Abstract The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is the key pest in rose cut. Preliminary observations show that plants with high density of two-spotted mite exhibit nutritional imbalance, but there is not quantitative information about it. The objective was to determine the relation between two-spotted mite´s density and nutritional status of cut rose crop ‘Polo’. In four samplings, 60 spotted mite-free and 60 plants with over 60 mites per leaf (high infestation) were selected. In both cases, foliar analyses were carried out to determine the micro and macro elements as well as the Nutritional Unbalanced Index (IDN). The plants infested with two-spotted mite showed a nutritional disequilibrium due to reduced foliar concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese and copper. The percentage reduction in the concentration of these elements fluctuated between 0.3 to 29 % compared against control.

Resumen La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch, es la principal plaga del cultivo de rosas para corte (Rosa hybrida). Observaciones preliminares indican que plantas con alta densidad de araña roja presentan deficiencias nutrimentales, pero no existe información cuantitativa al respecto. El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la densidad de araña roja y el estado nutrimental de rosal ‘Polo’. En cuatro muestreos, se seleccionaron 60 plantas libres de araña roja y 60 plantas con más de 60 ácaros por hoja (infestación alta). En ambos casos se determinó, mediante análisis químico foliar, la cantidad de macro y micronutrimentos, así como el índice de desbalance nutricional (IDN). Las plantas con presencia de araña roja muestran desequilibrio nutrimental debido a la reducción en la concentración foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, manganeso y cobre. El porcentaje de reducción de la concentración de dichos elementos osciló entre 0.3 y 29 % respecto al testigo.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

Abstract Introduction. The perception that native plants in agricultural fields do not contribute positively to productive systems and should be eliminated in their entirety has caused multiple agronomic, environmental and social problems in agroecosystems around the world, such as selection of herbicide-resistant plants, contamination of water bodies, loss of biodiversity, increase in pest insect populations, and impact on the health of agricultural workers due to the intensive use of herbicides. Objective. To provide basic information on the origin of weeds in agriculture, the biological characteristics that make them harmful to human activities, and their ecological functions in the agroecosystem, as well as to propose the application of the concept of functional biodiversity for the agroecological management of weeds in crop fields. Development. In this moment of change towards agricultural production with less use of pesticides, weed management is still a great challenge. To ensure that integrated weed management advances towards agroecological strategies that allow a reduction in the use of herbicides, it is necessary to promote the beneficial biotic interactions that naturally regulate weeds. The study and application of functional biodiversity in agroecosystems then emerges as a need to manage vegetation in such a way that the negative effects of weeds on crops are minimized and the agroecosystem services of weeds are maximized. Conclusion. The differentiation between weeds and segetal vegetation as part of an agroecological management of cropping systems would allow maintaining a positive balance between productivity and biodiversity in agroecosystems.

Resumen Introducción. La percepción de que las plantas nativas de campos agrícolas no aportan nada bueno a los sistemas productivos y deben ser eliminadas en su totalidad ha provocado múltiples problemas agronómicos, ambientales y sociales en los agroecosistemas alrededor del mundo, tales como selección de plantas resistentes a herbicidas, contaminación de cuerpos de agua, pérdida de biodiversidad, aumento en las poblaciones de insectos plaga y afectación de la salud de trabajadores agrícolas debido al uso intensivo de herbicidas. Objetivo. Analizar el origen de las malezas en la agricultura, las características biológicas que las hacen perjudiciales para las actividades del ser humano y sus funciones ecológicas en el agroecosistema, así como proponer la aplicación del concepto de biodiversidad funcional para el manejo agroecológico de la vegetación en campos agrícolas. Desarrollo. En este momento de cambio hacia una producción agrícola con un menor uso de plaguicidas, el manejo de las malezas sigue siendo un gran reto. Para lograr que el manejo integrado de malezas avance hacia estrategias agroecológicas que permitan una reducción del uso de herbicidas es necesario promover las interacciones bióticas benéficas que regulan de forma natural a las malezas. El estudio y aplicación de la biodiversidad funcional en los agroecosistemas surge entonces como una necesidad para manejar la vegetación de forma tal que se minimicen los efectos negativos de las malezas en los cultivos y se maximicen los servicios agroecosistémicos de las arvenses. Conclusión. La diferenciación entre malezas y arvenses como parte de un manejo agroecológico de los sistemas de cultivo permitiría mantener un balance positivo entre productividad y biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas.

