Abstract Barriers to compare opposed or alternative scientific theories exist, based on diverse premises. One is the concept of incommensurability, the idea suggesting that different paradigms or theories cannot be contrasted since they do not share common tenets. This paper proposes the use of nested models for testing the efficacy of isolated disciplinary explanations of psychological and social problems versus the power of interdisciplinary explanations. According to this approach, such nested models would include alternative disciplinary theories competing against each other and against an inclusive model that combines these unidisciplinary explanations. This situation is illustrated with an empirical study using a questionnaire on predictors of precautionary behaviors against COVID-19. Data was analyzed using structural equations, considering a psychological and a health-science perspective, and integrated into an interdisciplinary model. Results from this study showed that the best model was the interdisciplinary model, thus providing some evidence for the use of nested models as a method to integrate different disciplines. The advantages of this approach are discussed in the face of the growing, complex, and serious problems that humanity is nowadays experiencing.

Resumen Basadas en diversas premisas, existen barreras para comparar teorías científicas opuestas o alternativas. El concepto de inconmensurabilidad es una de estas dificultades, la idea que sugiere que diferentes paradigmas o teorías no pueden contrastarse porque no comparten principios comunes. Este artículo propone el uso de modelos anidados para probar la eficacia de explicaciones disciplinarias aisladas de problemas psicológicos y sociales en comparación con la de explicaciones interdisciplinarias. Según este enfoque, tales modelos anidados incluirían teorías disciplinarias alternativas que compiten entre sí y contra un modelo inclusivo que combine estas explicaciones unidisciplinarias. Esta situación se ilustra con un estudio empírico sobre predictores de conductas de precaución frente al COVID-19. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante ecuaciones estructurales, considerando una perspectiva psicológica y de ciencias de la salud, e integrados en un modelo interdisciplinario. Los hallazgos mostraron que era mejor el modelo interdisciplinario, proporcionando evidencia para el uso de modelos anidados como método para integrar diferentes disciplinas. Se discuten las ventajas de utilizar este enfoque frente a los crecientes, complejos y graves problemas que vive hoy la humanidad.

Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre la importancia de la tuba tanto en la música de banda como en la música regional mexicana, como parte del auge comercial de agrupaciones de tuba y acordeón o norteño-banda. Esta aproximación recupera fuentes documentales y notas de observación participante con músicos de bandas y conjuntos de Tijuana. A diferencia de otros estudios sobre bandas de viento en México, el presente trabajo destaca los intercambios musicales desde y hacia Estados Unidos como catalizadores del desarrollo técnico del instrumento y su adopción en las bandas populares. Esta visión aporta un enfoque transfronterizo a los estudios sobre el desarrollo de la banda y el conjunto en ambos lados de la frontera. Finalmente, se destaca también la importancia de la tuba para la música regional mexicana contemporánea, misma que se integró a la industria musical transnacional como parte de una manifestación musical subalterna.

Abstract This article reflects on the importance of tuba on banda and Mexican regional music, under the actual expansion of tuba and accordion bands. This approach retrieves documental sources and notes of participant observation about musicians of bands and conjuntos in Tijuana. In contrast to other studies concerning banda music groups in Mexico, the present work highlights the musical exchanges to and from the United States as catalysts for the technical development of the instrument and its adoption in popular bands. This vision brings a cross-border approach to the studies on the development of banda and conjunto in both sides of the border. In conclusion, it also highlights the importance of tuba for the contemporary Mexican regional music, which was integrated to the transnational music industry as a part of subaltern musical manifestation.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza las premisas básicas del estructuralismo latinoamericano (ELA) y explora las principales hipótesis de la sociología de la modernización de posguerra para elucidar sus articulaciones teóricas. Argumenta que estos enfoques convergen en un intento de abordar conceptualmente la particularidad periférica de América Latina como una modulación específica del proceso general de modernización capitalista. Además, identifica los límites que comparten los mismos y delinea caminos para avanzar en su recuperación actualizada y mejorada, que contribuya a un abordaje interdisciplinar e integrado de los problemas del desarrollo de la región en la economía capitalista contemporánea.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the basic premises of Latin American structuralism (ELA) and explores the main hypotheses of postwar modernization sociology to elucidate their theoretical articulations. It argues that these approaches converge in an attempt to conceptually address the peripheral particularity of Latin America as a specific modulation of the general process of capitalist modernization. Furthermore, it identifies their shared limitations and outlines ways to recover them, updating and improving them so that they can contribute to an interdisciplinary and integrated approach to the region’s development problems in the contemporary capitalist economy.

