ABSTRACT: This study assessed the impact of total mixed ration silage of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 70 cm in height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of grass cut at 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm in height (in Exp. I and III) and total mixed ration silage cut at 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested 130 cm height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 130 cm height (in Exp. II and IV), on rumen metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs. The results showed that TMRS70 increased ruminal pH in Exp. I and TMRS130 exhibited higher ether extract digestibility, propionic concentration, and lower acetic to propionic ratio and ruminal pH compared to TMR130 in Exp. II. In Exp. III and IV, there was no significant effect on the performance and quality of the carcass. However, in Exp. IV, TMRS130 led to decreased dry matter intake and average daily gain, while lambs fed with TMR130 showed a higher rib-eye area. Total ration ensilage could be used as a conservation method for young grasses (70 cm) without impairing performance, metabolism, carcasses, and meat quality. However, further research is recommended to evaluate the economic analysis of feeding total ration ensilage (70 cm) instead of total mixed ration as a forage conservation method. ABSTRACT 7 Exp 13 IV , IV) metabolism digestibility TMRS TMRS7 TMRS13 concentration TMR TMR13 However gain ribeye rib eye area (7 carcasses 1 TMRS1 TMR1 (

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da silagem de ração total de Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 70 cm de altura e concentrado no momento da silagem ou ração total de capim cortado a 70 cm, composta por Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 70 cm de altura (nos Exp. I e III) e silagem de ração total cortada a 130 cm, composta por Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 130 cm de altura e concentrado no momento da silagem ou ração total de Megathyrsus maximus colhido a 130 cm de altura (nos Exp. II e IV), sobre o metabolismo ruminal, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, e o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros confinados. Os resultados mostraram que TMRS70 aumentou o pH ruminal no Exp. I, e TMRS130 exibiu maior digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, concentração de propionato e menor razão acético/propionato e pH ruminal em comparação com TMR130 no Exp. II. Nos Exp. III e IV, não houve efeito significativo sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça. No entanto, no Exp. IV, TMRS130 levou a uma diminuição no consumo de matéria seca e no ganho médio diário, enquanto cordeiros alimentados com TMR130 mostraram uma maior área de olho de lombo. A ensilagem da ração total poderia ser usada como um método de conservação para gramíneas jovens (70 cm) sem prejudicar o desempenho, metabolismo, carcaças e qualidade da carne. No entanto, recomenda-se mais estudos avaliando a análise econômica da alimentação com ensilagem de ração total (70 cm) em vez de ração totalmente misturada como método de conservação de forragem. RESUMO 7 nos Exp 13 IV , IV) nutrientes confinados TMRS TMRS7 TMRS13 etéreo acéticopropionato acético TMR TMR13 entanto diário lombo (7 carne recomendase recomenda se forragem 1 TMRS1 TMR1 (

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the preference index (IP) and synchrony (IS) of forage species from Baja California Sur. Samples of the 23 forage species of trees and shrubs were obtained to perform in situ digestibility analyzes using four Creole-Nubian goats. Collections were carried out in winter and spring of 2004, and summer and autumn of 2005. The extent of degradation per hour and total of 24 h was calculated from the amount of OM and PC degraded per hour; these data were used to calculate the IS. The seasonal PI data set was obtained from previously published information. A logistic regression model was used to explain the probability of occurrence of the IP with the IS. The regression model to explain the IP from the IS was significant and predictive for six species, being positive for Adelia virgata, Amaratus palmeri, Haematoxilon brasiletto, Lippia palmeri and Prosopis sp., and negative for Bursera microphyla. For other tree species and legumes in general, the model was significant, but not predictive, therefore, it is necessary to include other factors to fit the model.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación existente entre el índice de preferencia (IP) y sincronía (IS) de especies forrajeras de Baja California Sur. Se obtuvieron muestras de las 23 especies forrajeras de árboles y arbustos para realizar análisis de digestibilidad in situ utilizando para ello cuatro cabras con encaste de criollas-Nubio. Se llevaron a cabo colecciones en invierno y primavera del 2004 y verano y otoño de 2005. La extensión de degradación por hora y total de 24 h se calculó a partir de la cantidad de MO y PC degradados por hora; estos datos se utilizaron para calcular el IS. El conjunto de datos del IP estacional se obtuvo de información publicada previamente. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para explicar la probabilidad de ocurrencia del IP con el IS. El modelo de regresión para explicar el IP a partir del IS fue significativo y predictivo para seis especies, siendo positiva para Adelia virgata, Amaratus palmeri, Haematoxilon brasiletto, Lippia palmeri y Prosopis sp., y negativa para Bursera microphyla. Para otras especies arbóreas y las leguminosas en general, el modelo fue significativo, pero no predictivo, por lo tanto, es necesaria incluir otros factores para ajustar el modelo.

