This study highlights the synthesis of innovative polyurethane materials derived from Moringa oleifera oils extracted from two distinct sources. The oils were converted into their respective polyols through the in situ generated performic acid method. Diverse material characteristics were observed due to different agroclimatic and cultivation conditions for the sources. Extraction yields were 45.21% (source 1) and 40.32% (source 2), with acid values of 28.70 and 26.00 mg KOH per g of oil, respectively. Oleic acid constituted 79.87 and 67.11% of the oils composition, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the hydroxylation of the oils. FTIR also identified the isocyanate structures in the synthesized polyurethane materials. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a higher oligomer content in the polyol synthesized from the oil extracted from source 2. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability post-oil conversion, highlighting decomposition stages for rigid and flexible segments. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated higher unsaturation in the oil extracted from source 1, resulting in an elevated crystallization temperature. Tensile testing showed increased elasticity as the [NCO]/[OH] ratio decreased in the material, emphasizing the influence of polyol and crosslinking agent concentrations on mechanical resistance of polyurethane materials. sources method 4521 45 21 45.21 1 4032 40 32 40.32 2, 2 , 2) 2870 28 70 28.7 2600 26 00 26.0 respectively 7987 79 87 79.8 6711 67 11 67.11 composition (FTIR postoil post conversion segments temperature NCO/OH NCOOH NCO / OH [NCO]/[OH 452 4 45.2 403 3 40.3 287 7 28. 260 0 26. 798 8 79. 671 6 67.1 45. 40. 67.

Resumen: La investigación determinó el efecto de la mediación de un videojuego educativo en el fortalecimiento de la resolución de problemas de matemáticas. El método cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo fue aplicado. La muestra fue no probabilística con 20 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa San Jorge, en la vereda Las Damas, Municipio de Purificación, Departamento de Tolima. Las variables estudiadas fueron: desempeño en resolución de problemas, mecánicas y percepción del videojuego. La encuesta inicial reflejó que un 90% no poseían habilidades matemáticas básicas y tenían una percepción negativa del área. Entonces, fue diseñada una estrategia educativa con un videojuego denominado Corredor Matemático de Pensamiento Variacional (Comapeva), en tercera persona con Unity 3D, Adobe Ilustrator y Autodesk 3d. Fue protagonizado por Comaco: joven aventurero que superó retos matemáticos. El guion narrativo combinó elementos del constructivismo, Aprendizaje Basado en Retos (ABR) y modelo instruccional ADDIE (Análisis, Diseño, Desarrollo, Implementación y Evaluación). La herramienta fue implementada con el apoyo de los docentes. Con el videojuego el 100% de los estudiantes resolvieron retos con diversas estrategias. Disminuyó un 21% el tiempo de desarrollo de los problemas, y un 33% las solicitudes de apoyo del docente. La concentración, atención, memoria, agilidad mental, interpretación y análisis fueron fortalecidas. El videojuego facilitó la construcción de conocimientos en matemáticas de forma sustancial. En consecuencia, fue innovador, motivador y permitió la trasformación de prácticas educativas según las necesidades de aprendizaje.

Abstract: The research considers the effect of the mediation of an educational video game in strengthening mathematics problem solving. The quantitative method with a descriptive scope was applied. The sample was non-probabilistic with 20 students from the San Jorge Educational Institution, in Las Damas village, Municipality of Purificación, Department of Tolima. The variables studied were problem-solving performance, game mechanics, and videogame perception. The initial survey showed that 90% of the students did not have basic mathematical skills and had a negative perception of the subject area. Therefore, an educational strategy was then designed using a video game called the Variational Thinking Mathematical Corridor (Comapeva). The game was developed in third person using Unity 3D, Adobe Illustrator, and Autodesk 3d. It starred Comaco: a young adventurer who overcame mathematical challenges. The narrative script combined elements of constructivism, Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) and instructional model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). The tool was implemented with the support of the teachers. With the video game, 100% of the students were able to solve challenges using various strategies. Problem development time decreased by 21%, and teacher support requests decreased by 33%. Concentration, attention, memory, mental agility, interpretation, and analysis skills were all strengthened. The video game facilitated the construction of knowledge in mathematics in a substantial way. Consequently, the video game was found to be innovative and motivating, and it allowed for the transformation of educational practices according to the students' learning needs.