Abstract The cultural manager and promoter is a professional who is recently being formed in the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. With the purpose of assessing the achievement of the graduate profile, which is established in the official curriculum, research is conducted under a quantitative approach and the methodological design of evaluative research; with the purpose of generating an instrument that evaluates the competencies that make up the graduate profile of this professional, integrated with five specific competencies. Since cultural management is a discipline under construction, it was necessary, in the first stage of the research, to make a documentary review of the competencies construct, from the semantic conception and the sociocultural constructivist perspective. In a second stage, several analyses of the graduate profile; were carried out, and based on the results obtained, the conceptual, procedural, and attitudinal components that integrate them were identified, which will support the choice of the technique and formulation of the instrument with which it is expected to assess whether these are developed by the students and graduates of this profession.

Resumen El gestor y promotor cultural es un profesional que recientemente se está formando en la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Con el propósito de valorar el logro del perfil de egreso, establecido en el currículo oficial, se realiza la investigación bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y el diseño metodológico de la investigación evaluativa; con el propósito de generar un instrumento que evalúe las competencias que conforman el perfil de egreso de este profesionista, integrado con cinco competencias específicas. En virtud de que la gestión cultural es una disciplina en construcción, fue necesario, en una primera etapa de la investigación, hacer una revisión documental del constructo competencias, desde la concepción semántica y la perspectiva constructivista sociocultural. En la segunda etapa se realizaron diversos análisis del perfil de egreso; con base en los resultados obtenidos, se identificaron los componentes conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales que los integran, los cuales sustentarán la elección de la técnica y formulación del instrumento con el que se espera valorar si estos son desarrollados por los estudiantes y egresados de esta profesión.

Abstract The elastic collision between two bodies is a fleeting event challenging to observe due to its infinitesimally short contact time, usually lasting mere hundredths or even thousandths of a second. This brief duration poses significant challenges for accurately measuring velocities and impulsive forces and establishing representative functions. Consequently, this study aims to address these challenges. Experimental measurements of velocity, acceleration, and force changes during the contact period are crucial for validating theoretical models and functions that accurately represent the dynamics of collisions under realistic conditions. These measurements are critical in optimizing the activation response of airbag and restraint systems in vehicles and are fundamental in reconstructing physical scenarios of accidents. The experiments were conducted in a practical computer-assisted laboratory, utilizing wireless sensors embedded within the test vehicles and positioned on a low-friction track. The collision setup was designed to be horizontal and frontal, ensuring that the bodies involved did not undergo permanent deformations. The primary methodology adopted in this analysis integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches, focusing on collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns and establish mathematical relationships between variables. This integrated approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of the kinematics of colliding vehicles during the contact period.

Resumen La colisión elástica entre dos cuerpos es un evento rápido y difícil de observar, dado que el tiempo de contacto es infinitesimal, del orden de centésimas o incluso milésimas de segundo, por lo que surge el desafío de medir con precisión las velocidades y fuerzas impulsivas, así como establecer funciones representativas. En este trabajo se propone abordar precisamente ese objetivo. Las mediciones experimentales de la variación de la velocidad, aceleración y fuerza, durante el tiempo de contacto, desempeñan un papel esencial en la validación de modelos teóricos y funciones que describen el comportamiento de las colisiones en situaciones del mundo real. Estas mediciones permiten optimizar la respuesta de activación de los airbags, sistemas de retención en los automóviles, hasta reconstruir accidentes desde el punto de vista de la Física. La experimentación se llevó a cabo en un laboratorio práctico asistido por computadora, empleando sensores inalámbricos incorporados en los carros de prueba y dispuestos sobre una pista de bajo coeficiente de rozamiento. El escenario de la colisión fue horizontal y frontal, sin que los cuerpos sufrieran deformaciones permanentes. La metodología principal utilizada en este análisis es cuantitativa y cualitativa, enfocándose en la recopilación y estudio de datos numéricos para identificar patrones y relaciones matemáticas entre las variables. Este enfoque combinado permite una comprensión más completa de la cinemática de los carros en colisión durante el tiempo de contacto.

