Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used, and along with other methodologies such as derivatization, is a powerful tool to analyze phytocompounds, including cuticular wax components. The loss of structural information upon fragmentation of waxes makes it difficult to interpret and identify the GC-MS mass spectra of these compounds with the traditional methods, as digital libraries. Therefore, as a new complementary alternative to traditional methods of identifying aliphatic acyclic lipids based on mass spectra, we present the new software WaxAlly in this technical note. WaxAlly is a new software created based on simple algorithms, enabling the rapid recognition by the user of eight aliphatic acyclic lipid classes, including alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and TMS derivatives of free fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, and their homologues with carbon chains varying between 10 and 100 carbons. Additionally, the WaxAlly software provides a section for data organization, internet comparison to NIST and PubChem databases, and academic information about mass fragmentation of acyclic lipids. The software has proven to be a very useful complementary technique in identifying plant wax lipid homologues, and new fragmentation patterns of lipid classes can be added in the future to improve the program. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS used derivatization phytocompounds components libraries Therefore note algorithms alkanes alkenes aldehydes ketones esters acids alcohols 1 carbons Additionally organization databases program

Resumen El fenómeno migratorio en México ha cobrado relevancia debido al aumento del tránsito de centroamericanos por el país para llegar a Estados Unidos a cumplir el sueño americano. En este artículo se identifican los imaginarios y fuentes de información de los migrantes respecto a su trayectoria y destino final. Se llevaron a cabo 60 entrevistas en una casa del migrante en la ciudad de Monterrey a participantes provenientes de Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala y Nicaragua. Las conclusiones demuestran imaginarios romantizados, cuyos fundamentos son primordialmente fuentes interpersonales (otros migrantes y conocidos que ya han hecho el viaje) y fuentes mediáticas (televisión, cine, Internet y periodismo). Desde una perspectiva sociológica y de ciencias de la información, este caso de estudio revisa la idea de los imaginarios como parte elemental en la toma de decisiones de los migrantes que arriesgan sus vidas para alcanzar destinos meta.

Abstract The topic of migration in Mexico has gained relevance since there has been a significant increase of Central American migrants traveling through the country towards the United States, to achieve the American dream. This article identifies the imaginaries and sources of information of migrants regarding their transit and final destination. Sixty people were interviewed in a local shelter of the city of Monterrey with participants from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. The conclusions show romanticized imaginaries, founded primarily on interpersonal sources (other migrants and acquaintances who have made the trip) and media sources (television, cinema, the Internet, and journalism). From a sociological and information science perspective, this case study reviews the idea of imaginaries as a fundamental part in the decision making of migrants who risk their lives in order to reach target destinations.

ABSTRACT The non-consensual dissemination of sexual content, a type of digital violence that is favored through anonymity, massiveness, and impunity, affects women differentially. Facing this difficult context, Colombia has enormous challenges in supporting women who are at risk or face this sort of violence. The current regulatory development is precarious and there is no criminal offense statement or specific public policies that serve to prevent and to support these cases.

RESUMEN La difusión no consentida de contenido sexual es un tipo de violencia digital que afecta de manera diferencial a las mujeres, favorecido por el anonimato, la masividad y la impunidad. Ante este difícil panorama, Colombia cuenta con enormes retos frente al acompañamiento de las mujeres que están en riesgo o enfrentan estas violencias, teniendo en cuenta que el desarrollo normativo es precario y no existe un tipo penal específico con enfoque de género o políticas públicas específicas que sirvan para prevenir y para acompañar estos casos.

ABSTRACT: Graphic communication projects begin with a strategic phase whose objective is to conceptualize a sensory universe that will be associated with the product or brand for which the project is developed. The objective is to emotionally connect the brand or product with the user. In this process, the "performativity" potential of images is used to define and communicate complex emotional qualities that are difficult to express through verbal language. Mostly, images are searched on the Internet and classified through hegemonic iconographic and iconological patterns. This article proposes to activate a critical look at the hybrid co-creation process that is generated between human and machine in the search for images on the net. Analyzing the agency of the non-human in this procedure will allow us to establish if the creative and methodological processes used contribute to establish and perpetuate a prevailing visual hegemony, or if they help to open fissures in its structure.

