Resumen: A partir del concepto de legitimidad, en este texto se examinan los móviles que subyacían en la violencia generalizada entre policías y habitantes de la ciudad de México durante el transcurso de la década de 1920. Con base en documentos judiciales y en notas periodísticas, en él se llega a la conclusión de que las demostraciones bidireccionales de fuerza entre gendarmes y ciudadanos descansaban en la conjunción de seis fenómenos: 1) la complicidad entre policías y criminales, 2) el monitoreo clasista de las clases populares, 3) la labor represiva del Estado sobre manifestaciones que buscaban reivindicaciones sociales, 4) los abusos de autoridad y las imprudencias que los gendarmes cometían cotidianamente en su labor, 5) el hartazgo que la sociedad manifestó alrededor de los cuatro elementos anteriores, y 6) las demostraciones de prepotencia de la élite política frente a los uniformados.

Abstract: Through the concept of legitimacy, this article examines the underlying motives behind the generalized violence between the police and Mexico City residents during the 1920s. Based on judicial documents and newspaper articles, it concludes that these shows of force between gendarmes and citizens, which went both ways, were due to a set of six phenomena: 1) complicity between the police and criminals, 2) the discriminatory surveillance of the working class, 3) the repressive attitude of the state toward social protest, 4) abuses of authority and the everyday irresponsibility of the gendarmes, 5) the exhaustion of society with all this, and 6) the arrogance of the political elites regarding the police.

BACKGROUND: Children roaming the streets estimated at 1 in 10 by a 2021 United Nation Children's Funds (UNICEF) report is a growing problem, in cities of lower- and middle-income African countries. Studies of street children with no family ties abound, but there is a paucity of studies on children on the street who exist within families and return home daily. We explored the family dynamics of children on the streets of Ibadan, emphasising family structure, resources and relationships METHODS: Using an exploratory design based on a qualitative approach 53 participants were interviewed, including children on the streets, parental figures, child-welfare officers and street shop owners. Participants were selected from streets in the five urban local government areas of Ibadan, Nigeria. Recorded data were transcribed, and framework analysis was performed RESULTS: The family dynamics included family structural problems, poor family resources and poor parent-child relationships. The family structural problems included: broken homes, large families and ambivalence around polygamy as subthemes. Family resources comprised: poor economic resources, poor social resources, educational challenges, cultural ambivalence and spiritual backdrops. The family relationships patterns included: poor adaptability, economic-oriented partnership, poor growth support, poor emotional connection and poor family bonding CONCLUSION: The dynamics driving a family's choice for child streetism in Ibadan, mostly to hawk, are devaluation of family life, parenting irresponsibility, and poor filial relationship, underscored by economic constraints and socio-cultural decadence. The results of this research buttress the need for family-level interventions to forestall the escalating phenomenon of child streetism in Ibadan, Nigeria CONTRIBUTION: This research highlights the family dynamics of children on the streets, and buttresses family-level interventions are necessary to forestall escalating child-streetism in Ibadan, Nigeria

ABSTRACT This article seeks to establish that the so-called Social Parasitism corresponds to a dissocial behavior, which is the result of temperamental phenomena with biopsychosocial implications and refers to patients who present a passive, exploitative, and chronic way of life at the expense of others. Based on the Transferred Focused Psychotherapy Model (TFP), we will analyze how this clinical manifestation reflects a severe pathology of the superego and corresponds to behaviors of the dissocial spectrum since it implies a form of chronic behavior of exploitation and significant irresponsibility in interpersonal relationships, characterized by the Poorness of the Objectal Investment. We propose to encourage the search and directed evaluation of the whole dissocial spectrum in a way to promote its evaluation, diagnostic, registration, consider its prognosis and establish short- and long-term objectives when possible. This could prevent, decrease, or at least warn about the eventual damages, not only to the patients but to their families and the people or institutions involved.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo procura establecer que el denominado Parasitismo Social corresponde a una conducta disocial, lo cual es el resultado de fenómenos temperamentales con implicancias biopsicosociales, y hace referencia a pacientes que presentan una forma de vida pasiva, explotadora y crónica a expensas de otros. Basados en el Modelo de la Psicoterapia Focalizada en la Transferencia (TFP), analizaremos cómo esta manifestación clínica refleja una patología grave del superyó y corresponde a conductas del espectro disocial, pues implica una forma de conducta crónica de explotación e irresponsabilidad significativa en relaciones interpersonales, caracterizado por una Pobreza del Investimento Objetal. Nos proponemos propiciar la búsqueda y evaluación dirigida de todo el espectro disocial de manera de promover su evaluación, diagnóstico, registro, considerar su pronóstico y plantear objetivos a corto y largo plazo cuando sean posibles. Esto podría impedir, disminuir o por lo menos advertir sobre los eventuales daños, no solo a los pacientes sino a sus familiares y personas o instituciones implicadas.