Resumen Costa Rica por las características de su territorio, puede ofrecer en su actividad turística, servicios modernos, creativos e innovadores, basados en el conocimiento, que utilizan alta tecnología y/o cuentan con mano de obra calificada. Datos del BCCR, indican que el porcentaje del aporte en la última década de la actividad turística al PIB, fue de aproximadamente 5%, por ello, se presenta una ruta para un desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo, que posibilite empleos de calidad y favorezca una mejor redistribución de la riqueza entre los habitantes de Costa Rica, enmarcada con el compromiso de los ODS, un adecuado control de las variables macroeconómicas del mercado interno e internacional; y con una modificación de la ley general de turismo, con el propósito de que exista un ente rector de la actividad que posibilite una mejor coordinación y gestión de la actividad y su aporte al desarrollo.

Resumo A Costa Rica, devido às características de seu território, pode oferecer em sua atividade turística serviços modernos, criativos e inovadores, baseados no conhecimento, que utilizam alta tecnologia e/ou contam com mão de obra qualificada. Dados do BCCR indicam que a porcentagem da contribuição da atividade turística para o PIB na última década foi de aproximadamente 5%. Portanto, apresenta-se uma rota para um desenvolvimento sustentável e inclusivo, que possibilite empregos de qualidade e favoreça uma melhor redistribuição da riqueza entre os habitantes da Costa Rica, alinhada com o compromisso dos ODS, um controle adequado das variáveis macroeconômicas do mercado interno e internacional; e com uma modificação da lei geral de turismo, com o propósito de existir uma entidade reitora da atividade que permita um melhor coordenação e gestão da atividade e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento.

Summary Costa Rica, due to the characteristics of its territory, can offer modern, creative and innovative services in its tourism, based on knowledge, that use high technology and/or have qualified labor. Data from the BCCR indicates that, in the last decade, the percentage of tourism contribution to GDP was approximately 5%, therefore, a route is presented for sustainable and inclusive development, which enables quality jobs and promotes better redistribution of wealth among the inhabitants, framed with the commitment to the SDGs, adequate control of the macroeconomic variables of the domestic and international market; and changing the general tourism law, with the aim to have an activity governing body oriented to better coordination and management and its contribution to development.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que produce. Se ilustra el rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, empresariales y colectivas. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, contribuye a reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que genera. Se ilustra dicho rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, colectivas y de emprendimiento. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores y así contribuir al establecimiento de comunidades sostenibles.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs, and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment, and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks, and thus contribute to the establishment of sustainable communities.

Abstract This paper aims to explore one of the central chapters in Ulysses as a dramatic text, and, more importantly, its disruptive purport. Therefore, starting with the theoretical framework offered by the Drama Theory with its analytical tools, combined with a historical and a comparative perspective in order to place the text in the context in which it was generated and published and in relation to other texts and authorships, it explores some of its most relevant and renewing features. As the most important results, it is pointed out that the chapter that Joyce placed under the invocation of Circe is a profoundly innovative play, and it maintains parallels with the dramatic work of other transcendental authors in the 20th century.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como finalidad mostrar la condición de texto dramático de uno de los capítulos centrales en Ulysses, y sobre todo su voluntad rupturista. Para ello, a partir del marco teórico que ofrece la Teoría Dramática con sus herramientas analíticas, a las que se suman las perspectivas histórica o comparada para situar el texto en el contexto en que se genera y publica y en relación con otros textos o autorías, se consideran algunos de sus rasgos más relevantes y novedosos. Como resultados más notables se señala que el capítulo que en su día Joyce situó bajo la advocación de Circe, constituye una obra dramática profundamente innovadora y mantiene paralelismos con la obra dramática de otros autores transcendentales en el siglo XX.

