Abstract (Introduction): The current cultivation of trees is insufficient to cover the national demand for wood, in this way small producers become an alternative solution to this situation, since despite having small areas, in the country there are abundant farms with these conditions; However, the current forest management scheme does not meet adequate standards for the incorporation of these small producers. (Objective): To present an adaptive forest management scheme (AFMS) to the needs of the small farmer, in addition, to demonstrate the institutional availability to change according to expert criteria. (Methodology): 1) the factors that influence the decision to adopt an agricultural or forestry production system were identified; 2) a profile of an ideal productive system that met the interests and preferences of the small producer was made, which was compared with the characteristics of agricultural and forestry production; 3) the proposal of an EMFA adjusted to the preferences and interest of the producer was made, which was also compared with the ideal profile; 4) three proposed change actions were presented to experts, obtaining different degrees of possibility of changes in the EMFA. (Results): The discrepancy of the forest management scheme for the cultivation of trees with the perspective that a small producer has on an ideal production system was evidenced, as well as the substantial improvement that an EMFA would have in the valuation of the small producer and the institutional availability to change the EMFA according to the perspective of the small producers. (Conclusions): The adjustment of the forest management scheme allows a greater adoption of the activity by the small producer, but it was recognized that any proposal that is made would be successful only if forest governance makes it more flexible and allows change.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo actual de árboles es insuficiente para cubrir la demanda nacional de madera, de este modo, los pequeños productores se tornan como una alternativa de solución ante esta situación, ya que pese a contar con áreas pequeñas, en el país son abundantes las fincas con estas condiciones; sin embargo, el esquema actual de manejo forestal no cumple con estándares adecuados para la incorporación de estos pequeños productores. (Objetivo): Presentar un esquema de manejo forestal adaptativo (EMFA) a las necesidades del pequeño productor, además de evidenciar la disponibilidad institucional al cambio, según el criterio experto. (Metodología): 1) se identificaron los factores que influyen en la decisión de adopción de un sistema productivo agrícola o forestal; 2) se realizó un perfil de un sistema productivo ideal que cumpliera con los intereses y preferencias del pequeño productor, el cual se confrontó con las características de la producción agrícola y forestal; 3) se efectuó la propuesta de un EMFA ajustado a las preferencias e interés del productor, que fue también confrontada con el perfil ideal; 4) se expusieron tres acciones de cambio propuestas ante expertos, obteniendo diferentes grados de posibilidad de cambios en el EMFA. (Resultados): Se evidenció la discrepancia del esquema de manejo forestal para el cultivo de árboles con la perspectiva que un pequeño productor tiene sobre un sistema de producción ideal, asimismo la mejora sustancial que un EMFA tendría en la valoración del pequeño productor y la disponibilidad institucional al cambio del EMFA, según la perspectiva de los pequeños productores. (Conclusiones): El ajuste del esquema de manejo forestal permite una mayor adopción del cultivo de árboles por parte del pequeño productor, pero se reconoció que cualquier propuesta que se realice lograría ser exitosa si la gobernanza forestal flexibiliza y posibilita el cambio.

Abstract Nowadays, organizations have the responsibility to commit themselves to actions that favor environmental conservation. The present study sought to explore an accompaniment for the management of the environmental component in the activities developed by an organization located in Armenia, Quindío-Colombia. Inter-institutional meetings were held in which a recognition, dialogue and workshop were conducted with the collaborators. A previously validated checklist was used. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was made of the results obtained. It was found that 40 % of the components lacked actions for environmental conservation. Thus, the accompaniment showed that the collaborators committed themselves to use solid waste, save water and energy. The monitoring resulted in three strategic actions for the water, soil and energy components. The organization showed great interest in the process and an intersectoral link was established. The study proposes a baseline for the management of the environmental component of the study area; it resulted in an accompaniment and representative participation with significant progress towards the conservation of the environment within the organization.

