Abstract Paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridyl dichloride) is an herbicide widely used worldwide and officially banned in Brazil in 2020. Kidney lesions frequently occur, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) due to exacerbated reactive O2 species (ROS) production. However, the consequences of ROS exposure on ionic transport and the regulator local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) still need to be elucidated at a molecular level. This study evaluated how ROS acutely influences Na+-transporting ATPases and the renal RAAS. Adult male Wistar rats received paraquat (20 mg/kg; ip). After 24 h, we observed body weight loss and elevation of urinary flow and serum creatinine. In the renal cortex, paraquat increased ROS levels, NADPH oxidase and (Na++K+)ATPase activities, angiotensin II-type 1 receptors, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6. In the medulla, paraquat increased ROS levels and NADPH oxidase activity but inhibited (Na++K+)ATPase. Paraquat induced opposite effects on the ouabain-resistant Na+-ATPase in the cortex (decrease) and medulla (increase). These alterations, except for increased serum creatinine and renal levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6, were prevented by 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (tempol; 1 mmol/L in drinking water), a stable antioxidant. In summary, after paraquat poisoning, ROS production culminated with impaired medullary function, urinary fluid loss, and disruption of Na+-transporting ATPases and angiotensin II signaling. 1,1dimethyl4,4bipyridyl 11dimethyl44bipyridyl dimethylbipyridyl 1,1 dimethyl 4,4 bipyridyl 4 dichloride 2020 occur AKI (AKI O (ROS However reninangiotensinaldosterone renin aldosterone RAAS (RAAS level Na+transporting Natransporting Na+ transporting Na 20 (2 mg/kg mgkg mg kg ip. ip . ip) 2 h Na++K+ATPase NaKATPase Na++K+ ATPase K activities IItype type receptors factorα factor α TNFα, TNFα TNF , (TNF-α) interleukin6. interleukin6 interleukin 6. 6 interleukin-6 Na++K+ATPase. ATPase. ouabainresistant ouabain resistant Na+ATPase NaATPase decrease (decrease increase. increase (increase) alterations interleukin6, 6, 4hydroxy2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin1oxyl 4hydroxy2266tetramethylpiperidin1oxyl hydroxytetramethylpiperidinoxyl hydroxy 2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidin oxyl tempol (tempol mmolL mmol L water, water water) antioxidant summary poisoning function signaling 1dimethyl4 4bipyridyl 11 1, 44 4, 202 ( NaK Na++K (TNF-α interleukin- (increase 4hydroxy2 6tetramethylpiperidin1oxyl 2266 2,2,6, 1dimethyl 4hydroxy tetramethylpiperidinoxyl 226 2,2,6 22 2,2, 2,2 2,

Abstract This study focuses on the extraction, characterization, and application of polysaccharide, Arabinoxylan (AX), derived from barley husk ( Hordeum vulgare ). Arabinoxylan was extracted by alkali extraction method with a significant yield of 26%. It was thoroughly characterized to ascertain its physicochemical properties such as percentage yield, solubility, swelling index, loss on drying, sulphated ash and micromeritics. Afterwards AX was employed as a polymer in the synthesis of controlled-release nanoparticles (NPs) of dexlansoprazole, an acid-labile drug. Ionic gelation and nanoprecipitation methods were employed to prepare various NP formulations, which were characterized using techniques such as zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis. FTIR confirmed the compatibility of nanoparticles while SEM results displayed that AX based nanoparticles were smooth and spherical in shape. Likewise, the thermal analysis revealed that nanoparticles were thermally stable. Furthermore, the AX-based nanoparticles demonstrated efficient entrapment efficiency of 79.59 ± 4.6% and 43.69 ± 4.9%, along with sustained drug release profiles, following Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Ionic gelation method was observed to be comparatively better than nanoprecipitation method. Overall, this study showcases the potential of utilizing AX as cost-effective and renewable biomaterial for the development of polymer-based drug transport system, facilitating efficient and controlled drug delivery. characterization polysaccharide AX, , (AX) . ) 26 26% solubility index drying micromeritics controlledrelease NPs (NPs dexlansoprazole acidlabile acid labile formulations sizer SEM, (SEM) Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, (FTIR) shape Likewise stable Furthermore AXbased 7959 79 59 79.5 46 4 6 4.6 4369 43 69 43.6 49 9 4.9% profiles KorsmeyerPeppas Korsmeyer Peppas models Overall costeffective cost effective polymerbased system delivery (AX 2 (SEM (XRD (FTIR 795 7 5 79. 4. 436 43. 4.9