RESUMEN: Los proyectos de comunicación gráfica se inician con una fase estratégica cuyo objetivo es conceptualizar un universo sensorial que irá asociada al producto o marca para la cual se desarrolla el proyecto. El objetivo es conectar emocionalmente la marca o producto con el usuario. En este proceso se recurre al potencial de “performatividad” de las imágenes, para definir y comunicar cualidades emocionales complejas, difíciles de expresar a través del lenguaje verbal. Mayoritariamente, las imágenes se buscan en internet y son clasificadas mediante patrones iconográficos e iconológicos hegemónicos. Este artículo propone activar una mirada crítica sobre el proceso de co-creación híbrido que se genera entre humano y máquina en la búsqueda de imágenes en red. Analizar la agencia de lo no-humano en este procedimiento permitirá establecer si los procesos creativos y metodológicos usados contribuyen a establecer y perpetuar una hegemonía visual imperante, o si ayudan a abrir fisuras en su estructura.

RESUMEN En el contexto actual, la transformación digital se ha convertido en un factor fundamental para el cambio de la matriz productiva en Ecuador. Esto se debe a que el mundo está siendo cada vez más digital y las empresas necesitan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno ecuatoriano por impulsar la transformación digital, todavía existen obstáculos que limitan su implementación de manera eficiente y efectiva. Uno de ellos es el insuficiente conocimiento sobre el tema y sobre sus beneficios para la práctica social. Muchas empresas todavía no han adoptado las tecnologías digitales en sus procesos y actividades. Por otro lado, existen barreras como la falta de acceso a internet en algunas zonas rurales y la falta de capacitación y formación en habilidades digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer un análisis de los niveles de interdependencia intersectorial en el contexto de la matriz productiva de Ecuador, identificando los principales desafíos, fortalezas y oportunidades. De esta manera se podrán proponer recomendaciones para la integración efectiva con la transformación digital. La metodología consistió en revisar la literatura sobre la transformación digital y su integración a la matriz productiva de Ecuador. También se recopiló información de estudios y datos estadísticos sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en el país.

ABSTRACT In the current context, digital transformation has become a key factor for changing the productive matrix in Ecuador. This is because the world is becoming increasingly digital and companies need to adapt to this new reality to remain competitive in the domestic and international markets. However, despite the Ecuadorian government's efforts to promote digital transformation, there are still obstacles that limit its efficient and effective implementation. One of those obstacles is the insufficient knowledge about the subject and about its benefits for social practice. Many companies have not yet adopted digital technologies in their processes and activities. On the other hand, there are barriers such as the lack of access to the internet in some rural areas and the lack of training and skills in digital skills. The objective of this study is to offer an analysis of the levels of intersectoral interdependence in the context of Ecuador's productive matrix, identifying the main challenges, strengths and opportunities. In this way, recommendations can be proposed for effective integration with digital transformation. The methodology consisted of reviewing the literature on digital transformation and its integration into Ecuador's productive matrix. Information was also collected from studies and statistical data on the adoption of digital technologies in the country.

