A Revisão Periódica Universal (UPR) do Conselho de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas serve como um mecanismo crucial para monitorar e promover os direitos humanos globalmente. Ela proporciona uma plataforma para que os estados-membros relatem suas práticas de direitos humanos e recebam recomendações. Este estudo avalia o engajamento da Índia com a UPR, focando em seus compromissos e ações relativos aos direitos das mulheres nos primeiros três ciclos de revisão. Questões-chave como violência contra as mulheres, igualdade de gênero e direitos à saúde e reprodutivos são analisadas criticamente para entender o progresso e os desafios persistentes. O artigo avalia em profundidade a implementação das recomendações da UPR pela Índia, destacando realizações significativas e obstáculos contínuos, oferecendo insights sobre as dimensões socio-culturais, legais e políticas que afetam os direitos das mulheres na Índia. No entanto, ainda há uma grande lacuna entre os compromissos internacionais e as realidades vividas, apesar de alguns progressos terem sido feitos. Consequentemente, esses achados exigem esforços contínuos juntamente com o apoio internacional para melhorar a condição das mulheres na Índia. Este artigo conclui com recomendações para aprimorar os futuros engajamentos da Índia com a UPR e fortalecer seu quadro para proteger e promover os direitos das mulheres.

La Revisión Periódica Universal (UPR) del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas sirve como un mecanismo crucial para monitorear y promover los derechos humanos a nivel mundial. Proporciona una plataforma para que los estados miembros informen sobre sus prácticas de derechos humanos y reciban recomendaciones. Este estudio evalúa la participación de India en la UPR, enfocándose en sus compromisos y acciones con respecto a los derechos de las mujeres a lo largo de los primeros tres ciclos de revisión. Se analizan críticamente cuestiones clave como la violencia contra las mujeres, la igualdad de género y los derechos de salud y reproductivos para comprender el progreso y los desafíos persistentes. El documento evalúa en profundidad la implementación de las recomendaciones de la UPR por parte de India, señalando logros notables y obstáculos persistentes, al tiempo que ofrece perspectivas sobre las dimensiones socio-culturales, legales y políticas que afectan los derechos de las mujeres en India. Sin embargo, a pesar de algunos avances, sigue existiendo una gran brecha entre los compromisos internacionales y las realidades vividas. En consecuencia, estos hallazgos llaman a esfuerzos continuos junto con el apoyo internacional para mejorar la situación de las mujeres en India. Este documento concluye con recomendaciones para mejorar las futuras participaciones de India en la UPR y fortalecer su marco para proteger y promover los derechos de las mujeres.

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Nations Human Rights Council serves as a crucial mechanism for monitoring and promoting human rights globally. It provides a platform for member states to report on their human rights practices and receive recommendations. This study evaluates India’s engagement with the UPR, focusing on its commitments and actions concerning women’s rights across the first three review cycles. Key issues such as violence against women, gender equality, and health and reproductive rights are critically analysed to understand progress and persisting challenges. The paper assesses India’s implementation of UPR recommendations in depth; pointing out noteworthy accomplishments and persisting hurdles while offering insights into socio-cultural, legal and policy dimensions affecting women’s rights in India. However, there is still a huge gap between international commitments and the lived realities despite some progress having been made. Consequently, these findings call for continuous efforts together with international support toward improving women’s status in India. This paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing India’s future engagements with the UPR and strengthening its framework for protecting and promoting women’s rights.

This paper examines a specific unconferencing methodology designed for the HELTASA (un)conference, an international online event held in 2021 in South Africa. Drawing from the principles of unconferencing and decolonisation, the description of the unconferencing methodology in this paper is interspersed with collective autoethnographic reflections, collected through individual and collective writing engagements, to engage with our complex narratives as designers, facilitators, and presenters/participants of this (un)conference. Through selected vignettes of reflective moments in planning and facilitating this (un)conference, we explore opportunities and challenges when adopting both principles of unconferencing and decolonisation in our practice. We end the paper with a discussion of the possibilities of adopting a decolonial unconferencing model in the global South through a colonial matrix of power.