ABSTRACT Agroecology is presented as a comprehensive solution that addresses the challenges of nutrition and social economy by combining traditional knowledge and modern scientific practices. This approach promotes sustainable agricultural systems that benefit both the environment and local communities, emphasizing biodiversity, soil fertility and integrated pest management, thus reducing dependence on chemical inputs and promoting ecosystem resilience. The research focuses on how agroecology can improve nutrition by strengthening the social economy. In terms of nutrition, it promotes the production of fresh and diverse foods, improving food security and diet quality, and combating malnutrition and diet-related diseases. Economically, it strengthens local economies by supporting small farmers and fostering local markets, which promotes social and economic justice. Agroecological farmers earn more stable income by selling directly to conscious consumers, eliminating middlemen. Furthermore, agroecology contributes to food sovereignty, allowing communities to define their food systems according to their needs and values, creating a more just and sustainable economy.

RESUMEN La agroecología se presenta como una solución integral que aborda los desafíos de la nutrición y la economía social combinando conocimientos tradicionales y prácticas científicas modernas. Este enfoque promueve sistemas agrícolas sostenibles que benefician tanto al medio ambiente como a las comunidades locales, haciendo hincapié en la biodiversidad, la fertilidad del suelo y el manejo integrado de plagas, reduciendo así la dependencia de insumos químicos y promoviendo la resiliencia de los ecosistemas. La investigación se centra en cómo la agroecología puede mejorar la nutrición fortaleciendo la economía social. En términos de nutrición, promueve la producción de alimentos frescos y diversos, mejorando la seguridad alimentaria y la calidad de la dieta, y combatiendo la desnutrición y las enfermedades relacionadas con la alimentación. Económicamente, fortalece las economías locales apoyando a los pequeños agricultores y fomentando los mercados locales, lo que promueve la justicia social y económica. Los agricultores agroecológicos obtienen ingresos más estables vendiendo directamente a consumidores conscientes, eliminando intermediarios. Además, la agroecología contribuye a la soberanía alimentaria, permitiendo a las comunidades definir sus sistemas alimentarios de acuerdo con sus necesidades y valores, creando una economía más justa y sostenible.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations ofMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect ofM. anisopliaeon sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential ofM. anisopliaeas a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación por el impacto ambiental de los pesticidas químicos ha impulsado la exploración de soluciones alternativas y ecológicas para controlar las plagas de insectos. El uso de hongos entomopatógenos (FPE) como agente de control biológico es de suma importancia. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones deMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin sobre la mortalidad larvaria y la formación de pupas de larvas de mosca sierra, una plaga importante de las plantas de rosas. Nuestro estudio reveló un efecto dependiente de la concentración deMetarhizium anisopliaesobre las larvas de mosca sierra. A los 7 días después de la exposición al EPF, la concentración más alta (1 × 109conidios/ml) condujo a una tasa de mortalidad del 65.0 % y al día 11 la mortalidad larvaria alcanzó hasta el 82.5 %. La concentración más alta de EPF resultó en una formación de pupas mínima (7.5 %). Este estudio demuestra el potencial deMetarhizium anisopliaecomo un valioso agente de control biológico contra las infestaciones de larvas de mosca sierra en plantas de rosas.

Abstract The harmful effects of chemicals in conventional agriculture and the growing demand for food free of toxic residues has developed environmentally sustainable strategies. An effective alternative for integrated pest management in agricultural crops are biopesticides formulated with microorganic structures or from the production of active compounds. This paper describes the production processes of Beauveria bassiana for formulating biopesticides for agricultural use. The information was collected through a systematic search in Research Gate, Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed, using keywords such as production, Beauveria bassiana, solid fermentation, liquid fermentation and metabolites. The results affirm that B. bassiana is one of the microorganisms with great potential to produce biopesticides, due to the entomopathogenic mechanism of action and secondary metabolites, which can be used for the biological control of phytophagous insects. Likewise, for the formulation of B. bassiana it should be considered a profitable culture medium for large-scale production, also the control of environmental variables such as temperature at 25 ◦C, relative humidity 65-70 %, pH of 5.4, propagation time between 4 to 8 days, and for the liquid fermentation process, a constant agitation between 200 to 400 rpm must be maintained. Biological products represent an alternative to minimize the use of synthetic pesticides, reduce environmental pollution and ensure food safety and security.