Abstract I argue that one form of deism, what I shall call ‘moderate non-teleological deism’, seems prima facie incoherent (at least on the assumption of the intuitive Anselmian conception of God). I offer two arguments in support of the prima facie incoherence view: the moral irresponsibility argument and the practical irrationality argument. On the one hand, the moral responsibility argument suggests that three of the essential attributes of such a deistic God are inconsistent: omniscience, omnipotence and moral perfection. This is, of course, a variation of the well-known argument from evil. On the other hand, the practical rationality argument suggests that were such a deistic God to create the universe but have no further interest, plan or goal for the universe, the very act would have committed a deistic God to practical irrationality. I argue that this result follows from a widely accepted understanding of the nature of practical rationality and agency. I briefly examine some objections to the two arguments and conclude that moderate non-teleological deism seems prima facie incoherent.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existen diferencias en características psicopáticas según complejidades delictivas en adolescentes. Se utiliza un diseño de encuesta transversal correlacional y un muestro intencional. La muestra está constituida por 49 adolescentes de entre 14 y 18 años (M = 16,08, DE = 1,06) caracterizados por complejidades delictuales por criterios de experto, utilizando los lineamientos MMIDA (Perez-Luco et al., 2014). Una vez caracterizados son evaluados a través del Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI, Andershed et al., 2002). Los resultados arrojan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en características psicopáticas entre los grupos persistentes y control (F (2, 40) = 3,45, p = ,04). Específicamente, en el Factor 2 Dureza/Insensibilidad (F (2, 41) = 4,41, p = ,02) en la sub escala Falta de Remordimiento (F (2, 41) = 8,17, p = ,001) y en Irresponsabilidad (F (2, 44) = 5,69, p = ,01). Se concluye que los adolescentes vinculados a una delincuencia persistente pertenecen a una población distintiva en su afectividad, en contraste con adolescentes que no reportan delitos; se discuten sus posibles implicancias.

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine whether there are differences in psychopathic characteristics according to criminal complexities in adolescents. A correlational cross-sectional survey design and intentional sampling are used. The sample is made up of 49 adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 16.08, SD = 1.06) characterized according to criminal complexities by expert criteria using the MMIDA guidelines (Perez-Luco et al., 2014). Once characterised, they are evaluated by means of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI, Andershed et al., 2002). The results show statistically significant differences in psychopathic characteristics between the persistent and control groups (F (2, 40) = 3,45, p = ,04). Specifically, in Factor 2 Hardness/Insensitivity (F (2, 41) = 4,41, p = ,02) in Remorselessness sub scale (F (2, 41) = 8,17, p = ,001) and in Irresponsibility (F (2, 44) = 5.69, p = .01). It is conjectured that adolescents linked to a persistent crime belong to a distinctive population in their affectivity and irresponsible conduct in contrast to adolescents who do not commit crime; its possible implications are discussed.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se existem diferenças nas características psicopáticas de acordo com as complexidades ofensivas nos adolescentes. Foi utilizado um desenho de inquérito transversal correlacional e uma amostra propositada. A amostra é constituída por 49 adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 14-18 anos (M = 16,08, SD = 1,06) caracterizados por complexidades delinquentes por critérios de peritos, utilizando as diretrizes da MMIDA (Perez-Luco et al., 2014). Uma vez caracterizados, são avaliados através do Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI, Andershed et al., 2002). Os resultados mostram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos traços psicopáticos entre os grupos persistentes e de controlo (F (2, 40) = 3,45, p = .04). Especificamente, no Factor 2 Dureza/ Insensibilidade (F (2, 41) = 4,41, p = .02) na sub-escala Falta de Remorso (F (2, 41) = 8,17, p = .001) e na Irresponibilidade (F (2, 44) = 5,69, p = .01). Conclui-se que os adolescentes ligados à delinquência persistente pertencem a uma população distinta na sua afetividade, em contraste com os adolescentes que não denunciam a delinquência, e discutem-se as possíveis implicações.

