Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Abstract In this conversation, Abel Perles reviews the trajectory and exponential transformation of Productora since its beginnings in 2006 departing from events relevant to the studio. Its cosmopolitan atmosphere as well as its awareness of being an emerging actor in a new generation of architects are explored. The team's participation in international awards and the early and immediate recognition of the quality of the work leading to invitations for architectural contests and the possibility of carrying out important works in Mexico and abroad are also addressed. The meaning of the name of the office and the project; conceptual, formal, and material concerns linked to the production of works; a strong interest in spreading and promoting architecture along with the discussions that take place within and from Latin America, are part of this conversation. There is also a reflection on Productora as a name that anticipates a Latin American way of doing things dealing with the obvious, the intelligent, the necessary, the uncomfortable, the informal and the uncertain.

Resumen En la presente conversación Abel Perles revisa la conformación, el devenir y la transformación exponencial de PRODUCTORA desde sus inicios en 2006, a partir de eventos relevantes para el estudio, así como también su carácter cosmopolita y el saberse actores emergentes de una nueva generación de arquitectos. La participación en convocatorias internacionales y el temprano e inmediato reconocimiento a la calidad de sus trabajos, que le posibilitó la invitación a concursos de arquitectura y la realización de grandes obras en y fuera de México son asimismo temas de este intercambio. El sentido del nombre de la oficina y las inquietudes proyectuales, conceptuales, formales y materiales vinculadas a la producción de obras, junto a un fuerte interés por difundir y promocionar la arquitectura y las discusiones que acontecen en y desde América Latina, forman parte de esta conversación. De igual forma, está presente una reflexión en torno a PRODUCTORA, en tanto un nombre que anticipa un modo de hacer latinoamericano que se sucede entre lo obvio, lo inteligente, lo necesario, las incomodidades, la informalidad y la incertidumbre.

Abstract Based on Ruth Verde Zein professional background as a researcher, historian, teacher, and architecture critic, this conversation presents reflections on current architectural production, historiography, and criticism in Latin America, particularly in Brazil. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Ruth has observed architectural production changes in both work organization and design approach responsiveness. There has been an emergence of collectives with unique features and an increased emphasis on landscape as a source of inspiration for project development. Regarding historiography and criticism, she reflects on the quantitative and qualitative changes and the potential academic and professional exchanges that have occurred within the last two decades. Concerning her participation in the Ibero-American Biennial Awards (2008), the successive editions of the Mies Crown Hall Americas Prize (MCHAP), the Salmona, and the International Students Architectural Award (ISAA), she describes the use of various criticism exercises to test truly innovative and contemporary approaches to architecture in Latin America.

Resumen A partir de la trayectoria profesional de Ruth Verde Zein como investigadora, historiadora, docente y crítica de arquitectura, la presente conversación ensaya algunas reflexiones sobre la producción, la crítica de arquitectura y la historiografía recientes en América Latina y principalmente en Brasil. Desde los inicios de este siglo XXI y en torno a la producción de arquitectura, Ruth registra mutaciones en la organización del trabajo y en la sensibilidad proyectual: la emergencia de una trama de colectivos con características particulares y la consideración del paisaje como un incentivo, un estímulo para pensar el proyecto. En relación a la historiografía y a la crítica reflexiona en torno a los cambios cuantitativos, cualitativos y a las posibilidades de intercambios académicos y profesionales operados en estas últimas dos décadas. A propósito de su participación en los premios de la Bienal Iberoamericana (2008), en sucesivas ediciones del Mies Crown Hall Americas Prize (MCHAP), en el Salmona y en el International Students Architectural Award (ISAA), se refiere a la puesta en acto de diferentes ejercicios de crítica que le permiten ensayar abordajes y aproximaciones realmente contemporáneos y originales en torno a la arquitectura en Latinoamérica.

Abstract: Daniela Tarazona (Mexico, 1975) belongs to the new wave of Latin American writers who through their narratives build unusual worlds that challenge the prototypical female body and literary corpus. She has been the recipient of several national and international awards and distinctions and the critical acclaim for her work is growing. The following interview stems from the interest in locating the intimate motivations behind the creation of two of his most commented works due to their structural rarity and autobiographical components: El animal sobre la piedra (2008) and Isla partida (2021). In this interview, Daniela Tarazona speaks about the difficulties in constructing those alternative spaces that transgress our conventional reasoning.

