographs and books. I specifically omitted the work on the systematics of the species and genus because its complexity warrants separate treatment. I found scattered references to this lizard starting with the chronicles of several overseas expeditions (British, French, and Swedish), with Darwin, Jacquinot and Guichenot, and Anderson and Ohlin acting as informers; and culminating with Skottsberg, a traveler, and Bridges, an early settler in Tierra del Fuego Island. Modern treatment of this species started with Hellmich in the 1930s and Donoso-Barros in the 1960s in Chile, and with Cei in Argentina in the 1960s and has continued chiefly in the latter country until today. Discussion I propose this species as a model ectothermic vertebrate that may serve to test hypotheses about: (a) Resource allocation strategies to deal with a harsh environment that affords limited opportunities for foraging and reproductive activities of a lizard. (b) Behavioral strategies for dealing with thermoregulation, food, and mate acquisition, and care –if any—of offspring. (c) Its place within the rather impoverished food web of which this species forms part of. This relatively new species, which persisted in glacial refuges before being cut off into two subpopulations—one mainlander, another islander—also offers fertile ground for testing population genetic, evolutionary, and phylogeographic hypotheses. I think that biogeographers, systematists, evolutionists, physiologists, and ecologists should take advantage of this uniquely positioned species in the southernmost margin of the world.

RESUMEN El Caribe está registrando un empeoramiento de la epidemia de obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y presenta las peores tasas de mortalidad prematura por enfermedades cardiovasculares de la Región de las Américas. La creación de entornos propicios para mejorar la diversidad alimentaria contribuiría a reducir la obesidad y las ENT relacionadas con la alimentación. El proyecto “Mejorar la seguridad nutricional de los hogares y la salud pública en CARICOM” tiene por objetivo ampliar la diversidad alimentaria en el Caribe y acordar y ejecutar intervenciones efectivas con perspectiva de género para mejorar la soberanía alimentaria, la seguridad alimentaria de los hogares y la nutrición en los Estados de CARICOM. Se llevaron a cabo investigaciones primarias cuantitativas y cualitativas, revisiones exploratorias, ejecución de intervenciones y actividades de difusión, y se impulsó la participación de las partes interesadas. En este artículo se describen el diseño y la ejecución del proyecto en general, se analizan sus desafíos y limitaciones, y se presentan sus logros básicos para que se tengan en cuenta en la labor adicional que realizan los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo de CARICOM con el fin de impulsar la agenda de nutrición en el Caribe. Los resultados de las actividades de investigación del proyecto se presentan en otros documentos publicados en este número especial sobre seguridad nutricional en los Estados de CARICOM.

ABSTRACT The Caribbean is experiencing a worsening epidemic of obesity and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and it has the worst rates of premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the region of the Americas. Creating enabling environments to improve dietary diversity would help reduce obesity and diet-related NCDs. The Improving Household Nutrition Security and Public Health in the CARICOM project aimed to increase dietary diversity in the Caribbean, and to determine and implement effective, gender-sensitive interventions to improve food sovereignty, household food security, and nutrition in CARICOM states. Primary quantitative and qualitative research, scoping reviews, stakeholder engagement, implementation of interventions and dissemination activities were undertaken. This paper describes the overall project design and implementation, discusses challenges and limitations, and presents core achievements to inform further work in Small Island Developing States throughout CARICOM to advance the nutrition agenda in the Caribbean. The results of the project’s research activities are presented in other papers published in this special issue on nutrition security in CARICOM states.