Resumo O estudo do conforto ambiental em espaços urbanos abertos está em constante crescimento. Contudo, a análise específica desses aspectos no contexto da caminhabilidade destaca-se como uma área com considerável potencial a ser investigado. Neste contexto, este artigo busca explorar a caminhabilidade nos percursos de pedestres e sua relação com o conforto ambiental, propondo uma abordagem sistematizada para sua aplicação no planejamento urbano estratégico. Propõe-se, assim, a construção de um Índice de Caminhabilidade e Conforto do Pedestre (ICCP) composto por três índices parciais que levam em consideração aspectos térmicos, acústicos e ergonômicos dos percursos de pedestres. A metodologia utilizada é baseada no uso de ferramentas de visualização de ruas e ferramentas de Sistemas de Informação geográfica (SIG) para espacializar e sistematizar as interações entre caminhabilidade e conforto ambiental. A pesquisa conclui que o ICCP se constitui como ferramenta válida para aferição da caminhabilidade na meso e microescalas, podendo ser replicada em outros contextos urbanos. Por último, a construção e aplicação do ICCP evidenciam, ainda, que repensar a caminhabilidade com conforto ambiental no meio urbano requerem uma abordagem integrada de todo o sistema de mobilidade e de infraestrutura urbana das cidades. crescimento Contudo destacase destaca investigado estratégico Propõese, Propõese Propõe se, Propõe-se assim (ICCP térmicos SIG (SIG microescalas último evidenciam ainda cidades

Abstract The study of environmental comfort in open urban spaces has undergone constant updates in the last decades. In the meantime, the specific analysis of these aspects within the context of walkability stands out as an area with considerable potential to be investigated. In this context, this article aims to explore walkability in pedestrian routes and its relationship with environmental comfort, proposing a more systematized approach for its application in the strategic planning of cities. Therefore, we proposed the construction of a Pedestrian Walkability and Comfort Index (ICCP), composed of three partial indices that consider thermal, acoustic, and ergonomic aspects of pedestrian paths. The methodology is based on street visualization tools and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to spatialize and systematize the interactions between walkability and environmental comfort. The research concludes that ICCP is a valid tool for measuring walkability at meso and micro scales, and it can be replicated in other urban contexts. Furthermore, the development and application of ICCP also highlight that rethinking walkability with environmental comfort in urban areas requires an integrated approach to the entire mobility system and urban infrastructure of cities. decades meantime investigated cities Therefore ICCP, , (ICCP) thermal acoustic paths GIS (GIS scales contexts Furthermore (ICCP

Resumen Este artículo analiza las limitaciones y desafíos de la implementación de la Política Nacional de Educación Inicial (PNEI) en el Sistema Nacional para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF) de México, bajo el modelo del derecho a la educación de De Beco. El estudio explora cómo la PNEI afecta la calidad y accesibilidad de la educación inicial en contextos no integrados plenamente en la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Se utilizó un enfoque de estudio de caso, basado en observaciones y entrevistas durante cuatro meses en un Centro de Atención, Cuidado y Desarrollo Infantil del DIF. Se empleó análisis temático para documentar las condiciones del personal y las prácticas educativas dirigidas a infancias menores de tres años. Los resultados destacan las dificultades para transformar una fuerza laboral precaria y con alta rotación en una estable y capacitada, crucial para implementar un currículum congruente al enfoque de derechos. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar el DIF más efectivamente dentro de la PNEI para mejorar la calidad educativa y cumplir con los estándares de derechos en la educación infantil. Este estudio aporta al debate académico sobre políticas educativas inclusivas y su impacto en la equidad educativa y el desarrollo infantil en México.

Abstract This article examines the limitations and challenges in implementing Mexico’s National Policy on Early Childhood Education (PNEI) within the National System for Integral Family Development (DIF), through the lens of De Beco’s right-to-education model. The study explores how PNEI impacts the quality and accessibility of early childhood education in contexts not fully integrated into the Ministry of Public Education. It employs a case study approach, involving observations and interviews over four months at a DIF Child Care and Development Center. Thematic analysis was used to document personnel conditions and educational practices for children under three years old. Findings underscore the difficulties in transforming a precarious, high-turnover workforce into a stable, trained one, crucial for implementing a curriculum aligned with rights-based approaches. There is a pressing need to integrate DIF more effectively into PNEI to enhance educational quality and meet rights standards in early childhood education. This study contributes to the academic discourse on inclusive educational policies and their impact on educational equity and child development in Mexico.