Resumen Actualmente, las organizaciones se encargan de comprometerse con acciones que favorezcan la conservación del medioambiente. El presente estudio explora un acompañamiento para la gestión del componente ambiental en las actividades desarrolladas de una organización ubicada en Armenia, Quindío-Colombia. Se realizaron reuniones interinstitucionales en las que se realizó un reconocimiento, diálogo y taller con los colaboradores. Se utilizó una lista de verificación previamente validada. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos. Se encontró que el 40 % de los componentes carecen de acciones para la conservación del medioambiente. De tal manera, el acompañamiento arrojó que los colaboradores se comprometieron a aprovechar los residuos sólidos, ahorrar agua y energía. El acompañamiento derivó en tres acciones estratégicas para los componentes de agua, suelo y energía. La organización demostró un gran interés en el proceso y se logró establecer un vínculo intersectorial. El estudio plantea una línea base de gestión del componente ambiental del área de estudio; derivó en un acompañamiento y participación representativa con avances significativos hacia la conservación del medioambiente dentro de la organización.

Resumo Atualmente, as organizações têm a responsabilidade de se comprometerem com acções que favoreçam a conservação do ambiente. O presente estudo procurou explorar um acompanhamento para a gestão da componente ambiental nas actividades de uma organização situada em Armenia, Quindío-Colômbia. Foram realizadas reuniões interinstitucionais em que se procedeu a um reconhecimento, diálogo e workshop com os colaboradores. Foi utilizada uma lista de controlo previamente validada. Posteriormente, procedeu-se a uma análise descritiva dos resultados obtidos. Verificou-se que 40 % dos componentes careciam de acções para a conservação do ambiente. Desta forma, o acompanhamento mostrou que os colaboradores se comprometeram a utilizar os resíduos sólidos, a poupar água e energia. O acompanhamento resultou em três acções estratégicas para as componentes água, solo e energia. A organização mostrou grande interesse no processo e foi estabelecida uma ligação intersectorial. O estudo fornece uma base de referência para a gestão da componente ambiental da área de estudo; resultou num apoio e numa participação representativa com progressos significativos para a conservação do ambiente na organização.

RESUMEN El artículo examina la necesidad de introducir la presupuestación por programas, como parte de un proceso más amplio de modernización de las finanzas públicas en Cuba. Dentro de los factores que hacen necesaria su implementación están los nichos de eficiencia del gasto público y la desconexión entre el sistema presupuestario y el sistema de planificación. Esta metodología presupuestaria se orienta a la gestión basada en resultados, permitiendo analizar la productividad del gasto público durante el ejercicio fiscal. Asimismo, su introducción serviría al propósito de calzar financieramente la arquitectura establecida a través de macroprogramas, programas y proyectos, fortaleciendo la correspondecia entre planificación y presupuestación. Se concluye que el éxito en su implementación está condicionado por la existencia de problemas en el entorno macroeconómico, institucional y regulatorio.

ABSTRACT The article examines the need to introduce budgeting by programs, as part of a broader process of modernization of public finances in Cuba. Among the factors that make its implementation necessary are the niches of efficiency in public spending and the disconnection between the budget system and the planning system. This budgetary methodology is oriented towards results based management, making it possible to analyze the productivity of public spending during the fiscal year. Likewise, its introduction would serve the purpose of financially fitting the architecture established through Macroprograms, programs and projects, strengthening the correspondence between planning and budgeting. It is concluded that the success in its implementation is conditioned by the existence of problems in the macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory environment.

The water resources within the lower section of the Upper Vaal catchment, where the Vaal Barrage is situated, are highly utilised and developed, and water quality regulation has become a contested space between resource users and the regulators. The credibility and scientific defensibility of discharge standards in water-use licences (WULs), the relationship between upstream and downstream waste loads, the relationship between flows and water quality standards in WUL, and the water quality components of the resource quality objectives (RQOs) are being contested. This study explores the perceptions and motivations underlying these contestations as a contribution to scientific understanding of water quality management in a highly developed system. Perceived unrealistic RQOs, perceived lack of scientific credibility of the methods for deriving water quality standards in WUL, data inadequacy, as well as poor institutional capacity were identified as the top motivations for contesting applicable regulatory instruments in the catchment. Punitive measures, incentives, and education and awareness-raising were identified as key to accelerating compliance. Overall, this paper contributes to our general understanding of the intricacies of water quality management within a contested space. SIGNIFICANCE: Water quality management in South Africa is increasingly becoming a contested space, particularly in catchments that are highly developed and utilised. The findings in this study imply that (1) there is a need for a multi-pronged approach to increase water quality compliance, (2) there is a need for trust within the regulatory system to foster confidence among actors and stakeholders, and (3) transparent, open processes and scientifically credible and defensible methods, and data are needed for deriving standards in water-use licences (WULs).