RESUMO O Caribe está passando por um agravamento da epidemia de obesidade e doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) e tem as piores taxas de mortalidade prematura por doenças cardiovasculares na Região das Américas. A criação de ambientes favoráveis para melhorar a diversidade alimentar ajudaria a reduzir a obesidade e as DNTs relacionadas à alimentação. O projeto Improving Household Nutrition Security and Public Health in the CARICOM [Melhoria da segurança nutricional doméstica e da saúde pública na CARICOM] teve como objetivo aumentar a diversidade alimentar no Caribe e determinar e implementar intervenções eficazes e sensíveis ao gênero para melhorar a soberania alimentar, a segurança alimentar doméstica e a nutrição nos estados da CARICOM. Foram realizadas pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas primárias, revisões de escopo, ações de envolvimento das partes interessadas, implementação de intervenções e atividades de divulgação. Este documento descreve a elaboração e a implementação geral do projeto, analisa seus desafios e limitações e apresenta as principais realizações para informar o trabalho futuro nos pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento em toda a CARICOM, visando a avançar a agenda nutricional no Caribe. Os resultados das atividades de pesquisa do projeto são apresentados em outros artigos publicados neste número especial sobre segurança nutricional nos Estados da CARICOM.

Abstract Poultry eggs are among the most important protein and nutrient sources in human diets. There are considerable differences in the evolutionary processes of different species. Therefore, we evaluated the differences and correlations among the microstructure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in duck, quail, goose, pigeon, dwarf chicken, ShanDong chicken, Rhode Island Red, and HeTian DaHei chicken eggs. The egg microstructures were polygonal, compact, and granular and showed no evidence of cross-linking. There was a significant variation among the eight poultry egg types in terms of yolk particle size (3829.34-10373.25 μm2), LDL level (0.023-0.048 mmol/l), and HDL level (3.39-7.98 mg/g). There were also significant differences among the chicken species in terms of yolk particle size (4070.87-8139.48 μm2), LDL level (0.028-0.047 mmol/l), and HDL level (3.57-7.98 mg/g). The yolk granules of local chicken breeds were smaller than those of typical egg-laying chickens. The LDL level weakly correlated with the size of egg yolk (r = 0.24)l there was a very weak correlation between HDL level and yolk particle size (r = 0.008). This study provides a theoretical basis for variations in the taste of eggs from different poultry species and sub-species.

Abstract In the Atlantic Ocean, the shrimp Cuapetes americanus (Kingsley, 1878) is well distributed. This species has been studied regarding its taxonomic status, distribution records, and some biological and reproductive traits. However, its fecundity and reproductive aspects have never been evaluated in Brazilian waters before. SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving and Artificial Refuge Substrate were used to sample C. americanus specimens quarterly in a sheltered location in the Marine State Parks of Laje de Santos and Vitória Island for a year (2015-2016). A total of 45 animals (carapace length 1.35-4.54 mm) were sampled: 6 females; 18 ovigerous females; 3 juveniles; and 17 males. The major axis references were employed to analyze the relationship between the second pleura (SPL) and the carapace length (CL). The fecundity was 87.05 ± 80.50 eggs and it was similar to other populations connected to it, and it was exclusively associated favorably with CL. Despite being a small and inconspicuous species, C. americanus is a caridean shrimp species that has evolved to thrive and breed on continental islands. The importance of the creation and revision of management plans for no-take marine areas on the Brazilian coast is supported when many kinds of information about the ecology and biology of the species are available, such as caridean shrimps, which can be present as a link between trophic levels of the aquatic food web.

Abstract: The rutting season of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is seasonal in North America, but in tropical latitudes it occurs year-round with peaks locally variable. Reproductive cycle of this species in Costa Rica is variable, clearly seasonal in San Lucas Island but continuous with two birth peaks in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa national parks in northwestern Costa Rica. In Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú in the Nicoya Peninsula, a site south of these parks but in a different life zone, we observed males with hard antlers in 2015 but only from July to November. We therefore hypothesized that white-tailed deer have a continuous reproductive cycle during the year in Curú because the rainfall pattern is the same as in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa. We visited Curú every month and recorded the status of white-tailed deer antler growth: nubs, velvet, and hard, from January 2016 to December 2019. We also recorded other rut behaviors and the presence of spotted fawns. We recorded 1,134 observations of the status of antler growth, 13 observations on reproductive behavior and 133 observations of spotted fawns. The antler cycle was seasonal in the four years of study. Male antler casting took place from mid-November to mid-February and the growth of new antlers began in mid-December and lasted until mid-March. Velvet shedding occurred in April, May and June, and by July males had hard antlers. The rutting season lasted three months from mid-June to mid-August. Small spotted fawns were observed from the middle of the dry season to the beginning of the rainy season. All this highly contrasts with the reproduction pattern observed in Santa Rosa. Lack of seasonal variation in the photoperiod is likely an important factor that allows deer to reproduce throughout the year in these protected areas, but this variation does not exist in Curú either, where the species is seasonal. The reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer in Central and South America may have evolved in response to seasonal fluctuations in specific food availability, competition, or predation, all of which may be directly related to rainfall patterns. Greater knowledge of the link between rainfall patterns and food availability for deer would be of great help to further our understanding of factors driving the reproduction cycle of the White-tailed deer.