SUMMARY: Exercise and anabolic steroids are expected to promote improvements in cardiovascular structure and reduction of visceral fat and, thus, help promote health in hyperglycemic patients. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of aerobic exercise associated with the use of steroids on cardiac structure and visceral fat in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two young male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group (n=8), control with treatment (n=8), diabetic (n=8) and diabetic with treatment (n=8). All animals were subjected to intense aerobic exercise and the animals undergoing treatment received intramuscular testosterone. Body weight, visceral fat and cardiac measurements (weight, length and width) were evaluated. The groups treated with testosterone showed a smaller than expected increase in body weight for food intake. Visceral, perirenal, retroperitoneal and epididymal fats were lower in the treated groups. Heart weight was relatively greater in the treated groups and greater width and length in the untreated groups. The proposed association of testosterone administration with aerobic exercise can provide significant benefits for the metabolism of hyperglycemic individuals.

RESUMEN: Se supone que el ejercicio y los esteroides anabólicos promuevan la mejora de la estructura cardiovascular y la reducción de la grasa visceral y, por tanto, ayuden a promover la salud en pacientes hiperglucémicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la influencia del ejercicio aeróbico asociado al uso de esteroides sobre la estructura cardíaca y la grasa visceral en ratas Wistar hiperglucémicas. Treinta y dos ratas Wistar machos jóvenes se dividieron en cuatro grupos: grupo control (n=8), control con tratamiento (n=8), diabético (n=8) y diabético con tratamiento (n=8). Todos los animales se sometieron a ejercicio aeróbico intenso y los animales en tratamiento recibieron testosterona intramuscular. Se evaluaron el peso corporal, la grasa visceral y las medidas del corazón (peso, largo y ancho). Los grupos tratados con testosterona mostraron un aumento menor de lo esperado en el peso corporal según la ingesta dietética. Las grasas visceral, perirrenal, retroperitoneal y epididimaria fueron menores en los grupos tratados. El peso del corazón fue relativamente mayor en los grupos tratados y el mayor ancho y largo en los grupos no tratados. La asociación propuesta de la administración de testosterona con el ejercicio aeróbico puede proporcionar beneficios significativos para el metabolismo de los individuos hiperglucémicos.

ABSTRACT The beef is one of the main sources of nutrients for a balanced diet. In this context, several authors have reported that grass-fed beef presents low levels of intramuscular fat and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies have noted that forage fatty acid content is variable between species and their varieties, and that can affect fatty acid profile in beef. The aim of this study was to evaluate beef quality from three different types of pastures in southern Chile. A group of 45 Holstein Friesian steers were finished in the spring months with three different types of pastures from temperate rainy climate: Improved pasture (P), Lolium perenne L.-based pasture (LT), and Lolium multiflorum Lam.-based pasture (LM). The steers were separated into groups of 15 for treatment. Nonsignificant differences were found in carcass measurements and P treatment showed a higher intramuscular content than LM treatment (2.26% vs. 1.42%) and greater presence of SFA: 42.4% vs. 40.3% reported in LM treatment. While LM presented a higher n-6 fatty acids: 4.42% related to P treatment: 3.13%. Regardless of the type of pasture, it can be confirmed that meat from pasture systems presents low intramuscular fat and a better ratio of n-6/n-3.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between bone mineral density, vitamin D level, and sleep quality in female patients with osteoporosis. METHODS: This descriptive correlational study included a total of 318 women diagnosed with osteoporosis. The data were collected using a patient identification form, including items for the plasma vitamin D level and bone mineral density score obtained by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: The mean age of the women was 56.49±5.68 years, and their femoral neck T mean score, an indicator of bone mineral density, was −2.94±0.31. Only 6.3% of the women had adequate vitamin D levels. In addition, according to their Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, 85.8% of the women had poor sleep quality. In the study, no significant difference was found between the women's bone mineral densities and vitamin D levels according to sleep quality (p>0.05). However, there was a weak negative correlation between the duration of osteoporosis, body mass index, and sleep quality (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no association between the vitamin D level, bone mineral density, and sleep quality, but the duration of osteoporosis was negatively associated with sleep quality. Accordingly, it may be recommended to provide education and counseling to postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteoporosis on issues such as sunbathing, vitamin D and calcium preparation intake, weight control, and non-pharmacological treatment approaches by making necessary individual-specific plans to improve sleep quality. OBJECTIVE METHODS 31 form dualenergy dual energy Xray X ray method RESULTS 5649568 56 49 5 68 56.49±5.6 years 294031 2 94 0 −2.94±0.31 63 6 3 6.3 addition scores 858 85 8 85.8 womens s p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 05 (p>0.05) However index p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) CONCLUSION Accordingly sunbathing intake control nonpharmacological non pharmacological individualspecific individual specific 564956 4 56.49±5. 29403 9 −2.94±0.3 6. 85. p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 56495 56.49±5 2940 −2.94±0. p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 5649 56.49± 294 −2.94±0 p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. 564 56.49 29 −2.94± p> (p>0 p< (p<0 56.4 −2.94 (p> (p< 56. −2.9 (p −2. −2 −