Resumen: Daniela Tarazona (México,1975) pertenece a la nueva ola de escritoras latinoamericanas que construyen en su narrativa mundos insólitos que corrompen el prototípico cuerpo y corpus femenino. Ha sido acreedora a varios premios y distinciones a nivel nacional e internacional, y la crítica sobre su obra va en aumento. La siguiente entrevista parte del interés por ubicar las motivaciones íntimas detrás de la creación de dos de sus obras más comentadas por su rareza estructural y componentes autobiográficos: El animal sobre la piedra (2008) e Isla partida (2021). En esta entrevista, Daniela Tarazona habla acerca de las dificultades y los desafíos para concretar espacios alternativos a la norma y la episteme convencional.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo central identificar y analizar las temáticas del cine mexicano premiado en festivales internacionales nodales entre 2000 y 2020. El estudio emplea una metodología mixta que combina una búsqueda longitudinal para la conformación de una base de datos histórica sobre películas premiadas mexicanas en festivales internacionales durante dos décadas. La metodología cuantitativa se usa para conocer el número de películas mexicanas premiadas internacionalmente, así como su evolución en el tiempo y sus temáticas durante las décadas de 2000 a 2020, a través de la construcción de una base de datos con fundamento en informes y bases de datos especializadas. El análisis teórico-metodológico de los discursos cinematográficos se realiza con base en los conceptos sobre la violencia desarrollados por Galtung, Foucault, Arendt, Butler, Magnani, Han, así como desde el concepto de estructura del sentimiento de Williams. El estudio revela que un 81% de los premios recibidos por la cinematografía mexicana en festivales internacionales trata sobre un tipo de violencia estructural, directa o cultural, expresadas a través de la violencia de Estado, pobreza y desigualdad, violencia de género, violencia intrafamiliar y la guerra contra el narcotráfico. El cine mexicano que ha participado durante las últimas dos décadas en festivales internacionales nodales, ha experimentado una tendencia progresiva a tratar temas relacionados con la violencia en México y es previsible que siga esta tendencia.

Abstract The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the themes of Mexican cinema awarded at nodal international festivals between 2000 and 2020. The study uses a mixed methodology that combines a longitudinal search for the creation of a historical database on award-winning Mexican films at international festivals. For two decades. The quantitative methodology is used to know the number of internationally awarded Mexican films, as well as their evolution over time and their themes during the decades from 2000 to 2020, through the construction of a database based on reports and databases, specialized data. The theoretical-methodological analysis of cinematographic discourses is carried out based on the concepts of violence developed by Galtung, Foucault, Arendt, Butler, Magnani, Han, as well as from Williams’s concept of structure of feeling. The study reveals that 81% of the awards received by Mexican cinematography at international festivals deal with a type of structural, direct or cultural violence, expressed through state violence, poverty and inequality, gender violence, domestic violence and the war on drugs. The Mexican cinema that has participated during the last two decades in nodal international festivals, has experienced a progressive tendency to deal with issues related to violence in Mexico and it is foreseeable that this trend will continue.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre a relação entre o movimento feminista contemporâneo na Argentina e suas formas de expressão que se expandem nas narrativas transmídia (NT), espalhadas em inúmeros suportes. Atualmente, com a digitalização, as histórias da realidade real e da realidade virtual estão desfocando suas fronteiras. A intervenção no campo social e cultural dos feminismos desencadeia narrativas transmídia. Eles são revelados tanto na web (fotografias, vídeos, curtas-metragens, eventos de rede com conteúdo interativo) quanto em expressões artísticas em várias marchas e eventos sociais (performances, instalações, música, mapeamento). Também é essencial fazer uma pausa para traçar o caminho inverso, onde o NT não é apenas reprodutor, mas também produtor de ideologia. Nesse sentido, o campo de batalha se estende às fronteiras virtuais, onde são desencadeados debates, propostas, chamadas e textos audiovisuais que constroem e expandem o mundo simbólico. Na apresentação, serão expostos trabalhos que consideramos o NT nos feminismos contemporâneos da Argentina. O corpus consistirá em dois casos específicos de produções audiovisuais realizadas nos subúrbios de Buenos Aires, no UNITV (canal de TV na Web da Universidade Nacional de General Sarmiento). Dessa forma, pretende-se exibir trabalhos que não surgem apenas na Capital Federal, mas em contextos mais distantes que nutrem esses NTs feministas e a Universidade como geradora de pensamento. O primeiro exemplo será Toolbox (2018), uma série de 32 microprogramas que abordam o feminismo a partir de questões que desafiam a sociedade (diferença salarial, trabalho doméstico, namoro violento, beleza e corpos, etc.). O formato, guiado por referências de jovens feministas como Bimbo Godoy e Charo López, apela ao humor como uma forma de interpelação para o espectador. Seu sucesso ressoou internacionalmente (Espanha, México) e foi declarado de interesse pelo Senado da Nação, o Legislativo de Buenos Aires, foi vencedor dos prêmios TAL e é indicado aos prêmios Lola Mora. No segundo caso, será o ciclo Ruínas (2019), liderado por Marlene Wayar (referência de travestis) que entrevista artistas e acadêmicos de travestis e converte o lugar comum ao qual eles são relegados como coletivos. O programa definido por seu host é um “... refazendo as contradições em que estamos sempre em busca de propostas que rompam com a lógica binária. Esta nova proposta tem a ver com o contextual. Em outras palavras, produzimos, criamos, nos pronunciamos a partir de um contexto fracassado. De um contexto de ecocídio. Estamos na dicotomia entre utopia e distopia ”.

