ABSTRACT In regions with water shortages, detailed planning on water resource use is essential. The use of climate models for short- and medium-range forecasts is an important strategy for obtaining early information on the water requirements of crops and the water regime of a particular basin. This study aimed to assess the performance of seasonal climate forecasts and their applicability in estimating irrigation needs. To that end, the Simulation Model for Irrigation Strategies and climate forecast data derived from the Eta model were used. To analyze simulations, five members (days 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) of the seasonal forecasts of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration for every month between 2001 and 2012 were used. The spread for reference evapotranspiration demonstrated that the model was unable to reproduce the behavior of this variable during the dry period. Comparison between forecasts months in advance showed no significant differences between the rainfall and the reference evapotranspiration forecasts. However, the results obtained for a one-month lead-time forecast exhibited superior performance. shortages essential short mediumrange medium range basin needs end used simulations days 13 14 15 1 17 200 201 period However onemonth one leadtime lead time 20 2

RESUMO Em regiões com baixa disponibilidade hídrica é de grande importância um planejamento mais detalhado sobre o uso de recursos hídricos. A utilização de modelos climáticos destinados às previsões de curto e médio prazo se apresenta como uma estratégia importante para se obter informações antecipadas acerca da demanda hídrica de culturas e do regime hídrico de determinada bacia. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o desempenho das previsões climáticas sazonais e sua aplicabilidade na estimativa da demanda de irrigação. Para tanto, utilizou-se o Modelo de Simulação de Estratégias de Irrigação e dados de previsão climática derivados do modelo Eta. Para análise das simulações, foi utilizado um conjunto de cinco membros (dias 13, 14, 15, 16 e 17) de previsão sazonal de precipitação e evapotranspiração de referência para cada mês entre o período de 2001 a 2012. O espalhamento para a evapotranspiração de referência demonstrou que o modelo não foi capaz de reproduzir o comportamento desta variável durante o período seco. Comparação entre previsões com os meses de antecedência não demonstraram diferenças significativas entre previsões da precipitação e da evapotranspiração de referência. Contudo, os resultados obtidos para as previsões com um mês de antecedência apresentaram melhor desempenho. hídricos bacia Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se estudo irrigação tanto utilizouse utilizou Eta simulações dias 13 14 15 1 17 200 2012 seco Contudo 20 201 2

Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane irrigation is one of the main technologies to increase productivity and profitability in the sugar-energy sector. However, to improve the management of water resources in Brazil, growers need to obtain a water rights permitfrom regulatory agencies. The calculation of water rights is determined from data based on estimates of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA). The primary hypothesis of this study was that the method proposed by ANA to calculate water rights did not provide operational security since it lacked an adequate probabilistic character. As a corollary, we included a secondary hypothesis stating that determining flows through the simplified FAO method proposed in the CROPWAT 8.0 manual displayed vulnerability due to the criteria to choose the representative years. This research aimed to compare such methodologies with a more detailed case study (standard method), taking into account the temporal variability of these estimates, the irrigation criteria, and the probability of occurrence of ETo and rainfall to determine water rights for sugarcane irrigation. During the period between Apr and Sept (dry period), the calculation method proposed by ANA met the needs of the project. However, when rainfall was concentrated (Oct to Mar), the calculation method tended to underestimate the monthly values of available flows. The simplified method proposed by FAO and the alternative method proposed here approached ideal conditions. sugarenergy sugar energy sector However Brazil agencies (ETo ANA. . (ANA) character corollary 80 8 0 8. years standard method, , method) dry period, period) project Oct Mar, Mar Mar) conditions (ANA