ABSTRACT Introduction: The importance of dietitians in dialysis units is indisputable and mandatory in Brazil, but little is known about the practices adopted by these professionals. Objective: To know practices adopted in routine nutritional care, focusing on nutritional assessment tools and treatment strategies for people at risk or diagnosed with malnutrition. Methodology: Electronic questionnaire disseminated on social media and messaging applications. It included questions that covered dietitians’ demographic and occupational profile characteristics and of the dialysis unit, use and frequency of nutritional assessment tools, nutritional intervention strategies in cases of risk or diagnosis of malnutrition, prescription and access to oral supplements. Results: Twenty four percent of the Brazilian dialysis units (n = 207) responded electronically. The most used nutritional assessment tools with or without a pre-established frequency were dietary surveys (96%) and Subjective Global Assessment (83%). The strategies in cases of risk or presence of malnutrition used most frequently (almost always/always) were instructions to increase energy and protein intake from foods (97%), and increasing the frequency of visits (88%). The frequency of prescribing commercial supplements with standard and specialized formulas was quite similar. The availability of dietary supplements by the public healthcare system to patients varied between regions. Conclusion: Most dietitians use various nutritional assessment tools and intervention strategies in cases of risk or malnutrition; however, the frequency of use of such tools and strategies varied substantially. Introduction Brazil professionals Objective care Methodology applications unit Results n 207 electronically preestablished pre established 96% 96 (96% 83%. 83 83% . (83%) almost always/always alwaysalways always 97%, 97 97% , (97%) 88%. 88 88% (88%) similar regions Conclusion however substantially 20 9 (96 8 (83% (97% (88% 2 (9 (83 (97 (88 ( (8

Resumo Introdução: A importância da atuação do nutricionista em unidades de diálise é indiscutível e obrigatória no Brasil, porém pouco sabemos sobre as práticas adotadas por esses profissionais. Objetivo: Conhecer práticas adotadas na rotina dos atendimentos nutricionais, com foco nas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e nas estratégias de tratamento das pessoas com risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição. Metodologia: Questionário eletrônico divulgado em mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens. Incluiu questões que abrangiam características do perfil demográfico e ocupacional do profissional e da unidade de diálise, utilização e frequência de ferramentas de avaliação nutricional, estratégias de intervenção nutricional em casos de risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição e prescrição e acesso a suplementos alimentares orais. Resultados: Foram recebidos eletronicamente o equivalente a 24% das unidades de diálise brasileiras (n = 207). As ferramentas de avaliação nutricional mais utilizadas com ou sem frequência pré-estabelecida foram inquéritos dietéticos (96%) e Avaliação Global Subjetiva (83%). As estratégias em casos de risco ou presença de desnutrição utilizadas com mais frequência (quase sempre/sempre) foram a orientação de incremento energético e proteico por meio de alimentos (97%) e o aumento da periodicidade das visitas (88%). A frequência de prescrição de suplemento industrializado de fórmula padrão e especializada foi bastante semelhante. A disponibilização de suplementos alimentares pelo Sistema Único de Saúde aos pacientes variou entre as regiões. Conclusão: A maior parte dos nutricionistas utiliza diversas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e estratégias de intervenção em casos de risco ou desnutrição, porém a frequência de utilização de tais ferramentas e estratégias foi bastante variada. Introdução Brasil profissionais Objetivo nutricionais Metodologia mensagens orais Resultados 24 n 207. 207 . 207) préestabelecida pré estabelecida 96% 96 (96% 83%. 83 83% (83%) quase sempre/sempre sempresempre sempre 97% 97 (97% 88%. 88 88% (88%) semelhante regiões Conclusão variada 2 20 9 (96 8 (83% (97 (88% (9 (83 (88 ( (8