Resumen: La temporada de reproducción o brama del venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) es estacional en América del Norte, pero en latitudes tropicales ocurre durante todo el año con picos variables localmente. El ciclo reproductivo de esta especie en Costa Rica es variable, claramente estacional en la isla San Lucas, pero continuo con dos picos de nacimientos en los parques nacionales Palo Verde y Santa Rosa en el noroeste de Costa Rica. En Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú en la Península de Nicoya, un sitio al sur de estos parques, pero en una zona de vida diferente, observamos machos con astas duras en 2015, pero solo de julio a noviembre. Por lo tanto, planteamos la hipótesis de que el venado cola blanca tiene un ciclo reproductivo continuo durante el año en Curú porque el patrón de lluvia es igual al de Palo Verde y Santa Rosa. Visitamos Curú todos los meses y registramos el estado del crecimiento de las astas de los venados de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2019. También registramos otros comportamientos de celo y la presencia de cervatillos manchados. Registramos 1,134 observaciones del estado del crecimiento de las astas, 13 observaciones sobre el comportamiento reproductivo y 133 observaciones de cervatillos manchados. El ciclo de las astas fue estacional en los cuatro años de estudio. Los machos botaron las astas de mediados de noviembre a mediados de febrero y el crecimiento de las nuevas astas inició a mediados de diciembre y se prolongó hasta mediados de marzo. La caída del terciopelo ocurrió en abril, mayo y junio y a partir de julio los machos tenían astas duras. La brama duró tres meses, desde mediados de junio hasta mediados de agosto. Observamos cervatillos manchados pequeños desde la mitad de la estación seca hasta el inicio de la temporada de lluvias. Todo esto contrasta con el patrón de reproducción observado en Palo Verde y Santa Rosa. La falta de variación estacional en el fotoperiodo es probablemente un factor importante que permite que los venados se reproduzcan durante todo el año en estas áreas protegidas, pero esta variación tampoco existe en Curú, donde la especie es estacional. Los patrones reproductivos del venado cola blanca en América Central y del Sur pueden haber evolucionado en respuesta a fluctuaciones estacionales en la disponibilidad de alimentos específicos, la competencia o la depredación, todo lo cual puede estar directamente relacionado con los patrones de lluvia. Un mayor conocimiento del vínculo entre los patrones de lluvia y la disponibilidad de alimentos para los venados sería de gran ayuda para comprender mejor los factores que impulsan los ciclos de reproducción del venado cola blanca.

RESUMO A nutrição afeta a saúde materna e das futuras gerações. São vários os estudos que reportam um inadequado aporte nutricional antes da conceção e durante a gestação. Pretendeu-se avaliar o aporte nutricional de mulheres da ilha do Faial (Açores) antes e durante a gravidez e analisar a sua adequação. Neste estudo prospetivo foram analisados dados de 34 mulheres. Para avaliar a ingestão alimentar foi aplicado um questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar semi-quantitativo, em dois momentos: na primeira consulta pré-natal (primeiro trimestre de gestação) e na última consulta pré-natal (final do terceiro trimestre de gestação). Para analisar a adequação do aporte nutricional foram utilizadas, sempre que possível, as recomendações da European Food Safety Authority, 2017. Os nutrientes com maior inadequação antes da conceção foram: vitamina D (100%), iodo (76,5%), lípidos (73,5%), hidratos de carbono (55,9%) e fibra (44,1%). Na gestação, para além dos quatro nutrientes mencionados anteriormente, os folatos também apresentaram uma elevada prevalência de inadequação (58,8%). Neste período, verificou-se que os folatos e o iodo foram os nutrientes com maior aumento na inadequação (44,1 e 20,6 pontos percentuais, respetivamente). Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a importância da adesão à suplementação, avaliação da adequação do aporte nutricional e da individualização da terapêutica nutricional.