Resumo Propósito. Este ensaio propõe a necessidade de revisar a pedagogia universitária ensinada na Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica (UNA). Discussão. Argumenta-se que é necessário sair da zona de conforto para ensinar e aprender bem e de forma significativa, o que requer a contextualização e prática de teorias. Portanto, promove-se as excursões educativas interculturais como uma abordagem didática para desenvolver e avaliar os conteúdos teóricos dos cursos relativos à distinção, diversidade, diferença e exterioridade como proposta ética e política. Essas excursões devem ser incluídas de forma transversal em qualquer curso, a fim de promover a boa convivência, o equilíbrio com a natureza, a justiça social e a apreciação de diferentes cosmogonías. Conclusão. O artigo conclui compartilhando algumas opiniões de estudantes que participaram dessas experiências formativas e que destacam a relevância delas nos processos educacionais de conscientização humana e da natureza a serem incorporadas como parte do currículo de diferentes cursos universitários.

Resumen Propósito. El presente ensayo tiene como propósito plantear la necesidad de una revisión de la pedagogía universitaria impartida en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA). Discusión. Se sostiene que es necesario salir de la zona de confort para enseñar y aprender bien, con sentido, lo que exige contextualización y praxis de las teorías. Por esta razón, se promueve las giras educativas interculturales como una forma didáctica para desarrollar y evaluar contenidos teóricos de los cursos relativos a la distinción, diversidad, la diferencia y la exterioridad como propuesta ética y la política. Giras que deberían estar planteadas de modo transversal en cualquier curso con el fin de promover la buena convivencia, el equilibrio con la naturaleza, la justicia social y el aprecio de distintas cosmogonías. Conclusión. Se concluye el escrito compartiendo algunas opiniones de estudiantes que han llevado a cabo tal experiencia formativa y que comparten la relevancia de estas en los procesos educativos de sensibilización humana y con la naturaleza a realizar como parte del plan de estudios de distintas carreras universitarias.

Abstract Aim. To underscore the necessity of revising university pedagogy at the National University of Costa Rica (UNA). Discussion. Effective teaching and learning require stepping out of our comfort zones. This involves contextualization and practical application of theories. Therefore, intercultural educational tours are promoted as a didactic approach to develop and evaluate theoretical content of courses related to concepts of distinction, diversity, difference, and exteriority as an ethical proposal and policy. These field trips should be integrated across various courses to promote positive interactions, balance with nature, social justice, and the appreciation of various cosmogonies. Conclusion. The essay concludes by presenting the perspectives of students who have undergone these formative experiences. These students emphasize the significance of such experiences in enhancing educational processes that foster human awareness and connection with nature, integrating them as essential components within various university curricula.

Research that directs the way stakeholders act and how they collaborate is essential when addressing complex environmental challenges in the field of sustainability science. For example, researchers attempting to manage Prosopis invasions through biological control in South Africa have historically faced challenges from stakeholders. In this study we illustrate the importance of stakeholder engagement and social learning by outlining the collaborative efforts of various stakeholders to promote effective, integrative and sustainable management of Prosopis invasions in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Through a community of practice approach, stakeholders worked together over the past half-decade in an attempt to develop a National Strategy for Prosopis management and improve its control. This strategy aimed not only to emphasise the need for integration of biomass use (aimed at offsetting the costs of mechanical clearing and necessary herbicide use) but also to underscore the significance of biocontrol alongside other management approaches. Stakeholders also identified that adequate farm-scale planning is necessary to provide a sense of purpose and assist in monitoring of progress. We worked alongside land managers and experts to develop such plans. The engagement of local champions played a crucial role in facilitating collaboration and learning among stakeholders, emphasising the significance of inclusive approaches in addressing complex sustainability challenges. In addition, we gained an understanding of how to develop the community of practice to enhance collaboration that ensures the implementation of plans to better manage Prosopis. Our findings underscore the necessity of meaningful stakeholder engagement and collaboration in effective invasive species management. By promoting understanding and involvement of diverse stakeholders, initiatives can have a greater impact in addressing broader sustainability issues. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the fundamental role of stakeholder collaboration in addressing environmental challenges (e.g. biological invasions), promoting sustainability and fostering social learning. Collaboration facilitates exchange of knowledge, promotes social learning and allows stakeholders to make informed decisions when addressing sustainability issues. Collaborative approaches promote the effectiveness of a community of practice in managing Prosopis invasions in South Africa. Local champions played a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, bridging communication gaps and promoting inclusive approaches. Sustained stakeholder engagement, transdisciplinary collaborations, effective biological control and market development for biomass products will be essential to improve the sustainable management Prosopis.