The report of the Ministerial Committee on Transformation and Social Cohesion revealed that exclusionary practices are commonplace in South African universities. They remain a compelling factor that contributes to student attrition in Master's and doctoral programmes, and they were a trigger to the #RhodesMustFall movement. Universities, oblivious to their doublespeak, have institutionalised curriculum decolonisation and delivery, yet simultaneously enforce neoliberal performative principles (fast-tracking increased numbers despite different levels of student readiness). The extent to which traditional, hierarchical research supervision models (with their genesis in an asymmetrical master-apprentice power dynamic) have responded to the needs of the euphemistically coined "non-traditional" student is moot. In a context of unprecedented increase in research supervision workloads and pressure to decolonise, there is limited research-informed knowledge as to how research supervisors navigate these contradictory conditions. This article reports on a study informed by a Freirean "pedagogy of care" as it attempts to address this lacuna by exploring the research supervision experiences and practice of a sample of 18 research-active professors in a College of Humanities at a research-led university in South Africa. Data was generated through in-depth interviews and subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. The findings indicate that a deep sense of care exists among the sampled supervisors and it manifests in various ways as supervisors actively work with and through neoliberal protocols.

Abstract: Modernity only can be expansion, for this today its ways of manifestation are each time spacious and several till catch up to inner levels and private of human being. In the digital era the development of technologies has a dizzy boom that has permit increase its use, access and personal information treatment, generating the right breaking of the owner of it in front of the irresponsibility manifest of private and public being. This plan complex challenges related with compilation and the use of personal information in different areas, and at the some time interrelated as Economy, telecommunications, health and law. Answering the previous in the constitutional boundary as in the ordinary one several countries have configurated law to the personal data protection. In Cuba till 1976 Constitution was inexistence its regulation. Nevertheless with Magna Letter approbation in 2019 is incorporated a precept that recognize it, though it is not count with an specific law where get developed yet. In this direction constitute an objective of this article analyse the main challenges Cuban nation face at the constant technologic progress that society experiments in front of threats of use and incorrect treatment of personal information which implicate undertake actions since the normative limit that fasten constitutional precepts.

Resumen: La modernidad solo puede existir en expansión, por ello hoy sus formas de manifestarse son cada vez más amplias y diversas hasta alcanzar las esferas más íntimas y privadas de la persona humana. En la era digital el desarrollo de las tecnologías tiene un auge vertiginoso que ha permitido incrementar el uso, acceso y tratamiento de información personal, generando la vulneración de los derechos del titular de ésta ante la manifiesta irresponsabilidad de entes públicos y privados. Ello plantea retos complejos relacionados con la recopilación y uso de la información personal en áreas muy distintas y a la vez, interrelacionadas como la economía, las telecomunicaciones, la salud o el Derecho. Como respuesta a lo anterior tanto en el ámbito constitucional como ordinario diversos países han configurado el derecho a la protección de datos personales. En Cuba, hasta la Constitución de 1976 era inexistente su regulación, sin embargo con la aprobación de la nueva Carta Magna en 2019, se avanza hacia el reconocimiento de este derecho, aunque aún no se cuenta con una ley específica donde se desarrollen los elementos constitutivos del contenido esencial del citado derecho. En tal sentido constituye objetivo de este artículo analizar los principales desafíos que enfrenta la nación cubana ante el constante progreso tecnológico que experimenta la sociedad y consecuentemente las amenazas que puede ocasionar el uso o tratamiento incorrecto de la información personal a los derechos ciudadanos. Lo cual implica emprender acciones desde el ámbito normativo que aseguren los preceptos constitucionales.

Resumo Após o rompimento da barragem de rejeitos da Vale em Brumadinho (Minas Gerais) no início de 2019, um conjunto de pesquisadores e ativistas de várias partes do mundo produziu um mapa temático no Atlas Global de Justiça Ambiental (EJAtlas) reunindo trinta casos de conflitos ambientais em que a mineradora teve um papel importante. No presente artigo, esses casos são analisados à luz dos discursos e práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) da Vale, visando explorar a contradição de elevados padrões de RSC na companhia e em outras grandes multinacionais do setor da mineração coexistirem com muitos conflitos socioambientais. A análise indica que a atuação da companhia contrasta com o seu discurso de RSC e que, mesmo quando considera sua atuação responsável e exemplar, a Vale reproduz injustiças ambientais e está, na verdade, praticando Irresponsabilidade Social Corporativa.