The study examines the recent experiences of South Africa's competition authorities in engaging with competition matters in the country's digital markets. Specifically, the authors examine engagements by the Competition Commission South Africa (CCSA), the Competition Tribunal of South Africa, and the Competition Appeal Court (CAC) with three regulatory elements: (1) mergers, examined through the MIH and WeBuyCars and Google and Fitbit cases; (2) abuse of dominance, examined through the GovChat v Facebook case; and (3) cartel conduct, examined through the Competition Commission v Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited & Others case. In reviewing the decisions made in these cases, the authors highlight regulatory considerations that are coming to the fore in response to competition matters in digital markets.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has changed the way that governments communicate and engage with citizens. In emergencies, effective communication must be immediate, grounded in science, transparent, easy to understand and in language-appropriate messaging delivered through multiple and varied platforms. For the South African (SA) COVID-19 response, the intent was to design an agile, locally relevant Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) strategy as the pandemic was unfolding and to constantly evaluate its implementation. Early involvement of communities in the formulation and direction of a risk communication plan is essential to its success OBJECTIVE: To outline the significance of the RCCE's robust communication strategy during the COVID-19 response and the lessons learnt in executing the strategy METHODS: This is a qualitative review of documents and reports generated and utilised by the RCCE Technical Working Group (TWG) and reflects the lessons learnt from discussions and multiple engagements at district, provincial and national levels. The review incorporates lessons learnt from international practice, resource documents from the World Health Organization (WHO), RCCE readiness and response to coronavirus disease, feedback from the Behavioural Science Ministerial Advisory Committee, input from the call centre, website and various established social media platforms RESULTS: Communication and building trust with multiple stakeholders begin before an outbreak and is a prerequisite to facilitate the timeous flow of information, particularly in the context of a rapidly evolving outbreak of a new disease, where the scientific community does not immediately have all the answers. Initial COVID-19 messages were therefore filled with challenges that ranged from the lack of scientific and epidemiological information to rumours, conspiracy theories and misinformation. The findings validate that empowering communities to act, strengthening public trust and community participation using multiple channels as well as timely responses to rumours and misinformation are important drivers of COVID-19 communication efforts in SA. Communication efforts must be accelerated to translate science into locally relevant languages and the impact of interventions must be measured to appropriately direct limited resources. Conclusion. The risk communication strategy incorporated several key lessons that could be used to improve communication and inform future emergency response communication that is immediate, science-based, transparent, inclusive and encourages community participation

This article offers a qualitative case study of how COVID has changed an existing international education partnership between the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in South Africa and Western Sydney University (WSU) in Australia which involves collaboration with the not-for-profit Nsasani Trust and focuses on sustainability. Before COVID, both universities ran joint student mobility programs in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and were developing further plans for staff mobility and co-developed postgrad programs involving residency in both countries. These plans changed as a result of the COVID pandemic, which started in early 2020. Societal responses to the COVID pandemic, including national border closures, have forced academics, administrators and students to reconsider how internationalisation programs function during and after the pandemic. Using a qualitative case study based on personal experience, we argue that pre-existing university-to-university connections built before COVID will sustain linkages, but that the previous structure of engagement -based on physical mobility - can shift to new arrangements that can be run fully digitally or used to support limited mobility when international travel resumes in the future. We position the UJ-WSU relationship in the historical context of internationalisation to both highlight the enduring nature of international engagements and suggest that changes are required to make international education sustainable.

Résumé: Cet article analyse l’interrelation entre le changement climatique, les entreprises et les droits de l’homme. L’objectif principal est de déterminer les obligations des entreprises en matière de climat, qui devraient être incluses dans le régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique afin de partager, avec les États, des engagements contraignants en matière de réduction des émissions et de garantir les conditions nécessaires à la jouissance des droits de l’homme dans la mise en œuvre de processus efficaces de diligence raisonnable. À cette fin, le document examine certains instruments du soft law qui contiennent ou clarifient les normes climatiques applicables aux activités commerciales ou reconnaissent le rôle des entreprises dans la lutte contre le changement climatique.