Resumen Introducción. Debido a la alta tasa de degradación del suelo a nivel mundial, se requiere encontrar prácticas agrícolas que promuevan la conservación de suelos. Objetivo. Evaluar el balanceo estático de cargas de un tractor dedicado a la labranza, por medio de diferentes distribuciones de contrapesos en sus ejes, para mejorar las propiedades físicas, mecánicas e hidráulicas y la eficiencia de operación en un suelo vertisol. Materiales y métodos. Se plantearon 3 balanceos de cargas diferentes en los ejes delantero y trasero 40-60%, 30-70% y 50-50%; mediante la adición de contrapesos en el eje trasero del tractor. Se realizaron muestreos de campo a una profundidad de 15 cm en 3 etapas de muestreo (antes de mecanizar, inmediatamente y 2 meses después de mecanizar) en un vertisol con cultivo de pasto (Digitaria decumbens Stent). Se analizaron las variables de contenido de humedad del suelo, densidad aparente, límites plásticos, resistencia a la penetración del suelo, así como las necesidades hídricas del cultivo de acuerdo con los tratamientos. Además, se determinaron variables de operación y eficiencia, tales como profundidad de labranza, patinaje, consumo de combustible y fricción. Se analizaron las diferencias de las variables entre los tratamientos y entre etapas de muestreo con el fin de determinar el tratamiento con la menor afectación a las propiedades del suelo y mayor eficiencia de operación. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los balanceos de carga por eje evaluados para todas las propiedades del suelo analizadas, excepto en el contenido de humedad. El balanceo 30-70% presentó los valores más bajos de consumo de combustible y de agua para el riego, patinaje, resistencia al corte y resistencia a la penetración. Conclusiones. El balanceo 30-70% se considera ideal para mecanizar bajo las condiciones estudiadas. No se recomienda mecanizar con el balanceo 50-50%, ya que la profundidad de labranza y los cambios en las propiedades del suelo fueron en detrimento de algunas propiedades del mismo.

Abstract Introduction. Due to the high worldwide rate of soil degradation, it is necessary to look for agricultural practices that promote soil conservation. Objective. To assess the tractor axle load balancing dedicated to tillage, through different counterweights distributions, to improve the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of a vertisol and the efficiency of tillage operation. Materials and methods. Three different load balances were set on the front and rear axles, being 40-60%, 30-70% and 50-50%, by adding counterweights to the rear axle of the tractor. Field samples were taken at a depth of 15 cm in 3 sampling stages (before, immediately and 2 months after tillage), in a grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent) cultivated lot. Soil water content, bulk density, plastic limits, soil penetration resistance, as well as the water needs of the crop according to the treatments were analyzed. In addition, operation and efficiency variables were determined, such as tillage depth, slippage, fuel consumption, friction, and tractor power required. The differences of the variables between the treatments and sampling stages were analyzed to determine the treatment with the least impact to the soil properties and greater efficiency of operation. Results. Significant differences were found between balances in all the soil properties analyzed, except in the soil water content. The balance 30-70% presented the lowest values of fuel and water consumption for irrigation of the grass crop, wheel slippage, shear stress and penetration resistance. Conclusions. The balance treatment of 30-70% was considered as the best treatment under the studied conditions. Tillage with the treatment 50-50% was not recommended since tillage depth and soil property changes between sampling stages affected negatively to some soil properties.

Resumen La globalización ha eliminado brechas comerciales que limitaban las relaciones internacionales, uno de los fundamentos de la economía moderna que impulsó el desarrollo de miles de negocios. El problema, la saturación del mercado donde se ofrecen los mismos servicios o bienes, dejando a la deriva empresas que no pueden adaptarse a la variabilidad en la demanda u ofrecer ese valor añadido o singular que marca la diferencia de la competencia. El presente proyecto se desarrolla en una empresa comercializadora de productos para riego en la zona noroeste del estado de Sonora. La problemática es la presencia de problemas de organización en almacén, lo que se traduce en tiempos excesivos en atención y servicio al cliente, agotamiento, sobre inventario, pérdida de productos y registros conflictivos. Mediante la implementación de varios elementos de control y gestión se desarrolló un sistema de control de inventario, capaz de mejorar el flujo de materiales en almacén y llevar registros precisos y confiables al enlazar herramientas físicas y digitales; la implementación de estas acciones de mejora se expresan en el incremento significativo de la satisfacción del cliente al proveer el producto correcto en tiempo y forma. La metodología e implementación presentan la importancia de cada elemento dentro del sistema, la dependencia entre estos y la capacidad de adaptarse a las necesidades y limitantes de la empresa. Estos métodos, técnicas u herramientas utilizadas son de uso común en el campo de la ingeniería industrial, lo cual habilita una sencilla integración y entendimiento en empresas con poca experiencia en el tema.