ABSTRACT Nutrition affects both maternal and future generations’ health. There are several studies reporting an inadequate nutritional supply before conception and during pregnancy. It was intended to assess the nutritional intake of women from the island of Faial (Azores) before and during pregnancy and to analyze its adequacy. In this prospective study, data from 34 women were analyzed. To assess food intake, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied in two moments: first pre-birth appointment (first trimester of gestation) and last pre-birth appointment (end of the third trimester of gestation). To analyze the adequacy of nutritional support, the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority, 2017 were used, whenever possible. The nutrients with higher inadequacy before conception were: vitamin D (100%), iodine (76.5%), lipids (73.5%), carbohydrates (55.9%) and fiber (44.1%). During pregnancy, in addition to the four mentioned above, folates also had a high prevalence of inadequacy (58.8%). In this period, we found that folates and iodine were the nutrients with the greatest increase in inadequacy (44.1 and 20.6 percentage points, respectively). The results of this study reinforce the importance of promoting the adherence to supplementation, the assessment of the adequacy of nutritional intake and the individualization of nutrition therapy.

Resumen Introducción. Conocer los indicadores productivos y de comportamiento de las aves permite optimizar el sistema en pastoreo. Objetivo. Describir rendimientos, manejo de las pasturas y comportamiento de gallinas Rhode Island Red (RIR) y Sex Link Negro (SLN) en un sistema de alojamiento en piso con acceso a pastoreo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en Turrialba, Cartago, entre octubre 2016 y enero 2018, con 210 gallinas SLN y 180 RIR con una edad de 13 a 80 semanas. Se obtuvo el peso corporal, porcentaje de uniformidad, mortalidad, descarte y producción semanal, huevos por ave alojada, conversión alimenticia, consumo de alimento, comportamiento natural, peso y masa del huevo. Se describió el manejo de la pastura, disponibilidad de forraje, relación hoja/tallo y el comportamiento de las aves en los parques (apartos). Resultados. Se observaron menores rendimientos productivos de SLN y RIR al compararse con la línea genética Isa Brown, solamente el peso de huevo fue mayor para las gallinas RIR. Se observó desperdicio de alimento en ambos grupos de aves, la principal causa de muerte fue descarte de aves subordinadas, picaje y canibalismo. Los comportamientos observados fueron rascar, picotear y baños de arena. Al entrar las aves SLN y RIR en los parques, se registraron producciones de forraje de 5033 y 3460 kg MF ha-1, respectivamente. Se obtuvo una relación hoja/tallo >1, lo que reflejó una mayor preferencia de las gallinas por las hojas al pastorear. Conclusión. En el sistema de alojamiento en piso con acceso a pastoreo, las aves evaluadas presentaron bajos rendimientos productivos, estrés por calor, pérdida de plumas por picaje, canibalismo y desperdicio de alimento. El sistema de producción con acceso a pastoreo en las condiciones estudiadas no fue adecuado para las gallinas empleadas.