Resumen Los efectos nocivos de los productos químicos en la agricultura convencional y la creciente demanda de alimentos libres de residuos tóxicos, ha dado lugar al desarrollo de estrategias sostenibles con el medio ambiente. Una alternativa eficaz para el manejo integrado de plagas en los cultivos agrícolas son los bioplaguicidas formulados con estructuras de microorganismos o a partir de la producción de los compuestos activos. En este contexto, el presente trabajo describe los procesos de producción de Beauveria bassiana para la formulación de bioplaguicidas de uso agrícola. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante una búsqueda sistemática en ResearchGate, Google Académico, ScienceDirect y PubMed, empleando palabras claves como producción, Beauveria bassiana, fermentación sólida, fermentación líquida y metabolitos. A partir de los resultados de la investigación se afirma que B. bassiana es uno de los microorganismos con gran potencial para la producción de bioplaguicidas, por el mecanismo de acción entomopatógeno y los metabolitos secundarios, que pueden ser utilizados para el control biológico de insectos fitófagos. Así mismo, en la producción de B. bassiana se debe considerar un medio de cultivo rentable a gran escala, además de controlar las variables ambientales como temperatura a 25 ◦C, humedad relativa 65-70 %, pH de 5.4, tiempo de propagación entre 4 a 8 días, y para el proceso de fermentación líquida agitación constante entre 200 a 400 rpm. Los productos biológicos representan una alternativa para minimizar el uso de plaguicidas sintéticos, reducir la contaminación ambiental y garantizar la seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos.

RESUMO: O ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae (KOCH, 1836), é uma das pragas mais importantes dos sistemas de produção de morangos em todo o mundo. Considerando a resistência de plantas como importante estratégia de manejo integrado, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos de 12 genótipos nas características biológicas desta praga, em condições de laboratório (25 ± 2 °C e UR 60 ± 10%; fotofase de 12 horas). O experimento foi realizado em condições de Laboratório sendo utilizado 12 tratamentos (genótipos), divididos em 20 repetições cada, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis resposta foram os parâmetros biológicos do ácaro-rajado e taxa de sobrevivência. O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae foram influenciados pelos diferentes genótipos de morangueiro. A cultivar Camarosa junto ao genótipo Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 afetaram negativamente o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae. O genótipo Seleção 02 demonstrou maior suscetibilidade ao ácaro-rajado, o qual apresentou rápido desenvolvimento e elevada taxa de sobrevivência. Conclui-se que os parâmetros reprodutivos de T. urticae são afetados em função do genótipo de morangueiro, sendo ‘Camarosa’ e os genótipos Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento, sugerindo uma possível resistência do tipo antibiose. RESUMO ácarorajado, ácarorajado ácaro rajado, rajado KOCH, KOCH (KOCH 1836, 1836 , 1836) mundo integrado 1 praga 25 (2 C 6 10% 10 horas. horas . horas) genótipos, (genótipos) cada casualizado T morangueiro 0 20170403 2017 04 03 2017-04-0 Concluise Conclui se ‘Camarosa antibiose 183 ( (genótipos 2017040 201 2017-04- 18 201704 2017-04 20170 2017-0 2017-

ABSTRACT: The spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), is one of the most important pests of strawberry production systems worldwide. Because plant resistance is an important integrated management strategy, the present study investigated the effects of 12 strawberry genotypes on the biological characteristics of this pest under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C and RH 60 ± 10%; 12:12-hour photophase). The experiment was carried using 12 treatments (genotypes), divided into 20 replications each, in a completely randomized design. The response variables were the biological parameters of the spider mite and its survival rate. The development and survival of T. urticae were influenced by different strawberry genotypes. The Camarosa cultivar together with genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 negatively affected the development and survival of T. urticae. The Selection 02 genotype had greatest susceptibility to the spider mite, which allowed fast development and high survival rate. The reproductive parameters of T. urticae were affected differently as a function of the strawberry genotype, with the Camarosa cultivar and the genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 being unfavorable to development, suggesting a possible resistance based on antibiosis. ABSTRACT Koch, Koch (Koch 1836, 1836 , 1836) worldwide strategy 1 25 (2 C 6 10% 10 1212hour hour photophase. photophase . photophase) genotypes, (genotypes) each design rate T 0 20170403 2017 04 03 2017-04-0 antibiosis 183 ( (genotypes 2017040 201 2017-04- 18 201704 2017-04 20170 2017-0 2017-