Abstract Globalization has eliminated trade gaps that limited international relations, one of the foundations of the modern economy that boosted the development of thousands of businesses; the problem, the saturation of the market where the same services or goods are offered, leaving apart companies that cannot adapt to the variability in demand or offer that added or unique value that makes the difference from the competition. This project is developed in a trading company for irrigation products in the northwestern area of the state of Sonora. The presence of serious organizational problems in the warehouse, results in long customer service times, exhaustion, over-inventory, loss of products and conflicting records. Through the implementation of several control and management elements, an inventory control system is developed capable of improving the flow of materials in the warehouse and keeping accurate and reliable records by linking physical and digital tools, all of which allowed the increase in customer satisfaction by providing the correct product in a timely manner. The methodology and implementation present the importance of each element within the system, the dependence between them and the ability to adapt to the needs and limitations of the company. These methods, techniques or tools used are of little complexity in the field of industrial engineering, which enables a simple integration and understanding in companies with little experience in the subject.

ABSTRACT: In recent decades, research on precision irrigation driven by climate change has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce water consumption in irrigation projects and to adapt to the increasing occurrence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and competition between agricultural and industrial sectors for the use of water. In this context, the adoption of water-saving and application practices implies a multidisciplinary approach to accurately quantify the water needs of crops under different water availability and management practices. Thus, this review article presented a review of technologies and new trends in the context of precision irrigation, future perspectives and critically analyze notions and means to maintain high levels of land and water productivity, which minimize irrational water consumption at the field level. ABSTRACT decades strategies scarcity watersaving saving Thus productivity level

RESUMO: Nas últimas décadas pesquisas voltadas à irrigação de precisão, impulsionadas pelas mudanças climáticas, desenvolveram uma infinidade de estratégias, métodos e tecnologias para reduzir o consumo de água em projetos de irrigação, para adaptação à crescente ocorrência de escassez de água, secas agrícolas e competição entre os setores agrícolas e industriais pelo uso da água. Nesta conjuntura, a adoção de práticas de economia e aplicação de água, implica em uma abordagem multidisciplinar para a quantificação precisa das necessidades de água das culturas, sob diversas práticas de disponibilidade e manejo da água. Dessa forma, este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre as tecnologias e novas tendências no contexto da irrigação de precisão, as perspectivas futuras e analisar criticamente noções e meios para manter altos índices de produtividade da terra e da água, que minimizem o consumo de água irracional a nível de campo. RESUMO precisão climáticas estratégias conjuntura culturas forma campo

Water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource, so agriculture competes with urban and industrial needs for water. The production of table grapes with high export potential is the objective of South African producers. Vegetative growth, production, ripening aspects and quality parameters of table grapes can potentially be manipulated by means of irrigation. Consequently, it is an important management practice to help ensure economically viable table grape production. The objective for optimum irrigation scheduling should be to combine soil and plant water status measurements to calibrate grapevine water potential against reliable soil water monitoring instruments. Considering previously reported literature, poorer vegetative growth was related to lower levels of leaf water potential (ΨL). Given that berry size is a crucial aspect for yield as well as quality, it was evident that low levels of water potential can restrict berry development, thereby reducing berry size. Bunch mass was lower where there were lower levels of ΨL and pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨΡD). Poorer yield was generally related to lower levels of ΨL experienced throughout the season. However, lower levels of ΨL in the post-véraison period did not affect grapevine yield. The juice total soluble solids (TSS) did not respond to levels of ΨL but juice total titratable acidity (TTA) was related to lower levels of ΨL. Grape colour was affected where wet soil conditions induced higher levels of ΨL as well as where dry soil conditions induced lower levels of ΨL.