Resumen Este trabajo tendrá por objeto pensar la relación entre el movimiento feminista contemporáneo de Argentina y sus formas de expresión, que se expanden en narrativas transmedia (NT), y que se extienden en numerosos soportes. Actualmente, con la digitalización, los relatos de la realidad real y la realidad virtual están desdibujando sus fronteras. La intervención en el campo social y cultural de los feminismos desata narrativas transmediáticas. Estas se revelan tanto en la web (fotografías, videos, cortometrajes, eventos en redes con contenido interactivo) como en expresiones artísticas en diversas marchas y manifestaciones sociales (performances, instalaciones, música, mapping). Asimismo es indispensable detenernos a trazar el camino inverso donde las NT no son solo reproductoras sino también productoras de ideología. En este sentido, el campo de batalla se extiende a las fronteras virtuales donde se desatan debates, propuestas, convocatorias y textos audiovisuales que construyen y amplían mundo simbólico. En la ponencia se expondrá una obra que consideramos NT en los feminismos contemporáneos de Argentina. El corpus se compone de un caso puntual de producción audiovisual realizada en el Conurbano bonaerense, en UNITV (canal de TV web de la Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento). De este modo, se pretende desplegar, por un lado, obras que no surjan únicamente en la Capital Federal sino en contextos más alejados y que nutren de miradas estas NT feministas; y, por el otro, obras que den cuenta de la Universidad como generadora de pensamiento. El ejemplo será Caja de herramientas (2018), una serie de 32 microprogramas que aborda el feminismo desde los temas que interpelan a la sociedad (brecha salarial, trabajo doméstico, noviazgos violentos, belleza y cuerpos, etc.). El formato, guionado por referentes de la juventud feminista como Bimbo Godoy y Charo López, apela al humor como modo de interpelación al espectador. El éxito de la serie ha resonado en el ámbito internacional (España, México), al tiempo que fue declarado de interés por el Senado de la Nación, la Legislatura porteña; fue ganador de los premios TAL y está nominado a los premios Lola Mora.

Abstract The present article aims at analyzing the relationship between the contemporary feminist movement in Argentina and its forms of expression, which are expanding in Transmedia Narratives (TNs) and include multiple platforms. Nowadays, due to digitalization, the stories of the actual reality and those of the virtual reality are blurring their lines. The intervention of feminisms on the social and cultural fields are unlocking transmedia narratives. These are revealed not only on the web (photos, videos, short films, events on social media with interactive content) but also through artistic expressions in several social demonstrations (performances, art installations, music, mapping). However, it is imperious to stop and trace the reverse path where the TNs are not only a means of ideology reproduction, but also a means of ideology production. In this sense, the battlefield expands itself towards virtual frontiers, where debates, proposals, calls and audiovisual texts that build and broaden a symbolic world take place. On the one hand, the purpose of this article is to showcase works that do not originate exclusively in the City of Buenos Aires, but in more remote contexts, which also nourish the different point of views on these feminist TNs. On the other hand, the intention is to present works that acknowledge the University as a thought generator. Therefore, our corpus will be comprised by a specific audiovisual production that is considered TN by the contemporary feminisms in Argentina, which was produced at UNITV (General Sarmiento National University´s web TV channel), in the Greater Buenos Aires area. Caja de herramientas (2018) is a series of 32 microshows which addresses feminism through topics that question the society (wage differences, domestic labor, violent relationships, beauty and body types, among others). The format, written by leaders of the feminist youth like Bimbo Godoy and Charo López, appeals to humor as a means of questioning the viewer. While this series has been declared of cultural interest by the Buenos Aires City Legislature and is currently nominated for the Lola Mora Awards (Argentina), it has also reached the international sphere (Spain, México) and has been awarded with the TAL Awards (Uruguay).

