Resumen:La demanda creciente del sector vivienda en la ciudad de Machala-Ecuador convirtió a las invasiones en el modelo común de crecimiento desorganizado de esta ciudad, donde utilizan el estero “El Macho” para la eliminación de desechos y aguas negras. Estudios preliminares respecto al contenido de metales pesados en este estero concluyen que las concentraciones de metales como el cadmio son superiores a los límites establecidos en la normativa del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente. En la presente investigación se evaluó la remoción de cadmio de muestras de aguas del estero “El Macho” utilizando espuma de poliuretano activada con nanopartículas de plata como adsorbente. Para la recolección de los datos de adsorción se diseñó de un reactor tubular vertical, utilizando 1,560 g de adsorbente de poliuretano modificado con nanopartículas de plata, pH 8 y tamaño de la espuma de poliuretano de forma cubica de 0,5 cm de lado. Se cuantificó las concentraciones de cadmio mediante espectroscopia de absorción atómica, en muestras de aguas del Estero antes y después de su paso por el reactor. Se concluye que la espuma de poliuretano activada con nanopartículas de plata, como adsorbente, alcanzó un porcentaje de remoción de 48,75% y, por lo tanto, es efectivo para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con cadmio.

Abstract:The growing demand of the housing sector in the city of Machala-Ecuador turned invasions into the common model of disorganized growth of this city, where they use the “El Macho” estuary for the disposal of waste and sewage. Preliminary studies regarding the content of heavy metals in this estuary conclude that the concentrations of metals such as cadmium are higher than the limits established in the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment. In the present investigation, the removal of cadmium from water samples of the “El Macho” estuary was evaluated using polyurethane foam activated with silver nanoparticles as an adsorbent. To collect adsorption data, a vertical tubular reactor was designed, using 1,560 g of polyurethane adsorbent modified with silver nanoparticles, pH 8 and cubic-shaped polyurethane foam size of 0.5 cm of side. Cadmium concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy in samples of Estero water before and after passing through the reactor. It is concluded that the polyurethane foam activated with silver nanoparticles, as an adsorbent, reached a removal percentage of 48.75% and therefore, it is effective for the treatment of water contaminated with cadmium.

Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Research that directs the way stakeholders act and how they collaborate is essential when addressing complex environmental challenges in the field of sustainability science. For example, researchers attempting to manage Prosopis invasions through biological control in South Africa have historically faced challenges from stakeholders. In this study we illustrate the importance of stakeholder engagement and social learning by outlining the collaborative efforts of various stakeholders to promote effective, integrative and sustainable management of Prosopis invasions in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Through a community of practice approach, stakeholders worked together over the past half-decade in an attempt to develop a National Strategy for Prosopis management and improve its control. This strategy aimed not only to emphasise the need for integration of biomass use (aimed at offsetting the costs of mechanical clearing and necessary herbicide use) but also to underscore the significance of biocontrol alongside other management approaches. Stakeholders also identified that adequate farm-scale planning is necessary to provide a sense of purpose and assist in monitoring of progress. We worked alongside land managers and experts to develop such plans. The engagement of local champions played a crucial role in facilitating collaboration and learning among stakeholders, emphasising the significance of inclusive approaches in addressing complex sustainability challenges. In addition, we gained an understanding of how to develop the community of practice to enhance collaboration that ensures the implementation of plans to better manage Prosopis. Our findings underscore the necessity of meaningful stakeholder engagement and collaboration in effective invasive species management. By promoting understanding and involvement of diverse stakeholders, initiatives can have a greater impact in addressing broader sustainability issues. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the fundamental role of stakeholder collaboration in addressing environmental challenges (e.g. biological invasions), promoting sustainability and fostering social learning. Collaboration facilitates exchange of knowledge, promotes social learning and allows stakeholders to make informed decisions when addressing sustainability issues. Collaborative approaches promote the effectiveness of a community of practice in managing Prosopis invasions in South Africa. Local champions played a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, bridging communication gaps and promoting inclusive approaches. Sustained stakeholder engagement, transdisciplinary collaborations, effective biological control and market development for biomass products will be essential to improve the sustainable management Prosopis.