Resumen Las necesidades de agua en cultivos satisfacen en forma natural por lluvias, cuando es insuficiente, se aplica riego por gravedad, lo anterior requiere conocer comportamiento de humedad un suelo. Existen métodos para medir y estimar la humedad: el método TDR-300 calcula humedad tiempo real y el modelo de Green y Ampt que estima la lámina de riego (cm) en laboratorio. El objetivo de la investigación fue calcular y evaluar numéricamente parámetros hidrodinámicos, mesclando suelo con aditivo orgánico, utilizando equipo TDR-300, obteniendo mediciones en tiempo real, en un diseño experimental de 3 x 3, en 3 surcos de 30 m, con 6 mediciones cada 5 m, a profundidad de 30 cm a los 3 tratamientos: testigo T1 (suelo normal), T2 (Suelo + aditivo 25 g) y T3 (suelo + aditivo 50 g) aplicando riego por gravedad, y se compararon con las estimaciones obtenidas del modelo de Green y Ampt en laboratorio. Se calcularon tiempo de avance del agua, tiempo de recesión y oportunidad. A mayor contenido de aditivo orgánico, menor avance y mayor retención de agua, las estimaciones realizadas por método de Green y Ampt en laboratorio, fueron similares a los datos recolectados en campo con TDR-300.

Abstract The water needs in crops are naturally satisfied by rains, when it is insufficient, gravity irrigation is applied, which requires knowing the soil’s moisture behavior. There are methods to measure and estimate humidity: the TDR-300 method calculates humidity in real time and the Green and Ampt model that estimates the irrigation sheet (cm) in the laboratory. The Green and Ampt method knows the physical parameters of the 12 textural classes of soils, but does not know physical parameters by mixing soil with organic additives. In this investigation, numerical values of hydrodynamic parameters were calculated in soil mixed with organic additive, using TDR-300 equipment in three 30-m rows, with measurements every 5 m, an experimental design of 3 x 3, with T1-control treatments (soil normal), T2 (Soil + 25% additive) and T3 (soil + 50% additive), applying gravity irrigation, and compare estimates with the Green and Ampt model. Using Green and Ampt methodology, initial and final gravimetric humidity, water advance time, recession time and opportunity were calculated. The higher the additive content, the retention increased. The estimates made by the Green and Ampt method were similar with the TDR method.

Abstract The low availability of water observed in the country’s dams and the overexploitation of underground aquifers make it urgent to generate strategies to optimize this resource. One strategy is the optimization of irrigation by calculating water needs for irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) in tomato cultivation as a function of the number of stems, for the supply of irrigation water based on a drainage lysimeter and an atmometer. The work was carried out under controlled conditions using tezontle as a substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments, one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3) stems per plant. The drainage lysimeter method was used to measure daily crop transpiration (ETc) and an atmometer was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The accumulated transpiration of the crop was 352, 389 and 434 mm for T1, T2 and T3 and a Kc of 1.06, 1.16 and 1.32 for the same treatments, respectively, as well as the irrigation requirement of 1.04, 1.14 and 1.29 L plant-1, both parameters determined in the stage of maximum water and nutrient demand. It is concluded that the daily measurements of transpiration in tomato with the drainage lysimeter allow to reliably calculate the water requirement of crops, in addition, the atmometer is an alternative to estimate the ETo for irrigation scheduling purposes in different crops.

Resumen La poca disponibilidad de agua observada en las presas del país y la sobreexplotación de los acuíferos subterráneos hacen urgente nuevas estrategias para optimizar este recurso. Una estrategia es la optimización del riego mediante el cálculo de las necesidades hídricas para la programación de riegos. El objetivo del este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la evapotranspiración de cultivo (ETc) y coeficiente del cultivo (Kc) en el cultivo del tomate en función del número de tallos, para el suministro el agua de riego a partir de un lisímetro de drenaje y el atmómetro. El trabajo se realizó en condiciones controladas usando tezontle como sustrato y un sistema de riego por goteo. El experimento consistió en tres tratamientos, uno (T1), dos (T2) y tres (T3) tallos por planta. Se utilizó el método del lisímetro de drenaje para medir la transpiración diaria de cultivo (ETc) y un atmómetro para estimar la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo). La transpiración acumulada del cultivo fue de 352, 389 y 434 mm para T1, T2 y T3 y un kc de 1.06, 1.16 y 1.32 para los mismos tratamientos respectivamente, así como el requerimiento de riego de 1.04, 1.14 y 1.29 L planta-1, ambos parámetros determinados en la etapa de máxima demanda hídrica y nutrimental. Se concluye que las mediciones diarias de traspiración en tomate con el lisímetro de drenaje permiten calcular el requerimiento hídrico de los cultivos, además, el atmómetro es una alternativa para estimar la ETo con fines de calendarización del riego en diferentes cultivos.