International business arbitration is not covered by Namibia's present arbitration law, the Arbitration Act 42 of 1965 (the Act). There is no explicit language in the Act that addresses foreign arbitration as the Act, solely by default, covers national or domestic arbitration. When it comes to international arbitration, the Act has many flaws. Modern commercial arbitrations are increasingly being guided by the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (MLICA) of UNCITRAL (the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) or by state legislation that has been influenced by it. It is undeniable that Namibia must embrace MLICA, including the majority of the 2006 revisions of the MLICA, in order to participate in the global economic village. Furthermore, Namibia has not yet ratified the 1958-adopted New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (CREFAA), which has been hailed as the most effective treaty governing global trade. This article suggests that Namibia should implement both the MLICA and the CREFAA. If this strategy is not adopted, businesses in Namibia will be hesitant to engage in international business transactions due to the lack of legal certainty that the New York Convention and contemporary domestic arbitration legislation bring.

Resumo Este artigo explora a interação entre o direito internacional de investimento e os direitos de propriedade intelectual mediante o exame de duas controvérsias arbitrais conhecidas como Philip Morris versus Uruguai e Philip Morris versus Austrália. Uma vez reconhecidos os direitos de propriedade intelectual como uma forma de investimento à luz de acordos internacionais, novos desafios sobre a autonomia regulatória nacional se impõem. O campo de pesquisa é a propriedade intelectual. O objetivo proposto é verificar se os tribunais arbitrais restringiram a autonomia regulatória do Uruguai e da Austrália. Em razão desse objetivo, a pesquisa adota o método de estudo de caso. Os resultados demonstram: (i) futuras controvérsias sobre investimentos podem considerar medidas nacionais para regular a propriedade intelectual como desapropriação indireta; (ii) o princípio do abuso de direito possui utilidade para impedir o reconhecimento da jurisdição em disputas de investimentos. Duas conclusões principais são obtidas: (i) as decisões finais arbitrais não restringiram a autonomia regulatória do Uruguai e da Austrália; (ii) os acordos internacionais de investimentos promovem potencial impacto sobre a autonomia regulatória nacional. Austrália impõem caso demonstram i (i indireta ii (ii obtidas

Abstract This article explores the interaction between international investment law and intellectual property rights through examining two arbitration disputes known as Philip Morris versus Uruguay and Philip Morris versus Australia. Once intellectual property rights are recognized as a form of investment under international agreements, new challenges concerning autonomy regulation of States are imposed. The field of research is intellectual property. The proposed objective is to verify whether arbitral tribunals have restricted autonomy regulation of Uruguay and Australia. Because of this objective, the research adopts the case study method. The results demonstrate: (i) further investment disputes can consider national measures to regulate intellectual property as indirect expropriation; (ii) the principle of abuse of rights is useful to preclude jurisdiction recognition over investment disputes. Two main conclusions are obtained: (i) the final arbitration awards do not restrict national regulatory autonomy of Uruguay and Australia; (ii) the international investment agreements can impact national regulatory autonomy. Australia imposed method demonstrate i (i expropriation ii (ii obtained

ABSTRACT Introduction: Scientific production is the set of products derived from research activity, where scientific articles, the presentation of studies at scientific events, awards, distinctions and many others stand out. Objective: To characterize the scientific production of the professors of the Faculty of Medical Sciences Miguel Enríquez during the period 2016-2020. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was carried out. The universe was made up of the annual scientific results of the faculty in relation to scientific publications, scientific events, awards and research projects. The articles were classified into groups according to databases that were indexed. Additionally, equivalent professor indexes for publications, projects, events and awards studied were analyzed. Results: A total of 403 scientific publications were counted, a quarter of them in 2020. The works published in national publishers, written in Spanish, by full-time professors predominated. Research was the field that contributed most of publications, indexed in Scopus and other international database. National events and awards prevailed. An average of 20 projects were submitted per year. The index of publications per equivalent professor, although low, showed an upward trend during the studied period. Conclusions: The analysis of five years of scientific results of the Faculty of Medical Sciences Miguel Enríquez reveals the imperative need to increase scientific production.