ABSTRACT Introduction: The importance of dietitians in dialysis units is indisputable and mandatory in Brazil, but little is known about the practices adopted by these professionals. Objective: To know practices adopted in routine nutritional care, focusing on nutritional assessment tools and treatment strategies for people at risk or diagnosed with malnutrition. Methodology: Electronic questionnaire disseminated on social media and messaging applications. It included questions that covered dietitians’ demographic and occupational profile characteristics and of the dialysis unit, use and frequency of nutritional assessment tools, nutritional intervention strategies in cases of risk or diagnosis of malnutrition, prescription and access to oral supplements. Results: Twenty four percent of the Brazilian dialysis units (n = 207) responded electronically. The most used nutritional assessment tools with or without a pre-established frequency were dietary surveys (96%) and Subjective Global Assessment (83%). The strategies in cases of risk or presence of malnutrition used most frequently (almost always/always) were instructions to increase energy and protein intake from foods (97%), and increasing the frequency of visits (88%). The frequency of prescribing commercial supplements with standard and specialized formulas was quite similar. The availability of dietary supplements by the public healthcare system to patients varied between regions. Conclusion: Most dietitians use various nutritional assessment tools and intervention strategies in cases of risk or malnutrition; however, the frequency of use of such tools and strategies varied substantially. Introduction Brazil professionals Objective care Methodology applications unit Results n 207 electronically preestablished pre established 96% 96 (96% 83%. 83 83% . (83%) almost always/always alwaysalways always 97%, 97 97% , (97%) 88%. 88 88% (88%) similar regions Conclusion however substantially 20 9 (96 8 (83% (97% (88% 2 (9 (83 (97 (88 ( (8

Resumo Introdução: A importância da atuação do nutricionista em unidades de diálise é indiscutível e obrigatória no Brasil, porém pouco sabemos sobre as práticas adotadas por esses profissionais. Objetivo: Conhecer práticas adotadas na rotina dos atendimentos nutricionais, com foco nas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e nas estratégias de tratamento das pessoas com risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição. Metodologia: Questionário eletrônico divulgado em mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens. Incluiu questões que abrangiam características do perfil demográfico e ocupacional do profissional e da unidade de diálise, utilização e frequência de ferramentas de avaliação nutricional, estratégias de intervenção nutricional em casos de risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição e prescrição e acesso a suplementos alimentares orais. Resultados: Foram recebidos eletronicamente o equivalente a 24% das unidades de diálise brasileiras (n = 207). As ferramentas de avaliação nutricional mais utilizadas com ou sem frequência pré-estabelecida foram inquéritos dietéticos (96%) e Avaliação Global Subjetiva (83%). As estratégias em casos de risco ou presença de desnutrição utilizadas com mais frequência (quase sempre/sempre) foram a orientação de incremento energético e proteico por meio de alimentos (97%) e o aumento da periodicidade das visitas (88%). A frequência de prescrição de suplemento industrializado de fórmula padrão e especializada foi bastante semelhante. A disponibilização de suplementos alimentares pelo Sistema Único de Saúde aos pacientes variou entre as regiões. Conclusão: A maior parte dos nutricionistas utiliza diversas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e estratégias de intervenção em casos de risco ou desnutrição, porém a frequência de utilização de tais ferramentas e estratégias foi bastante variada. Introdução Brasil profissionais Objetivo nutricionais Metodologia mensagens orais Resultados 24 n 207. 207 . 207) préestabelecida pré estabelecida 96% 96 (96% 83%. 83 83% (83%) quase sempre/sempre sempresempre sempre 97% 97 (97% 88%. 88 88% (88%) semelhante regiões Conclusão variada 2 20 9 (96 8 (83% (97 (88% (9 (83 (88 ( (8

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the large use of folic acid supplements, there are very few cases of reported allergy. Clinical case: A 38-year-old woman, experienced palmoplantar pruritus, generalized urticaria, angioedema and conjunctival hyperemia, 30 minutes after the intake of a 5mg folic acid tablet. She was taken to the Emergency Department and on discharge was referred to the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, where the patient underwent a diagnostic workup. The Skin Prick Test (SPT) was positive for the 5 mg/mL concentration and the Basophil Activation Test (BAT) was considered positive for both dilutions, from an initial solution concentration of 5mg/ml: 1/100 dil (CD63=9.03%; SI=10.1) and 1/160 dil (CD63=7.46%; SI=8.4). Discussion/Conclusion: We report a patient with an immediate reaction to folic acid with positive SPT and BAT, which favors an IgE-mediated allergy. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing the use of a BAT in the diagnostic workup of folic acid allergy.