Abstract Polymers have played a vital role in developing next-generation energy storage devices. In the progress of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), polymers have been widely used in the preparation of electrolytes and electrode binders, in both cases, due to their unique intrinsic properties, such as high thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical resistance. However, the main limitation of this type of material is its poor ionic conductivity at room temperature, which depends on its structural properties and preparation techniques. In this review, the fundamental properties and ion transport mechanisms characteristic of different types of ion- conducting polymers, such as solvent-free polymer electrolytes (SPE), gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), and composite polymer electrolytes (CPE), are reported. A current overview of lithium-ion-based battery systems, which can be improved using ion-conducting polymers, is also presented.

Resumen Los polímeros han tomado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de dispositivos de almacenamiento de energía de última generación. En el perfeccionamiento de baterías de ion litio LIBs, los polímeros han sido utilizados ampliamente en preparación de electrolitos y aglomerantes para electrodos, en ambos casos debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas especiales como alta resistencia térmica, mecánica y electroquímica. Sin embargo, la principal limitante de este tipo de materiales es su pobre de conductividad iónica a temperatura ambiente, la cual depende de sus propiedades estructurales y técnicas de preparación. En esta revisión son presentadas las propiedades fundamentales y mecanismos de transporte iónico característicos de los diferentes tipos de polímeros conductores de iones, como los electrolitos poliméricos sin disolventes (SPE), electrolitos poliméricos en gel (GPE) y electrolitos poliméricos compuestos (CPE). También se presenta un panorama actual de los sistemas de baterías basadas en iones litio, que pueden ser mejoradas de mediante el uso de polímeros conductores de iones.

Abstract Solid dispersions (SDs) of ursolic acid (UA) were developed using polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) in combination with non-ionic surfactants, such as D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) or poloxamer 407 (P407) with the aim of enhancing solubility and in vitro release of the UA. SDs were investigated using a 24 full factorial design, subsequently the selected formulations were characterized for water solubility, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle diameter, scanning electron microscopy, drug content, physical-chemical stability and in vitro release profile. SDs showed higher UA water-solubility than physical mixtures (PMs), which was attributed by transition of the drug from crystalline to amorphous or molecular state in the SDs, as indicated by XRD and DSC analyses. SD1 (with P407) and SD2 (with TPGS) were chosen for further investigation because they had higher drug load. SD1 proved to be more stable than SD2, revealing that P407 contributed to ensure the stability of the UA. Furthermore, SD1 and SD2 increased UA release by diffusion and swelling-controlled transport, following the Weibull model. Thus, solid dispersions obtained with PVP k-30 and P407 proved to be advantageous to enhance aqueous solubility and stability of UA. (SDs (UA K K3 nonionic non ionic surfactants Dαtocopherol D α tocopherol 100 TPGS (TPGS 40 P (P407 2 design Xray X ray XRD, , (XRD) DSC, (DSC) diameter microscopy content physicalchemical chemical profile watersolubility PMs, PMs (PMs) analyses SD load P40 Furthermore swellingcontrolled swelling controlled transport model Thus k30 k 30 k-3 10 4 (P40 (XRD (DSC (PMs P4 k3 3 k- 1 (P4 (P

Abstract Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins constitute the third most important plastic materials available commercially, in terms of worldwide volume production, and can be manufactured through several polymerization mechanisms, including free radical, ionic and redox polymerization processes. Approximately 80% of the worldwide commercial PVC production is performed through suspension polymerization processes in batch mode, due to intrinsic problems of continuous suspension polymerization processes, such as polymer incrustation in reaction vessels, transport equipment and pipes. For this reason, the present review provides an extensive bibliometric survey, including papers and patents, on attempts to develop continuous polymerization process technologies for PVC manufacture. Particularly, the present survey characterizes the degree of maturity and the main bottlenecks of continuous PVC processes that have been frequently overlooked in the technical literature. Polyvinyl Poly vinyl chloride (PVC commercially mechanisms radical 80 mode vessels pipes reason patents manufacture Particularly literature 8