Abstract After the Vale’s tailings dam failure in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais) in early 2019, a group of researchers and activists from around the world produced a thematic map in the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas) including 30 cases of environmental conflicts in which Vale had a prominent role. In this paper, these cases are analysed in light of Vale’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourses and practices, aiming to explore the contradiction of high CSR standards in the company and in other large multinationals in the mining sector coexisting with many socio-environmental conflicts. The analysis indicates that the company’s performance contrasts with its CSR discourse and that, even when Vale considers its performance both responsible and exemplary, the company reproduces environmental injustices and is therefore rather practicing Corporate Social Irresponsibility.

Resumen Después del colapso de la presa de relaves de Vale en Brumadinho (Minas Gerais) a principios de 2019, un grupo de investigadores y activistas de todo el mundo elaboró un mapa temático a partir del Atlas Global de Justicia Ambiental (EJAtlas) que reúne treinta casos de conflictos ambientales en los cuales esta empresa minera jugó un papel importante. En este artículo, estos casos se analizan a la luz de los discursos y prácticas de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) de Vale, con el objetivo de explorar la contradicción de los altos estándares de RSE de la empresa y de otras grandes multinacionales del sector minero, que coexisten paralelamente con muchos conflictos socioambientales. El análisis indica que el desempeño de la empresa contrasta con su discurso de RSE y que, aún considerando su desempeño responsable y ejemplar, Vale reproduce injusticias ambientales y, de hecho, practica la Irresponsabilidad Social Empresarial.

Resumo A temática irresponsabilidade social empresarial (IrSE) ganhou destaque na literatura mundial. No Brasil, o desastre causado pela Samarco Mineração S.A. em 2015 foi alvo de repercussão, constituindo uma oportunidade para estudar a IrSE. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a identificação social com a empresa, que surge em função dos benefícios econômicos, reduz a intenção punitiva e a atribuição de culpa. O instrumento de pesquisa contém escalas com indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 indivíduos. Constatou-se que os benefícios para a economia local reduziram a intenção punitiva nas cidades de Anchieta-ES, Guarapari-ES e Mariana-MG. O que não ocorreu nas cidades de Colatina-ES e Linhares-ES, que não recebem benefícios econômicos, mas foram afetadas pelo desastre. Identificou-se, ainda, que a severidade do evento aumentou a atribuição de culpa e a intenção punitiva aumentou a intenção de comentários negativos. Como principal conclusão, onde a empresa gerou benefícios, as pessoas estavam menos propensas a puni-la.

Abstract The issue of corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) has gained prominence in world literature. This study analyzes the 2015 environmental disaster caused by Samarco Mineração S.A. in Mariana (MG), Brazil, as an example of CSIR. The objective was to understand whether the population’s social identification with the company, which is translated into the economic benefits, reduced punitive intention, and blame attribution. The research instrument uses scales with psychometric indicators applied to 1,616 individuals. It was verified that the benefits to the local economy reduced the punitive intention in the municipalities of Anchieta and Guarapari (ES), and Mariana (MG). This was not the case for Colatina and Linhares (ES). Also, it was observed that the disaster’s severity increased blame attribution, and the punitive intention increased the intention to engage in negative word-of-mouth (WOM) about the company. As the main conclusion, people were less likely to punish the company in the municipalities where it generated economic benefits.

Resumen La temática irresponsabilidad social empresarial (IrSE) ganó prominencia en la literatura mundial. En Brasil, el desastre causado por Samarco Mineração S.A. en 2015 fue objeto de repercusión, constituyendo una oportunidad para estudiar la IrSE. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la identificación social con la empresa, que surge en función de los beneficios económicos, reduce la intención punitiva y la atribución de culpa. El instrumento de investigación contiene escalas con indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 individuos. Se constató que los beneficios para la economía local redujeron la intención punitiva en las ciudades de Anchieta, ES; Guarapari, ES y Mariana, MG. Lo que no ocurrió en las ciudades de Colatina, ES y Linhares-ES, que no reciben beneficios económicos y fueron afectadas por el desastre. Se identificó además que la severidad del acontecimiento aumentó la atribución de culpa y la intención punitiva aumentó la intención de comentarios negativos. Como conclusión, donde la empresa generó beneficios, la gente estaba menos propensa a castigarla.