RESUMO Introdução: Apesar da grande utilização de suplementos de ácido fólico, existem poucos casos de alergia relatados. Descrição do caso: Mulher de 38 anos, que apresentou prurido palmoplantar, urticária generalizada, angioedema e hiperemia conjuntival 30 minutos após a ingestão de um comprimido de ácido fólico de 5mg. Foi levada ao serviço de urgência e, à data de alta, referenciada para o serviço de imunoalergologia para realização de estudo. O teste cutâneo por picada (TCP) foi positivo para a concentração de 5 mg/ml e o teste de ativação de basófilos (TAB) foi considerado positivo para ambas as diluições, a partir de uma concentração inicial de 5mg/ml: 1/100 dil (CD63=9,03%; SI=10,1) e 1/160 dil (CD63=7,46%; SI=8,4). Discussão/conclusões: Descrevemos uma doente com uma reação imediata ao ácido fólico com TCP e TAB positivos, o que favorece uma alergia IgE-mediada. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro caso a descrever a utilização do TAB no estudo da alergia ao ácido fólico.

Abstract The supply of protein-enriched foods (AAPs) in the Chilean market has been increasing and is expected to continue growing. However, the specific types and characteristics of the products available in Chile remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the AAPs available in supermarkets within the Metropolitan Region. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with a systematic search in 9 supermarkets. Products with added protein and foods modified to enhance their protein content were included. Nutritional composition, ingredients, types of added proteins, price, and availability were analyzed. Results: A total of 176 AAPs were categorized into dairy products (35.2%), farinaceous products (11.4%), snacks (31.3%), non-dairy beverages (6.8%), sugary products (4.5%), and meat/vegetable substitutes (10.8%), with the most frequent products being cereal bars (n=55) and yogurt (n=40). Snacks had the highest protein content, with a median of 33.3 g per 100 g of product. The most common proteins added were dairy proteins, soy protein, and whey protein, found in 44.9%, 37.5%, and 27.8% of the products, respectively. Conclusions: A significant presence of dairy proteins in AAPs was noted. AAPs could be a beneficial option for increasing protein intake in groups that need it. However, clinical trials are necessary to assess the impact of their consumption on different target populations.

Resumen La oferta de alimentos con adición de proteínas (AAPs) en el mercado chileno ha ido en aumento y se proyecta que continuará creciendo. Sin embargo, se desconoce con detalle el tipo y las características de los productos comercializados en Chile. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los AAPs disponibles en supermercados de la Región Metropolitana. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo en el que se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en 9 supermercados. Se incluyeron productos con adición de proteínas y alimentos modificados para aumentar su contenido proteico. Se analizó su composición nutricional, ingredientes, proteínas añadidas, precio y disponibilidad. Resultados: Se examinaron 176 AAPs de las categorías de lácteos (35,2%), farináceos (11,4%), snacks (31,3%), bebidas no lácteas (6,8%), productos azucarados (4,5%) y cárnicos/sucedáneos de origen vegetal (10,8%), siendo los productos más frecuentes las barras de cereal (n=55) y el yogurt (n=40). Los snacks presentaron el mayor aporte de proteínas, con una mediana de 33,3 g por 100 g de producto. Las proteínas más utilizadas fueron de origen lácteo, proteína de soya y proteána de suero de leche, encontradas en un 44,9%, 37,5% y 27,8% de los productos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se observó una amplia adición de proteínas de origen lácteo en los AAPs. Estos productos podrían ser una opción favorable para aumentar la ingesta proteica en grupos que lo requieran, pero es necesario realizar ensayos clinicos para evaluar su impacto en distintos grupos de interés.

Abstract Honey is a natural sweetener with importante health benefits. As it has been widely recommended as a substitute of sucrose, it could be perceived as highly safe and healthy. However, it is still unknown what are the metabolic effects when honey is ingested freely and uncontrolled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of ad libitum access to sweet solutions in hyperglycemic induced rats on the biochemical, anthropometric and feeding pattern of intake. Male wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n=10) with exposure to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 10% along 6 continuous weeks. Fluid intake from solution was lower in HS group (p < 0.05), however, the grams of sweetener ingested from the solution were similar among groups. Solution consumption showed an increasing pattern in HS and GFS groups, leading to an escalating intake and binge drinking. Honey solution intake was highly correlated with glucose (r= 0.87, p=0.001) and total cholesterol (r= 0.74, p=0.013) levels. The serum levels of glucose (322±186 mg/dL), total cholesterol (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) and triglycerides (156±62.2 mg/dL), were higher in HS group. The ad libitum ingestion protocol led to a high and sustained consumption of honey, exceeding four times the recommended intake of free sugars. This ingestive behavior resulted in deleterious effects in the experimental animals. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account when recommending honey consumption, as it may be perceived as a highly safe and healthy option, potentially leading to addictive behavior similar to that observed with sucrose intake.