Abstract The study will focus on diagnosing the problem of students in the Bachelor of Intercultural Bilingual Education at the Bolívar State University struggling with the use of collaborative tools. The study will take place between October 2023 and February 2024. It is crucial to bridge the digital divide and foster digital inclusion in multicultural and bilingual settings through the use of collaborative tools and interactive methodologies in the learning process. This will enable the implementation of educational strategies based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The study was conducted using a quantitative approach, with a validated survey using a Likert scale to gather data on students' perceptions of ICT, collaborative tools and interactive methodologies. Additionally, the bibliographic review employed the analytical synthesis method. The data was processed using IBM SPSS 25.0 to analyse student satisfaction with the interactive methodologies and collaborative tools employed in the educational process. The results demonstrated a predominantly positive perception of these methodologies and tools, as well as their perceived utility and effectiveness by the respondents. This will enable the development of new innovative learning strategies for diverse intercultural and bilingual environments.

Resumen El estudio se enfoca en diagnosticar la problemática relacionada con el manejo de herramientas colaborativas por parte de los estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe en la Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, durante el periodo de octubre de 2023 a febrero de 2024. Se destaca la importancia de cerrar la brecha digital y fomentar la inclusión digital en entornos interculturales y bilingües mediante el uso de herramientas colaborativas y metodologías interactivas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con el fin de implementar estrategias educativas basadas en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). El estudio se realizó utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando una encuesta validada por un experto con escala Likert para recopilar datos sobre la percepción de los estudiantes hacia las TIC, herramientas colaborativas y metodologías interactivas. Además, se empleó el método de análisis-síntesis en la revisión bibliográfica. Los datos recopilados fueron procesados a través de IBM SPSS 25.0 para analizar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con las metodologías interactivas y las herramientas colaborativas utilizadas en el proceso educativo. Los resultados revelaron una percepción mayoritariamente positiva hacia estas metodologías y herramientas, así como su utilidad y efectividad percibida por los encuestados, lo que nos permitirá construir nuevas estrategias innovadoras de aprendizaje para entornos interculturales y bilingües diversos.

Abstract This article intends to analyze innovative projects that have been successful in the promotion of sustainable development and improvement in quality of life of indigenous communities in Mexico. Three projects are considered: eco-touristic park, communal house and agro-businesses in the indigenous community of Tlajomulco (Jalisco), to study the scope and limitations of social innovation in the promotion of sustainable local development. A qualitative methodology was used involving participative investigation-action. The findings show that collaboration is essential to achieve success in such projects, but they do not depend exclusively on the existence of trust and mutual benefit between the parties involved as literature suggests, but also the capacity to transcend individual interests and work jointly towards attaining collective interests that promote sustainable development of the community. This finding represents a contribution to specialized literature in the area and calls to reflection and action to promote effective collaborative practices in the field of sustainable local development.

Resumo Esse artigo tem o objetivo de analisar projetos inovadores exitosos na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável e melhoramento da qualidade de vida das comunidades indígenas em México. Consideraram-se três projetos: parque eco turístico, casa comunal e agronegócios na comunidade indígena de Tlajomulco (Jalisco) para o estudo dos alcances e limitações da inovação social na promoção do desenvolvimento local sustentável. Usou-se uma metodologia qualitativa com pesquisa-ação participativa. As conclusões da pesquisa verificaram que a colaboração é essencial para que os projetos sejam exitosos, mas sem depender exclusivamente da existência de confiança e benefícios mútuos dos atores involucrados do jeito que sugeriu a literatura, mas também da capacidade para transcender os interesses individuais e trabalhar conjuntamente para a realização dos interesses coletivos que fomentem o desenvolvimento sustentável da comunidade. Isso representa uma contribuição à literatura especializada da área e chama a refletir e agir para promover práticas colaborativas efetivas boas no campo do desenvolvimento local sustentável.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar proyectos innovadores que han sido exitosos en el fomento del desarrollo sostenible y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de comunidades indígenas en México. Se consideran tres proyectos: parque ecoturístico, casa comunal y agronegocios en la comunidad indígena de Tlajomulco (Jalisco), para estudiar los alcances y limitaciones de la innovación social en la promoción del desarrollo local sostenible. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con investigación-acción participativa. Los hallazgos constatan que la colaboración resulta crucial para lograr el éxito de proyectos, pero no dependen exclusivamente de la existencia de confianza y beneficio mutuo entre los actores involucrados, como lo sugiere la literatura, sino también depende de la capacidad para trascender los intereses individuales y trabajar en conjunto hacia la consecución de intereses colectivos que promuevan el desarrollo sostenible de la comunidad. Este hallazgo representa un aporte a la literatura especializada en el campo y hace un llamado a la reflexión y la acción para promover prácticas colaborativas efectivas en el ámbito del desarrollo local sostenible.