Abstract The sector most economically affected by climate change is expected to be agriculture, being affected by the decline in economic income. The objective of the research was to know the impact of climate change on agriculture in Irrigation District 005, located in the state of Chihuahua, through the application of surveys in 2020. Chi-square tests were performed, of the respondents, 40% [X2(138.32) p< 0.001] has more than 20 ha, 65% grows mainly pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis), 97.89% [X2(187.17) p< 0.001] has heard of climate change and 44.09% [X2(155.33) p< 0.001] defines it as pronounced climatic variation between seasons. The multiple correspondence analysis estimated that the variables that presented greater inertia for the first dimension were: zero tillage (M1), change of type of crop (M3), water collection techniques (M4), others (M5) and percentage of contribution (cmedidas), for the second dimension, those that presented greater inertia were: those who have suffered economic losses (peconomicas), most affected period (periodo), cause of the impact (causa), percentage of economic losses (pp). Two multinomial logistic regression models were run, the measures applied to reduce the effects of climate change were zero tillage and the use of organic products. The results obtained showed that as the age of the producers increases, the possibility that they know about climate change, its causes and choose to take out insurance decreases. Finally, more than one mitigation/adaptation measure needs to be applied to counteract climate change.

Resumen Se espera que el sector más afectado económicamente por el cambio climático sea la agricultura, viéndose afectado por la disminución del ingreso económico. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer el impacto del cambio climático en la agricultura en el Distrito de Riego 005 ubicado en el estado de Chihuahua, a través de la aplicación de encuestas en 2020. Se realizaron pruebas de Chi-cuadrada, de los encuestados, 40% [X2(138.32) p< 0.001] posee más de 20 ha, 65% cultiva principalmente nogal pecanero (Carya illinoinensis), 97.89% [X2(187.17) p< 0.001] ha escuchado hablar del cambio climático y 44.09% [X2(155.33) p< 0.001] lo define como variación climática pronunciada entre estaciones. El análisis de correspondencia múltiple estimó que las variables que presentaron mayor inercia para la primera dimensión fueron: labranza cero (M1), cambio de tipo de cultivo (M3), técnicas de captación de agua (M4), otras (M5) y porcentaje de contribución (cmedidas), para la segunda dimensión, las que presentaron mayor inercia fueron: los que han sufrido pérdidas económicas (peconomicas), periodo más afectado (periodo), causa de la afectación (causa), porcentaje de pérdidas económicas (pp). Se corrieron dos modelos de regresión logística multinomial, las medidas aplicadas para reducir los efectos del cambio climático fueron labranza cero y el uso de productos orgánicos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que conforme la edad de los productores aumenta, la posibilidad de que conozcan el cambio climático sus causas y opten por contratar un seguro disminuye. Finalmente, es necesario aplicar más de una medida de mitigación/adaptación para contrarrestar el cambio climático.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi analisar, a partir das categorias de interculturalidade e intergeracionalidade, por um lado, as expectativas educacionais da comunidade do Distrito de Irrigação Triângulo do Tolima (DITT) e, por outro, as experiências educacionais rurais e as do ensino superior rural, que são referências para a construção de uma proposta educacional para este território. A pesquisa é qualitativa e segue a metodologia de análise de conteúdo. A análise das expectativas foi baseada em entrevistas com diferentes agentes do DITT. O estudo das experiências do ensino superior rural e das escolas rurais foi baseado numa revisão documental, na qual foram identificados os princípios, as propostas curriculares e as metodologias. Estas estão de acordo com as expectativas e com as contribuições dos agentes locais. As experiências se caracterizam por serem propostas interculturais críticas que buscam uma educação diferencial e/ou própria. Elas respondem às necessidades e sonhos das comunidades, reconhecem conhecimentos ancestrais, incentivam a participação de jovens e mulheres, estão ligadas a organizações sociais locais e algumas têm um componente étnico-cultural.

