Abstract Introduction Facial trauma can cause damage to the facial nerve, which can have negative effects on function, aesthetics, and quality of life if left untreated. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral facial nerve direct end-to-end anastomosis and/or nerve grafting surgery for patients with facial nerve injury after facial trauma. Methods Fifty-nine patients with peripheral facial nerve paralysis after facial injuries underwent facial nerve rehabilitation surgery from November 2017 to December 2021 at Ho Chi Minh City National Hospital of Odontology. Results All 59 cases of facial trauma with damage to the peripheral facial nerve underwent facial nerve reconstruction surgery within 8 weeks of the injury. Of these cases, 25/59 (42.3%) had end-to-end anastomosis, 22/59 (37.3%) had nerve grafting, and 12/59 (20.4%) had a combination of nerve grafting and end-to-end anastomosis. After surgery, the rates of moderate and good recovery were 78.4% and 11.8%, respectively. All facial paralysis measurements showed statistically significant improvement after surgery, including the Facial Nerve Grading Scale 2.0 (FNGS 2.0) score, the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) scale, and electroneurography. The rate of synkinesis after surgery was 34%. Patient follow-up postoperatively ranged from 6 to > 36 months; 51 out of 59 patients (86.4%) were followed-up for at least 12 months or longer. Conclusion Nerve rehabilitation surgery including direct end-to-end anastomosis and nerve grafting is effective in cases of peripheral facial nerve injury following facial trauma. The surgery helps restore nerve conduction and improve facial paralysis. function aesthetics untreated endtoend end andor Fiftynine Fifty nine 201 202 Odontology 5 2559 25 25/5 42.3% 423 42 3 (42.3% 2259 22 22/5 37.3% 373 37 (37.3% 1259 12/5 20.4% 204 20 4 (20.4% 784 78 78.4 118 11 11.8% respectively 2 0 2. FNGS score FaCE (FaCE scale electroneurography 34 34% followup follow up 86.4% 864 86 (86.4% followedup followed 1 longer 255 25/ 42.3 (42.3 225 22/ 37.3 (37.3 125 12/ 20.4 (20.4 7 78. 11.8 86.4 (86.4 42. (42. 37. (37. 20. (20. 11. 86. (86. (42 (37 (20 (86 (4 (3 (2 (8 (

Abstract A long-term indwelling catheter may be indicated in clinical situations, such as chronic diseases of the genitourinary or neurological systems. In addition to the risks of infection, trauma, and bleeding, a catheter’s permanence can affect psycho-emotional and socioeconomic dimensions. We aimed to understand how the need to use a long-term indwelling catheter affects this patient’s self-perception, interrelationships, and self-care. We carried out a qualitative, descriptive study based on interviews with 17 patients, and applied thematic analysis and complex thinking. The different prognoses and expectations regarding the catheter influenced self-perception, adaptation, acceptance, or denial. The presence of a catheter, whether as a curative measure or for comfort, can affect self-image and sexuality, and generate insecurities and uncertainties, which require understanding the multidimensionality of situations that suffer interference from the personal, family, and social environment, as well as health systems’ capacity to deal with it. Despite the challenges, the majority of participants reported a favorable disposition towards self-care, whether to enable catheter removal or to prevent injuries in lifelong indications. longterm long term systems infection trauma bleeding catheters s psychoemotional psycho emotional dimensions patients patient selfperception, selfperception self perception, perception self-perception interrelationships selfcare. selfcare care. care self-care qualitative 1 thinking adaptation acceptance denial comfort selfimage image sexuality uncertainties personal family environment it challenges selfcare, care, indications

Resumo O cateter vesical de longa permanência pode ser indicado em situações clínicas, como nas doenças crônicas do sistema genitourinário ou neurológico. Além dos riscos de infecção, traumas e sangramentos, a permanência do cateter pode afetar dimensões psicoemocionais e socioeconômicas. Objetivamos compreender como a necessidade de uso do cateter urinário por um longo prazo afeta a autopercepção, as interrelações e o autocuidado deste paciente. Realizamos um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, a partir da entrevista de 17 pacientes, e aplicamos a análise temática e o pensamento complexo. Os diferentes prognósticos e as expectativas em relação ao cateter influenciaram a autopercepção, a adaptação, sua aceitação ou negação. A presença do cateter, seja como medida curativa ou para conforto, pode afetar a autoimagem e a sexualidade, gerar inseguranças e incertezas, que requerem compreensão da multidimensionalidade das situações, que sofrem interferências do meio pessoal, familiar e social, bem como da capacidade dos sistemas de saúde para o seu enfrentamento. Apesar dos desafios, a maioria dos participantes relatou disposição favorável para o autocuidado, seja para viabilizar retirada do cateter, ou para prevenir agravos em indicações vitalícias. clínicas neurológico infecção sangramentos socioeconômicas autopercepção paciente qualitativo descritivo 1 pacientes complexo adaptação negação conforto sexualidade incertezas pessoal social enfrentamento desafios vitalícias