Abstract: The research addresses the study of heat exchange between heavy crude oil and the environment during surface pumping, specifically of a crude oil with an API gravity of 17.5, under the particular atmospheric conditions of Eastern Ecuador. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the temperature loss in a 50-meter segment of SCH-80 pipe, with a diameter of 4 inches, used for the transportation of heavy crude. This aims to understand how heavy crude loses temperature and to determine the convective coefficient, knowing that the heat loss from the fluid to the environment occurs mainly by convection. This is to determine what the temperature losses will be in longer pipe sections. For this purpose, a methodology using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed, a key tool for predicting the thermal behavior of crude in interaction with the environment. It was determined that the convective coefficient is 52 W/m2.K, and there is a temperature loss of 3.2 K in the 50-meter section. With this data, future research could evaluate potential heating technologies that facilitate the transport of heavy crude oil. This approach would allow for exploring innovative solutions to improve efficiency and effectiveness in managing heavy crude, facing one of the main challenges in its transport: managing its high viscosity

Resumen: La investigación aborda el estudio del intercambio de calor del crudo pesado con el ambiente en el bombeo superficial, específicamente de un crudo con gravedad API de 17.5, bajo las condiciones atmosféricas particulares del Oriente ecuatoriano. El principal objetivo del estudio es evaluar la pérdida de temperatura en un segmento de 50 metros de tubería SCH-80, con 4 pulgadas de diámetro, utilizado para el transporte de crudo pesado. Con esto se busca entender cómo el crudo pesado pierde temperatura y determinar el coeficiente convectivo sabiendo que el calor que pierde el fluido con el ambiente se da principalmente por convección. Esto permitirá determinar cuáles van a ser las pérdidas de temperatura en tramos de tubería mayores. Para ello se empleó una metodología que utiliza la simulación por dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD), una herramienta clave para predecir el comportamiento térmico del crudo en interacción con el ambiente. Se determinó que el coeficiente convectivo es de 52 W/m2.K, y que existe una pérdida de temperatura de 3.2 K en el tramo de 50 metros. Con esta base de datos se podría en investigaciones futuras evaluar potenciales tecnologías de calefacción que faciliten el transporte del crudo pesado. Este enfoque permitiría explorar soluciones innovadoras para mejorar la eficiencia y efectividad en el manejo del crudo pesado, enfrentando uno de los principales desafíos en su transporte: la gestión de su alta viscosidad.

ABSTRACT The study addresses the possible contribution of AI systems to the improvement of teaching and learning in Basic School Education in Paraguay based on the analysis of AI incorporation policies in the educational systems of the region, aspects of the teaching and learning that can be innovative with the intentional incorporation of AI systems, the teaching skills necessary to operate AI systems, and the approach to teacher training in the subject of AI. As a methodology, documentary research was adopted in the tone given by Cifuentes (2011), since the intention is to interpret the institutional reports and scientific articles written in the last ten years referring to the subject, which acted as information units, consulted in accessible indexed journals to offer possible scenarios. Some relevant data is related to the experiences of use in various countries of the region and Paraguay without being able to certify its consolidation, the potential pedagogical value of this technology, the high demand for ICT skills for teachers who want to innovate with AI and the look towards teacher training focused on data science, programming and computational thinking.