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo era analizar, desde las categorías de interculturalidad e intergeneracionalidad, las expectativas educativas de la comunidad del Distrito de Riego Triángulo del Tolima (DRTT) y las experiencias educativas campesinas y de educación superior rural, que son referentes para la construcción de una propuesta educativa para este territorio. La investigación es cualitativa y sigue la metodología de análisis de contenido. El análisis de las expectativas se hizo con base en entrevistas a diferentes actores del DRTT. El estudio de las experiencias de educación superior rural y de escuelas campesinas se hizo a partir de la revisión documental, en la que se identificaron los principios, las propuestas curriculares y las metodologías, que están en consonancia con las expectativas y con los aportes de actores locales. Las experiencias se caracterizan por ser propuestas interculturales críticas que buscan una educación diferencial y/o propia. Estas responden a las necesidades y sueños de las comunidades, reconocen los saberes ancestrales, incentivan la participación de j óvenes y muj eres, se vinculan con las organizaciones sociales locales y algunas tienen un componente étnico cultural.

Abstract This article presents the results of a study whose objective was to analyze, from the categories of interculturality and intergenerationality, on the one hand the educational expectations of the community of the Tolima Triangle Irrigation District (TTID) and, on the other hand, the rural educational experiences and those of rural higher education, which are referents for the construction of an educational proposal for this territory. The research project is qualitative and follows the methodology of content analysis. The analysis of expectations was based on interviews with different agents of the TTID. The study of the experiences of rural higher education and of rural schools was based on a documentary review, in which the principles, the curricular proposals, and the methodologies were identified. These are in line with the expectations and with the contributions of local agents. The experiences are characterized by being critical intercultural proposals that seek a differential education and/or one on their own. They respond to the needs and dreams of the communities, recognize ancestral knowledge, encourage the participation of young people and women, are linked to local social organizations, and some have an ethnic-cultural component.

ABSTRACT In the study that is presented, a comprehensive diagnosis is carried out on the use of available water in livestock agroecosystems linked to the Project Environmental Bases for Local Food Sustainability (BASAL) of Jimaguayú Municipality, Camagüey Province and its possibilities of responding to the potential needs of the agricultural sector. As a result, it was found that the availability of groundwater is limited to flows below 3 L/s in most of the wells. In addition, it was determined that there are 4 dams and 25 micro dams in the municipality belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), which, however, cannot be used because they are distant from the study area. The available forecasts on the climate behavior in the studied area indicate that drought conditions must increase, due to which, in order to supply the water requirements of irrigation activities and of livestock, it will be necessary to apply measures for increasing water use efficiency. A plan of measures was drawn up that includes the installation of 10 sprinkler irrigation systems, the drilling of 18 wells, the colocation of 8 windmills, the repairing of 12 tanks and hydraulic installations and the maintenance of 16 reservoirs. The actions to be applied were specified through the Irrigation Advisory Service (IAS) to increase the efficiency in the use of available water.

RESUMEN En el estudio que se presenta se realizó un diagnóstico integral del uso del agua disponible en agroecosistemas ganaderos vinculados al Proyecto Bases Ambientales para la Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Local (BASAL) del municipio Jimaguayú en la provincia Camagüey y sus posibilidades de dar respuesta a las necesidades potenciales del sector agropecuario. Como resultado se comprobó que la disponibilidad de agua subterránea está limitada a caudales inferiores a 3 L/s en la mayoría de los pozos, además, se dispone en el municipio de 4 presas y 25 micro presas pertenecientes al Ministerio de la Agricultura (MINAG), sin embargo, no se pueden aprovechar por estar distantes del área de estudio. Los pronósticos disponibles sobre el comportamiento climático en el área estudiada indican que las condiciones de sequía deben incrementarse, debido a lo cual para suplir los requerimientos de agua de las actividades de riego y de abasto a la ganadería será necesario aplicar medidas que permitan un incremento en la eficiencia de uso del agua. Se elaboró un plan de medidas que incluye la instalación de 10 sistemas de riego por aspersión, perforación de 18 pozos, instalación de 8 molinos a viento, reparación de 12 tanques e instalaciones hidráulicas y mantenimiento a 16 embalses, y se precisaron las acciones a aplicar a través del Servicio de Asesoramiento al Regante (SAR) para lograr incrementar la eficiencia de uso del agua disponible.