Abstract: This paper analyses the interrelation between climate change, businesses and human rights. The main objective is to discern the climate obligations of corporations, which should be included in the international climate change regime in order to share binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets with States and ensure the necessary conditions for the enjoyment of human rights through the implementation of effective and comprehensive due diligence processes. To this end, the paper examines some soft law instruments that contain or clarify climate standards applicable to business activities or recognize the role of corporations in addressing climate change.

Resumen: La presente investigación analiza la interrelación entre el cambio climático, las empresas y los derechos humanos. Esto, con el objetivo de discernir las obligaciones climáticas de las empresas que, consideramos, deberían estar incluidas en el régimen internacional del cambio climático con el fin de que, junto con los Estados, compartan los compromisos vinculantes de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aseguren las condiciones necesarias para el disfrute de los derechos humanos a través de la implementación de procesos efectivos e integrales de diligencia debida. Para ello, se analizan algunos instrumentos internacionales de soft law que contienen o clarifican estándares climáticos aplicables a las operaciones de las empresas o reconocen el papel de las empresas en la lucha contra el cambio climático.

Resumo Jacques Derrida entregou a base de os Espectros de Marx: O Estado da Dívida, a Obra do Luto e a Nova Internacional como discurso plenário na conferência ‘Whither Marxism?,’ na Universidade da Califórnia, em Riverside, em 1993. A versão mais longa do livro foi publicada em francês no mesmo ano e em inglês e português no ano seguinte. Uma década após a publicação dos Espectros, as análises de Derrida provocaram uma grande literatura crítica e convidaram tanto a consternação quanto a celebração de figuras como Antonio Negri, Wendy Brown e Frederic Jameson. Este fórum procura estimular novas reflexões sobre Derrida, desconstrução e Espectros de Marx, considerando como futuro do passado anunciado pelo livro se saiu depois de um movimentado quarto de século. Neste quarto grupo de contribuições, Thomas Clément Mercier mostra como o livro de Derrida, além de questionar a recepção e a influência, ainda precisa ser lido, especialmente à luz das pesquisas de arquivo em andamento sobre os engajamentos de Derrida com os escritos de Marx em seminários da década de 1970; e Paulo Chamon oferece uma avaliação crítica da promessa de Derrida de uma ‘Nova Internacional,’ considerando como o livro se assusta de maneira a suscitar sérias questões em relação à soberania e subjetividade.

Abstract Jacques Derrida delivered the basis of The Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International as a plenary address at the conference ‘Whither Marxism?’ hosted by the University of California, Riverside, in 1993. The longer book version was published in French the same year and appeared in English and Portuguese the following year. In the decade after the publication of Specters, Derrida’s analyses provoked a large critical literature and invited both consternation and celebration by figures such as Antonio Negri, Wendy Brown and Frederic Jameson. This forum seeks to stimulate new reflections on Derrida, deconstruction and Specters of Marx by considering how the futures past announced by the book have fared after an eventful quarter century. In this fourth group of contributions, Thomas Clément Mercier shows how Derrida’s book, besides questioning reception and influence, yet remains to be read, especially in light of ongoing archival research on Derrida’s engagements with Marx’s writings in seminars from the 1970s; and Paulo Chamon offers a critical assessment of Derrida’s promise of a ‘New International’ by considering how the book spooks itself in such a way as to raise serious questions in regard to sovereignty and subjectivity.

Résumé: De la signature du Mexique du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale, tirent des engagements implicites et explicites qui doivent être respectées. D’une part, l’obligation de définir, dans la sphère domestique, les crimes compétence de la Cour et l’autre, l’obligation explicite d’avoir des dispositions internes qui pénalisent les infractions contre l’administration de la justice dans les procédures effectuées à la cour ou en relation avec elle et aussi permettre l’existence de procédures applicables à toutes les formes de coopération prévues dans le Statut. Cet article explore les différentes façons dont les États ont cherché à répondre à ces obligations et propose des moyens qui seraient plus possible dans le cas du Mexique, avec une référence particulière aux crimes de génocide, crimes contre l’humanité et crimes de guerre.