RESUMEN Se aborda en el estudio la posible contribución de los sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) al mejoramiento de la enseñanza y aprendizaje en la Educación Escolar Básica en Paraguay a partir del análisis de las políticas de incorporación de IA en los sistemas educativos de la región, los aspectos de la enseñanza y aprendizaje que pueden ser innovados con la incorporación intencionada de sistemas de IA, las capacidades docentes necesarias para operar sistemas de IA y el abordaje de la capacitación docente en la temática de la IA. Como metodología se adoptó la investigación documental en la tónica que da Cifuentes (2011), pues se tiene la intención de interpretar los informes institucionales y artículos científicos escritos en los últimos diez años referentes a la temática, (que actuaron como unidades de información, consultados en revistas indexadas accesibles de manera a ofrecer escenarios posibles. Algunos datos relevantes guardan relación con las experiencias de utilización en diversos países de la región y Paraguay sin que se pueda certificar su consolidación, el importe potencial pedagógico de esta tecnología, la alta demanda de competencias TIC para los docentes que quieran innovar con IA y la mirada hacia la capacitación docente enfocada a la ciencia de los datos, la programación y el pensamiento computacional.

Resumen La moderna Sociedad del Conocimiento percibe una innovadora característica basada en manejar los contenidos curriculares, potenciando el pensamiento lógico matemático por medio de plataformas y aplicaciones digitales. El objetivo del presente trabajo se centraliza en analizar estrategias didácticas aplicadas por docentes para potenciar las habilidades matemáticas en los estudiantes del nivel de Bachillerato General Unificado dentro de la Unidad Educativa “Eidan Abel Erique Cercado” del cantón San Vicente. El aspecto metodológico se basó en el enfoque mixto, empleando como instrumento primordial una prueba pedagógica que mide las destrezas del pensamiento numérico, así como los indicios de una entrevista semi estructurada y los aportes de docentes del área de matemáticas como participantes dentro de un grupo focal. Se comprobó la predisposición para un trabajo orientado bajo la plataforma Khan Academy, necesaria para beneficiar las habilidades del pensamiento numérico poco perfeccionadas en el estudiante. Finalmente, se denotaron aquellas estrategias empleadas por los docentes las cuales no afirman una estimulación consistente para potenciar las habilidades numéricas, demostradas bajo un nivel poco aceptable en el afianzamiento de la resolución de problemas con enfoque matemático en los estudiantes.

Abstract The modern knowledge society perceives an innovative characteristic based on managing curricular contents, promoting mathematical logical thinking through digital platforms and applications, the purpose of this work is focused on determining the existing perception with the use of the Khan Academy platform in the mathematical skills and how teachers focus didactic strategies to enhance mathematical skills in students of the Unified General Baccalaureate level within the "Eidan Abel Erique Cercado" Educational Unit of the San Vicente canton. The methodological aspect was based on the paradigm of the mixed approach, using as a primary instrument a pedagogical test that measures the skills of numerical thinking, as well as the indications of a semi-structured interview and the contributions of teachers in the area of mathematics as participants within a focus group. The predisposition for a work oriented under the Khan Academy platform, necessary to benefit the slightly improved numerical thinking skills in the student, was verified. Finally, those strategies used by teachers were denoted which do not affirm a perennial stimulation to enhance numerical skills, demonstrated under an unacceptable level in the consolidation of problem solving with a mathematical approach in students.