A key global change challenge is to significantly reduce the risks of alien taxa causing harmful impacts without compromising the rights of citizens. As part of efforts to address this challenge, South Africa promulgated comprehensive regulations and lists of alien taxa in 2014. In this paper, we review how the lists developed, changed overtime, and how they have been implemented. As of March 2021, 560 taxa were listed under four broad regulatory categories, and between 2014 and 2020, almost 3000 permits were issued to regulate the continued use of listed taxa. The full lists of regulated taxa, permits issued, and corresponding regulations are available in the Supplementary material. A proposed standardised, transparent, and science-informed process to revise the regulatory lists is also presented - as of 30 April 2024, risk analyses have been developed for 140 taxa using the Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework and reviewed by an independent scientific body [the Alien Species Risk Analysis Review Panel (ASRARP)] with input from taxon-specific experts. These recommendations are being considered by an interdepartmental governmental decision-making body established in March 2023 [the Risk Analysis Review Committee (RARC)]. Finally, key issues with the listing of alien taxa in South Africa that remain to be resolved are presented. As South Africa's regulatory framework continues to develop, the process of listing and regulating alien taxa will, we believe, become more transparent, consistent, and acceptable to stakeholders, and ultimately facilitate efforts to reduce the harmful impacts of alien taxa. SIGNIFICANCE: The regulation of alien species is a major part of how South Africa addresses biological invasions. For this process to be effective, relevant stakeholders need to be engaged and involved. This paper outlines how species have been regulated in the past, provides regulatory lists in accessible formats, and analyses how the lists have changed over time. A transparent, science-informed process to update the regulatory lists is presented and progress to date reviewed. This process aims to engage interested and affected parties in efforts to preserve the benefits of alien species while reducing the harmful impacts of invasions.

Abstract Resistant populations of Amaranthus palmeri to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are present in Spain and Italy, but the evolutionary origin of resistance remains unknown. This study assesses the response of eleven populations of A. palmeri to ALS inhibitors and employs a haplotype-based genetic method to investigate the origin and distribution of resistance. All populations were resistant to thifensulfuron-methyl (THIF) and imazamox (IMA). The mutation in the Trp-574-Leu allele of the ALS gene was the primary cause of cross-resistance in both countries. Mutant alleles at 376-Glu and 197-Thr were also found in two Spanish populations. Genetic analyses revealed the presence of seven distinct haplotypes in the Spanish populations and three in the Italian ones. No haplotype was common to both countries. ALS-resistant populations were introduced to Italy and Spain from outside Europe. Their evolutionary histories differ, and the introduction events are independent. Resistance to ALS inhibitors spread over short and long distances through seed dispersal. The higher number and genetic diversity among Spanish haplotypes indicate recurrent invasions.

Resumen Poblaciones resistentes de Amaranthus palmeri a inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS) están presentes en España e Italia, pero el origen evolutivo de la resistencia sigue siendo desconocido. En este estudio se evalúa la respuesta de once poblaciones de A. palmeri a los inhibidores de ALS, y se utiliza un método genético basado en haplotipos para estudiar origen y distribución de la resistencia. Todas las poblaciones eran resistentes a tifensulfurón-metil (THIF) y imazamox (IMA). La mutación en el alelo Trp-574-Leu del gen ALS era la causa principal de la resistencia cruzada en ambos países. En dos poblaciones españolas también se encontraron alelos mutantes en 376-Glu y 197-Thr. Los análisis genéticos revelaron la presencia de siete haplotipos distintos en las poblaciones española y dos en las italianas. Ninguno haplotipo era común a ambos países. Las poblaciones resistentes a ALS fueron introducidas en Italia y España desde fuera de Europa. Sus historias evolutivas son diferentes y los eventos de introducción son independientes. La resistencia a los inhibidores de ALS se propagó a cortas y largas distancias mediante la dispersión de semillas. El mayor número y diversidad genética entre los haplotipos españolas indican invasiones recurrentes.