Abstract The reform of primary healthcare (PHC) in Portugal, initiated in 2007 with the creation of Family Health Units (FHU) and Health Center Groups (ACeS), marked a significant turning point in restructuring the National Health Service (NHS). However, implementing Local Health Units (LHU) in 2024 poses challenges and uncertainties that require a well-founded, evidence-based approach. An analysis of healthcare professionals’ expectations revealed concerns such as the limited autonomy of FHUs and the unequal distribution of investments between primary and secondary care, emphasizing the need for transparent, participatory dialogue in NHS reforms. The exclusion of healthcare professionals from LHU-related decision-making and the absence of bottom-up planning undermines the acceptance and efficacy of the model. Furthermore, threats to the clinical leadership of PHC, including legislation on the appointment of clinical directors and loss of autonomy, are critical issues that necessitate proactive measures to preserve the integrity and effectiveness of these units. Organizational challenges, such as the replication of hospital-centric management models that fail to address the specificities of PHC and a diminished leadership role in executing the Recovery and Resilience Plan, further jeopardize the organizational culture and performance of PHC. To secure the effectiveness and quality of PHC within LHU, it is crucial to implement strategies that engage professionals, bolster clinical leadership, and protect the autonomy of family health teams. The establishment of ACeS, I.P., offers a viable alternative by granting administrative independence and enhancing efficiency in PHC delivery. All these efforts must be driven by a unified commitment and collaborative strategy aimed at the ongoing improvement of the NHS and the well-being of the Portuguese population.

Resumo A reforma dos cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) em Portugal, iniciada em 2007 com a criação das Unidades de Saúde Familiar (USF) e dos Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (ACeS), representou um marco na reestruturação do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS). Contudo, a implementação das Unidades Locais de Saúde (ULS), em 2024, apresenta desafios e incertezas que requerem uma abordagem baseada em evidências. Uma análise das expectativas dos profissionais de saúde evidenciou preocupações como a limitação da autonomia das USF e a distribuição desigual de investimentos entre os cuidados primários e secundários, sublinhando a necessidade de um diálogo transparente no processo de reforma do SNS. A falta de envolvimento dos profissionais de saúde nas decisões sobre as ULS, sem uma abordagem bottom-up, compromete a aceitação e a eficácia do modelo. A representação adequada dos médicos de família nos pontos de decisão dos CSP é essencial para assegurar a concretização das suas competências de gestão. A legislação sobre a nomeação dos diretores clínicos nas ULS e a perda de autonomia dos CSP são desafios que exigem medidas proativas para salvaguardar a eficácia destas unidades. A tendência para replicar modelos de gestão hospitalar, sem considerar as especificidades dos CSP, e a perda de liderança no Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência (PRR) comprometem a cultura organizacional e o desempenho dos CSP. Para garantir a eficácia e a qualidade dos CSP nas ULS é essencial envolver os profissionais, fortalecer a direção clínica e proteger a integridade e autonomia das equipas de saúde familiar. A criação dos ACeS, I.P., surge como uma alternativa viável, conferindo autonomia administrativa e promovendo a eficiência dos CSP. Estas ações devem ser orientadas por uma abordagem participativa e um compromisso com a melhoria contínua do SNS e o bem-estar dos cidadãos portugueses.

ABSTRACT Modern educational standards (built on a competency-based approach) for training highly qualified specialists impose high requirements for the professional competence of future philologists in mastering a foreign language and linguo-cultural competences. The article aims to substantiate the use of authentic series as an efficient tool for the integrated formation of professional communicative and linguo-cultural competence of future philologists and the development of the corresponding set of exercises. The study presents the prerequisites for using authentic series as interactive learning technologies. The authors develop the “Viewing room” interactive learning technology and the possibilities of its use for the integrated formation of professional communicative competence in a foreign language, including the criteria and principles for selecting authentic series and their fragments, stages and content on the implementation of the technology, and a set of exercises designed for this technology.