ABSTRACT Introduction Obstructive azoospermia occurs when there is a blockage in the male reproductive tract, leading to a complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. It constitutes around 40% of all cases of azoospermia (1, 2). Blockages in the male reproductive tract can arise from either congenital or acquired factors, affecting various segments such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts (3). Examples of congenital causes encompass conditions like congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and unexplained epididymal blockages (4). Acquired instances of obstructive azoospermia may result from factors like vasectomy, infections, trauma, or unintentional injuries caused by medical procedures (5). This complex condition affecting male fertility, presents two main treatment options: microsurgical reconstruction and surgical extraction of sperm followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Microsurgical reconstruction proves to be the most cost-effective option for treating obstructive azoospermia when compared with assisted reproductive techniques (6, 7). However, success rates of reconstruction defined by patency are as high as 99% for vasovasostomy (VV) but decline to around 65% if vasoepididymostomy (VE) is required (8, 9). Thus, continued refinement in technique is necessary in order to attempt to improve patency for patients undergoing VE. In this video, we show a comprehensive demonstration of microsurgical VE, highlighting the innovative epididymal occlusion stitch. The goal of this innovative surgical technique is to improve outcomes for VE. Materials and Methods The patient is a 39-year-old male diagnosed with obstructive azoospermia who presents for surgical reconstruction via VE. His partner is a 37-years-old female with regular menstrual cycles. The comprehensive clinical data encompasses a range of factors, including FSH levels, results from semen analysis, and outcomes from testicular sperm aspiration. This thorough exploration aims to provide a thorough understanding of our innovative surgical technique and its application in addressing complex cases of obstructive azoospermia. Results The procedure was started on the right, the vas deferens was identified and transected. The abdominal side of the vas was intubated and a vasogram performed, there was no obstruction. There was no fluid visible from the testicular side of the vas for analysis, thus we proceeded with VE. Upon inspection of the epididymis dilated tubules were identified. After selecting a tubule for VE, two 10-0 nylon sutures were placed, and it was incised. Upon inspection of the fluid motile sperm was identified. After VE, we performed a novel epididymal occlusion stitch technique. This was completed distal to the anastomosis by placing a 7-0 prolene through the tunica of the epididymis from the medial to lateral side. This stitch was then tightened down with the goal to largely occlude the epididymis so that sperm will preferentially travel through the anastomosis. The steps were then repeated on the left. At 3-month follow up, the patient had no change in testicular size as compared with preoperative size (18cc), he had no testicular or incisional discomfort, and on semen analysis he had presence of motile sperm. After 3 months post-surgery, the patient had motile sperm seen on semen analysis. Discussion The introduction of a novel epididymal occlusion stitch demonstrates a targeted strategy to enhance the success of microscopic VE. Encouragingly, a 3-month post-surgery follow-up reveals the presence of motile sperm, reinforcing the potential efficacy of our approach. This is promising given the historical lower patency, delayed time to patency, and higher delayed failure rates that patients who require VE experience (10). In total, 40% of all azoospermia cases can be attributed to obstruction. The conventional treatments for obstructive azoospermia involve microsurgical reconstruction and surgical sperm retrieval followed by IVF. While microsurgical reconstruction has proven to be economically viable, the quest for enhanced success rates has led to the exploration of innovative techniques. Historically, the evolution of VV and VE procedures, initially performed in the early 20th century, laid the foundation for contemporary microsurgical approaches (11). Notably, the microscopic VV demonstrated significant improvements in patency rates and natural pregnancy likelihood, as evidenced by the seminal Vasovastomy Study Group study in 1991 (8). In contemporary literature, success rates particularly for VE remain unchanged for the past three decades since the original published success rates by the Vasectomy Reversal Study Group (12). VE is associated with a longer time to patency as well with patients taking 2.8 to 6.6 months to have sperm return to ejaculate as compared to 1.7 to 4.3 months for those undergoing VV. Additionally, of those patients who successfully have sperm return to the ejaculate after VE up to 50% will have delayed failure compared to 12% for those undergoing VV who are patent. Finally, of those who experience delayed failure after undergoing VE it usually occurs earlier with studies reporting as early as 6 months post-operatively (20). Given the lack of improvement and significantly worsened outcomes with VE further surgical refinement is a constant goal for surgeons performing this procedure. Conclusion: In conclusion, this video is both a demonstration and a call to action for commitment to surgical innovation. We aim to raise the bar in VE success rates, ultimately bringing tangible benefits to patients and contributing to the ongoing evolution of reproductive medicine. The novel epididymal occlusion stitch emerges as a beacon of progress, promising not only enhanced safety but also potential reductions in patency time. Surgical excellence and methodological refinement, as exemplified in this video, lay the foundation for a future where male reproductive surgery continues to break new ground. 40 1, 1 (1 2. 2 . 2) 3. (3) 4. 4 (4) vasectomy infections trauma 5. 5 (5) fertility options IVF (IVF) costeffective cost effective 6, (6 7. 7 7) However 99 (VV 65 (VE 8, 8 (8 9. 9 9) Thus 39yearold yearold 39 year old 37yearsold yearsold 37 years cycles levels aspiration right transected obstruction 100 10 0 10- placed incised 70 7- left 3month month 18cc, 18cc cc , (18cc) discomfort postsurgery, postsurgery post surgery, Encouragingly followup approach 10. (10) total viable Historically th century 11. 11 (11) Notably likelihood 199 8. (8) literature 12. 12 (12) 28 66 6. 17 1. 43 Additionally 50 patent Finally postoperatively operatively 20. 20 (20) Conclusion conclusion innovation medicine progress ground ( (3 (4 (5 (IVF (18cc (10 (11 19 (12 (20 (2