Resumo A biodiversidade global encontra-se sob ameaça substancial devido às invasões biológicas, um problema agravado pelas mudanças climáticas. Tais invasões têm efeitos prejudiciais sobre o meio ambiente, economia e saúde humana, resultando em encargos financeiros significativos. Recentemente, a compreensão desses desafios se tornou prioridade destacada na comunidade científica. Este estudo se concentra na avaliação do Schinus terebinthifolia, nativa da América do Sul, e sua disseminação invasiva para a América do Norte e Central, o que resultou em ampla distribuição e impacto considerável. Os principais objetivos deste estudo consistem em analisar a distribuição potencial da espécie sob cenários climáticos atuais e futuros, identificando as áreas onde seu nicho climático está se alterando. A coleta abrangeu um vasto conjunto de mais de 30.000 registros de ocorrências da espécie, nas bases de bados (1) Global Biodiversity Information Facility com 22.163 registros (GBIF), (2) O Herbário virtual Reflora com 1.438 registros e o NeoTropTree com 6.591 registros e após um processo de filtragem, 992 ocorrências foram consideradas para modelagem. Nesse processo, empregamos dados climáticos e projeções climáticas, recorrendo a diversos algoritmos, com destaque para a metodologia do modelo de consenso. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam uma clara tendência de redução na adequação do habitat da S. terebinthifolia, especialmente sob cenários de elevado aquecimento global. Isso acentua a urgência da implementação de medidas de controle de emissões e estratégias de mitigação. Adicionalmente, o estudo ressalta a importância crucial da vigilância contínua, bem como das ações de controle e restauração de ecossistemas afetados. O papel relevante desempenhado por S. terebinthifolia em suas áreas nativas e invadidas chama a atenção para a necessidade de adotar abordagens de manejo abrangentes. Diante do cenário de mudanças climáticas e das ameaças à biodiversidade, este estudo contribui com perspicazes observações sobre a dinâmica das invasões biológicas. O sucesso na abordagem dessas questões depende de uma cooperação estreita entre a comunidade científica, legisladores, gestores de terras e as comunidades locais. Essa colaboração é essencial para orientar e conduzir os esforços de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade em um mundo em constante evolução. encontrase encontra biológicas ambiente humana significativos Recentemente científica Sul Central considerável futuros alterando 30000 30 000 30.00 1 (1 22163 22 163 22.16 GBIF, GBIF , (GBIF) 2 (2 1438 438 1.43 6591 6 591 6.59 filtragem 99 modelagem algoritmos consenso S mitigação Adicionalmente contínua afetados abrangentes legisladores locais evolução 3000 3 00 30.0 ( 2216 16 22.1 (GBIF 143 43 1.4 659 59 6.5 9 300 0 30. 221 22. 14 4 1. 65 5 6.

Abstract Global biodiversity is under substantial threat due to biological invasions, a problem exacerbated by climate change. Such invasions have detrimental effects on the environment, economy, and human health, resulting in significant financial burdens. Recently, understanding these challenges has become a highlighted priority within the scientific community. This study focuses on the evaluation of Schinus terebinthifolia, native to South America, and its invasive spread into North and Central America, which has resulted in wide distribution and considerable impact. The primary objectives of this study include analyzing the potential distribution of the species under current and future climate scenarios, identifying the areas where its climatic niche is changing. Data collection encompassed a vast dataset of over 30,000 occurrence records of this species, from the following databases: (1) The Global Biodiversity Information Facility provided 22,163 records (GBIF), (2) The virtual Herbarium Reflora contributed 1,438 records, and NeoTropTree made available 6,591 records. Following a rigorous filtering process, 992 occurrences were considered for modeling. In this process, we utilized climate data and climate projections, employing various algorithms, with an emphasis on the consensus model methodology. The research results reveal a clear trend of reduced habitat suitability for S. terebinthifolia, especially under scenarios of high global warming. This accentuates the urgency of implementing emission control measures and mitigation strategies. Additionally, the study underscores the crucial importance of continuous monitoring, as well as actions for controlling and restoring affected ecosystems. The significant role played by S. terebinthifolia in both its native and invaded areas highlights the need for comprehensive management approaches. In the face of climate change and biodiversity threats, this study provides insightful observations on the dynamics of biological invasions. Success in addressing these issues relies on close cooperation between the scientific community, policymakers, land managers, and local communities. This collaboration is essential for guiding and conducting conservation and biodiversity management efforts in an ever-evolving world. environment economy health burdens Recently community America impact changing 30000 30 000 30,00 databases 1 (1 22163 22 163 22,16 GBIF, GBIF , (GBIF) 2 (2 1438 438 1,43 6591 6 591 6,59 process 99 modeling projections algorithms methodology S warming strategies Additionally monitoring ecosystems approaches threats policymakers managers communities everevolving ever evolving world 3000 3 00 30,0 ( 2216 16 22,1 (GBIF 143 43 1,4 659 59 6,5 9 300 0 30, 221 22, 14 4 1, 65 5 6,