Abstract In a regional dimension, two key factors of agricultural activity in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico that directly influence sustainable rural development are analyzed: intensive agriculture and soil quality. This research was designed as a qualitative descriptive study of this productive branch, for this purpose, 164 interviews with producers were conducted and various documents with information on the sector were analyzed, such as technical reports and bulletins. It was found that intensive agriculture predominates in the study area, with traditional production practices and patterns, such as gravity irrigation systems and excessive use of agrochemicals, which presupposes agricultural management that goes against the sustainable context. Action-research is required for the implementation of resilience strategies with a sustainable approach, aligned with the adequate environmental governance of the activity and the needs of the sector, since problems such as the loss of soil fertility, an increase in salinity and erosion in some agricultural farms continue to be observed.

Resumen En una dimensión regional, se analizan dos factores claves de la actividad agrícola de Guasave, Sinaloa, México que influyen directamente en el desarrollo rural sustentable: la agricultura intensiva y la calidad de suelos. La presente investigación se diseñó como un estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo de este ramo productivo, para ello se aplicaron 164 entrevistas a productores y se analizaron diversos documentos con información del sector, tales como informes técnicos y boletines. Se encontró que la agricultura intensiva predomina en el área de estudio, con prácticas y patrones de producción de tipo tradicional, como son sistemas de riego de gravedad y uso desmedido de agroquímicos, lo cual presupone manejos agrarios que van en contra del contexto sustentable. Se requiere de investigación-acción para la implementación de estrategias de resiliencia con un enfoque sostenible, alineadas a la gobernanza ambiental adecuada de la actividad y a las necesidades del sector, toda vez que se siguen observando problemas como la pérdida de fertilidad de los suelos, un incremento en la salinidad y erosión en algunos predios agrícolas.

ABSTRACT The water balance of the soil constitutes an adequate way for a rational water management that allows to obtain agricultural yields according to the growing food needs of the world population. The work was de^veloped with the objective of determining the months with surplus or water deficit by preparing the monthly water balance that allows the planning of labours in agricultural areas of the province of Holguin. Data were taken from four meteorological stations (La Jiquima, Guaro, Pinares de Mayarí and Velasco) and the average monthly rainfall between the 1975-2017periods and the average monthly evapotranspiration (1975-2015) was determined using the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The water balance was made based on the methodology proposed by Thornthwaite and Mather. In La Jíquima and Velasco there are two deficitperiods (520 mm year -1 during eight months and 382 mm year -1 in seven months, respectively), alternated with two periods (two months each in both seasons) of surplus plus storage. In Velasco surpluses are higher, with the month of November with possibilities to make use of water reserves. In Guaro, the longest period of water deficit was observed for the number of months and its uninterrupted intranual distribution. During these nine months a deficit of 507 mm year -1 accumulated. In Pinares de Mayarí there were four months of deficit (december-march), with 101 mm year -1 . The largest accumulated surplus was found in this locality, with 552 mm year -1 , between the months may-november.