Abstract Nanoemulsions are an effective alternative in the protection, transport, and release of bioactive compounds, favoring greater solubility, stability, bioavailability, and efficacy. Neem oil contains compounds with a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antifungal capacity. Molds are responsible for the deterioration of many fruits, so extracts from plants represent ecologically viable postharvest handling alternatives. The aim of this work was to develop stable nanoemulsions with neem oil, evaluating its antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger isolated from papaya fruits. Nanoemulsions with different Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values were prepared using neem oil, deionized water, and non-ionic emulsifiers. The globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), and surface charge was analyzed. The antifungal activity was evaluated through the poisoned food technique. Response surface methodology was used to identify an optimal formulation which consisted of 8.21% of neem oil, 1:3.28 oil:emulsifier ratio, and 16.2 of HLB. This nanoemulsion reached a globule size of 60 nm and was stable for 365 days. Nanoemulsions prepared with commercial or freshly extracted neem oil were effective in inhibiting In vitro the growth of Aspergillus niger. This contrasted with trials where non-nano-emulsified oil was used. The use of nanoemulsions with neem oil represents a promising alternative in the control of postharvest deterioration caused by Aspergillus niger in fruits.

Resumen Las nanoemulsiones son una alternativa efectiva en la protección, acarreo y liberación de compuestos bioactivos al favorecer una mayor solubilidad, estabilidad, biodisponibilidad y eficacia. El aceite de neem contiene compuestos con actividades biológicas, entre ellas capacidad antifúngica y, dado que los mohos son responsables del deterioro manejo postcosecha. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar nanoemulsiones estables a base de aceite de neem, así como evaluar su actividad antifúngica frente a una de muchos frutos, las nanoemulsiones de aceite de neem podrían representar una alternativa de cepa de Aspergillus niger aislada de frutos de papaya. Nanoemulsiones con diferentes valores de HLB (Balance Hidrófilo Lipófilo) fueron preparadas empleando aceite de neem, agua y emulsificantes. Las preparaciones fueron analizadas en su tamaño de glóbulo, índice de polidispersidad (PDI) y carga superficial. La actividad antifúngica fue evaluada a través de la técnica de alimento envenenado. La metodología de superficie de respuesta fue empleada para identificar una formulación óptima, con 8.21% de aceite de neem, una relación aceite-emulsificante 1:3.28 y a un HLB de 16.2, con la cual se prepararon nanoemulsiones que alcanzaron un tamaño de glóbulo de 60 nm, estables por 365 días. Las nanoemulsiones, preparadas con aceite de neem comercial o recién extraído, fueron efectivas para inhibir In vitro el crecimiento de Aspergillus niger. Esto contrasta con ensayos en donde se empleó aceite no nanoemulsionado. El empleo de nanoemulsiones a base de aceite de neem representa una alternativa prometedora en el control del deterioro postcosecha ocasionado por Aspergillus niger.

Abstract: The primary objective of the present study is to consolidate and assess a method to determine the physical and transport properties of ionic liquids (LIs) by applying the geometric similitude concept and the equation of state model (EdE). The method assesses the geometric similitude that some characteristic lines adopt in a density-pressure-temperature graph ((TP) against characteristic lines of other properties: viscosity ((TP), speed of sound (sTP), and thermal conductivity (kTP). Data for these properties, available in the literature, are gathered, analyzed, and selected to construct a database with consistent values to propose a general model. The results show that a cubic equation of state provides accurate and consistent results for each property. This is in spite of its simplicity as it only contains one adjustable parameter for each ionic liquid. It is concluded that a geometric similitude concept that uses the equation of state model is an attractive alternative for estimating ionic liquid properties.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de este estudio es consolidar y analizar un método para determinar propiedades físicas y de transporte de líquidos iónicos (LIs) usando el concepto de similitud geométrica y un modelo de ecuación de estado (EdE). Se considera la similitud geométrica que adoptan algunas líneas características en una gráfica de densidad-presión-temperatura (TP) con líneas características de diagramas similares para otras propiedades: viscosidad (µTP), velocidad del sonido (sTP), y conductividad térmica (kTP). Datos de estas propiedades, disponibles en la literatura, son recopilados, analizados y seleccionados para construir una base de datos con valores consistentes y obtener un modelo general. Los resultados muestran que una ecuación de estado cúbica proporciona resultados precisos y consistentes a pesar de su simplicidad, ya que tiene solo un parámetro ajustable para cada líquido iónico. Se concluye que el concepto de similitud geométrica usando ecuaciones de estado representa una alternativa atractiva para estimar propiedades de LIs.