Resumen La miel es un edulcorante natural con importantes beneficios para la salud. Como ha sido ampliamente recomendada como sustituto de la sacarosa, podría considerarse altamente segura y saludable. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia que informe cuáles son los efectos metabólicos cuando la miel se ingiere libremente y sin control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos del acceso ad libitum a soluciones dulces en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida sobre el patrón de ingesta alimentario, valores bioquímicos y antropométricos. Se asignaron ratas wistar macho a tres grupos experimentales (n=10) con exposición a solución de sacarosa (SS), solución de miel (HS) y solución de fructosa/glucosa (GFS) al 10% durante 6 semanas continuas. La ingesta de líquidos de la solución fue menor en el grupo HS (p < 0.05), sin embargo, los gramos de edulcorante ingeridos de la solución fueron similares entre los grupos. El consumo de soluciones mostró un patrón creciente en los grupos HS y GFS, lo que llevó a una ingesta escalonada y de atracón. La ingesta de solución de miel estuvo altamente correlacionada con los niveles de glucosa (r= 0.872, p=0.00) y colesterol total (r= 0.742, p=0.01). Los niveles sericos de glucosa (322±186 mg/dL), colesterol total (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) y triglicíridos (156±62.2 mg/dL fueron mayores en el grupo HS. El protocolo de ingestión ad libitum resultó en un consumo elevado y mantenido de miel que excedía cuatro veces la ingesta recomendada de azúcares libres. Esta conducta ingestiva causó efectos nocivos en los animales de experimentación. Por ello, estos hallazgos deben ser considerados al recomendar la ingesta de miel, ya que podría percibirse como altamente segura y saludable provocando una conducta adictiva similar a la observada con la ingesta de sacarosa.

Abstract Objective: This study evaluates the association between fiber intake and obesity in Brazilian adolescents, according to sex and having meals with parents/guardians. Methods: We used data from the Study on Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) (12-17 years), a cross-sectional study conducted between 2013 and 2014 in all cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Obesity was classified based on World Health Organization criteria for BMI. Fiber intake was obtained from a 24-hour dietary recall, and the following values were considered adequate: for males, ≥25g/day (aged 9-13 years) and ≥31g/day (aged 14-17 years); for females, ≥22g/day (aged 9-13 years) and ≥25g/day (aged 14-17 years). The categories for lunch and dinner with parents/guardians were “never/rarely/sometimes” versus “every day/almost every day”. Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between obesity and fiber intake adjusted for covariates and stratified by sex and meals. Results: 69,627 adolescents were evaluated, 50.2% male and mean age 14.4 years (SD=1,6). A lower prevalence of obesity was observed in adolescents with adequate fiber intake who had lunch “every day/almost every day” (females: PR=0.51; 95%CI: 0.36-0.72; males: PR=0.59; 95%CI: 0.42-0.82) and dinner with their parents/guardians (females: PR=0.48; 95%CI: 0.35-0.65; males: PR=0.58; 95%CI: 0.42-0.78). Conclusion: Adolescents who frequently had meals with their parents/guardians and reported adequate fiber consumption had a lower prevalence of obesity.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de fibra y la obesidad en adolescentes brasileños, según el sexo y la frecuencia de las comidas con padres/tutores. Métodos: Se utilizaron datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA) (12-17 años), un estudio transversal realizado entre 2013 y 2014 en todas las ciudades con más de 100.000 habitantes. La obesidad se clasificó según los criterios de IMC de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La ingesta de fibra se obtuvo a partir de un recordatorio dietético de 24 horas, y se consideraron valores adecuados los siguientes: para varones de 9 a 13 años, ≥25 g/día y de 14 a 17 años, ≥31 g/día; para mujeres de 9 a 13 años, ≥22 g/día y de 14 a 17 años, ≥25 g/día. Las categorías para el almuerzo y la cena con padres/tutores fueron: “nunca/rara vez/a veces” vs. “todos los días/casi todos los días”. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson para examinar las asociaciones entre la obesidad y la ingesta de fibra, ajustadas por covariables y estratificadas por sexo y comidas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 69.627 adolescentes, 50,2% varones, con una edad media de 14,4 años (DE=1,6). Se observó una menor prevalencia de obesidad en los adolescentes con una ingesta adecuada de fibra y que almorzaban “todos los días/casi todos los días” (mujeres: PR=0,51; IC95%: 0,36-0,72; varones: PR=0,59; IC95%: 0,42-0,82) y cenaban con sus padres/tutores (mujeres: PR=0,48; IC95%: 0,35-0,65; varones: PR=0,58; IC95%: 0,42-0,78). Conclusión: Los adolescentes que comían frecuentemente con sus padres/tutores y reportaban un consumo adecuado de fibra tenían una menor prevalencia de obesidad.