Abstract Introduction. Learning about the productive and behavior indicators of poultry allows optimizing the pasture access system. Objective. Describe performance, pasture management, and behavior of Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Sex Link Black (SLB) hens in a lodging system on a floor with pasture access. Materials and methods. The research took place in Turrialba, in the province of Cartago, between October 2016 and January 2018, with 210 SLB and 180 RIR hens, aged from 13 to 80 weeks. Body weight, uniformity, mortality, discard, and weekly production percentage, hen housed egg production, feed conversion, feed intake, natural behavior, egg weight and egg mass, were obtained. Pasture management in pasture areas, forage availability, leaf/stem ratio, and the behavior of the poultry in the parks were described. Results. Lower production performance of the SLB and RIR were observed when compared to the Isa Brown genetic line, only the weight of the egg was higher for the RIR hens. Food waste was observed in both groups of birds, the main cause of death was the discard of subordinate birds, pecking, and cannibalism. The most commonly observed behaviors were scratching, pecking, and sand baths. When SLB and RIR poultry entered the parks, fodder production of 5033 and 3460 kg MF GM ha-1 was recorded, respectively. A leaf/stem ratio of >1 was obtained, which reflected a higher preference of the hens for the leaves when grazing. Conclusion. In the flat housing system with access to grazing, the assessed birds displayed low production performance, stress from the heat, loss of feathers due to pecking, cannibalism, and food waste. The production system with access to pasture under the conditions studied was not optimal for the hens used.

ABSTRACT This work addresses the presence of the eminent neuroscientist, Nobel Prize in Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, in Cuba, where he served, in his youth, as a military doctor during the Ten Years' War. In 1874, Cajal was assigned to the Expeditionary Army of Cuba as captain of Military Health, remaining on the island for fourteen months. The future histologist served in the worst possible destination, the Vista Hermosa and San Isidro field infirmaries, located on the Trocha of Bagá, in the district of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), in the middle of the unsanitary manigua. In these infirmaries, he treated soldiers wounded in the field and a large number of sick soldiers, mainly from malaria and dysentery. He also worked, for a month and a half, recovering from malarial fevers, as doctor on call at the Military Hospital of Puerto Príncipe. Cajal himself fell ill with malaria and dysentery, was diagnosed with severe malarial cachexia and declared “disabled for weapons”, being able to return to Spain in June 1875. In this Cuban experience, Cajal discovered the environment of corruption in the colonial administration, with unjustified delays in the collection of salaries, indifference of the command and fraud in the food rations of his patients. In this work, Cajal’s perception of the island of Cuba, its people and its fauna and flora is also described. The imprint of Cuba and the war conflict would deeply mark the spirit of the scientist throughout his life and played a fundamental role in the construction of his philosophical, social and political thought.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda la presencia del eminente neurocientífico, Premio Nobel de Medicina, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, en Cuba donde sirvió en su juventud como médico militar durante la Guerra de los Diez Años. En 1874, Cajal fue destinado al Ejército Expedicionario de Cuba como capitán de Sanidad Militar, permaneciendo en la isla durante catorce meses. El futuro histólogo cumplió servicio en el peor destino posible, las enfermerías de campaña de Vista Hermosa y de San Isidro, situadas en la trocha de Bagá, en el distrito de Puerto Príncipe (hoy Camagüey), en plena e insalubre manigua. En estas enfermerías, atendió a soldados heridos en campaña y a una gran cantidad de soldados enfermos, fundamentalmente de malaria y disentería. También trabajó, durante un mes y medio, recuperándose de las fiebres palúdicas, en el cuerpo de médicos de guardia del Hospital Militar de Puerto Príncipe. El propio Cajal enfermó de malaria y disentería, fue diagnosticado de caquexia palúdica grave y declarado “inutilizado en campaña”, pudiendo regresar a España en junio de 1875. En esta experiencia cubana, Cajal descubrió el ambiente de corrupción de la administración colonial, con retrasos injustificados del cobro de salarios, indiferencia del mando y fraudes en las raciones de alimentación de sus enfermos. En este trabajo, también se describe la percepción de Cajal de la isla de Cuba, de sus gentes y de su fauna y flora. La impronta de Cuba y del conflicto bélico marcaría profundamente el ánimo del científico durante toda su vida y ejerció un papel fundamental en la construcción de su pensamiento filosófico, social y político.