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Resumo A cultura da cana-de-açúcar Saccharum spp. (Poales: Poaceae) produz diferentes derivados para o mundo: açúcar, etanol e bioenergia. Apesar da aplicação de pesticidas, os insetos-praga ainda causam prejuízos econômicos, dentre eles a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) causando danos diretos e indiretos à planta. Este estudo avaliou a virulência de três espécies de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) e suas bactérias simbiontes contra a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar, em condições de laboratório. Quatorze tratamentos representados pelo controle (água destilada), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (HB EN01) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema rarum (Doucet, 1986) (PAM25) e Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 (All) (Rhabditida: Steinermatidae) nas concentrações de 25, 50, 75 e 100 juvenis infectantes (JIs)/inseto, e o produto químico padrão, tiametoxam, foram testados. Em um segundo experimento, a bactéria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas e Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 e Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar e Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) em 3,0 x 109 células/ml foram avaliadas para cada tratamento. Dez repetições foram estabelecidas, cada uma contendo dez fêmeas/cochonilhas dentro de uma placa de Petri de 10 cm, totalizando 100 indivíduos/tratamento. Todos os tratamentos foram mantidos em condições estáveis (25±1 ºC, U 70±10%, no escuro). Todas as espécies de nematoides infectaram S. sacchari. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) proporcionou a maior mortalidade contra a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar (79,25%), seguida por H. bacteriophora (HB EN01) (58,25%) e S. carpocapsae (All) (42,50%) (P<0,001). As taxas de mortalidade causada por X. szentirmaii, P. luminescens e X. nematophila foram de 40, 45 e 20%, respectivamente. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) tem condições de ser um agente potencial a ser incorporado ao manejo integrado de pragas da cana-de-açúcar.

Abstract Sugarcane crops Saccharum spp. (Poales: Poaceae) produces different derivatives to the world: sugar, ethanol and bioenergy. Despite the application of pesticides, insect pests still cause economic losses, among these the pink sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) causing direct and indirect damage to the plant. This study assess the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) species and their symbiont bacteria against the pink sugarcane mealybug, under laboratory conditions. Fourteen treatments represented by control (distilled water), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (HB EN01) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema rarum (Doucet, 1986) (PAM25) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 (All) (Rhabditida: Steinermatidae) at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/insect, and the standard chemical product, thiamethoxam, were assayed. In a second experiment, the bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas and Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 and Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar and Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) at 3.0 x 109 cells/ml were assessed for each treatment. Ten replications were stablished, each one counting ten females/mealybugs inside a 10 cm Petri dish, amounting 100 individuals/treatment. All treatments were kept under stable conditions (25±1 ºC, H 70±10%, in the dark). All nematodes species infected S. sacchari. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) provided the highest mortality against the pink sugarcane mealybug (79.25%), followed by H. bacteriophora (HB EN01) (58.25%) and S. carpocapsae (All) (42.50%) (P<0.001). The mortality rate caused by X. szentirmaii, P. luminescens and X. nematophila were 40, 45 and 20%, respectively. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) has conditions to be a potential agent to be incorporate into the integrated pest management in sugarcane.

Resumo O setor florestal brasileiro se destaca pela tecnologia, práticas de manejo florestal, responsabilidade social e ambiental e, principalmente, alta produtividade, mas pragas exóticas podem reduzir isto. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), percevejos predadores e fungos entomopatogênicos como Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são inimigos naturais usados no controle biológico do psilídeo-de-concha do eucalipto Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga em plantios de eucalipto. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos contra pragas exóticas vem aumentando no setor florestal e a prospecção e identificação de isolados fúngicos é importante para o manejo integrado de pragas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e identificação molecular de Cordyceps spp. e avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados de Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e Cordyceps fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63), obtidos de adultos de Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), ao psilídeo-de-concha G. brimblecombei. Os fungos foram isolados de adultos de B. tabaci encontrados em culturas de soja e tomate e identificados molecularmente. Os conídios foram suspensos em solução com Tween 80 (0,1%) na concentração de 1,0 x 108 conídios/mL e pulverizados sobre dez ninfas de G. brimblecombei por folha de Eucalyptus cortada e colocada sobre gel hidrorretentor no interior de placas de Petri por repetição. O número de insetos mortos foi quantificado, diariamente, por sete dias e transferidos para câmaras úmidas. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63) foram identificados por análise molecular e todos os isolados foram patogênicos para os insetos. Isto indica serem importantes para o manejo de G. brimblecombei e confirma relatos de que, normalmente, fungos causam maiores mortalidades em insetos da mesma ordem daquela da qual foram isolados.