Abstract: Mexico’s signature of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, derive implicit and explicit commitments that must be met. On the one hand, the obligation to define, in the domestic sphere, crimes jurisdiction of the Court and, on the other, the obligation to have in place provisions penalizing offenses against the administration of justice in procedures performed at court or in connection with it and also allow secure procedures applicable to all forms of cooperation envisaged in the Statute. This paper explores the various ways in which States have sought to fulfill these obligations and proposes ways that would be more feasible in the case of Mexico, with particular reference to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.

Resumen: De la firma del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional por parte de México, derivan compromisos implícitos y explícitos que es necesario cumplir. De una parte, la obligación de tipificar, en el ámbito interno, los delitos competencia de la Corte y, de la otra, la obligación explícita de contar con disposiciones internas que permitan sancionar los delitos cometidos contra la administración de justicia en procedimientos efectuados en la Corte o en conexión con ella y que también permitan asegurar los procedimientos aplicables a todas las formas de cooperación previstas en el Estatuto. El presente trabajo explora las diversas formas en que los Estados han procurado cumplir con estas obligaciones y propone las vías que serían más factibles en el caso de México, haciendo especial referencia los crímenes de genocidio, lesa humanidad y de guerra.

Résumé On établit les sujets dominants, ainsi que les méthodes et les théories permettant d'analyser dans quelle mesure l'intérêt de plus en plus fort que portent au Moyen-Orient les mexicains qui étudient les relations internationales aurait pu contribuer à l'élaboration de politiques et à des engagements publics des chercheurs universitaires. Notre enquête commence par un examen des mémoires de licence et des thèses de maîtrise et de doctorat sur des sujets concernant le Moyen-Orient et ses pays, écrits depuis 1980 par des étudiants en relations internationales dans des universités mexicaines. Cela met en évidence des lacunes qui s'expliquent par les limitations des réseaux de recherche et de documentation, par le manque de ressourcesfinancières et par des priorités qui reflètent la réalité géographique du Mexique et ses rapports avec les États-Unis.

Abstract Predominant topics as well as methodological and theoretical tools are identified, which are then linked to the question of knowing how the growing interest in the Middle East among Mexican internationalists, and their efforts in this field, are effectively reflected in the policy relevance and public engagement of academics and scholars. The information presented here is mostly based on BA, Masters degree and PhD theses on Middle Eastern issues and countries that have been written by students of international relations since 1980 in four Mexican universities; it shows that there is a pending agenda, related to problems in research and documentation networks, a lack of financial resources, and the priorities set out by Mexico's geographical position, and its relationship with the United States.

Resumen Se identifican temas dominantes y herramientas metodológicas y teóricas para analizar en qué medida el interés creciente por el Medio Oriente entre internacionalistas mexicanos han podido conducir a la formulación de políticas y al compromiso público de académicos e investigadores. En esta etapa de la investigación, se revisan tesis de licenciatura, maestría y doctorado sobre temas y países de Medio Oriente escritas desde 1980 en la disciplina de relaciones internacionales en universidades mexicanas. La información explica que hay una agenda pendiente asociada a problemas en las redes de investigación y documentación, la falta de recursos financieros y las prioridades determinadas por la posición geográfica de México y su relación con Estados Unidos.

Abstract This article proposes Amazonia as a site to think world politics. The Amazon is invisible in the study International Relations (IR), yet its experiences are deeply global. I present the international dynamics at play in Amazonia at different historical moments to posit that this periphery has contributed to forging the political-economy of what is refer to as the core. The Amazon's absence from the study of IR speaks about the larger inequality in processes of knowledge production. Serious engagements with Amazonia are one way to invite a plurality of worlds in the production of theories, disrupting global divisions of labor in knowledge production ally.