Resumen La desnutrición infantil constituye un desafío de gran importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia de los factores sociales y culturales en el estado nutricional en niños menores ecuatorianos de 2 años, en la ciudad de Portoviejo, Provincia de Manabí, durante el año 2023. Se realizó una investigación prospectiva, descriptiva, transversal y observacional. La población pediátrica incluyó 169 menores de dos años, cuyas madres proporcionaron los datos pertinentes. Los factores sociales predominantes fue el nivel educativo del cuidador del niño comprendida entre 7 a 12 años de estudios con la presencia de casos de desnutrición crónica en un 83,9%; además, la limitada contribución financiera del progenitor para la alimentación del infante con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 88,6%. Dentro de los factores culturales, se encontró que los niños con esquema de vacunación incompleto presentaban desnutrición crónica con un 88,7%, la falta de los controles prenatales, al igual que la inasistencia al primer control prenatal antes del quinto mes con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 95,5%; además, se evidenció que la estimulación para la ingesta de alimentos y la falta de práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva con la presencia de desnutrición crónica en los menores, con un 98,4% y un 96,8%, respectivamente. En este entorno, el estado nutricional de mayor tendencia fue la desnutrición crónica con un 34,3%. Además, se identificó una asociación significativa de relación de dependencia (p<0,05) entre los factores sociales, culturales y el estado nutricional.

Abstract Child malnutrition constitutes a challenge of great importance in the field of public health. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of social and cultural factors on the nutritional status in Ecuadorian children under 2 years of age in the city of Portoviejo, Province of Manabí, during the year 2023. A prospective, descriptive, crooss-sectional and observational research was carried. The pediatric population included 169 children under two years of age, whose mothers provided the relevant data. The predominant social factors were the educational level of the child's caregiver, ranging from 7 to 12 years of education, with the presence of cases of chronic malnutrition in 83.9%; in addition, the limited financial contribution of the parent to feeding the infant with cases of acute malnutrition in 88.6%. Within the cultural factors, it was found that children with an incomplete vaccination presented chronic malnutrition with 88.7%, the lack of prenatal check-ups, as well as non-attendance at the first prenatal check-up before the fifth month with cases of malnutrition acute in 95.5%; Furthermore, it was evidenced that the stimulation of food intake and the lack of practice of exclusive breastfeeding with the presence of chronic malnutrition in minors, with 98.4% and 96.8%, respectively. In this environment, the most trending nutritional status was chronic malnutrition with 34.3%. In addition, a significant association of dependency relationship (p<0.05) was identified between social and cultural factors and nutritional status.

RESUMEN Introducción: La covid-19 alteró la situación laboral y el proceso docente educativo de las universidades médicas. Además, hubo un impacto muy negativo en todas las esferas económicas y sociales del país. En el sector de la salud se reorganizaron los servicios y recursos humanos, se afectó la producción del cuadro básico de medicamentos, aumentaron las presiones sobre el sistema de salud pública y asistencia social con el correspondiente incremento de los costos de salud pública y gastos públicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos sociales, económicos y académicos de la covid-19 en la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, durante rebrotes de covid-19 en el periodo de enero a julio de 2021 en trabajadores disponibles y estudiantes de primero a quinto año de la facultad. Se evaluaron características generales y socioeconómicas para cada grupo, como certificados médicos y causas, días afectados, resultados de la pesquisa, y actividad formativa. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: La incidencia de casos positivos fue baja, pero generó miles de días de incapacidad, por aislamientos e ingreso en el hogar. Se pesquisaron más de 5 000 personas sospechosas de la enfermedad, de ellos 19,9 % resultó positivo. La promoción superó 95 % en todos los años de la carrera y fue mayor al de etapa prepidémica, al igual que la eficiencia vertical. Conclusiones: Aunque hubo efectos sociales, económicos y académicos negativos, el trabajo comunitario integral contribuyó a la preservación de la salud de la población y se desarrolló el aprendizaje a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 altered the employment situation and the educational teaching process of medical universities. In addition, there was a very negative impact on all economic and social areas of the country. In the health sector, services and human resources were reorganized, the production of basic medicines was affected, pressures on the public health and social welfare system increased with corresponding rise in public health costs and expenditures. Objective: To describe the social, economic and academic effects of COVID-19 in the Medical Faculty No. 1 of the Medical Science University in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted during the reoutbreaks of COVID-19 in the period from January to July 2021 in available workers and students from the first to the fifth year of the faculty. General and socio-economic characteristics were evaluated for each group, such as medical certificates and causes, affected days, research results and training activity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and presentation of results. Results: The incidence of positive cases was low, but generated thousands of days of disability due to isolation and home intake. More than 5 000 people suspected pf the disease were surveyed, 19.9 % of them positive. The promotion exceeded 95 % in all years of the major and was higher than the pre-epidemic stage, as well as the vertical efficiency. Conclusions: Although there were negative social, economic and academic effects, the integral community work contributed to the preservation of the population´s health and online classes were developed.