Situated within the neoclassical micro-economic and migration networks theories, this study used in-depth interviews to explore the circumstances, lived experiences, risk and vulnerabilities of female migrants in selected informal sector businesses in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. The data was processed and analyzed thematically using the QSR Nvivo qualitative software version 11. Participants reported varied and complex lived experiences. Poverty, the search for employment, parental irresponsibility and marital instability were the dominant explanations for their decisions to migrate. Most participants intimated that their health and economic rights were often violated, that they endured verbal abuse, physical injury, sexual harassment, and were compelled to work even when sick. Their daily or monthly earnings were at the mercy of their employers, and their work, living and sleeping environments were unsafe. Considering that these findings reflect what generally prevails in other parts of the country, Ghana is unlikely to achieve Target 8.8 ofthe Sustainable Development Goal 8. There is therefore an urgent need to enforce the relevant laws and policies to protect the fundamental human rights, safety, health and well-being of females in these and similar livelihood activities in Ghana.

Resumen La presente investigación es de tipo descriptiva. Se llevó a cabo con el propósito de conocer la percepción de los docentes de la carrera de Comunicación Social de la Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca (USFXCH), respecto al uso y potencialidades de las Redes Sociales (RRSS) y servicios de Mensajería Instantánea (IM) en la función educativa. Los instrumentos que se utilizó fueron: el cuestionario, que se administró a 25 profesores (número total del plantel de educadores); y la entrevista semiestructurada, que se aplicó a cinco informantes clave, utilizando un tipo de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia Según los resultados, Whatsapp y Facebook son las herramientas digitales generales más conocidas y utilizadas, 80% realizan algunaacción con ellas todos los días, tanto en lo laboral como en lo personal; mientras que Moodle y Zoom son los medios digitales educativos más requeridos. Los profesores consideran que las RRSS y la IM son muy útiles porque benefician la comunicación horizontal, el contacto y el intercambio de información instantánea, favorecen a la complementación de las clases presenciales, el autoaprendizaje, la interacción grupal en línea, el trabajo colaborativo, generan nuevas opciones de evaluación y formas dinámicas de aprendizaje. En contrapartida, pueden ocasionar una deshumanización del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, estados de aislamiento, distracción, pérdida de tiempo, desconcentración, impuntualidad, irresponsabilidad y algún tipo de adición que afecte el rendimiento académico. Por último, recomiendan crear espacios de reflexión crítica acerca de las ventajas de dichas TIC, y promover que tanto docentes como discentes desarrollen competencias digitales adecuadas, previa planificación didáctica y metodológica.

Abstract The present investigation is descriptive. It was carried out with the purpose of knowing the perceptionoftheteachersof Social Communication professor of the Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca (USFXCH), regarding the use and potentialities of the Social Networks (RRSS) and Instant Messaging (IM) services in educational. A questionnaire, was administered to the 25 faculty professors and semi-structured interview, was applied to five key informants, results show that Whatsapp and Facebook are the best known and most used tools, 80% of professorrs use them at least once every day, both at work and in their personal lives; while Moodle and Zoom are the most required educational digital media. Professors consider that RRSS and IM are very useful because they benefit horizontal communication, contact and instantaneous exchange of information, they complet face-to-face classes, self-learning, online group interaction, collaborative work, generate new evaluation options and dynamic forms of learning. On the other hand, they can cause a dehumanization of the teaching and learning process, states of isolation, distraction, loss of time, lack of concentration, unpunctuality, irresponsibility and affect academic performance. Finally, Professors recommend creating spaces for critical reflection on the advantages of such ICTs, and promoting that both teachers and students develop adequate digital competencies, following didactic and methodological planning.

Introducción: Durante el desarrollo del proceso educativo en la Carrera de Medicina, todo docente en algún momento tropezó con innumerables obstáculos relacionados con el bajo rendimiento académico de sus alumnos, atribuyéndose esta situación a la falta de capacidad, irresponsabilidad e interés entre otros factores; sin embargo jamás se tomó en cuenta los elementos subjetivos del educando como lo es la autoestima. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la autoestima sobre el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Embriología y Genética del 1º año de la Carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Material y métodos: Es un estudio Correlacional, Transversal - Longitudinal, Cuali - Cuantitativa, prospectivo y no experimental. Se estudiaron 44 sujetos Alumnos universitarios de 18 a 25 años, matriculados en la Carrera de Medicina durante la gestión académica 2012. Se realizó la valoración del nivel de autoestima (Test de Lucy Reidl) y del rendimiento académico (registro de notas), para posteriormente cotejar estos datos de manera individual y vaciar los mismos en una tabla de contingencia, que dará lugar a la aceptación o rechazo de la hipótesis nula. Resultados: Autoestima alta 43,2% Autoestima media 40,9% y Autoestima baja 15,9%; Sobresaliente 0%, Distinguido 6,8%, Bueno 25%, Suficiente 40,9%, Reprobado 6,8% y Abandono 20,5%. X² >X C² => No se acepta la hipótesis nula, lo que implica la aceptación de la hipótesis de investigación. Conclusión: La autoestima influye de manera directamente proporcional en el rendimiento académico.