O debate acadêmico sobre internacionalização do ensino superior, acumulado nas últimas três décadas, discorre sobre estratégias de políticas científicas de universidades e governos no intuito de galgarem melhores posições em rankings universitários. No Brasil, a internacionalização está bastante vinculada à Avaliação dos Programas de Pós-graduação (CAPES), sendo um dos principais indicadores, meta fundamental para o desenvolvimento científico e excelência do ensino superior do país. Esta pesquisa realiza uma análise cientométrica da produção do conhecimento sobre o tema a partir de 251 teses e dissertações, defendidas entre 2013-2022, com o objetivo de responder: a) quais os temas predominantes nessas produções e como eles dialogam entre si? b) Como essa produção se comporta em suas dimensões geográfica, institucional e de campo de conhecimento? Como resultados, constatamos que a produção se destaca nas áreas de Educação e Administração, com concentração na região sul. Tematicamente, é significativa a ênfase na avaliação da ciência e dos programas de pós-graduação, a dimensão estudantil em programas de mobilidade internacional, além de aspectos relativos ao ensino. A análise de rede bimodal (áreas e palavras) nos permite indicar a evidência de pelo menos quatro agendas de pesquisa: (i) Políticas educacionais e de ensino, com ênfase para a pós-graduação, (ii) Gestão e planejamento do ensino e das IES, (iii) Língua estrangeira e colonialidade, e (iv) Políticas governamentais, regulação e produção acadêmica.

The academic debate about internationalization of higher education, which has accumulated over the last three decades, discusses the scientific policy strategies of universities and governments in order to achieve better positions in university rankings. In Brazil, internationalization is linked to the Evaluation of Postgraduate Programmes (CAPES), which is one of the main indicators, and is a fundamental goal for scientific development and excellence in higher education in the country. This research conducts a scientometric analysis of the production of knowledge on the subject from 251 theses and dissertations defended between 2013-2022, with the aim of answering: a) what are the predominant themes in these productions and how do they dialogue with each other? b) How does this production behave in its geographical, institutional and field of knowledge dimensions? We found that the production stands out in the areas of Education and Administration, with a concentration in the southern region. Thematically, there is a significant emphasis on the evaluation of science and postgraduate programs, the student dimension in international mobility programs, and aspects related to teaching. In addition, the bimodal network analysis (areas and words) allows us to point to evidence of at least four research agendas: (i) Educational and teaching policies, with an emphasis on postgraduate level, (ii) Management and planning of teaching and HEIs, (iii) Foreign language and coloniality, and (iv) Government policies, regulation and academic production.

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Abstract The university is acknowledged as an institution of great complexity, one that constantly navigates challenges in its interactions with the external community while adhering to an ethical code that defines its institutional identity and guides its research efforts. Moreover, it undertakes digital transformation processes to effectively meet its objectives. With this recognition, this article reports on the experience of designing and developing a Platform for the management of ethical and safety evaluations in scientific research, aimed at facilitating the work of ethical-scientific committees in the university environment. The methodological approach was carried out using tools typical of case study designs, working with documents and defining the following as dimensions of analysis: the development conditions of the platform, its characteristics, its future and challenges. The results indicate that in organizations that prioritize digital transformation as a process that adds value to strategy, a positive impact on knowledge management is observed, as is the case with this Platform. The significance of working with key actors, system users who execute interactions on the platform, appreciating their role in feedback processes and the improvement of the computer resource, is highlighted. Furthermore, it is noted that when there is a strategic vision of digital transformation as a process, favoring progressive development, identifying gaps and improvements in systems, enriching synergies are generated with other sectors of the institution, resulting in a profound and widespread impact throughout the university.