General objective: Initiate activities to know the organizational environment of the workplace according to new legislation in Mexico, as result of the Labor Reform. Specific objective: to determine the level of work engagement of employees on board an oil and gas mexican offshore facility. Method: This was observation a land descriptive; the UWES-17 questionnaire Occupational Health Psychology Unit of Utrecht University, international Spanish version, was used. The method of selection was random. Results: The overall average level of engagement was high with score 5 on 50,8% of the population. 23% had complete state of engagement (very high). Dedication subscale score was 5,32 points, followed by vigor with 4,8, and finally absorption with 4,62. According job profile, workers with technical and operation activities showed higher level of engagement than those with command capacities. Discussion: Investigation of engagement is important to know the level of commitment that employees have with the organization. Conclusion: The level of work engagement was determined in the workplace; the results will be useful for the multidisciplinary team of health at work in planning promotional activities of the organizational environment as required by new legislation in Mexico.

Objetivo general: Iniciar actividades relativas al entorno organizacional del centro de trabajo acorde a la nueva legislación en México, resultado de la Reforma Laboral. Objetivo específico: determinar del nivel de engagement laboral de los empleados de un centro procesador de gas y aceite costa afuera. Método: Observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Se utilizó el cuestionario UWES-17 de la Occupational Health Psychology Unit of Utrecht University, versión hispana internacional. El método de selección fue aleatorio. Resultados: El promedio general del nivel de engagement fue alto con puntaje 5 en 50,8% de la población. 23% de trabajadores presentaron completo estado de engagement (muy alto). La subescala dedicación resultó con nivel de 5,32, seguido del vigor con 4,8 y finalmente la absorción con 4,62. De acuerdo al perfil de trabajo, aquellos con actividades técnicas y operativas mostraron alta calificación de engagement, mayor que aquellos en línea de mando. Discusión: La investigación del engagements importante para conocer el compromiso que los empleados tienen con la organización. Conclusión: Se determinó el nivel de engagement laboral en el centro de trabajo; los resultados serán de utilidad para el equipo multidisciplinario de Salud en el Trabajo en la planeación de actividades promotoras del entorno organizacional acorde a la nueva legislación mexicana.

Whistle-blowing can play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of corporate governance processes. In particular, legislation mandating that auditors blow the whistle on their clients' transgressions can assist in overcoming agency-related costs and improve confidence in external audit. This is, however, only the case if regulatory reform enjoys cohesion. The Companies Act No. 71 of 2008, by introducing a definition of 'reportable irregularities' different from that in the Auditing Profession Act No. 26 of 2005 (APA); excluding 'independent reviews' from the scope of APA; and effectively exempting the majority of South African companies from the requirement either to be audited or reviewed, may materially undermine whistle-blowing by auditors in South Africa. In turn, this begs the question: for how long will South Africa rank first globally for the quality of its auditing practices?

The Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) are currently debating the substance and form of an international agreement to improve the financing and coordination of research and development (R&D) for health products that meet the needs of developing countries. In addition to considering the content of any possible legal or political agreement, Member States may find it helpful to reflect on the full range of implementation mechanisms available to bring any agreement into effect. These include mechanisms for states to make commitments, administer activities, manage financial contributions, make subsequent decisions, monitor each other's performance and promote compliance. States can make binding or non-binding commitments through conventions, contracts, declarations or institutional reforms. States can administer activities to implement their agreements through international organizations, sub-agencies, joint ventures or self-organizing processes. Finances can be managed through specialized multilateral funds, financial institutions, membership organizations or coordinated self-management. Decisions can be made through unanimity, consensus, equal voting, modified voting or delegation. Oversight can be provided by peer review, expert review, self-reports or civil society. Together, states should select their preferred options across categories of implementation mechanisms, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. The challenge lies in choosing the most effective combinations of mechanisms for supporting an international agreement (or set of agreements) that achieves collective aspirations in a way and at a cost that are both sustainable and acceptable to those involved. In making these decisions, WHO's Member States can benefit from years of experience with these different mechanisms in health and its related sectors.