RESUMEN Introducción: La producción científica es el conjunto de productos derivados de la actividad de investigación, donde destacan los artículos científicos, la presentación de trabajos en eventos científicos, premios, distinciones y muchos otros. Objetivo: Caracterizar la producción científica de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Miguel Enríquez durante el periodo 2016-2020. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte retrospectivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los resultados científicos anuales del claustro de profesores en relación con las publicaciones científicas, eventos científicos, premios y proyectos de investigación. Los artículos se clasificaron en grupos según las bases de datos a las que están indexadas. Adicionalmente, se analizaron los índices equivalentes por profesor de las publicaciones, proyectos, eventos y premios. Resultados: Se contabilizaron en total 403 publicaciones científicas, la cuarta parte de estas en el año 2020. Predominaron los trabajos publicados en editoriales nacionales, escritas en castellano, por profesores a tiempo completo. La investigación fue el campo que aportó la mayoría de publicaciones, indexadas en Scopus y otras bases de datos internacionales. Predominaron los eventos y premios de carácter nacional. Se presentaron como promedio unos 20 proyectos anuales. El índice de publicaciones equivalente por profesor, aunque bajo, evidenció una tendencia al incremento durante el periodo estudiado. Conclusiones: El análisis de cinco años de los resultados científicos del claustro de profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Miguel Enríquez revela la necesidad imperiosa de incrementar la producción científica.

BACKGROUND: No prescribed standard disclosure requirements for integrated reporting exist. Instead, the International Integrated Reporting Framework is widely adopted, which provides guidelines for integrated reporting to improve the quality of information reported to end-users. These guidelines, however, allow management a degree of freedom in implementing integrated reporting, making the quality of disclosure thereof dependent on management's approach to reporting. In contrast to the purpose of integrated reporting stands the management of earnings where management can use judgement to manipulate financial reports to mislead end-users. The conflicting theoretical objectives of integrated reporting and earnings management (EM) pose the question of how these two variables relate to one another AIM: We examine the association between the quality of integrated reports and EM. SETTING: Our sample consists of 238 company-years from 2013 to 2017 that were listed as part of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) top 100 companies and were ranked on Ernst and Young (EY's) annual Excellence in Integrated Reporting Awards. The likely association between integrated report quality (IRQ) and EM was identified based on theoretical frameworks, including the stakeholder and agency theories. METHOD: We perform a robust, one-way cluster regression on our main empirical model, measuring IRQ on rankings, determined by the annual EY Excellence in Integrated Reporting Awards and EM through discretionary accruals. RESULTS: We find a statistically significant negative association between EM, measured as income increasing accruals, and IRQ. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that companies with income increasing EM activities are less likely to disclose higher quality integrated reports.

ABSTRACT José Martí declared: "Knowing how to sacrifice is the price of lasting success at everything." The work of Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo can be summed up in great sacrifices and successes during all his working life. He was an exceptional physician who knew how to link his administrative responsibilities to teaching and research. He was a tireless fighter for the advances in Medicine, the founder of the Cuban School of Pediatrics and a great example for Cuban and Latin American doctors. During his student life, he collaborated prominently with different activities, being the founder of the revolutionary militias. As soon as he graduated, he started to work in the pediatric hospital of Santa Clara. He also cared for the militiamen who were mobilized in the fight against bandits in El Escambray. After he finished his social service, he had already demonstrated his leadership condition; therefore, he was designed as deputy director of the Pedro Borrás Pediatric Hospital. His qualities as revolutionary as well as his intelligence and total dedication to work allowed him to be promoted to different management positions until he was positioned at the central level. He provided scientific advice to different countries in the world such as Guinea Bissau, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Mexico, and Guatemala. He taught numerous national and international postgraduate courses and received different awards as physician and researcher. His humanism, management methods, affable character and his sense of humor, even in difficult situations, make this Cuban medical professional an example to be followed for all generations of doctors.