Resumen La universidad como institución es reconocida como una organización de gran complejidad, que constantemente navega desafíos en su interacción con la comunidad externa, al mismo tiempo que se adhiere a un código ético que define su identidad institucional y guía su labor investigativa, y que emprende procesos de transformación digital para cumplir efectivamente con sus objetivos. Con ese reconocimiento, este artículo da cuenta de la experiencia de diseño y desarrollo de una Plataforma para la gestión de la evaluación ética y de seguridad en investigación científica, destinada a facilitar el trabajo de los Comités ético-científicos en el ámbito universitario. El abordaje metodológico se realizó desde herramientas propias de los diseños de estudios de caso, trabajando con material documental y definiendo las siguientes como dimensiones de análisis: las condiciones de desarrollo de la plataforma, las características de ella, sus proyecciones y desafíos. Los resultados indican que en las organizaciones que priorizan la transformación digital como un proceso que aporta valor a la estrategia, se observa un impacto positivo en la gestión del conocimiento, tal como ocurre con esta Plataforma. Destaca la relevancia del trabajo con los actores claves, usuarios del sistema, quienes ejecutan las interacciones en la plataforma, valorando su rol en los procesos de retroalimentación y mejora del recurso informático. Además, se destaca que cuando hay una mirada estratégica de la transformación digital como proceso, favoreciendo un desarrollo progresivo, identificando brechas y mejoras en los sistemas, se generan sinergias enriquecedoras con otros sectores de la institución, generando un impacto profundo y amplio en toda la universidad.

Resumen Los efectos del estrés laboral están asociados con las horas de trabajo y las actividades mentales, como pensar y tomar decisiones, necesarias para la preparación y cualificación de tareas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la carga mental percibida en dos instituciones educativas con similitudes socioeconómicas, geográfica y planes educativos similares de la ciudad de Ibagué en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Se optó por una metodología cuantitativa no experimental de tipo transversal descriptivo, utilizando el NASA TLX para medir la carga mental, sometiendo los datos a un análisis estadístico no paramétrico de varianzas ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba DSCF para comparaciones post hoc. Los resultados revelaron que las diferencias en la carga de trabajo percibida están más relacionadas con el contexto institucional que con factores individuales como la edad, el género o la asignación académica que imparten los docentes. Esto sugiere que las características internas de las instituciones educativas y las habilidades de afrontamiento utilizadas por los docentes son cruciales para comprender y gestionar adecuadamente la carga mental percibida. Estos hallazgos enmarcan la importancia de adaptar las estrategias de gestión de la carga mental a las particularidades de cada institución educativa para mejorar la calidad de vida laboral de los profesionales y, en última instancia, la calidad de la educación que ofrecen.

Abstract The effects of work stress are associated with work hours and mental activities, such as thinking and decision making, necessary for the preparation and qualification of tasks. The objective of the study was to analyze the perceived mental load in two educational institutions with socioeconomic and geographic similarities and similar educational plans in the city of Ibagué in the department of Tolima, Colombia. A descriptive cross-sectional non-experimental quantitative methodology was chosen, using the NASA TLX to measure mental load, subjecting the data to a non-parametric statistical analysis of variances ANOVA by Kruskal-Wallis and the DSCF test for post hoc comparisons. The results revealed that differences in perceived workload are more related to the institutional context than to individual factors such as age, gender, or the academic assignment taught by teachers. This suggests that the internal characteristics of educational institutions and the coping skills used by teachers are crucial to adequately understand and manage perceived mental load. These findings frame the importance of adapting mental load management strategies to the particularities of each educational institution to improve the quality of work life of professionals and, ultimately, the quality of the education they offer.

ABSTRACT Communication is one of those fields that must be counted on to promote development policies at all levels in Cuba. Although it is about positioning science, it must be used to make appropriate use of the various channels and resources through which the message circulates; but we must also have society, the journalist, communication manager, scientist or person responsible for communicating the scientific fact capable of developing a message aimed at a public that is sensitive or not aware of the science issue, and at the same time we must resort to technology to make the communicative product more credible, understandable, immediate and accessible. In this conglomerate subfields persist such as the professional, educational and investigative fields of a communicator. Communication and innovation in the professional practices of social communicators are a key combination to influence the different substantive processes of the university in the various areas: institutional, community, governmental, political, academic in tune with the infocommunication policies that are promoted in the current Cuban context.