Los Estados miembros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) debaten en la actualidad el contenido y la forma de un acuerdo internacional para mejorar la financiación y coordinación de la investigación y el desarrollo (I + D) de productos sanitarios que satisfagan las necesidades de los países en desarrollo. Además de tener en cuenta el contenido de cualquier acuerdo legal o político posible, los Estados miembros consideran que sería útil que repercutiera en toda la gama de mecanismos de puesta en marcha disponibles para llevar a efecto cualquier acuerdo. Esto incluye los mecanismos que los estados pueden emplear para asumir compromisos, administrar actividades, gestionar contribuciones financieras, tomar decisiones posteriores, seguir la actuación de otros estados y fomentar el cumplimiento. Los estados pueden asumir compromisos vinculantes o no a través de convenciones, contratos, declaraciones o reformas institucionales; pueden administrar actividades para poner en práctica sus acuerdos por medio de organizaciones internacionales, sub-agencias, operaciones conjuntas u organizando procesos. Gracias a los fondos multilaterales especializados, instituciones financieras, organizaciones de afiliados o una autogestión coordinada, es posible gestionar las finanzas. Las decisiones se pueden tomar por unanimidad, consenso, votación con el mismo derecho a voto, votación moderada o delegación. Los exámenes por parte de un grupo de colegas o de expertos, los auto-informes o una sociedad civil son opciones a través de las cuales es posible garantizar una supervisión. Los estados deberían escoger juntos las opciones que prefieren de entre las categorías de mecanismos de puesta en marcha, pues cada una tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. El desafío reside en elegir las combinaciones de mecanismos más eficaces para respaldar un acuerdo (o conjunto de acuerdos) internacional que lleve a cabo las aspiraciones colectivas de un modo y con unos costes que sean tanto sostenibles como aceptables para las partes involucradas. A la hora de tomar esas decisiones, los Estados miembros de la OMS pueden beneficiarse de los años de experiencia que tanto el sector sanitario como los relacionados tienen con los diferentes mecanismos

Les États membres de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) débattent actuellement du fond et de la forme d'un accord international visant à améliorer le financement et la coordination de la recherche et du développement (R&D) des produits de santé qui répondent aux besoins des pays en développement. Outre l'examen du contenu d'un éventuel accord juridique ou politique, les États membres peuvent juger utile de réfléchir sur la gamme complète des mécanismes de mise en œuvre disponibles pour que tout accord entre en vigueur. Il s'agit notamment de mécanismes permettant aux États de prendre des engagements, de régir les activités, de gérer les contributions financières, de prendre des décisions ultérieures, de surveiller les résultats mutuels et de promouvoir la conformité. Les États peuvent prendre des engagements contraignants ou non contraignants par le biais de conventions, contrats, déclarations ou réformes institutionnelles. Les États peuvent régir les activités visant à mettre en œuvre leurs accords par l'intermédiaire d'organisations internationales, de sous-agences, de coentreprises ou de processus d'auto-organisation. Le financement peut être géré par des fonds spécialisés, des institutions financières multilatérales, des organisations associatives ou l'autogestion coordonnée. Les décisions peuvent être prises à l'unanimité, par consensus, par vote égal, vote modifié ou délégation. Le contrôle peut être effectué par des pairs, des examens d'experts, des auto-évaluations ou la société civile. Ensemble, les États doivent choisir les options qu'ils préfèrent parmi toutes les catégories de mécanismes de mise en œuvre, dont chacune présente des avantages et des inconvénients. Le défi réside dans le choix des combinaisons de mécanismes les plus efficaces pour soutenir un accord international (ou un ensemble d'accords) qui réalise les aspirations collectives d'une manière et à un coût qui soient à la fois durables et acceptables pour les parties concernées. En prenant ces décisions, les États membres de l'OMS peuvent bénéficier d'années d'expérience avec ces différents mécanismes dans le domaine de la santé et ses secteurs connexes.