Resumo No contexto de crise socioambiental que se evidencia na Amazônia Legal, este artigo tem como objetivo geral identificar vínculos entre as ações do governo brasileiro vigente (2019-2022) e a necropolítica socioambiental. Dentre os objetivos específicos, a investigação proposta visa a demonstrar a participação do governo federal em vigor no aumento dos incêndios, desmatamentos, invasões a territórios indígenas, garimpo ilegal e violência na Amazônia Legal. Com base na obra de Achille Mbembe, este estudo busca delimitar uma crise humanitária originada na necropolítica do governo Bolsonaro. Fazendo uso de uma metodologia quantitativa, esta pesquisa partiu da coleta de dados relacionados à desarticulação de normas ambientais garantidoras de políticas públicas, discursos oficiais de incitação à violação de normas ambientais e inércia no combate a crimes ambientais na Amazônia e contra os povos indígenas no período de janeiro de 2019 a agosto de 2022. Em uma análise qualitativa, tais dados foram inseridos em um quadro analítico derivado da obra de Mbembe sobre a necropolítica. Como resultado, restam reforçadas e justificadas as denúncias de crime contra a humanidade que tramitam contra o Presidente da República perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incêndios desmatamentos Bolsonaro quantitativa públicas 201 qualitativa resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Within the context of the socio-environmental crisis evident in the Legal Amazon region, this article aims to identify links between the actions of the current Brazilian government (2019-2022) and socio- -environmental necropolitics. Among the specific objectives, the proposed investigation seeks to demonstrate the involvement of the current federal government in the increase of fires, deforestation, invasions of Indigenous territories, illegal mining, and violence in the Legal Amazon region. Drawing from Achille Mbembe’s thesis, the study aims to delineate a humanitarian crisis stemming from the necropolitics of the Bolsonaro government. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research involved collecting data related to the dismantling of environmental norms that guarantee public policies, official discourses inciting the violation of environmental norms, inertia in combating environmental crimes in the Amazon and against Indigenous peoples, spanning from January 2019 to August 2022. In a qualitative analysis, these data were integrated into the analytical framework derived by the authors from Mbembe’s work on necropolitics. As a result, the accusations of crimes against humanity filed against the Brazilian president the International Criminal Court (ICC) are further reinforced and justified. socioenvironmental socio region 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 objectives fires deforestation territories mining Mbembes Mbembe s thesis methodology policies peoples 201 analysis result ICC (ICC justified 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen En el contexto de la crisis socioambiental en la Amazonia Legal, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los vínculos entre las acciones del actual gobierno brasileño (2019-2022) y la necropolítica socioambiental. Entre los objetivos específicos, la investigación propuesta pretende demostrar la participación del actual gobierno federal en el aumento de los incendios, la deforestación, las invasiones de territorios indígenas, la minería ilegal y la violencia en la Amazonia Legal. A partir del trabajo de Achille Mbembe, este estudio busca delimitar una crisis humanitaria originada en la necropolítica del gobierno Bolsonaro. Utilizando una metodología cuantitativa, esta investigación comenzó con la recolección de datos relacionados con la desarticulación de las normas ambientales que garantizan las políticas públicas, los discursos oficiales que incitan a la violación de las normas ambientales y la inercia en la lucha contra los delitos ambientales en la Amazonía y contra los pueblos indígenas desde enero de 2019 hasta agosto de 2022. En un análisis cualitativo, tales datos se insertaron en un marco analítico derivado de la obra de Mbembe sobre la necropolítica. Como resultado, se refuerzan y justifican las acusaciones de crímenes contra la humanidad contra el Presidente de la República ante el Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incendios deforestación Bolsonaro cuantitativa públicas 201 cualitativo resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen Entre 1815 y 1830, grandes expediciones científicas se propusieron investigar en detalle el territorio brasileño, su diversidad natural, sus pueblos indígenas, sus ciudades, sus riquezas latentes y evidentes. En la época colonial, las fronteras habían permanecido cerradas a incursiones extranjeras de este tipo, pero esta situación cambiaría, como todo cambiaría drásticamente en los dominios ibéricos, debido a las invasiones napoleónicas y al consiguiente traslado del rey D. João VI y de la corte portuguesa a Río de Janeiro en 1808. En este contexto de profundos mapeos y transformaciones se encuentran los dos naturalistas en los que nos centramos en este artículo, el prusiano Friedrich Sellow y el francés Auguste de Saint-Hilaire. Ambos coincidieron en viajar por Rio Grande do Sul, una región que no era la más favorecida por los exploradores de la exuberancia tropical. Analizaremos aquí los informes de Sellow y el Diario escrito por Saint-Hilaire durante estos viajes emprendidos en la década de 1820. 181 1830 brasileño natural indígenas ciudades evidentes colonial tipo ibéricos D 1808 artículo SaintHilaire. SaintHilaire Saint Hilaire. Hilaire Sul tropical 1820 18 183 180 182 1