ABSTRACT Background . Excessive consumption of salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in the diet leads to the development of hypertension (HTN) and target organ damage. It is known that the ClC-K1 and ClC-5 channels are essential regulators of the chloride (Cl-) anion, but the contribution of this anion to salt-harmful effects remains unknown. Objective . The aim of this study was to evaluate the participation of Cl- in the renal inflammatory and oxidative response and in the development of HTN. Methods . Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8/group) and fed with different diets for 3 weeks. control (C group); NaCl 8% (NaCl group); high Na+ diet. sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) 11.8% (Na group); high Cl- diet. calcium chloride (CaCl2) 3.80%, potassium chloride (KCl) 3.06% and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 1.30% (Cl group). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the renal cortex, and renal expression of the chloride ClC-K1 and ClC-5 channels were assessed. Results . An increase in SBP, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and renal expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) were observed in the NaCl and Cl groups (p<0.05). The production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased in the experimental groups compared with C. The expression of Parkinson disease protein 7 (PARK7) decreased in the Cl group compared with C (p< 0.05). The NaCl and Cl groups showed increased expression of ClC-K1, while ClC-5 was reduced in the NaCl group compared with C (p<0.05) Conclusion . Cl- would be co-responsible together with Na+ in triggering oxidative and inflammatory kidney damage and increasing blood pressure. This indicates the importance of reducing the intake of both ions as a non-pharmacological preventive measure for the prevention and control of HTN. The role of ClC-K1 and ClC-5 channels as mediators of this process remains to be confirmed.

RESUMEN Introducción . El consumo excesivo de sal (cloruro de sodio, NaCl) en la dieta conduce al desarrollo de hipertensión arterial (HTA) y daño de órgano blanco. Se sabe que los canales ClC-K1 y ClC-5 son reguladores esenciales del anión cloruro (Cl-), pero la contribución de este anión a los efectos deletéreos de la sal es aún desconocida. Objetivo . El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la participación del Cl- en la respuesta inflamatoria y oxidativa renal y en el desarrollo de HTA. Material y métodos . Ratas Wistar macho se dividieron en cuatro grupos (n=8/grupo) y se alimentaron con diferentes dietas durante 3 semanas. control (grupo C); NaCl 8 % (grupo NaCl); dieta alta en Na+. citrato de sodio (Na3C6H5O7) 11,8 % (grupo Na); dieta alta en Cl-. cloruro de calcio (CaCl2) 3,80 %, cloruro de potasio (KCl) 3,06 % y cloruro de magnesio (MgCl2) 1,30 % (grupo Cl). Se determinó la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), función renal, marcadores de estrés oxidativo y de inflamación en corteza renal, y la expresion renal de los canales de cloruro ClC-K1 y ClC-5. Resultados . Se observó un aumento de la PAS, actividad de glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y expresión renal de factor nuclear kappa B (NFkB) y receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 (AT1R) en los grupos NaCl y Cl- (p<0,05). La producción de sustancias reactivas del ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) aumentó en los grupos experimentales con respecto a C. La expresión de la proteína de Parkinson 7 (PARK7) disminuyó en el grupo Cl en comparación con C (p< 0,05). Los grupos NaCl y Cl- mostraron una mayor expresión de ClC-K1, mientras que ClC-5 se redujo en el grupo NaCl en comparación con C (p<0,05). Conclusión . El Cl- sería corresponsable, junto con el Na+, de desencadenar daño oxidativo e inflamatorio renal y aumentar la presión arterial; por ello se deduce la importancia de reducir la ingesta de ambos iones como medida preventiva no farmacológica para la prevención y control de la HTA. El rol de los canales ClC-K1 y ClC-5 como mediadores de este proceso queda aún por confirmarse.