Resumen: Este estudio se enfocó en explorar la evolución y el impacto de la integración de tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC), tecnologías de aprendizaje y conocimiento (TAC) y tecnologías del empoderamiento y la participación (TEP) en el contexto del aprendizaje cooperativo (AC) en entornos educativos. Se realizó un análisis documental de artículos en bases de datos académicas durante los últimos 5 años. El estudio adoptó un enfoque inductivo y una metodología de investigación descriptiva para analizar la información recopilada. El objetivo principal fue identificar los fundamentos, evolución, estrategias de implementación, propuestas y otros parámetros de evaluación relacionados con la fusión de nuevas tecnologías en el AC y su influencia en la construcción de conocimiento significativo en el contexto educativo. Este trabajo abordó el papel crucial de la tecnología en el AC y exploró los beneficios y desafíos que surgen de su integración; además, destacó la relevancia del Marco de Conocimiento Pedagógico Tecnológico (TPACK) en el ámbito educativo. Los hallazgos revelaron que la integración de tecnologías ofrece ventajas como fomentar la colaboración, impulsar el desarrollo académico y promover el crecimiento socioemocional. Por otro lado, se destacó la necesidad de abordar desafíos relacionados con posibles distracciones y la falta de motivación.

Abstract: This study focused on exploring the evolution and impact of the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT), learning and knowledge technologies (LKT), and empowerment and participation technologies (EPT) in the context of cooperative learning (CL) in educational environments. A documentary analysis of articles from academic databases over the past 5 years was conducted. The study adopted an inductive approach and a descriptive research methodology to analyze the collected information. The main objective was to identify the foundations, evolution, implementation strategies, proposals, and other evaluation parameters related to the fusion of new technologies in CL and its influence on the construction of meaningful knowledge in the educational context. This work addressed the crucial role of technology in CL and explored the benefits and challenges arising from its integration; moreover, it highlighted the relevance of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework in the educational field. The findings revealed that the integration of technologies offers advantages such as fostering collaboration, boosting academic development, and promoting socio-emotional growth. On the other hand, the need to address challenges related to potential distractions and lack of motivation was emphasized.