Resumo: Objetivo: determinar habilidades e conhecimentos sobre as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) dos calouros no curso de bacharelado em enfermagem em uma instituição pública de ensino superior na cidade de Bahía Blanca, província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. Foi utilizado um instrumento composto por 59 perguntas com opções de resposta fechada para avaliar as competências digitais dos calouros do curso. Resultados: Participaram 386 estudantes, em sua maioria do gênero feminino (85,49 %), do primeiro ciclo estudantil (74,35 %) e com idade igual ou inferior a 20 anos (47,15 %). 98,19 % tinham acesso à internet, 79,27 % tinham computador e mais de 80 % usavam amplamente as redes sociais (WhatsApp, Instagram) e o e-mail. Os calouros se auto-avaliaram competentes no programa MS Word, enquanto no MS Excel se declararam menos competentes. Há desconhecimento e baixo desenvolvimento de habilidades para gerar conteúdo e uma ampla demonstração de habilidades para pesquisar e baixar informações da web. A idade, o gênero, o tempo diário de uso da Internet e o ciclo de ingresso estudantil mostraram relação com o domínio das ferramentas digitais aplicadas à educação. Conclusões: Foi identificado um desenvolvimento intermediário de competências digitais aplicadas à educação, o que poderia demandar a concepção de programas que nivelem essas competências durante o processo de admissão ou durante a formação.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the skills and knowledge about information and communication technologies (ICT) of entrants to the Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing at a public higher institution in Bahía Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, transversal and quantitative study. An instrument was implemented consisting of 59 questions with closed response options aimed at assessing digital competencies in those entering the career. Results: 386 entrants participated, mostly female (85.49 %), from the first cycle (74.35 %) and 20 years old or younger (47.15%). 98.19 % had access to the internet, 79.27 % have a computer and more than 80 % have extensive use of social networks (WhatsApp, Instagram) and email. The entrants evaluated themselves as competent in the MS Word program, while in MS Excel they declared themselves less competent. There is a lack of knowledge and low development of skills to generate content and a wide range of skills to search and download information from the web. Age, gender, daily time of Internet use and entry cycle showed a relationship with the mastery of digital tools applied to education. Conclusions: An intermediate development of digital competencies applied to education was identified, and a high one for the use of social networks. The variables age, gender, daily time of Internet use and entry cycle were related to the knowledge and skills for using ICT applied to education.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar las habilidades y conocimientos sobre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) de los ingresantes a la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería de una institución superior pública de Bahía Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo. Se implementó un instrumento conformado por 59 preguntas con opciones de respuesta cerrada orientado a valorar las competencias digitales en los ingresantes a la carrera. Resultados: Participaron 386 ingresantes, mayormente de género femenino (85.49 %), del primer ciclo (74.35 %) y con 20 años o menos de edad (47.15 %). El 98.19 % tenía acceso a internet, el 79.27 % tiene computadora y más del 80 % tiene un amplio uso de redes sociales (WhatsApp, Instagram) y correo electrónico. Los ingresantes se autoevaluaron competentes en el programa MS Word, mientras que en MS Excel se declararon menos competentes. Hay desconocimiento y bajo desarrollo de habilidades para generar contenido, y un amplio despliegue de habilidades para buscar y descargar información de la web. La edad, el género, el tiempo diario de uso de internet y el ciclo de ingreso mostraron relación con el dominio de las herramientas digitales aplicadas a la educación. Conclusiones: Se identificó un desarrollo intermedio de competencias digitales aplicadas a la educación, lo que podría ameritar el diseño de programas que nivelen estas habilidades durante el proceso de ingreso o durante la formación.

Resumo A promoção da transparência é vista como um dos mecanismos para gerar confiança no trabalho dos jornalistas e, por essa via, fortalecer as democracias. O princípio é o de que tornar públicas as informações sobre a propriedade dos meios de comunicação jornalísticos, o seu financiamento e os critérios gerais que suportam as suas decisões editoriais contribui para o conhecimento sobre o lado menos visível da produção jornalística e, assim, credibilizar o jornalismo, identificando eventuais pontos de conflito. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico, em particular com o aumento das potencialidades da internet, a par da crise dos modelos de negócio do jornalismo, que coloca em causa modelos tradicionais de financiamento, tem motivado o aparecimento de projetos jornalísticos empreendedores que se afirmam como alternativos e independentes. Estes projetos procuram distanciar-se do jornalismo tradicional no que diz respeito à sua estrutura, modelos de financiamento e de propriedade e encontram na promoção da transparência uma estratégia que os distingue dos média tradicionais. O presente artigo pretende identificar e estudar as práticas de promoção da transparência destes projetos jornalísticos, relacionando-as com uma estratégia de afirmação no mercado das notícias.

Abstract Promoting transparency is seen as one of the key mechanisms for generating trust in the work of journalists and thereby strengthening democracies. The principle is that making information about media ownership, funding, and editorial decision-making criteria public enhances understanding of the less visible aspects of journalistic production, thus increasing credibility by identifying potential conflicts of interest. In recent years, technological development, particularly the internet’s growing capabilities, coupled with the crisis in journalism’s business models, which is jeopardising traditional funding models, has led to the emergence of entrepreneurial journalistic projects that claim to be alternative and independent. These projects seek to distinguish themselves from mainstream journalism through their structure, funding and ownership models, and they find a strategy for promoting transparency that sets them apart from traditional media. This article aims to identify and analyse the transparency promotion practices of these journalistic projects, relating them to a strategy of affirmation in the news market.

Abstract Introduction: The increased use of information and communication technologies, the internet and social networking sites has resulted in significant changes in the way people communicate, leading to negative consequences that might compromise psychological and physical health. The aim of this study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing into a Spanish language context. Method: Three hundred forty-six Spanish respondents participated in the study by completing self-report measures for assessing their levels of phubbing, internet addiction, phone addiction, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results: The scale adaptation to Spanish resulted in high quality psycho-metric properties and the original number of items and structure were preserved (nomophobia, interpersonal contact, self-isolation, and problem acknowledgement). In addition, the analysis of the relationship between variables showed that phubbing and its dimensions were positively associated with related constructs including internet addiction, phone ad-diction, and FoMO. Conclusions: The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Generic Scale of Phubbing as a tool to assess phubbing behaviours.