Resumen El balance hídrico del suelo constituye una vía adecuada para un manejo racional del agua que permita obtener rendimientos agrícolas acordes a las necesidades crecientes de alimentos de la población mundial. El trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar los meses con excedente o con déficit hídrico, mediante la elaboración del balance hídrico mensual, que permita la planificación de labores en áreas agropecuarias de la provincia de Holguín. Se tomaron los datos de cuatro estaciones meteorológicas (La Jíquima, Guaro, Pinares de Mayarí y Velasco) y se determinó la lluvia mensual promedio entre el período 1975-2017 y la evapotranspiración mensual promedio (1975-2015) mediante el método de FAO Penman-Monteith. El balance hídrico se realizó a partir de la metodología propuesta por Thornthwaite y Mather. En La Jíquima y Velasco existen dos períodos de déficit (520 mm año-1 durante ocho meses y 382 mm año-1 en siete meses, respectivamente), alternados con dos lapsos (de dos meses cada uno en ambas estaciones) de excedente más almacenamiento. En Velasco los excedentes son superiores, con el mes de noviembre con posibilidades de usar las reservas de agua. En Guaro se observó el período más prolongado de déficit hídrico por la cantidad de meses y su distribución intranual ininterrumpida. Durante estos nueve meses se acumuló un déficit de 507 mm año-1. En Pinares de Mayarí hubo cuatro meses de déficit (diciembre-marzo), con 101 mm año-1. Los mayores acumulados de excedentes se encontraron en esta localidad, con 552 mm año-1, entre los meses mayo-noviembre.

Resumen La agricultura es la columna vertebral de la economía india. Los sistemas agrícolas convencionales ya no están siendo seguidos por nuestra generación, debido a la falta de conocimiento y experiencia. El avance de las tecnologías allana un camino que hace una transición de los métodos agrícolas tradicionales a la agricultura inteligente mediante la automatización de los procesos involucrados. Los desafíos que enfrenta la agricultura actual son el agotamiento de los nutrientes del suelo, las enfermedades causadas por plagas que conducen a una baja productividad, los problemas de riego, la erosión del suelo, la escasez de instalaciones de almacenamiento, la disponibilidad de semillas de calidad, la falta de transporte, la mala comercialización, etc. Entre todos estos desafíos en la agricultura, la predicción de enfermedades sigue siendo un tema importante que debe abordarse. La identificación de enfermedades basadas en la inspección visual es la forma tradicional de cultivo que necesita el conocimiento y la experiencia para manejarlas y obtener un buen rendimiento. Automatizar el proceso de detección e identificación a través de la inspección visual (cognitiva) es la motivación detrás de este trabajo. Esto es posible gracias a la disponibilidad de imágenes de la planta o partes de plantas, ya que la mayoría de las enfermedades se reflejan en las hojas. Se propuso una arquitectura de red de aprendizaje profundo llamada Red de detección de enfermedades de las plantas por sus siglas en inglés (Plant Disease Detection Network PDDNetcv) y un enfoque de aprendizaje por transferencia para identificar enfermedades en las plantas. Nuestro sistema propuesto se compara con VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionResNetV2, los métodos de vanguardia reportados en [9, 13, 5] y los resultados muestran que nuestro método está funcionando significativamente mejor que los sistemas existentes. Nuestra propuesta PDDNet-cv ha logrado una precisión de clasificación promedio del 99,09% en la detección de diferentes clases de enfermedades. La arquitectura no tan profunda propuesta está funcionando bien en comparación con otras arquitecturas de aprendizaje profundo en términos de rendimiento y tiempo computacional.

Abstract Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Conventional farming systems are no longer being followed by our generation, due to lack of knowledge and expertise. Advancement of technologies pave a path that make a transition from traditional farming methods to smart agriculture by automating the processes involved. Challenges faced by today's agriculture are depletion of soil nutrients and diseases caused by pests which lead to low productivity, irrigation problems, soil erosion, shortage of storage facilities, availability of quality seeds, lack of transportation, poor marketing etc. Among all these challenges in agriculture, prediction of diseases remains a major issue to be addressed. Identifying diseases based on visual inspection is the traditional way of farming which needs knowledge and experience to handle. Automating the process of detecting and identifying through visual inspection (cognitive) is the motivation behind this work. This is made possible with the availability of images of the plant or parts of plants, since most diseases are reflected on the leaves. A deep learning network architecture named Plant Disease Detection Network PDDNet-cv and a transfer learning approach of identifying diseases in plants were proposed. Our proposed system is compared with VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionResNetV2, the state-of-the-art methods reported in [9, 13, 5] and the results show that our method is significantly performing better than the existing systems. Our proposed PDDNet-cv has achieved average classification accuracy of 99.09% in detecting different classes of diseases. The proposed not so deep architecture is performing well compared to other deep learning architectures in terms of performance and computational time.