ABSTRACT Introduction Obstructive azoospermia occurs when there is a blockage in the male reproductive tract, leading to a complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. It constitutes around 40% of all cases of azoospermia (1, 2). Blockages in the male reproductive tract can arise from either congenital or acquired factors, affecting various segments such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts (3). Examples of congenital causes encompass conditions like congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and unexplained epididymal blockages (4). Acquired instances of obstructive azoospermia may result from factors like vasectomy, infections, trauma, or unintentional injuries caused by medical procedures (5). This complex condition affecting male fertility, presents two main treatment options: microsurgical reconstruction and surgical extraction of sperm followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Microsurgical reconstruction proves to be the most cost-effective option for treating obstructive azoospermia when compared with assisted reproductive techniques (6, 7). However, success rates of reconstruction defined by patency are as high as 99% for vasovasostomy (VV) but decline to around 65% if vasoepididymostomy (VE) is required (8, 9). Thus, continued refinement in technique is necessary in order to attempt to improve patency for patients undergoing VE. In this video, we show a comprehensive demonstration of microsurgical VE, highlighting the innovative epididymal occlusion stitch. The goal of this innovative surgical technique is to improve outcomes for VE. Materials and Methods The patient is a 39-year-old male diagnosed with obstructive azoospermia who presents for surgical reconstruction via VE. His partner is a 37-years-old female with regular menstrual cycles. The comprehensive clinical data encompasses a range of factors, including FSH levels, results from semen analysis, and outcomes from testicular sperm aspiration. This thorough exploration aims to provide a thorough understanding of our innovative surgical technique and its application in addressing complex cases of obstructive azoospermia. Results The procedure was started on the right, the vas deferens was identified and transected. The abdominal side of the vas was intubated and a vasogram performed, there was no obstruction. There was no fluid visible from the testicular side of the vas for analysis, thus we proceeded with VE. Upon inspection of the epididymis dilated tubules were identified. After selecting a tubule for VE, two 10-0 nylon sutures were placed, and it was incised. Upon inspection of the fluid motile sperm was identified. After VE, we performed a novel epididymal occlusion stitch technique. This was completed distal to the anastomosis by placing a 7-0 prolene through the tunica of the epididymis from the medial to lateral side. This stitch was then tightened down with the goal to largely occlude the epididymis so that sperm will preferentially travel through the anastomosis. The steps were then repeated on the left. At 3-month follow up, the patient had no change in testicular size as compared with preoperative size (18cc), he had no testicular or incisional discomfort, and on semen analysis he had presence of motile sperm. After 3 months post-surgery, the patient had motile sperm seen on semen analysis. Discussion The introduction of a novel epididymal occlusion stitch demonstrates a targeted strategy to enhance the success of microscopic VE. Encouragingly, a 3-month post-surgery follow-up reveals the presence of motile sperm, reinforcing the potential efficacy of our approach. This is promising given the historical lower patency, delayed time to patency, and higher delayed failure rates that patients who require VE experience (10). In total, 40% of all azoospermia cases can be attributed to obstruction. The conventional treatments for obstructive azoospermia involve microsurgical reconstruction and surgical sperm retrieval followed by IVF. While microsurgical reconstruction has proven to be economically viable, the quest for enhanced success rates has led to the exploration of innovative techniques. Historically, the evolution of VV and VE procedures, initially performed in the early 20th century, laid the foundation for contemporary microsurgical approaches (11). Notably, the microscopic VV demonstrated significant improvements in patency rates and natural pregnancy likelihood, as evidenced by the seminal Vasovastomy Study Group study in 1991 (8). In contemporary literature, success rates particularly for VE remain unchanged for the past three decades since the original published success rates by the Vasectomy Reversal Study Group (12). VE is associated with a longer time to patency as well with patients taking 2.8 to 6.6 months to have sperm return to ejaculate as compared to 1.7 to 4.3 months for those undergoing VV. Additionally, of those patients who successfully have sperm return to the ejaculate after VE up to 50% will have delayed failure compared to 12% for those undergoing VV who are patent. Finally, of those who experience delayed failure after undergoing VE it usually occurs earlier with studies reporting as early as 6 months post-operatively (20). Given the lack of improvement and significantly worsened outcomes with VE further surgical refinement is a constant goal for surgeons performing this procedure. Conclusion: In conclusion, this video is both a demonstration and a call to action for commitment to surgical innovation. We aim to raise the bar in VE success rates, ultimately bringing tangible benefits to patients and contributing to the ongoing evolution of reproductive medicine. The novel epididymal occlusion stitch emerges as a beacon of progress, promising not only enhanced safety but also potential reductions in patency time. Surgical excellence and methodological refinement, as exemplified in this video, lay the foundation for a future where male reproductive surgery continues to break new ground. 40 1, 1 (1 2. 2 . 2) 3. (3) 4. 4 (4) vasectomy infections trauma 5. 5 (5) fertility options IVF (IVF) costeffective cost effective 6, (6 7. 7 7) However 99 (VV 65 (VE 8, 8 (8 9. 9 9) Thus 39yearold yearold 39 year old 37yearsold yearsold 37 years cycles levels aspiration right transected obstruction 100 10 0 10- placed incised 70 7- left 3month month 18cc, 18cc cc , (18cc) discomfort postsurgery, postsurgery post surgery, Encouragingly followup approach 10. (10) total viable Historically th century 11. 11 (11) Notably likelihood 199 8. (8) literature 12. 12 (12) 28 66 6. 17 1. 43 Additionally 50 patent Finally postoperatively operatively 20. 20 (20) Conclusion conclusion innovation medicine progress ground ( (3 (4 (5 (IVF (18cc (10 (11 19 (12 (20 (2