Abstract From 1815 to 1830, large scientific expeditions set out to investigate in detail the Brazilian territory, its natural diversity, its indigenous peoples, its cities, its latent and evident riches. In colonial times, the borders had remained closed to foreign incursions of this kind, but this situation would change, as everything would change drastically in the Iberian domains, due to the Napoleonic invasions and the consequent transfer of King João VI and the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Within this context of profound mappings and transformations are the two naturalists we are focusing on in this article, the Prussian Friedrich Sellow and the Frenchman Auguste de Saint-Hilaire. Both coincided in travelling through Rio Grande do Sul, a region that was not the most favoured by explorers of tropical exuberance. In these pages, we will analyse Sellow's reports and the diary written by Saint-Hilaire during these journeys undertaken in the 1820s. 181 1830 territory diversity peoples cities riches times kind domains 1808 article SaintHilaire. SaintHilaire Saint Hilaire. Hilaire Sul exuberance pages Sellows s 1820s 18 183 180 1

Abstract: The debate on the relationship between the pre-Hispanic cities of Tula and Chichén Itzá has polarized the interpretation of Mesoamerican history, from those who deny any direct contact, to those who maintain that these contacts existed in the form of invasions or migrations. In this work we present epigraphic evidence reinforcing the direct relationship between both cities, which adds to the considerable iconographic and architectural evidence of such nexus.

Resumen: El debate sobre la relación de las ciudades prehispánicas de Tula y Chichén Itzá ha polarizado la interpretación de la historia de Mesoamérica, desde quienes niegan cualquier contacto directo, hasta quienes sostienen que estos contactos existieron en forma de invasiones o migraciones. En este trabajo presentamos evidencia epigráfica que refuerza la relación directa entre ambas ciudades, y que se añade a la considerable evidencia iconográfica y arquitectónica de tal nexo.

Abstract Isopods of the suborder Cymothoida include ectoparasite species that cause physical damage and affect the development of the host by feeding on blood and tissues. On fishes, these parasites attach themselves to the skin, fins, gills, and oral cavity using claws on articulated legs. The ability to remain hidden in cavities even after the fish is caught enables isopods to be transported to new areas along with the host, making these parasites potential co-invaders. Understanding the role and environmental impact of parasites is essential, although research on parasitism in the context of biological invasions lags in comparison to general research on such invasions. Previous records indicate only two species of parasitic isopods in the São Francisco River basin. However, the present study reports the first record of two other species (Braga patagonica and Braga nasuta) on Pygocentrus piraya and in the basin itself. This demonstrates a lack of knowledge regarding fish parasites in the region, despite the presence of other parasites. Collaborations with research groups conducting fish sampling in the basin can contribute to expanding knowledge on these parasites and the training of human resources in fish parasitology. The present study provides important information on the presence of unidentified parasitic isopods on fishes in the São Francisco River basin, underscoring the need for further studies and expanding the geographic distribution of these parasites, as well as the host list for these isopods. tissues skin fins gills legs coinvaders. coinvaders co invaders. invaders co-invaders essential However nasuta itself region parasitology