RESUMEN José Martí sentenció: “Saberse sacrificar es el precio del éxito durable en todo”, y con grandes sacrificios y éxitos en su vida laboral se resume la obra del Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo, un médico excepcional que supo vincular sus responsabilidades administrativas con la docencia y la investigación. Incansable luchador por los avances de la Medicina, gestor de la Escuela Cubana de Pediatría, representa un gran ejemplo para los médicos cubanos y de Latinoamérica. Durante su vida estudiantil colaboró de forma destacada en las actividades que se desarrollaron, siendo fundador de las milicias revolucionarias. Una vez graduado es ubicado en el hospital pediátrico de Santa Clara, además atendía a los milicianos que se encontraban movilizados en la lucha contra bandidos en El Escambray. Al cumplir el servicio social, ya había demostrado sus condiciones de liderazgo, siendo ubicado como subdirector del Hospital Pediátrico “Pedro Borrás”; sus cualidades como revolucionario, inteligencia y entrega total al trabajo, le permitieron ser promovido a diferentes cargos de dirección hasta ser ubicado en el nivel central. Brindó asesoría científica a diferentes países del mundo, entre ellos, Guinea Bissau, Nicaragua, Bolivia, México y Guatemala; impartió numerosos cursos de postgrado nacionales e internacionales y recibió diferentes condecoraciones como médico e investigador. Unido a su humanismo, sus métodos de dirección, su carácter afable y su sentido del humor aun en situaciones difíciles, hacen de este profesional de la Medicina cubana un ejemplo a seguir para todas las generaciones de médicos.

The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights is a distinct body that protects human rights and develops jurisprudence in international and regional law. It is on this basis that it often awards compensation for human rights violations. However, while the Court gives reasons for compensation for pecuniary loss, it does not do so for nonpecuniary loss. With the aid of a conceptual approach, the contribution evaluates the argument that the Court's failure to give reasons for compensation for nonpecuniary loss indicates a lack of clarity. With the aid of Lucien Ikili Rashidi v Tanzania (2015), Mtikila v Tanzania (2011), Norbert Zongo v Burkina Faso (2015), Lohe Issa Konate v Burkina Faso (2016) and Armand Guehi v Tanzania (2015) this contribution evaluates the Court's approach to the grant of compensation for nonpecuniary loss. The Court's failure to give reasons in instances of nonpecuniary loss affects the application of the rule of law in the adjudication of cases. This contribution argues that the Court's jurisprudence presents an inconsistent approach to this problem. To substantiate this argument, this case discussion gives the facts and holding in Lucien Ikili Rashidi and identifies the lack of clarity by the African Court in dealing with non-pecuniary loss. This is followed with a close evaluation of the four earlier cases of Mtikila, Zongo, Konate and Guehi. A two-stage approach in dealing with compensation for the non-monetary loss is proposed. First, a finding of the existence of a human rights violation should be presumed sufficient to warrant the award of compensation for non-pecuniary loss. Second, the Court should then evaluate the amounts claimed against the principles of equity and the circumstances of the case

Abstract Purpose: The logistical and human resource challenges of implementing Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) impede its widespread use in resource-constrained medical schools. The goal of this study is to describe a multi-school collaboration, its processes and scholarly products. Methods: Three Mexican medical schools obtained a grant from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Latin American Awards Program. The project involved the development of a formative OSCE to assess clinical competence in undergraduate medical students at the end of internship, and to obtain validity evidence for its use. A formal consortium was created to develop and share OSCE stations. Faculty development workshops were implemented. Results: A nine-station OSCE was designed by the three schools’ consortium. A total of 81 examiners and 36 standardized patients were trained. A rubric was developed, and a software application created to capture the data. The test was used with 93 medical students. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 and G-coefficient 0.80. Several intended and fortuitous scholarly products were created. Conclusions: In resource-limited countries, the shared development and use of OSCE stations is a viable option for medical schools. International organizations can be successful catalyzers for implementing complex testing methods in developing countries. The products can be shared with other medical schools in the country and Latin America.