Abstract The Brazilian forestry sector stands out for its technology, forestry management practices, social and environmental responsibility and, mainly, for its high productivity and exotic pests can reduce it. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an important pest in Eucalyptus plantations. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), predatory bugs and entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the natural enemies and used in the biological control of the red gum lerp psyllid. The use of entomopathogenic fungi against exotic pests is increasing in the forestry sector and the prospecting and identification of fungus isolates is important for integrated pest management. The objective of this work was the isolation and molecular identification of Cordyceps spp. And to evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates, obtained from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults, against to the red gum lerp psyllid G. brimblecombei. The fungi were isolated from B. tabaci adults found in soybean and tomato crops and molecularly identified. The conidia obtained were suspended in solution with Tween 80 (0.1%) at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL and sprayed on ten G. brimblecombei nymphs per Eucalyptus leaf cut and placed on a hydroretentive gel inside per Petri dishes as a replication. The number of dead insects was quantified, daily, for seven days, and transferred to humid chambers. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) and C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 and LCBPF 63) were identified with a molecular analysis and all isolates were pathogenic to the insects and indicates that they could be used to manage G. brimblecombei and adds to reports that, normally, fungi cause greater mortality on insects of the same order as that from which they were isolated.

Abstract Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly named the housefly, is a pest of public health importance because it is a vector of many diseases in humans and animals. Synthetic insecticide application is the primary strategy for controlling houseflies, but overreliance and misuse of these substances can adversely affect man and the environment. In addition, this fly has developed resistance to various insecticides. Blends of essential oils are natural alternatives to complement synthetic insecticides to control this pest. In this study, we compared the insecticidal effects of a blend of five commercial essential oils and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin against larvae and adults of the housefly. Additionally, we described the influence of both treatments on the development of this species when treated in the larval stage. Finally, we analyzed the chemical composition of the blend using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to correlate the biological activity with compounds present in the blend. The essential oil blend showed a higher larvicidal effect than lambda-cyhalothrin (5% active ingredient) and a similar lethal effect on adults. Both treatments caused similar deleterious effects on the life cycle of M. domestica. The chemical analysis of the blend showed the presence of terpenes, terpenoids, and one hydrocarbon. Differences were observed in the chemical composition of the headspace of the blend accordingly to the sampling method. We discuss our findings in terms of an integrated vector management framework.

Resumen Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae) llamada mosca común o doméstica, es una plaga de importancia para la salud pública porque es vector de muchas enfermedades en humanos y animales. La aplicación de insecticidas sintéticos es la principal estrategia para controlar a estas moscas, pero el uso excesivo e indebido de estas sustancias pueden tener efectos adversos para el hombre y el medio ambiente. Además, esta mosca ha desarrollado resistencia a diversos insecticidas. Las mezclas de aceites esenciales son alternativas naturales para complementar el uso de insecticidas sintéticos para el control de esta plaga. En este estudio, comparamos los efectos insecticidas de una mezcla de cinco aceites esenciales comerciales y del piretroide lambda-cialotrina contra larvas y adultos de la mosca común. Además, describimos la influencia que tienen ambos tratamientos en el desarrollo de esta especie cuando fue tratado en el estado larval. Finalmente, analizamos la composición química de la mezcla mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), para correlacionar la actividad biológica con los compuestos presentes en la mezcla. La mezcla de aceites esenciales mostró un mayor efecto larvicida en comparación con la lambda-cialotrina (5% de ingrediente activo) y mostró un efecto letal similar en los adultos. Ambos tratamientos provocaron efectos nocivos similares en el ciclo de vida de M. domestica. El análisis químico de la mezcla mostró la presencia de terpenos, terpenoides y un hidrocarburo. Encontramos diferencias en la composición química de los volátiles de la mezcla según el método de muestreo. Discutimos nuestros hallazgos en términos del manejo integrado de vectores.