Resumen Introducción: El aumento en el uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, internet y redes so-ciales ha dado lugar a cambios significativos en la forma en que las personas se comunican, lo que conlleva consecuencias negativas que pueden comprometer la salud psicológica y física. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una adaptación y validación de la Escala General de Phubbing en una población española. Método: Trescientos cuarenta y seis participantes españoles participaron en el estudio completando medidas de autoinforme para evaluar sus niveles de phubbing, adicción a Internet, adicción al teléfono y Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Resultados: La adaptación de la escala al español resultó en propiedades psicométricas de alta calidad y preservación del número original de ítems y la estructura (nomofobia, con-tacto interpersonal, autoaislamiento y reconocimiento del problema). Además, el análisis de la relación entre las variables mostró que el phubbing y sus dimensiones estaban positivamente asociados con constructos relacionados, incluyendo la adicción a internet, adicción al teléfono y FoMO. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos proporcionan evidencia empírica sobre la fiabilidad y validez de la versión en español de la Escala General de Phubbing como una herramienta para evaluar compor-tamientos de phubbing.

Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Studies offering curriculum framework for institutional internalisation of criminology and forensics studies and Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) are scarce. This article gives a scoping review of these concepts, which are currently presented separately, as they are from distant study fields. As a result, the objective of this article is to establish the current link between criminology and forensic studies to enhance the South African CJS and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) curriculum frameworks, while integrating theory and practice. This qualitative scoping review was supported by the adapted version of methodology framework by Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa of 2005 to search for approximately 9 031 relevant studies from fundamental databases and 139 000 internet sources focusing on South African context and other international countries. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for data analysis, coupled with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). This article confirmed that combining forensic criminology features could transform the South African CJS and HEIs offerings. For recommendations, the Qualifications Board should expedite the registration of forensic criminology as a profession consisting of professional qualification, guided by ethical and disciplinary rules. Overall, limited prioritisations, slow registration process to a "Scientific Board" and advancement of this discipline negatively affect immediate responses to achieve the WIL. The knowledge, attitudes, skills and values gained during participating in the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023 offered contributions to the field of professorship thereof.