High temperature ionic liquids (HTILs) densities and transport properties for mixtures BaCl2 CsCl, x(BaCl2) = 0-1, have been studied as a function of composition and temperature. In terms of Arrhenius theory, the temperature correlation of all measured properties was made and discussed. Thermodynamic properties (isothermal compressibility, molecular volume, lattice energy, heat capacity, molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy) were derived for all the studied HTILs from experimental data. The viscosity isotherms show negative deviations from linearity, while conductivity isotherms have positive deviations which may be related to the formation of highly negative changed ion associated species. The evolution of the excess quantities: viscosity deviation (∆η), excess molar viscosity (∆Eη), excess molar conductivity (∆Eκ), show a very good parallelism. The linear behavior between conductivity and viscosity was determined using the fractional Walden rule and the average slope was found far from unity.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de diferentes niveles de dureza total del agua en la muda, calcificación del exoesqueleto, crecimiento y supervivencia de Cryphiops caementarius. Los camarones machos fueron colectados del río Pativilca (Lima, Perú) y cultivados en recipientes individuales dentro de acuarios (55 L). Se emplearon cuatro niveles de dureza total del agua (100, 200, 300 y 400 mg CaCO3 L-1), con tres repeticiones, respectivamente. Los camarones cultivados en agua con dureza de 300 mg L-1 tuvieron menor periodo de muda (26,7 días) y mayor frecuencia de mudas (tres mudas). El contenido de calcio del exoesqueleto del camarón incrementó (p < 0,05) de 25 a 31 % en agua con dureza de 100 y 400 mg L-1, respectivamente. El mayor grosor del exoesqueleto (144 |jm en cefalotórax y 131 μm en abdomen) fue obtenido en agua con dureza de 400 mg L-1 y el menor grosor (93 |jm en cefalotórax y abdomen) en 100 mg L-1. El crecimiento en longitud fue mayor (p < 0,05) en agua con durezas de 200 y 300 mg L-1. El crecimiento en peso fue similar (p > 0,05) entre tratamientos. La mayor supervivencia (> 94,4 %) se mantuvo en agua con durezas de hasta 300 mg L-1 y la menor supervivencia (77,8 %) fue con 400 mg L-1. La dureza total del agua de 200 y 300 mg L-1 es conveniente para el cultivo del camarón, pero dureza del agua mayor o menor a este rango afectan la muda, el crecimiento y la supervivencia por deficiencia o exceso de calcio acumulado, respectivamente en el exoesqueleto del camarón.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of total hardness on the molting, calcification of exoskeleton, growth and survival of Cryphiops caementarius prawn. Male prawns were collected from Pativilca river (Lima, Peru) and cultivated in individual containers inside aquariums (55 L). Four levels of the total hardness of water (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg CaCO3 L-1) were used, with three repetitions, respectively. Prawns cultured in water with hardness of 300 mg L-1 has a shorter molting period (26.7 days) and a higher frequency of molts (three molts). The calcium content of the prawn exoskeleton increased (p < 0.05) from 25 to 31 % in water with hardness of 100 and 400 mg L-1, respectively. The greatest thickness of the exoskeleton (144 |jm cephalothorax and 131 |jm abdomen) was obtained in water with a hardness of400 mg L-1 and the smallest thickness (93 |jm in the cephalothorax and abdomen) in 100 mg L-1. The growth in length was greater (p < 0.05) in water with hardness of 200 and 300 mg L-1. The weight growth was similar (p > 0.05) between treatments. The highest survival (> 94.4 %) was maintained in water with hardness up to 300 mg L-1 and the lowest survival (77.8 %) was at 400 mg L-1. The total hardness of 200 and 300 mg L-1 is suitable for prawn farming, but hardness high or lower than this range affects the molting, growth and survival due to deficiency or excess of accumulated calcium, respectively, in the prawn exoskeleton.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) is an important property in the characterization of natural waters for diversified applications, such as in geochemistry and the petroleum industry. Under appropriate circumstances, the determination of this parameter through correlations with the electrical conductivity (EC) of aqueous systems yields considerable advantages over the gravimetric method. However, the development of empirical equations correlating TDS and EC is still required due to the physical-chemical complexity of charge transport in multicomponent natural waters. Most existing correlations were built considering systems in the lower or medium salinity range. In this context, this research aims to provide experimental correlations between TDS and EC in a broad concentration range for high salinity formation brines characteristic of the pre-salt reservoirs. It contributes to filling a gap in the literature for geochemical systems of this nature. Moreover, correlations were also obtained for a concentrated desulphated seawater and an aqueous sodium chloride solution in the same salinity range. For all aqueous solutions, the polynomial fittings of degree greater than one fit the experimental data better compared to both linear and exponential equations. In addition, the solutions with higher concentration of divalent ions had lower EC than the solutions dominated by monovalent ions with the same ionic strength. This evidences the effect of ion pairing on the EC, particularly in solutions of high ionic strength. Therefore, the use of a general correlation to represent solutions with dramatic variations in chemical composition carries substantial error, particularly in the high salinity range. Thus, a specific correlation must be developed to represent brines with similar composition.