RESUMEN La comunicación resulta uno de esos campos con los que hay que contar para impulsar políticas de desarrollo en todos los niveles en Cuba. Si bien se trata de posicionar la ciencia hay que recurrir a ella para hacer uso adecuado de los diversos canales y recursos por los que circula el mensaje; pero además hay que contar con la sociedad, el periodista, gestor de la comunicación, científico o persona responsable de comunicar el hecho científico capaz de elaborar un mensaje dirigido a un público sensibilizado o no con la cuestión ciencia, y a la vez hay que recurrir a la tecnología para hacer más creíble, entendible, inmediato y cercano el producto comunicativo. En este conglomerado persisten subcampos como el profesional, educativo e investigativo de un comunicador. Comunicación e innovación en las prácticas profesionales de los comunicadores sociales resultan un binomio clave para incidir desde los distintos procesos sustantivos de la universidad en los diversos ámbitos: institucional, comunitario, gubernamental, político, académico a tono con las políticas infocomunicacionales que se promueven en el contexto cubano actual.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Clinical simulation allows the development of competencies in a realistic and safe environment. The perceptions of students and teachers were analyzed after implementing simulated scenarios in the Pediatrics clerkship at the National University of Asunción. Methodology: This was a qualitative-descriptive study. We used focus groups with students and interviews with teachers, inquiring about planning, management, learning, and expectations. We then performed thematic content analysis. Results: The experience was valued positively. Students reported acquisition of competencies for managing emergencies. Teachers based scenarios on prevalent cases. Debriefing was challenging. It was demonstrated that it improves teaching and patient safety. Conclusions: Simulation was favorably perceived, contributing to the development of competencies in a controlled environment. Institutional commitment is required to incorporate it into the curriculum.

RESUMEN Introducción: La simulación clínica permite desarrollar competencias en un ambiente realista y seguro. Se analizaron las percepciones de estudiantes y docentes tras implementar escenarios simulados en Pediatría III de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa-descriptiva. Grupos focales con estudiantes y entrevistas a docentes, indagando sobre planificación, gestión, aprendizajes y expectativas. Análisis temático de contenido. Resultados: La experiencia fue valorada positivamente. Los alumnos refirieron adquisición de competencias para manejo de urgencias. Los docentes basaron escenarios en casos prevalentes. El debriefing fue desafiante. Se consideró que mejora la enseñanza y la seguridad del paciente. Conclusiones: La simulación fue percibida favorablemente, contribuyendo al desarrollo de competencias en entorno controlado. Se requiere compromiso institucional para incorporarla al currículo.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presentan los principales autores que desarrollan modelos de estimación de la incertidumbre, en procesos de planeación estratégica de las organizaciones y su incidencia en los objetivos institucionales. En este orden de ideas, se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura con fundamento en enfoques y modelos que han sido utilizados a través del tiempo para manejar la incertidumbre empresarial y se presentan algunos casos aplicados para diferentes factores internos de una organización; así mismo dentro de este artículo se contemplan factores externos como medioambientales en los cuales se han hecho uso de los siguientes modelos: modelo de decisión, modelo de factores locales vs fuerzas conductoras, simulación Monte Carlo y Modelo Delphi; y finalmente para los factores sociopolíticos se ha implementado el enfoque heurístico para explorar las incertidumbres en la planificación. Por otro lado, se realiza un análisis de los tipos de planificación que manejan las organizaciones con sus respectivos modelos de incertidumbre. La principal conclusión obtenida, radica en el hecho de que no existen modelos que integren elementos tanto endógenos como exógenos capaces de reducir la incertidumbre para efectos de una adecuada planeación estratégica en las organizaciones y proyectos de inversión a su cargo.

ABSTRACT This article presents the main authors who develop uncertainty estimation models in strategic planning processes of organizations and their impact on institutional objectives. In this order of ideas, a review of the literature has been carried out based on approaches and models that have been used over time to manage business uncertainty and some cases applied to different internal factors of an organization are presented; Likewise, within this article, external and environmental factors are considered in which the following models have been used: decision model, local factors vs driving forces model, Monte Carlo simulation and Delphi Model; and finally for sociopolitical factors, the heuristic approach has been implemented to explore uncertainties in planning. On the other hand, an analysis is carried out of the types of planning that organizations manage with their respective uncertainty models. The main conclusion obtained lies in the fact that there are no models that integrate both endogenous and exogenous elements capable of reducing uncertainty for the purposes of adequate strategic planning in the organizations and investment projects under their charge.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a global crisis in higher education, where students were required to transition to emergency remote teaching (ERT). This study explored students' experiences of online assessments and feedback during the pandemic to inform future practice. METHODOLOGY: This study utilised a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design with purposeful sampling to describe student's experiences of online assessments. Data were collected from occupational therapy students in 2022. The Assessment Experiences Questionnaire was sent to all eligible participants (n=166). Data were analysed using SPSS version 28. RESULTS: Students reported that 'tackling' assignments made them apply their learning more deeply (79.75%; n=63). More than half of the students learned more from doing assignments than studying course material (61.25%; n=49). Majority of students felt they did not receive timely feedback through online assessments (67.5%, n=54)( which impacted their learning. More than half of the students use feedback in preparation for assignments (56.25%; n=45), hence timely and quality feedback is needed. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapy students had a positive experience of online assessments; however, the transition was challenging. It is recommended for lecturers to consider the challenges of online assessments, the number of assessments and timely feedback for an effective online learning process. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • For online learning to be effective, relevant and timely access to resources and support systems are required. These include internet access, resources like laptops and smartphones which facilitate engagement with remote learning. • The provision of institutional and academic support can positively influence students' experiences of online learning. • Timing and quality of feedback is essential to the online learning experience. Delayed feedback can negatively impact learning, emphasising the importance of timely feedback to aid student growth and improved learning outcomes. • Students' experiences and perceptions of how they receive feedback change over time. Thus, personalised feedback focusing on improvement rather than comparison to peers should be emphasised in the learning environments to which they are exposed. • The importance of effective time management in students is emphasised for online learning and students need to be equipped with these skills for this mode of learning.