Introduction: Throughout the educational process in Medicine field, every teacher at some point faced uncountable obstacles related with a low academic performance of his pupils, this usually attributed to the lack of capacity, irresponsibility and disinterest among others. However subjective elements such as students' self-esteem were not take in account. Objective: To determining the influence of the self-esteem on the academic achievement in students of Embryology and Genetics subject of first- year Medicine Career at Mayor de San Andrés University. Material and methods: Is a correlational study, Transversal, prospective and non experimental - Longitudinal, Cuali - Cuantitativa. A correlational, cross sectional and longitudinal, Quali-Quantitative prospective and non-experimental study that included 44 subjects university students from 18 to 25 years old Medicine Career registered during academic year 2012. Assessments of self esteem level (Lucy Reid Test) and academic achievement (record of notes) were conducted. Subsequently, an individually data comparison and a contingency table were performed, this dealt the acceptance or rejection of a null hypothesis. Results: Self-esteem assessment evidenced a high self-esteem 43.2%, average self-esteem 40.9% and low self-esteem takes down 15.9 %. Academic achievement grades were: outstanding 0 %, very good 6.8 %, good 25 %, satisfactory 40.9 %, Reproved 6.8 % and Abandonment 20.5%. X² >X C² => the null hypothesis was turned down, so this implied the acceptance of our research hypothesis. Conclusions: Self-esteem has influence of directly proportional way in the academic achievement.

Resumen Objetivo: Aprehender y analizar las representaciones sociales de adolescentes acerca de las enfermedades sexualmente transmisibles. Método: Participaron 576 adolescentes, con edad media de 15 años (DP=1,66). Se utilizó la técnica de asociación libre de palabras, con el estímulo inductor “Infecciones Sexualmente Transmisibles”, y la técnica del análisis prototípico, a través del programa IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: Las representaciones sociales de los participantes enfatizan los riesgos y las formas de prevención, los conocimientos básicos sobre las infecciones sexualmente transmisibles, la irresponsabilidad de hacer sexo desprotegido aun sabiendo de las consecuencias. Conclusión: Se identifica la necesidad de implantación de programas de educación en salud dentro de las escuelas, utilizando métodos didácticos y reflexivos con profesionales de la salud, que permitan el cambio de actitudes ante la exposición a las infecciones sexualmente transmisibles.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to figure out and analyze social representations related to sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents. Method: 576 adolescents, mean age 15,67 years (SD=1,66) were sampled. The free word association technique and the inductor stimulus “sexually transmitted infections”, used as prototypical analysis technique, through the IRAMUTEQ program. Results: Participants’ social representations emphasize on risks and preventive ways, a basic knowledge related to sexually transmitted infections, irresponsibility of having unprotected sex even knowing the consequences. Conclusions: The need to implement health education programs within schools, using didactic and reflexive methods with health professionals that make possible the change of behaviors towards exposure to sexually transmitted infections.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo apreender e analisar as representações sociais de adolescentes acerca das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Método: Participaram 576 adolescentes, com idade média de 15,67 anos (DP= 1,66). Utilizou-se a técnica de associação livre de palavras, com o estímulo indutor “infecções sexualmente transmissíveis”, que foi utilizada a técnica da análise prototípica, através do programa IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: As representações sociais dos participantes enfatizam os riscos e as formas de prevenção, os conhecimentos básicos sobre as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, a irresponsabilidade de fazerem sexo desprotegido mesmo sabendo das consequências. Conclusão: Identifica-se a necessidade de implantação de programas de educação em saúde dentro das escolas, utilizando métodos didáticos e reflexivos com profissionais da saúde, que permitam a mudança de atitudes diante da exposição as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.