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Resumo: Objetivo Inventariar os danos causados aos ambientes naturais ou à biodiversidade nativa por por espécies exóticas é desafiador. Nós testamos se o número de detecções de espécies exóticas é afetado pelo número total de espécies exóticas ou pela riqueza de exóticas invasoras, com o intuito de predizer que grupos de espécies são mais prováveis futuros invasores. Métodos Nós apresentamos informações obtidas de um senso nacional conduzido sobre organismos exóticos anelídeos, anfíbios, cnidários, crustáceos, macrófitas aquáticas, microrganismos, moluscos, nematelmintos, peixes, platelmintos e répteis para todas as bacias hidrográficas do país. Utilizamos o número de detecções como variável dependente da riqueza de espécies exóticas, por grupo taxonômico e da riqueza de espécies exóticas invasoras. Resultados Nós obtivemos 1.896 detecções de diferentes 183 espécies aquáticas. Peixes e moluscos foram os invasores comuns já que suas detecções são mais frequentes do que o esperado ao acaso, considerando todas as espécies ocorrendo nos ecossistemas de água doce do país. Nós também encontramos relações positivas e robustas entre as detecções por grupo taxonômico e a riqueza em espécies por grupo. Conclusões Os resultados ilustram como o ambiente de água doce brasileiro é frágil a invasões biológicas e destacam a necessidade de ações efetivas direcionadas à questão. A incerteza científica a respeito do status de espécies exóticas e seu podencial invasor é grande, o que leva à necessidade de precaução a respeito destas espécies. Apesar do cenário atual, novas políticas abrem opotunidades para que parques aquáticos com organismos exóticos se dispersem mais no Brasil o que deve aumentar ainda mais a pressão sobre ecossistemas naturais e espécies nativas, reforçando a necessidade já manifestada pela comunidade científica, de maior atenção ao tema. Resumo desafiador invasoras anelídeos anfíbios cnidários crustáceos aquáticas microrganismos nematelmintos peixes país 1896 1 896 1.89 18 acaso questão grande atual nativas tema 189 89 1.8 8 1.

Abstract: Aim Assessing the damage caused to natural environments and native biodiversity by alien species is challenging. We tested whether the number of detections of alien species is affected by total alien or total invader alien species richness, considering the importance of predicting which species are more probable future invaders. Methods We summarized a research information survey conducted on alien amphibians, annelids, aquatic macrophytes, cnidarians, crustaceans, fish, microorganisms, mollusks, nemathelminths, platyhelminths, and reptiles, and for Brazilian watersheds. We used linear regressions between detections and total alien species richness and between detections and invader species richness. Results We obtained 1,896 alien detections of 183 aquatic species in Brazil. Fish and mollusk species were the commonest invaders due to their detections being more frequent than expected by chance, considering all the alien species occurring in Brazilian freshwater ecosystems. We also found positive and robust linear relationships between alien species detections and alien species richness. Conclusions Our results illustrate how Brazilian freshwater systems are fragile to alien invasions and highlight the need for effective action to address this question. Scientific uncertainty in Brazil regarding the status of some alien species and their potential harm is high, highlighting the need for a cautionary overview of invaders. Despite this scenario, new policies create opportunities for aquatic parks with exotic organisms to spread further in Brazil, which, in actual Brazilian conditions, is likely to increase the pressure on natural ecosystems and native species. This reinforces the already expressed need by the scientific community for greater attention to the issue. Abstract challenging amphibians annelids macrophytes cnidarians crustaceans fish microorganisms mollusks nemathelminths platyhelminths reptiles watersheds 1896 1 896 1,89 18 chance question high scenario conditions issue 189 89 1,8 8 1,