ABSTRACT Background and Objective Salvage robot assisted radical prostatectomy (sRARP) is performed for patients with biochemical or biopsy proven, localized prostate cancer recurrences after radiation or ablative therapies. Traditionally, sRARP has been avoided by lower volume surgeons due to technical demand and high complication rates. Post-radiation sRARP outcomes studies exist but remain few in number. With increasing use of whole gland and focal ablative therapies, updates on sRARP in this setting are needed. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of recently reviewed studies on the oncologic outcomes, functional outcomes, and complications after post-radiation and post-ablative sRARP. Tips and tricks are provided to guide surgeons who may perform sRARP. Materials and Methods We performed a non-systematic literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE for the most relevant articles pertaining to the outlined topics from 2010-2022 without limitation on study design. Only case reports, editorial comments, letters, and manuscripts in non-English languages were excluded. Key Content and Findings Salvage robotic radical prostatectomy is performed in cases of biochemical recurrence after radiation or ablative therapies. Oncologic outcomes after sRARP are worse compared to primary surgery (pRARP) though improvements have been made with the robotic approach when compared to open salvage prostatectomy. Higher pre-sRARP PSA levels and more advanced pathologic stage portend worse oncologic outcomes. Patients meeting low-risk, EAU-biochemical recurrence criteria have improved oncologic outcomes compared to those with high-risk BCR. While complication rates in sRARP are higher compared to pRARP, Retzius sparing approaches may reduce complication rates, particularly rectal injuries. In comparison to the traditional open approach, sRARP is associated with a lower rate of bladder neck contracture. In terms of functional outcomes, potency rates after sRARP are poor and continence rates are low, though Retzius sparing approaches demonstrate acceptable recovery of urinary continence by 1 year, post-operatively. Conclusions Advances in the robotic platform and improvement in robotic experience have resulted in acceptable complication rates after sRARP. However, oncologic and functional outcomes after sRARP in both the post-radiation and post-ablation settings are worse compared to pRARP. Thus, when engaging in shared decision making with patients regarding the initial management of localized prostate cancer, patients should be educated regarding oncologic and functional outcomes and complications in the case of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer that may require sRARP. (sRARP proven therapies Traditionally Postradiation Post number needed postradiation post postablative nonsystematic non systematic 20102022 2010 2022 2010-202 design reports comments letters nonEnglish English excluded pRARP (pRARP presRARP pre lowrisk, lowrisk low risk, risk low-risk EAUbiochemical EAU highrisk BCR injuries contracture year postoperatively. postoperatively operatively. operatively post-operatively However postablation ablation Thus 2010202 201 202 2010-20 201020 20 2010-2 20102 2 2010-