RESUMEN Los modernos estándares educativos (basados en un enfoque por competencias) para la formación de especialistas altamente cualificados imponen elevados requisitos a la competencia profesional de los futuros filólogos en el dominio de una lengua extranjera y las competencias lingüístico-culturales. El artículo pretende fundamentar el uso de series auténticas como herramienta eficaz para la formación integrada de la competencia profesional comunicativa y lingüística-cultural de los futuros filólogos y el desarrollo del correspondiente conjunto de ejercicios. El estudio presenta los requisitos previos para utilizar series auténticas como tecnologías de aprendizaje interactivo. Los autores desarrollan la tecnología de aprendizaje interactivo "Sala de visionado" y las posibilidades de su uso para la formación integrada de la competencia comunicativa profesional en una lengua extranjera, incluyendo los criterios y principios para la selección de series auténticas y sus fragmentos, etapas y contenidos sobre la aplicación de la tecnología, y un conjunto de ejercicios diseñados para esta tecnología.

En los últimos cincuenta años, la tecnología de la información se ha integrado gradualmente en el sistema educativo brasileño. Esta integración pasó por varias fases y programas, cada uno con sus propios objetivos y desafíos. Desde el Decreto N° 84.067 de 1979, que estableció la Política Nacional de Tecnologías de la Información, hasta la creación de ProInfo en 1997 y la Política de Innovación en Educación Conectada (PIEC) en 2023, ha habido importantes avances, pero también dificultades en la implementación efectiva de estos. políticas. Este estudo busca comprender las políticas públicas enfocadas en tecnologías de la información en un contexto histórico, explorando su evolución dentro de la educación brasileña y destacando iniciativas y programas que moldearon la inserción de las tecnologías digitales en la enseñanza. Para la construcción de este artículo se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo, con investigación bibliográfica. Con esta historia, fue posible construir una línea de tiempo interactiva que presenta las políticas públicas diseñadas en Brasil para la informatización de las escuelas y la formación de profesores, culminando con la enseñanza de la informática, actualmente propuesta para las escuelas de educación básica brasileñas, en el Currículo Base Común Nacional y su Complemento.

Nos últimos cinquenta anos, a informática tem sido gradualmente integrada ao sistema educacional brasileiro. Essa integração passou por várias fases e programas, cada um com suas metas e desafios. Desde o Decreto nº 84.067 em 1979, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Informática, até a criação do ProInfo em 1997 e a Política de Inovação Educação Conectada (PIEC) em 2023, houve progressos significativos, mas também dificuldades na implementação eficaz dessas políticas. Este estudo busca compreender em um contexto histórico as políticas públicas voltadas para a informática, explorando a sua evolução no âmbito da educação brasileira, e destacando iniciativas e programas que moldaram  a inserção de tecnologias digitais no ensino. Para a construção deste artigo, foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, com pesquisa bibliográfica. Com esse histórico, foi possível construir uma linha do tempo interativa que apresenta as políticas públicas concebidas no Brasil para a informatização das escolas e formação de professores, culminando no ensino da computação, proposto atualmente para as escolas de educação básica brasileiras, na Base Nacional Comum Curricular e seu Complemento.

Over the past fifty years, computer science has been gradually integrated into the Brazilian education system. This integration has gone through several phases and programs, each with its own goals and challenges. Since Decree No. 84,067 in 1979, which established the National Computer Science Policy, to the creation of ProInfo in 1997 and the Connected Education Innovation Policy (PIEC) in 2023, there has been significant progress, but also difficulties in the effective implementation of these policies. This study seeks to understand public policies aimed at computer science in a historical context, exploring their evolution within the scope of Brazilian education, and highlighting initiatives and programs that shaped the insertion of digital technologies in teaching. To construct this article, a qualitative approach was adopted, with bibliographical research. With this history, it was possible to build an interactive timeline that presents the public policies designed in Brazil for the computerization of schools and teacher training, culminating in the teaching of computer science, currently proposed for Brazilian basic education schools, in the National Common Curricular Base and its Complement.