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para elucidar a importância da pesquisa experimental sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica de água doce no Brasil através de uma análise cienciométrica. Métodos As bases de dados Web of Science, SciELO e Scopus foram utilizadas para compilar 249 trabalhos científicos publicados entre 1978 e 2023. Os dados extraídos dos artigos foram o ano de publicação, localização geográfica, características do experimento (tipo, escala, duração), espécies ou táxons estudados e os temas de pesquisa. Sínteses quantitativas e qualitativas foram realizadas para fornecer uma compreensão sistematizada dos estudos experimentais sobre zooplâncton de água doce. Resultados A análise revelou um aumento significativo no número de publicações experimentais ao longo do tempo, com uma maior concentração de estudos na região Sudeste do Brasil. Experimentos de laboratório, principalmente microcosmos foram realizados com mais frequência do que experimentos de campo. Predação, poluentes químicos e eutrofização surgiram como os temas de pesquisa frequentemente abordados. Por outro lado, certos tópicos, como dinâmicas de metapopulação e microplásticos, foram relativamente sub-representados na literatura. Apesar da pesquisa experimental sobre o zooplâncton de água doce no Brasil desempenhar um papel crucial no avanço da compreensão ecológica, há uma distribuição desigual desses estudos pelo país, indicando a necessidade de investimentos e mais pesquisadores preparados para trabalhar com experimentos em certas regiões. Abordar as lacunas identificadas nesta revisão, como dinâmicas de metapopulação e dispersão, juntamente com ameaças emergentes como invasões, microplásticos, patógenos, estressores cumulativos, contaminantes emergentes e nanomateriais, será essencial para gerar conhecimento científico que informe estratégias de manejo eficazes para preservar a biodiversidade do zooplâncton de água doce em meio às mudanças ambientais em curso. Conclusões Esta revisão destaca a importância de expandir a pesquisa experimental por diversas regiões e tópicos pouco explorados para melhorar nossa compreensão ecológica e melhor gerenciar a biodiversidade do zooplâncton de água doce no Brasil. cienciométrica Science 24 197 2023 publicação geográfica tipo, tipo (tipo escala duração, duração , duração) tempo laboratório campo Predação abordados lado microplásticos subrepresentados sub representados literatura país dispersão invasões patógenos cumulativos nanomateriais curso 2 19 202 1 20

Abstract Aim This study aims to contribute to elucidating the importance of experimental research on freshwater zooplankton communities in Brazil through a scientometric analysis. Methods Web of Science, SciELO, and Scopus databases were used to compile 249 scientific papers published between 1978 and 2023. The extracted data included the year of publication, geographical location, experiment characteristics (type, scale, duration), species or taxa studied, and research topics. Quantitative and qualitative syntheses were performed to provide a systematic understanding of experimental studies on freshwater zooplankton. Results The analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of experimental papers over time, with a higher concentration of studies in the Southeastern region of Brazil. Laboratory experiments were conducted with greater frequency than field experiments, mainly microcosms. Predation, chemical pollutants, and eutrophication emerged as frequently addressed research topics. On the other hand, certain topics, such as metapopulation dynamics and microplastics, were relatively underrepresented in the literature. Despite the crucial role of experimental research on freshwater zooplankton in advancing ecological understanding in Brazil, there is an unequal distribution of these studies across the country, indicating the need for investment and more researchers prepared and interested in studying with experiments in certain regions. Addressing the gaps identified in this review, such as metapopulation dynamics and dispersion, along with emerging threats like invasions, microplastics, pathogens, cumulative stressors, emerging contaminants, and nanomaterials, will be essential for generating scientific knowledge to inform effective management strategies to preserve freshwater zooplankton biodiversity amidst ongoing environmental changes. Conclusions This review underscores the importance of expanding experimental research across diverse regions and underexplored topics to enhance our ecological understanding and better manage freshwater zooplankton biodiversity in Brazil. Science SciELO 24 197 2023 publication location type, type (type scale duration, duration , duration) studied time microcosms Predation pollutants hand microplastics literature country dispersion invasions pathogens stressors contaminants nanomaterials changes 2 19 202 1 20