Desde la sistematización de las posiciones teóricas más relevantes sobre las relaciones entre el Derecho interno y el Derecho internacional, el trabajo que se presenta al lector aborda, en el contexto cubano histórico y presente, las normativas que pautan las relaciones entre las preceptivas foráneas e internas y los estudios doctrinales patrios a este respecto. En este sentido, se realizan valoraciones en torno a la recepción de tratados internacionales en Cuba, y en consecuencia, se fundamentan presupuestos teóricos para su perfeccionamiento, en pos de preservar la unidad y coherencia interna del ordenamiento jurídico cubano, así como la armonía entre los compromisos internacionales y el Derecho nacional.

Using the systematization of the most relevant theoretical positions on the relationship between domestic law and international law, the present work addresses the reader, in the historical and present context of Cuba, with the regulations that control the relationship between foreign and domestic norms, and national academic studies with respect to this topic. Thus, evaluations about the reception of international treaties in Cuba will be made, and in turn, theoretical propositions to perfect this process will be presented, with the aim of preserving the internal unity and coherence of the Cuban legal system, as well as the harmony with its international promises and national law.

Depuis la systématisation des postes les plus pertinents théoriques sur la relation entre le droit interne et du droit international, le travail présenté s'adresse au lecteur dans le contexte historique et actuel de Cuba, les règlements qui guident les relations entre étrangers et natio-naux obligatoires et patriotiques études doctrinales à cet égard. En ce sens, les évaluations sont faites concernant la réception des traités internationaux à Cuba, et, par conséquent, les théories qui sous-tendent son développement afin de préserver l'unité et la cohérence interne du système juridique cubain et l'harmonie entre engagements internationaux et le droit national.

INTRODUCTION: To achieve the greater efficiency and the better functioning of plants for water treatment for hemodialysis, it is necessary to analyze previously the water to be supplied for this procedure to the end of be contracted with a suitable design according to the required quality and later it must to be guarantee that its starting be carried out without health affectations compromising the patient's safety. OBJECTIVE: To design protocols for hiring and starting of new plants for water treatment for hemodialysis. METHODS: A review of national and international literature for selection of procedures adapted to present conditions of our country and the experience acquired for years was used in the concepts assessment of plants of water treatment. RESULTS: The concepts of protocols designed are showed as well as its implementation in eight engagements of water treatment plants and two starting. CONCLUSIONS: The protocols developed allow the availability for the first time of tools to standardize the actions to be executed to guarantee the water quality for engagement and starting of plants of water treatment for hemodialysis ant to contribute to minimize the clinical complications in patients and to increase its quality of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Para lograr la mayor eficiencia y el mejor funcionamiento de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas para hemodiálisis se hace necesario analizar previamente el agua que va a ser suministrada para ese procedimiento, con el fin de que sean contratadas con un diseño idóneo de acuerdo con la calidad requerida, y posteriormente debe garantizarse que su puesta en marcha se realice sin afectaciones sanitarias que comprometan la seguridad de los pacientes. OBJETIVO: Elaborar protocolos para la contratación y puesta en marcha de nuevas plantas de tratamiento de aguas para hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura internacional y nacional para la selección de procedimientos adecuados a las condiciones actuales del país y se utilizó la experiencia adquirida durante años en la evaluación de características de plantas de tratamiento de aguas. RESULTADOS: Se presentan las características de los protocolos elaborados y la aplicación de estos en ocho contrataciones de plantas de tratamiento y dos puestas en marcha. CONCLUSIONES: Los protocolos desarrollados permiten disponer por primera vez en el país de herramientas para uniformar las acciones que se deben ejecutar con el fin de garantizar la calidad del agua para la contratación y puesta en marcha de plantas de tratamiento de aguas de hemodiálisis, y contribuir a minimizar las complicaciones clínicas en los pacientes y a aumentar su calidad de vida.