Abstract: This work analyzes and discusses the current situation of Chilean mining and its relation with environmental issues and with a proposal for capturing, transporting and sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in mine tailings. Some aspects related to climate change, greenhouse effect, and carbon footprint are discussed. Also, analysis is done on how the mining industry, not only in Chile but around the world, can make use of raw material being permanently formed such as the waste material forming mine tailings, to mitigate the problem of excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, mainly formed in power plants that provide energy to the mining and metallurgical processes. Also, sequestration of CO2 is analyzed as a viable alternative to reduce the amount of harmful gases in the atmosphere. Finally, a method for the capture of CO2 contained in flue gases and its transport to the place of sequestration using ionic liquids is proposed. It is concluded that despite the costs of sequestration are still high, work must be done to optimize processes for making the technology economically viable for the capture and transport of CO2 using ionic liquids and its sequestration in mineral tailings, in the shortest possible time.

Resumen: En este trabajo se reflexiona y analiza la situación de la minería chilena y su relación con temas medio-ambientales, y presenta una propuesta sobre la captura de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y su secuestración en relaves mineros. Se discuten algunos aspectos sobre el cambio climático, sobre el efecto invernadero y sobre la huella del carbono. Se analiza cómo la industria minera, no solo en Chile sino en otras partes del mundo, puede hacer uso de uno de los recursos en creciente formación (como los relaves) para mitigar el problema de generación de dióxido de carbono de sus procesos, en especial, las plantas de potencia que proveen de energía a los procesos mineros y metalúrgicos. Se propone la secuestración de CO2 mediante carbonatación, como una forma adicional para reducir la cantidad de gases nocivos emitidos a la atmósfera. Se propone finalmente un método para la captura de CO2 de gases de chimenea y para su transporte al lugar de secuestración usando líquidos iónicos. Se concluye que a pesar que los costos de secuestración son aún altos, hay que trabajar en la optimización de los procesos para hacer económicamente viable esta alternativa de captura y almacenamiento de CO2 mediante líquidos iónicos en relaves mineros, en el menor tiempo posible.

Abstract Electrodialysis is an electrochemical separation process very used in industry and elimination of pollutants contained in water, so is very important to understand phenomena associated to this process. However, there are only few works that have focused on proposing methods to facilitate your understanding. For these reasons, in this work is proposed using polarization curves to study effect of ion concentration, charge of ion and scaling of membrane in ionic transport through an exchange ion membrane.

Resumen La electrodiálisis es un proceso electroquímico de separación muy usando en la industria y en remoción de contaminantes presentes en agua, por lo que es muy importante entender los fenómenos asociados a este proceso. Sin embargo, se han publicado pocos estudios enfocados a facilitar su comprensión. Por estas razones, en este trabajo se propone emplear curvas de polarización para estudiar cómo afecta al transporte de un ion a través de una membrana de intercambio iónico, la concentración del ion y su carga; y la incrustación de sales insolubles en la membrana.