Abstract In the face of profound changes and needs in rural environments, tourism represents a holistic development alternative for the use of resources and social cohesion that generates benefits. In the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve in Querétaro, Mexico, several community-based tourism ventures have recently been integrated but work in a disjointed manner, limiting their strengthening and consolidation. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the integration of a network can be a tool for local development in the region. Through participatory action research with a constructivist approach and techniques such as semi-structured interviews, community workshops and participatory observation, the visionary perspective of the communities, entrepreneurs, and the main public, private and governmental institutional actors at the local level was rescued. The results highlight cooperativism, from a theoretical perspective, as a cornerstone of community tourism, where social cohesion generates better results. On the other hand, from practice, the Network was formed with self-management and protagonism of the community, in a solidary, viable and environmentally responsible tourism activity. It is concluded by visualizing that planning from the cooperation among diverse actors can achieve a development with a sustainable approach.

Resumo Diante das profundas mudanças e necessidades nos ambientes rurais, o turismo representa uma alternativa de desenvolvimento holístico para o uso de recursos e coesão social que gera benefícios. Na Reserva da Biosfera de Sierra Gorda, em Querétaro, México, várias empresas de turismo comunitário foram recentemente integradas, mas funcionam de forma desarticulada, limitando seu fortalecimento e consolidação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a integração de uma rede pode ser uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento local na região. Por meio de pesquisa-ação participativa com uma abordagem construtivista e técnicas como entrevistas semiestruturadas, oficinas comunitárias e observação participativa, foi recuperada a perspectiva visionária das comunidades, dos empresários e dos principais atores institucionais públicos, privados e governamentais em nível local. Os resultados destacam o cooperativismo, a partir de uma perspectiva teórica, como a pedra angular do turismo de base comunitária, em que a coesão social gera melhores resultados. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista prático, a Rede foi formada com autogestão e protagonismo da comunidade, em uma atividade turística solidária, viável e ambientalmente responsável. Conclui-se visualizando que o planejamento baseado na cooperação entre diferentes atores pode alcançar o desenvolvimento com uma abordagem sustentável.

Resumen Ante los profundos cambios y necesidades en los entornos rurales, el turismo representa una alternativa de desarrollo holístico para el aprovechamiento de recursos y cohesión social que generen beneficios. En la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda en Querétaro, México, recientemente se han integrado diversos emprendimientos turísticos de base comunitaria que trabajan inconexos, limitando su fortalecimiento y consolidación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar si la integración de una red puede ser una herramienta que propicie el desarrollo local en la región. A través de la investigación-acción participativa con enfoque constructivista y técnicas como la entrevista semiestructurada, talleres comunitarios y observación participativa, se rescata la perspectiva visionaria de las comunidades, emprendedores, los principales actores institucionales públicos, privados y de gobierno a nivel local. Los resultados destacan al cooperativismo, desde la perspectiva teórica, como pieza medular del turismo comunitario, donde la cohesión social genera mejores resultados. Por otro lado, desde la práctica se conformó la Red con autogestión y protagonismo de la comunidad, en una actividad turística solidaria, viable y ambientalmente responsable. Se concluye visualizando que la planeación desde la cooperación entre diversos actores puede lograr un desarrollo con enfoque sustentable.