RESUMO Drosophila suzukii é uma praga exótica identificada no Brasil em 2013, que tem potencial para causar danos quantitativos e qualitativos em pequenas fruteiras. Devido à sua ampla gama de hospedeiros, disponibilidade contínua de frutos e ciclo de vida curto, seu manejo é desafiador. A principal estratégia de controle atualmente utilizada é o uso de inseticidas. No entanto, essa estratégia de controle é altamente prejudicial à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. A estratégia de iscas tóxicas reduz a aplicação de inseticidas na área total. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de iscas tóxicas em adultos de Drosophila suzukii em condições de laboratório. Foram realizados quatro bioensaios com diferentes tratamentos, onde foram testadas diferentes formulações de iscas de pronto uso, caseiras e comerciais, e suas combinações com inseticida. 20 µL de cada isca tóxica foram oferecidos a 5 casais de D. suzukii com 5 dias de idade por 2 horas. A mortalidade adulta foi avaliada 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a exposição. Todas as iscas tóxicas causaram mortalidade variando de 10 a 65%. A Droskidrink + 0,3% de açúcar + 0,15 malationa causou 65% de mortalidade de adultos, mostrando-se promissora para futuros estudos de campo e semi-campo para o manejo de D. suzukii. 2013 fruteiras hospedeiros curto desafiador entanto ambiente total Assim laboratório tratamentos comerciais inseticida D 4 6 8 12 24 48 7 9 exposição 1 65 03 0 3 0,3 015 15 0,1 mostrandose mostrando se semicampo semi 201 0, 01

ABSTRACT Drosophila suzukii is an exotic pest identified in Brazil in 2013 that has the potential to cause quantitative and qualitative losses to small fruit crops. Its wide range of hosts and short life cycle combined with continuous fruit availability make its management challenging. Insecticide application is the main control strategy currently used; however, this control method is highly harmful to human health and the environment. The strategy of using toxic bait contributes to reductions in insecticide application in in terms of total area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of toxic baits on adult Drosophila suzukii under laboratory conditions. Four bioassays with different treatments were conducted to test different ready-to-use toxic baits, as well as homemade and commercial bait formulations combined with insecticide. Twenty µL of each toxic bait were offered to 5 five-day-old pairs of D. suzukii for 2 hours. Adult mortality was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exposure. All toxic baits caused mortality ranging from 10% to 65%. The toxic bait Droskidrink + 0.15% malathion + 0.3% sugar resulted in 65% adult mortality, denoting potential for evaluating the management of D. suzukii in semi-field and field studies. 201 crops challenging used however environment area Thus conditions readytouse ready use fivedayold five day old D 4 6 8 10 12 24 48 72 9 exposure 65 015 0 15 0.15 03 3 0.3 semifield semi studies 20 1 7 01 0.1 0.

Resumo Myochrous armatus (Baly, 1865) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) causa perdas consideráveis às lavouras de soja no Brasil e em vários outros países da América do Sul. A aplicação de inseticidas biológicos pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para suprimir esta praga. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de inseticidas microbiológicos formulados a partir dos fungos Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae (Bometil) e B. bassiana (Ballvéria), e bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Acera) isoladamente e em combinação com os inseticidas químicos fipronil, etiprole e clorpirifós, contra adultos de M. armatus. Os inseticidas à base de B. bassiana + M. anisopliae foram mais patogênicos que os à base de B. bassiana, causando taxas de mortalidade acumuladas nos dez dias com 85,0 e 65,0% respectivamente. Em contraste, B. thuringiensis causou 92,5% de mortalidade. Estes produtos sozinhos e em combinação foram eficazes para o controlo nas suas concentrações mais baixas. Portanto, o uso de inseticidas microbiológicos individualmente ou em combinação com inseticidas químicos é uma alternativa promissora para o manejo integrado de M. armatus. Baly, Baly (Baly 1865 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Sul praga Bometil (Bometil B Ballvéria, Ballvéria , (Ballvéria) Acera (Acera fipronil clorpirifós M 850 85 0 85, 650 65 65,0 respectivamente contraste 925 92 5 92,5 baixas Portanto 186 (Ballvéria 8 6 65, 9 92, 18 1