Prereduction and flux-aided direct reduction of chromite provide significant advantages in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during ferrochrome production. In this investigation, a comparative evaluation of the influences of several alkali fluxes was carried out based on experimental observations supplemented by advanced material characterization and thermodynamic predictions. Direct reduction of a chromite ore with alkali fluxes at 1300°C for 1 hour produced (Cr,Fe)7C3 type alloys with Cr/Fe mass ratios from 0.7 to 2.3. Among the alkali fluxes, reduction aided by NaOH resulted in a high degree (85%) of Cr metallization with the ferrochrome alloy being Cr4(2)-46Fe(2)4_2.8C3. The formation of liquid slag, which facilitated Cr metallization, was limited by the formation of NaAlO2 between 800 and 1300°C. This, in turn, restricted the collection and transport of the charged ionic Cr species (i.e. O2-) to graphite particles. Under the conditions studied, ferrochrome particles were often small and largely unliberated, which would make the physical recovery of ferrochrome challenging. At 1400°C, the amount of liquid slag increased, enabling the growth of alloy particles. Direct reduction of chromite aided by NaOH is promising as an alternative technology to conventional flux-based smelting in electric arc furnaces.

The formation of nanoparticles of chitosan by the ionic gelation method has a high potential for loading, transport and controlled release of molecules. It is a simple method and the nanoparticles have good absorption, stability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Florfenicol is one of the most used antibiotics in the aquaculture industry and is administered mixed with the feed in high concentrations, which generates problems of effective doses and unwanted residues. In this way, the synthesis of chitosan (Q) nanoparticles loaded with florfenicol could provide advantages when it comes to protecting, transporting and releasing the drug in fish of economic interest in a controlled manner. In the present study, nanoparticles of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) with and without florfenicol were synthesized to evaluate their effective loading and release. The results obtained with FTIR spectrometry corroborate the formation of the Q-TPP nanoparticles with the changes observed in the infrared spectra patterns between the matrix chitosan and the synthesized nanoparticles. Q-TPP nanoparticles can carry between 48 and 50% of florfenicol inside. The in vitro release assay of the antibiotic showed a controlled and stable release over time under conditions of acid pH and controlled temperature of 15 °C for up to 10 days. Finally, it is shown that the Q-TPP nanoparticles have the potential to trap and release the evaluated drug in a controlled manner.

La formación de nanopartículas de quitosano mediante el método de gelación iónica tiene un alto potencial para la carga, transporte y liberación controlada de moléculas. Es un método sencillo y las nanopartículas presentan buena absorción, estabilidad, biocompatibilidad y baja toxicidad. El florfenicol es uno de los antibióticos más utilizados en la industria acuícola y es administrado mezclado con el alimento en altas concentraciones, lo cual genera problemas de dosis efectivas y de residuos no deseados. De esta manera, la síntesis de nanopartículas de quitosano (Q) cargadas con florfenicol podría otorgar ventajas a la hora de proteger, transportar y liberar de forma controlada el fármaco en peces de interés económico. En el presente estudio se sintetizaron nanopartículas de quitosano y tripolifosfato de sodio (TPP) con y sin florfenicol para evaluar su carga efectiva y liberación. Los resultados obtenidos con espectrometría FTIR corroboran la formación de las nanopartículas de Q-TPP con los cambios observados en los patrones de espectros infrarojo entre el quitosano matriz y las nanopartículas sintetizadas. Las nanopartículas de Q-TPP pueden cargar entre 48 y 50% de florfenicol en su interior. El ensayo de liberación in vitro del antibiótico mostró una liberación controlada y estable en el tiempo en condiciones de pH ácido y temperatura controlada de 15° C de hasta 10 días. Finalmente, se muestra que las nanopartículas de Q-TPP tienen potencial para atrapar y liberar de forma controlada el fármaco evaluado.

Abstract Over the last decade, ionic liquids (IL) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to replace traditional volatile organic solvents due to their well-known physico-chemistry properties. This is an important topic for industrial applications today, and have been the subject of extensive literature studies. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of experimental thermodynamics data on aqueous mixtures, i.e., ionic liquids + water, especially volumetric and transport properties. These data could provide essential information about interactions and molecular phenomena in such mixtures. To investigate volumetric and transport properties for ionic liquids + water, density and viscosity data of the protic ionic liquids 2-hydroxydiethanolamine formate (2-HDEAF), 2-hydroxydiethanolamine acetate (2-HDEAA), water and their binary mixtures were measured at T = (293.15 to 343.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and deviation of viscosity were computed from experimental density and viscosity values and were fit to the Redlich-Kister equation. We observed a negative behavior for both ionic liquids + water mixtures that can be attributed to a shrinkage of the mixtures.