This paper aims to discuss the different activist strategies that vegans use on social media platforms, especially Facebook and YouTube, in Brazil. The popularization of veganism in the country is directly linked to the arrival of the internet and the emergence of so-called “virtual communities” that have strengthened their own political actions expressed through food activism. Therefore, when analyzing veganism as a social movement, it is important to understand how it uses social media platforms in different ways to organize, act, engage and resonate with styles, identities, consumer goods and active political organizations, capable of competing in the global market of the traditionally dominant value chain. The methodologies were a literature review and a content analysis of data collected from November 2021 to April 2022 on two social media platforms: Facebook and YouTube. In the first, a netnography was carried out in two online groups. On YouTube, data was collected using the online tool YouTube Data Tolls, which searched for videos published during the aforementioned period with references to vegan issues, and created a network of the main channels that shared this content. By analyzing this data, it was possible to identify how the vegan movement has strengthened in Brazil through the use of and active engagement with social media, which contributes to the consolidation of lifestyles in terms of the production, circulation and consumption of material and symbolic goods.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as diferentes estratégias de ativismos que os veganos utilizam em plataformas de mídias sociais, especialmente Facebook e YouTube, no Brasil. A popularização do veganismo no país está diretamente ligada as chegadas da internet e à emergência das chamadas "comunidades virtuais" que fortaleceram ações políticas próprias expressas pelo ativismo alimentar. Diante disso, ao analisar o veganismo enquanto um movimento social, torna-se importante compreender como o mesmo utiliza, de maneiras diferentes, plataformas de mídia sociais para organizar, agir, engajar e repercutir estilos, identidades, bens de consumo e organizações políticas ativas, capazes de disputarem o mercado global da cadeia de valores tradicionalmente dominantes. As metodologias foram as revisão bibliográfica e uma análise de conteúdo de dados coletados, durante o período de novembro de 2021 a abril de 2022, em duas plataformas de mídias sociais: Facebook e YouTube. Na primeira, foi realizada uma netnografia em dois grupos online. No YouTube, uma coleta de dados a partir da ferramenta online YouTube Data Tolls em que foram buscados vídeos publicados, durante o período já mencionado, com referências a temática vegana, e criada uma rede dos principais canais que compartilharam esse conteúdo. A partir da análise desses dados, foi possível identificar como o movimento vegano se fortaleceu no Brasil a partir do uso e engajamento ativo nas mídias sociais, que colaboram para a consolidação de estilos de vida em termos de produção, circulação e consumo de bens materiais e simbólicos.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos de los delitos informáticos y sus respuestas legales en Ecuador. Para ello el estudio se basó en el método cualitativo con un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía recopilada, para lo cual se realizó una revisión documental de libros; artículos de revista y la legislación ecuatoriana, sobre los diferentes sucesos acaecidos de delitos informáticos que se comenten en el Ecuador, con un énfasis en los ciberataques; y en cómo se encuentran tipificados los delitos informáticos en las leyes. En conclusión, se establece que el Ecuador no posee una estructura legislativa que respalde la seguridad de la información de los ciudadanos, así mismo, existe falencias en relación a la tipificación del delito informático, así como, el reconocimiento de las diferentes actividades que propenden a este delito y la inexistente promoción de protocolos seguros ante la vulnerabilidad de los usuarios.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the challenges of computer crimes and their legal responses in Ecuador. For this, the study was based on the qualitative method with a descriptive analysis of the collected bibliography, for which a documentary review of books was carried out; magazine articles and Ecuadorian legislation, on the different incidents of computer crimes that are discussed in Ecuador, with an emphasis on cyberattacks; and how computer crimes are classified in the laws. In conclusion, it is established that Ecuador does not have a legislative structure that supports the security of citizens' information, likewise, there are shortcomings in relation to the classification of computer crime, as well as the recognition of the different activities that tend to this crime and the non-existent promotion of safe protocols due to the vulnerability of users.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o debate sobre raça e etnia em meio às organizações de extrema-direita na internet, usando Portugal como estudo de caso. A questão principal é analisar como a extrema-direita em Portugal, apesar de seu pequeno número de grupos, abrange um enorme campo de estruturas mundiais. Existem, basicamente, dois eixos ideológicos principais altamente opostos entre si. Um eixo afirma que Portugal pertence a um universo etno-europeu branco que visa um Portugal amalgamado a um continente europeu no qual os brancos deveriam ser a maioria incontestável, se não toda a população. Seus seguidores são influenciados por escolas de pensamento da Europa e dos Estados Unidos. O outro eixo afirma que o povo português é especialmente propenso à miscigenação com europeus não brancos. Este eixo visa um Portugal amalgamado com seu antigo império nos trópicos e baseia seu ideal em pensamentos surgidos no Brasil. Concluo que ambas as linhas ideológicas dividem a direita grupuscular portuguesa e dão um tom muito particular à metapolítica. extremadireita extrema internet caso grupos mundiais Existem basicamente si etnoeuropeu etno incontestável população Unidos Brasil metapolítica

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to contribute to the debate on race and ethnicity amidst Far-right internet organizations by using Portugal as a case study. The main issue is to analyze how the Far-right in Portugal, despite its small number of groupings, encompasses a huge overarching field of worldframes. There are, basically, two main ideological axes highly opposed to each other. One axis states that Portugal belongs to a white ethnoeuropean universe. It aims at a Portugal amalgamated to a European continent in which whites should be an undeniable majority, if not all its population. Its followers are influenced by schools of thought from Europe and the USA. The other axis states that the Portuguese people are especially prone to miscegenation with non-white Europeans. It aims at a Portugal amalgamated with its former Empire in the tropics and bases its ideal on thoughts emerged in Brazil. I conclude that both ideological lines cleave the Portuguese groupuscular right and give a very particular tone to Metapolitics. Farright Far study groupings worldframes basically universe majority population USA nonwhite non Europeans Brazil Metapolitics

The COVID-19 outbreak has changed pedagogical choices in the teaching of English. Social media has become one of the alternatives in mediating and assisting virtual teaching and learning. With the study reported on here we aimed to investigate the use of social media in the teaching of English during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesian schools. In this exploratory study we employed a 40-item questionnaire focusing on the types of social media used, skills taught, problems encountered, and how these were managed. The respondents were 158 English teachers from 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to generate interactive and comprehensive data. From the study it became clear that the most frequently used social media platforms in Indonesia were WhatsApp, YouTube, and Instagram. The combination of social media was found to be a suitable platform to employ for acquiring all English skills. Reasons for the use of social media range from practicality to teachers' familiarity. Teachers' teaching experience tended to influence the reasons why social media were used. The results of our study reveal that the internet networks, learners' readiness as well as parents' support were challenges encountered by learners. To solve these problems, teachers implemented some alternative social media platforms and communicated with parents to enhance English teaching during the pandemic.