Resumen: Las técnicas de Gianni Rodari y Edward de Bono tienen gran importancia pues promueven el interés del estudiante en el proceso de producción de textos a través de la experimentación, que se logra al aplicar la metodología lúdica y el pensamiento creativo en las aulas. Por esta razón, la investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las técnicas de Gianni Rodari y Edward De Bono como una estrategia de enseñanza para mejorar el proceso de escritura creativa en estudiantes de educación general básica en Ecuador. El escrito se elaboró empleando un enfoque deductivo, respaldado además por una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo. No obstante, en cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, se evidenció a través del informe presentado por el Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa en las pruebas Pisa que el promedio de Ecuador en lectura es de 409, lo que lo sitúa en nivel 2 que corresponde al nivel mínimo de competencias. Esto se debe al desconocimiento de técnicas y estrategias innovadoras en el ámbito escolar. Se concluyó que dichas técnicas estimulan la imaginación al tiempo que refuerza la confianza y autoestima del niño o niña, mejora la capacidad comunicativa y de escritura, y desarrolla el pensamiento crítico desde la expresión personal.

Abstract: The techniques of Gianni Rodari and Edward de Bono are of great importance, since they promote the student's interest in the process of text production through experimentation, which is achieved by applying the playful methodology and creative thinking in the classroom. Thus, the research aims to analyze the Techniques of Gianni Rodari and Edward De Bono as a teaching strategy to improve the creative writing process in students of general basic education in Ecuador. It can be indicated that the writing was elaborated using a deductive approach, supported by documentary research with a qualitative approach. However, as for the results obtained, it was evidenced through the report presented by INEVAL in the Pisa tests that Ecuador's average in reading is 409, which places it in level 2, the minimum level of competencies, this is due to the lack of knowledge of innovative techniques and strategies in the school environment. In summary, these techniques stimulate the imagination while reinforcing the child's confidence and self-esteem, improve communication and writing skills, and finally, develop critical thinking through personal expression.

ABSTRACT In the Ecuadorian context, it has been confirmed that there are insufficiencies in the training process of Rhythmic Gymnastics coaches, since the actions undertaken regularly have an empirical nature, they are based on knowledge acquired over the years in development of said activity and do not always respond to the demand and needs of these coaches. Therefore, the objective is to model a set of scientific-methodological workshops for the professional training of Rhythmic Gymnastics coaches in Ecuador that influences the improvement of their performance. The result is expressed in the organization of training for coaches, from the formation of scientific-methodological workshops in which the interrelation of theoretical and practical knowledge is established, based on the characteristics of the teaching-learning process of Rhythmic Gymnastics with an innovative vision of these human resources that influence the improvement of sports results.

RESUMO No contexto equatoriano, constatou-se que existem insuficiências no processo de formação de treinadores de Ginástica Rítmica, uma vez que as ações realizadas regularmente têm caráter empírico, baseiam-se em conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo dos anos no desenvolvimento da referida atividade e nem sempre responder à procura e às necessidades destes treinadores. Portanto, o objetivo é modelar um conjunto de oficinas científico-metodológicas para a formação profissional de treinadores de Ginástica Rítmica no Equador que influenciem na melhoria de seu desempenho. O resultado se expressa na organização da formação de treinadores, a partir da formação de oficinas científico-metodológicas nas quais se estabelece a inter-relação de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, a partir das características do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Ginástica Rítmica com uma visão inovadora de estes recursos humanos que influenciam a melhoria dos resultados desportivos.

RESUMEN En el contexto ecuatoriano, se pudieron constatar insuficiencias en el proceso de capacitación de las entrenadoras de gimnasia rítmica, pues regularmente las acciones acometidas tuvieron carácter empírico, estuvieron sustentadas en conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo de los años en el desarrollo de dicha actividad, y no siempre respondieron a la demanda de necesidades de las entrenadoras. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo modelar un conjunto de talleres científico-metodológicos para la capacitación profesional de entrenadoras de gimnasia rítmica de Ecuador, que incida en el mejoramiento de su desempeño. El resultado se expresó en la organización de la capacitación para las entrenadoras, desde la conformación de talleres científico-metodológicos, en los que se estableció la interrelación de los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos, a partir de las características del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la gimnasia rítmica y con una visión innovadora de estos recursos humanos, lo que incidió en el mejoramiento de los resultados deportivos.