Little attention has been paid to the rehabilitation of derelict and ownerless mines in South Africa after their lifespan. This paper aims to explore management gaps in legislation that have resulted in the non-rehabilitation of derelict and ownerless mines in South Africa. There is growing evidence that supports the distressing effects of mining on people living around these mines in the North West Province. This paper was motivated by the current socio-economic status quo of old mining towns, the influx of illegal miners (Zama Zamas), severe environmental damages, and the violence associated with derelict mines. Underpinning this research was an ecosystem approach and integrated resources management principles, which formed the foundation for the decision-making process.The researcher used a mixed-method approach and employed convergent techniques. A semi-structured instrument was used to collect data from 200 respondents. The results indicated that there is a dire need for community-based consultative processes, and an absence of clear guidelines for derelict and ownerless mines to pressure mine management to adhere to rehabilitation standards. Moreover, the mining charter is ambiguous regarding policy implementation, budgetary allocation, and duration of the rehabilitation of these mines. The paper concluded that management challenges associated with derelict mines can be reduced if all stakeholders follow the guidelines as outlined in the environmental legislative framework (NEMA) of South Africa while being open to innovations in line with international best practices. It also contributes towards the development of guidelines for the management and implementation of legislation related to derelict and ownerless mines in South Africa from a philosophical, theoretical, and policy perspective.

Poor phase separation and fine dissemination of the desired components within congruous slag phases are key challenges limiting the recoverability of values from slags by conventional beneficiation methods. Slag microstructure conditioning is a pragmatic approach to increasing the value-in-use of discard slags, especially when integrated with the broader smelter infrastructure. Although not yet tested on oxide slag systems, this paper explores the potential application of magnetohydrodynamic principles to the crystallization behaviour of bulk slags. Integrating the slag microstructure conditioning infrastructure to the existing smelter infrastructure is key to unlocking the economic value of slags because it is most economic to condition the properties of molten slag directly after tapping. A new business model that integrates smelting units to transversal economic activities, such as cement production and suppliers of construction aggregates, can significantly increase the circularity of metallurgical slags.

Abstract Introduction: This study examines the technological revolution in the realm of connected medical devices, which are redefining the monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It analyzes how the integration of advanced technologies is driving personalized and remote healthcare. Objectives: To evaluate the advancements in connected medical devices and their impact on improving disease monitoring and diagnosis. The study investigates how these technologies are changing the dynamics of healthcare delivery and identifies the associated challenges and opportunities. Methodology: A qualitative approach is used, linking research questions with theories and outcomes. The study is based on analyses of wearable devices and implantable systems, combining literature review with expert interviews and data analysis. This methodological approach allows for a deep understanding of the interaction between technology and medical practice. Results: The findings show that connected medical devices offer significant advantages in terms of precision and efficiency, enabling real-time monitoring and better clinical decision-making. Technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges are identified, but innovative solutions to overcome them are also highlighted. Conclusions: The research underscores the importance of a qualitative approach in studying connected medical devices. The results emphasize the need for a robust methodological framework to evaluate both technological advancements and associated challenges. This study contributes to understanding how connected medical devices are transforming healthcare, highlighting the necessity of integrated and multidisciplinary approaches to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

Resúmen Introducción: Este estudio examina la revolución tecnológica en el ámbito de los dispositivos médicos conectados, que están redefiniendo el monitoreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Se analiza cómo la integración de tecnologías avanzadas está impulsando la atención médica personalizada y a distancia. Objetivos: Evaluar los avances en dispositivos médicos conectados y su impacto en la mejora del monitoreo y diagnóstico de enfermedades. Se investiga cómo estas tecnologías están cambiando la dinámica de la atención médica y cuáles son los desafíos y oportunidades asociados. Metodología: Se utiliza un enfoque cualitativo, vinculando preguntas de investigación con teorías y resultados. El estudio se basa en análisis de dispositivos wearables y sistemas implantables, combinando la revisión de literatura con entrevistas a expertos y análisis de datos. Este enfoque metodológico permite una comprensión profunda de la interacción entre la tecnología y la práctica médica. Resultados: Los hallazgos muestran que los dispositivos médicos conectados ofrecen significativas ventajas en términos de precisión y eficiencia, permitiendo un seguimiento en tiempo real y una mejor toma de decisiones clínicas. Se identifican retos técnicos, éticos y regulatorios, pero también se destacan soluciones innovadoras para superarlos. Conclusiones: La investigación subraya la importancia de un enfoque cualitativo en el estudio de los dispositivos médicos conectados. Los resultados enfatizan la necesidad de un marco metodológico robusto para evaluar tanto los avances tecnológicos como los desafíos asociados. Este estudio contribuye a la comprensión de cómo los dispositivos médicos conectados están transformando la atención médica, enfatizando la necesidad de abordajes integrados y multidisciplinarios para maximizar sus beneficios y minimizar los riesgos.