Abstract Myochrous armatus (Baly, 1865) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) causes considerable losses to soybean crops in Brazil and several other South American countries. Applying biological insecticides can be an effective alternative to suppressing this pest. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of microbiological insecticides formulated from the fungi Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae (Bometil) and B. bassiana alone (Ballvéria), and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Acera) alone and in combination with the chemical insecticides fipronil, ethiprole and chlorpyrifos, against M. armatus adults. The insecticides based on B. bassiana + M. anisopliae were found to be more pathogenic than those based on B. bassiana, causing cumulative mortality rates in the ten days of 85.0 and 65.0% respectively. In contrast, B. thuringiensis caused 92.5% mortality. These products alone and in combination were effective for control at their lowest concentrations. Therefore, the use of microbiological insecticides individually or in combination with chemical insecticides is a promising alternative for the integrated management of M. armatus. Baly, Baly (Baly 1865 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae countries pest Bometil (Bometil B Ballvéria, Ballvéria , (Ballvéria) Acera (Acera fipronil chlorpyrifos M adults 850 85 0 85. 650 65 65.0 respectively contrast 925 92 5 92.5 concentrations Therefore 186 (Ballvéria 8 6 65. 9 92. 18 1

ABSTRACT Resistant genotypes are a valuable tool in integrated pest management programs of insect pests of stored grains. Here, we screened 90 Brazilian common bean genotypes to select promising sources of resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus. Thus, bean samples were infested with newly emerged insects, and the number of eggs, emerged insects, developmental time, and larval viability were assessed in a no-choice test. Genotypes IPR Garça, CHIR 13, IAC Harmonia, CHIR 20, IAC Boreal, and CHIP 312 showed low oviposition. Genotypes IPR Quero-Quero, BRS Notável, CHIC 61 - Cariocão, BRS Ametista, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador, Avaluna, CHP 04-241A-212 - Guapo B. × Uirapuru, CHIB 06, SCS 206 - Potência, CHC 01-175-1 - Campeiro × IAC Tibatã, CHP 01-182-48 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, UEM 266, CHC 04-233-2 - Siriri × Horizonte, CHV 17-64, SCS 205 - Riqueza, CHP 01-238-80 - MN 13337, SM 1510 - preto, BRS Radiante, CHIB 18, CHIR 14, CAV 17 EFM 008, CHIR 04, IPR Campos Gerais, CHV 05-268-02, LP 13-624 - preto, Linhagem 110 - IAC, CHP 01-182-12 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, LP 13-84 - carioca, BRS Esteio, CHV 17-635, CHB 15-518, Arcelina 1, IPR Tuiuiu, SCS 204 - Predileto, TB - 17-02, BRS Estilo, SM 0511 - cavalo preto, Pérola, IPR Tangará, and CNFRj - 15411 reduced oviposition, the number of emerged adults, and larval viability, suggesting antixenosis and/or antibiosis. Thus, these genotypes are promising sources of resistance factors and can be used in breeding programs to obtain lines of common beans resistant to A. obtectus. grains Here 9 obtectus Thus insects eggs time nochoice no choice test Garça 13 Harmonia 20 Boreal 31 oviposition QueroQuero, QueroQuero Quero Quero, Quero-Quero Notável 6 Cariocão Ametista Imperador Avaluna 04241A212 A 04 241A 212 04-241A-21 B 06 Potência 011751 01 175 1 01-175- Tibatã 0118248 182 48 01-182-4 266 042332 233 2 04-233- Horizonte 1764, 1764 64, 64 17-64 Riqueza 0123880 238 80 01-238-8 13337 151 preto Radiante 18 14 008 Gerais 0526802, 0526802 05 268 02, 02 05-268-02 13624 624 13-62 11 0118212 12 01-182-1 1384 84 13-8 carioca Esteio 17635, 17635 635, 635 17-635 15518, 15518 15 518, 518 15-518 Tuiuiu Predileto 1702, 1702 17-02 Estilo 051 Pérola Tangará 1541 adults andor or antibiosis 3 04241A21 0 21 04-241A-2 01175 01-175 011824 4 01-182- 26 04233 23 04-233 176 17-6 012388 8 01-238- 1333 00 052680 05-268-0 1362 62 13-6 011821 138 13- 1763 63 17-63 1551 51 15-51 170 17-0 154 04241A2 04-241A- 0117 01-17 01182 01-182 0423 04-23 17- 01238 01-238 133 05268 05-268- 136 155 5 15-5 04241A 04-241A 011 01-1 0118 01-18 042 04-2 0123 01-23 0526 05-268 15- 01- 04- 012 01-2 052 05-26 05-2 05-