Resumen: Podríamos caracterizar ambos proyectos en esta sección como “buenos vecinos”, cada uno ofreciendo espacios que trascienden sus roles institucionales y se conectan con la comunidad de manera independiente. En el Parque Nanhu, en Mengzi, China, la Librería Avant-Garde subvierte los ideales modernistas de claridad y funcionalidad de las circulaciones con un giro escheriano. Escaleras, rampas y superficies inclinadas configuran rutas múltiples y superpuestas a través del edificio, creando intercambios inesperados con su interior. La terraza pública en la cubierta y la estructura parcialmente elevada extienden los itinerarios y programas del parque al edificio, integrando asimismo la experiencia de la lectura en el paisaje que lo rodea. En Bruselas, la escasez de espacio para escuelas secundarias llevó a dos municipios vecinos de Bélgica a adquirir un edificio de oficinas y encargar su transformación en la Escuela Karreveld. El proyecto se desarrolló en dos fases: la primera conservó la estructura y priorizó la reutilización de los materiales existentes. La segunda fase introdujo dos nuevos volúmenes para acomodar funciones adicionales. Estrategicamente ubicados, los nuevos pabellones liberan el exterior para áreas de recreación vecinales. Accesos independientes permiten el uso del pabellón deportivo fuera del horario escolar, respondiendo tanto a las necesidades de la escuela como a las del barrio.

Abstract: We could characterize both projects in this section as “good neighbors,” each offering spaces that transcend their institutional roles and engage the community independently. In Nanhu Park, in Mengzi, China, the Avant-Garde Bookstore subverts modernist ideals of the clarity and functionality of circulations with an Escherian twist. Stairs, ramps, and inclined surfaces configure multiple and overlapping routes through the building, offering unexpected exchanges with its interior. The public rooftop terrace and the partially elevated structure extend the park’s public itineraries and programs into the building, and by the same token, integrate books and the act of reading into the park’s landscape. In Brussels, the shortage of space for secondary schools led two neighboring municipalities in Belgium to acquire an office building and commission its transformation into the Karreveld School. The project was developed in two phases: the first preserved the structure and prioritized the reuse of existing materials. The second phase introduced two new volumes to accommodate additional functions. Strategically placed, the new pavilions free up exterior space for neighborhood recreational areas. Independent access points allow the sports pavilion to be used outside school hours, serving the needs of the school and the neighborhood.

Resumen: En los sistemas educativos, los modelos de gestión se adaptan con la finalidad de fortalecer el sistema en su conjunto, mejorar la calidad educativa y propender al desarrollo del conocimiento. Por lo tanto, las instituciones de educación superior (IES) deben adoptar nuevos modelos de gestión que permita una administración eficiente para alcanzar sus metas. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar tres modelos de gestión: Garvin, Deming e ISO 21001:2018, mediante un enfoque analítico-sintético-deductivo. Además, se ha buscado hacer una triangulación de información que permita realizar un análisis comparativo, considerando que no existe como regla general un modelo de gestión aplicable debido a que cada institución presenta diversas características, procesos estructuración institucional propia. Por esta razón, se ha planteado una propuesta dirigida a establecer nuevas perspectivas en la gestión de instituciones de educación superior en el que se recogen las mejores prácticas y dimensiones adaptadas a los requerimientos a los que se ven abocados las IES. La propuesta se ha basado en cinco categorías del modelo: procesos, funciones, objetivos-metas, mejora continua y liderazgo, en base a la vigencia, pertinencia y adaptabilidad para las IES, considerando aspectos científicos, tecnológicos y demandas de la sociedad.

Abstract: In educational systems, management models are adapted with the aim of strengthening the system as a whole, improving educational quality and promoting the development of knowledge. Therefore, higher education institutions (HEIs) must adopt new management models that allow efficient administration to achieve their goals. The objective of this study is to analyze three management models: Garvin, Deming and ISO 21001:2018 through an analytical-synthetic-deductive approach, in addition to a triangulation of information that allows for a comparative analysis, considering that there is no general rule of thumb. applicable management model because each institution presents various characteristics, its own institutional structuring processes, which is why a proposal is proposed aimed at establishing new perspectives in the management of higher education institutions in which the best practices and dimensions adapted to the requirements to which HEIs are faced. The proposal is based on five categories of the model: processes, functions, objectives-goals, continuous improvement and leadership, based on validity, relevance and adaptability for HEIs, considering scientific, technological aspects and demands of society.