RESUMO: O presente estudo aborda os problemas ambientais das espécies exóticas invasoras e mostra, do ponto de vista jurídico, os fundamentos fornecidos pela Constituição da República e pelos principaisacordosinternacionais para compreender o estado da legislação do Uruguai em relação a essasespécies. , considerando que alteram o equilíbrio ecológico e causamum enorme custo para a saúde humana, animal, vegetal e para o bem-estar socioeconómico. Com base narevisão e organização da regulamentação legal existente, são identificados os elementos legais que o Uruguai tem para lidarcominvasões biológicas, são resumidas dozeconvençõesinternacionais relacionadas e listadas recomendações para fortalecer a legislaçãonaprevenção, erradicação, controle e mitigação de seus impactos. .Alémdisso, sãoapresentados os marcos legais, abordagens e princípios orientadores que permitemmelhorar a atençãoàsbioinvasões e contribuem para fornecer as bases jurídicas necessárias para a suagestão.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio aborda la problemática ambiental de las especies exóticas invasoras, y muestra desde una perspectiva jurídica, el fundamento que provee la Constitución de la República, y los principales acuerdos internacionales, para entender el estado de la legislación de Uruguay en relación a estas especies, considerando que alteran el equilibrio ecológico y causan un costo enorme para la salud humana, animal, vegetal, y para el bienestar socio-económico. A partir de la revisión y ordenación de las normas legales existentes, se identifican los elementos jurídicos que cuenta Uruguay para hacer frente a la invasiones biológicas, se resumen doce convenios internacionales relacionados y recomendaciones para fortalecer la legislación en la prevención, erradicación, control y mitigación de impactos de estas especies. Además, se presentan los marcos jurídicos, enfoques, y principios orientadores, que permiten mejorar la atención a las bioinvasiones y contribuir a dar los fundamentos jurídicos necesarios para su gestión.

ABSTRACT: The present study the environmental problems of invasive alien species, and shows from a legal perspective, the foundation provided by the Constitution of the Republic, and the main international agreements, to understand the state of the legislation of Uruguay in relation to these species, considering that they alter the ecological balance and cause an enormous cost for human, animal, plant health, and for socio-economic well-being. Based on the review and organization of existing legal regulations, the legal elements that Uruguay has to deal with biological invasions are identified, twelve related international conventions are summarized and recommendations are listed to strengthen legislation in prevention, eradication, control and mitigation of its impacts. In addition, the legal frameworks, approaches, and guiding principles are presented, which allow improving attention to bioinvasions and contribute to providing the necessary legal foundations for their management.

Invasive freshwater fish can often have severe negative effects on native fishes in river systems. The interactions between hydrology and habitat variability can mediate the speed and success of individual invasions and the consequent impact on biodiversity. The rivers within Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa experience cyclical droughts and wet periods and as a result are naturally episodic. These rivers were recently invaded by three non-native species, the invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as well as the extralimital sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Monitoring of key sampling sites along two rivers over a 12-year period that included two major droughts revealed unexpected patterns in the spread of these species and their interactions with native fishes. On the Coerney River, C. gariepinus repeatedly invaded and was extirpated from a seasonal reach of the river, wherein O. mossambicus was only occasionally captured. On the Wit River, two apparently independent introductions of M. salmoides in the lower and upper reaches of the river resulted in patchy habitat occupancy over the course of 12 years. While C. gariepinus regularly co-occurred with native species, M. salmoides appeared to locally extirpate the endangered Eastern Cape redfin (Pseudobarbus afer). During drought, both species persisted in close but disconnected pools, suggesting that the episodic hydrology and geomorphology of these rivers may offer temporary predation refugia for native species during drought. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Drought in episodic rivers can mitigate against the impact and spread of freshwater invasions within protected areas. Effects of drying on invasion corridors and spatial interactions with native species should be taken into consideration when managing such invasions. Severe droughts also offer an opportunity to actively control invasive species when they are confined to accessible drought refugia within the protected area