Resumen Propósito: El Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (ECOE) es una estrategia de evaluación que implica desafíos logísticos y de recursos humanos con ciertos requisitos de preparación y planeación para su implementación. El objetivo de este estudio es describir una colaboración entre tres escuelas de medicina para el diseño de escenarios, procesos y productos académicos. Método: Tres escuelas de medicina mexicanas obtuvieron una subvención del Programa de Premios Latinoamericanos de la National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). El proyecto implicó el desarrollo de un ECOE formativo para evaluar la competencia clínica en estudiantes de medicina de pregrado al final del internado médico, y obtener evidencia de validez del examen para su uso. Se creó un consorcio formal para desarrollar y compartir estaciones ECOE. Se implementaron talleres de capacitación del profesorado. Resultados: El consorcio de las tres escuelas diseñó un ECOE de nueve estaciones. Se capacitaron a 81 examinadores y a 36 pacientes estandarizados. Se desarrolló una rúbrica y se creó una aplicación de software para capturar los datos. Se aplicó una prueba piloto con 93 estudiantes de medicina. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0.94 y el coeficiente G 0.80. Se crearon varios productos académicos para divulgar los resultados. Conclusiones: La experiencia formativa entre tres instituciones de educación médica permitió el desarrollo conjunto de escenarios para evaluación de la competencia clínica de estudiantes. La implementación conjunta además permitió la conceptualización e implementación de nuevas herramientas de evaluación. Esta oportunidad abre la invitación para aprovechar las oportunidades que brincan las organizaciones internacionales para participar en convocatorias que desarrollen a las escuelas de medicina en México. Los aprendizajes se pueden desplegar con otras escuelas de medicina en el país y América Latina.

Résumé: Le Centre International pour le Règlement des Différends Relatifs aux Investissements (CIRDI) est une institution dédiée au règlement des différends entre investisseurs et États (RDIE). Depuis les années 1990, le nombre de cas soumis au CIRDI a augmenté. Pourtant, l’indépendance des arbitres au moment de prendre leurs décisions a été mise en cause, car les sentences de ces tribunaux favorisent les pays développés d’où généralement viennent les investisseurs demandeurs étrangers. L’objectif de cette investigation est de déterminer si les décisions des tribunaux arbitraux du CIRDI sont indépendantes de leur composition, quant à la nationalité des arbitres, par le biais d’une étude statistique des sentences.

Abstract: The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an institution devoted to the investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). From the 1990’s the number of cases filed before the ICSID has increased. Nevertheless, the ICSID arbitrators’ independence for making their decisions has been questioned, since their awards are said to benefit the developed countries from where foreign investors/claimants tend to be. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to determine whether the decisions made by the ICSID arbitral tribunals are actually independent from their composition, as for their arbitrators’ nationality, through a statistical study of the awards.

Resumen: El Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones (CIADI) es una institución dedicada a la solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (SCIE). A partir de la década de los noventa, el número de casos sometidos al CIADI se ha venido incrementando. Sin embargo, se ha cuestionado la independencia de sus árbitros en la toma de decisiones, afirmando que los laudos emitidos por estos tribunales favorecen a los países desarrollados, de los cuales suelen provenir los inversores extranjeros demandantes. El objeto de este trabajo es determinar, a través de un estudio estadístico de los laudos, si efectivamente los árbitros se han parcializado hacia los inversores demandantes en los laudos del CIADI, para ello se determinará el número de casos en los cuales los tribunales arbitrales favorecen a los inversores y los que favorecen a los Estados demandados. Además, se investigará si las decisiones de los tribunales arbitrales CIADI son independientes de la integración de éstos, en cuanto a la nacionalidad de sus árbitros.

ABSTRACT The article presents the experience of organizing the following projects in 2019 under the agreements with the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation: “Promoting Russian as a foreign language in Papua New Guinea through organizing and conducting online courses”, “Developing the courses database (introduction of new educational courses) of a complex educational portal aimed at self-training in educational programs of general, secondary vocational or additional education, including studying Russian as a foreign language”, “Organizing and ensuring the implementation of the International Methodological Projects Award “World of the Russian Word (Mir Russkogo slova)” targeted at teaching staff who carry out educational activities in Russian in foreign educational organizations”.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta la experiencia de organizar los siguientes proyectos en 2019 en virtud de los acuerdos con el Ministerio de Educación de la Federación de Rusia: "Promoción del ruso como lengua extranjera en Papua Nueva Guinea mediante la organización y realización de cursos en línea", "Desarrollo de la base de datos de cursos ( introducción de nuevos cursos educativos) de un portal educativo complejo dirigido a la auto-formación en programas educativos de educación general, secundaria profesional o adicional, incluido el estudio del ruso como lengua extranjera "," Organizar y garantizar la implementación del Premio Internacional de Proyectos Metodológicos " Mundo de la palabra rusa (Mir Russkogo slova) "dirigido al personal docente que realiza actividades educativas en ruso en organizaciones educativas extranjeras".