Résumé Le présent article vise à nous rapprocher de l’un des sujets les plus sensibles et les moins étudiés de l’historiographie du Michoacan: l’enfance et l’environnement social dans lequel ils ont participé au cours de la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle à Valladolid de Michoacán. En ce sens, tout au long du texte, on a décrit des moments au cours desquels les enfants ont été plongés dans une série de situations qui les ont affectés et qui, dans certains cas, ont pu entraîner la mort, principalement en cas de maladie; nous verrons aussi des situations liées aux abus sexuels, à l’irresponsabilité des parents, aux conditions raciales et même à la dynamique d’un simple amusement qui pourrait parfois les marquer. C’est pourquoi nous pensons que, dans le présent, ces facteurs n’ont pas complètement changé pour beaucoup d’entre eux.

Abstract The present article aims to bring us closer to one of the most sensitive and least studied topics within Michoacan historiography: the childhoods and the social environment in which they were participants during the second half of the 18th century in Valladolid de Michoacán. In this sense, throughout the text there are described moments in which the children were immersed in a series of situations that affected them, and in some cases, they could lead to death, mainly when there is illness; also, we will see situations related to sexual abuse, the irresponsibility of parents, racial conditions and even the dynamics of a simple amusement that could sometimes leave a mark on them. Therefore, it is the reflection that in our present, these factors have not entirely changed for many of them.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo acercarnos a uno de los temas más sensibles y menos estudiados dentro de la historiografía michoacana: las infancias y el entorno social en que eran partícipes durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII en Valladolid de Michoacán. En este sentido, a lo largo del texto se describen momentos en los cuales los niños se veían inmersos en una serie de situaciones que les afectaban, y que en algunos casos, los podían llevar a la muerte, principalmente cuando se trataba de enfermedades; asimismo, veremos situaciones relacionadas con el abuso sexual, la irresponsabilidad de los padres, las condiciones raciales y hasta las dinámicas de una simple diversión que en ocasiones podía dejar huella en ellos. Por lo anterior, cabe la reflexión de que en la actualidad estos factores no han cambiado del todo en el acontecer de los niños.

Abstract Background In the area of intergovernmental fiscal relations, some studies attribute the problem of soft budget constraint to positive externalities that derive from jurisdictional provision of public goods. The present study explores how the problem of soft budget constraint can also arise when incomplete fiscal decentralization is combined with divergent fiscal policies of the central and local governments. Methodology We construct a model in which each level of government is assigned a fiscal-behavior function that responds to three possibilities. Based upon that model, we formalize a dynamic, non-cooperative game of fiscal competition between the two levels of government. We then determine the combination of policies that constitute the model’s equilibrium. Results We show that budget constraint softens when incomplete fiscal decentralization is combined with opposing fiscal policies at the local and central levels of government. In addition, the vicious circle of fiscal irresponsibility and bailouts of local governments is a Nash equilibrium. Conclusions In economies with strong fiscal imbalances, and in which an efficient (i.e. complete) decentralization cannot be carried out, soft budget constraint becomes a significant moral-hazard problem that inevitably degrades a nation’s societal well-being.

Resumen Antecedentes En el ámbito de las relaciones fiscales intergubernamentales algunos estudios atribuyen el problema de restricción presupuestaria blanda a las externalidades positivas que derivan de la provisión jurisdiccional de los bienes públicos. Suponiendo una descentralización fiscal incompleta, este trabajo explora cómo la divergencia entre la política fiscal del gobierno local y central también podría provocar el problema. Metodología Se construye un modelo en el que a cada nivel de gobierno se asigna una función de comportamiento fiscal que responde a tres posibilidades. Sobre esta base se formaliza un juego dinámico no cooperativo de competencia fiscal entre ambos niveles de gobierno y se determina la combinación de políticas que constituye el equilibrio del modelo. Resultados Se demuestra que la restricción presupuestaria se ablanda cuando la descentralización fiscal es incompleta y los objetivos de la política fiscal local se oponen a la central; además, se comprueba que el círculo vicioso de irresponsabilidad fiscal y rescate a los gobiernos locales es un equilibrio de Nash. Conclusiones En economías con fuertes desequilibrios fiscales en las que no es posible emprender una descentralización fiscal eficiente (es decir, completa), el problema de restricción presupuestaria blanda se convierte en un problema de riesgo moral que, inevitablemente, deteriora el bienestar social nacional.