Abstract. Based on a spatial and temporal analysis, this article aims to study the trend of violent crime in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico (ZMVM). To that end, rates of three violent crimes that function as analysis variables are mapped and studied: homicides (in general and committed with firearms), intentional injuries, and extortion. The main finding is that the criminal trend of ZMVM during the period studied has a considerable concentration around the border dividing Mexico City and the State of Mexico. Also, the data reveals secondary findings over three topics: the ZMVM during the war on drugs, the relation between metropolitan routes and illegal markets, as well as the relationship between violent crime and the recently inaugurated Felipe Ángeles International Airport. The conclusions document the relevance of the border areas in the general trend of violent crime in the ZMVM as well as the relevance of promoting a metropolitan vision of security across this space.

Resumen. El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la tendencia de los crímenes violentos en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM), a partir de un análisis espacial y temporal. Para ello, se mapean y estudian tasas de tres delitos violentos que funcionan como variables de análisis: homicidios (en general y con arma de fuego), lesiones dolosas y extorsión. El principal hallazgo es que, en el periodo estudiado, la tendencia delictiva de la ZMVM tiene una considerable concentración en torno a las fronteras entre la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México. Además, los datos revelan hallazgos secundarios sobre tres temas: la ZMVM durante la guerra contra las drogas, las rutas metropolitanas y los mercados ilegales, y la relación entre el crimen violento y el recientemente inaugurado Aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles. Las conclusiones documentan tanto el peso de las citadas zonas fronterizas en la tendencia general del delito violento en la ZMVM, como la pertinencia de promover una visión metropolitana de la seguridad a lo largo de este espacio.

Abstract To establish the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and normal variations in a population of older adults. This observational study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 and involved 156 participants from Los Guido (San José, Costa Rica). The participants’ sociodemographic information, risk factors, comorbidity, and clinical examination were evaluated and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Findings in oral mucosa were found to preferentially affect women (n=111; 71%) and individuals between the ages of 60 and 69 years (n=65; 42%), having smoking as a risk factor (n=67; 43%), and suffering from arterial hypertension (n=101; 65%). Intraoral findings were mainly presented together with variations from normal and pathology (n=71; 46%), predominantly one variation from normal (n=67; 33%) and one pathology (n=51; 43%). The most prevalent normal variations were the saburral tongue, lingual varicose veins, and cryptic tonsils. Infectious diseases (n=33; 21%), potentially malignant disorders (n=30; 19%), and physical and chemical injuries (n=18; 12%) were the most prevalent groups. The four most predominant lesions were prosthetic stomatitis, actinic cheilitis, frictional keratosis, and atrophic glossitis. The differences in pathological groups were not statistically significant (p=0.392) when comparing the frequency ratio by sex. Variations of the normal anatomy are the predominant ones, the saburral tongue being the most prevalent individually; among the pathologies, the most remarkable group was the infectious diseases, and prosthetic stomatitis was the most frequent. The information about this subject in Costa Rica is limited. So it is important to conduct more studies that contribute to the oral health of the elderly population in this area.

Resumen Establecer la prevalencia de lesiones de la mucosa oral y variaciones de lo normal en una población de adultos mayores. Estudio observacional en 156 participantes de Los Guido (San José, Costa Rica) del 2015 a 2016. Se evaluaron y analizaron de forma descriptiva y cualitativa información sociodemográfica, factores de riesgo, comorbilidad y exploración clínica. Los hallazgos en mucosa oral afectaron preferentemente a las mujeres (n=111; 71%), el rango de edad entre 60 y 69 años (n=65; 42%) y con el tabaco como factor de riesgo (n=67; 43%) e hipertensión arterial (n=101; 65%). Los hallazgos intraorales se presentaron preferentemente de forma conjunta variaciones de lo normal y patologías (n=71; 46%), predominantemente una variación de lo normal (n=67; 33%) y una patología (n=51; 43%). Las variaciones de lo normal más prevalentes fueron lengua saburral, várices linguales y amígdalas criptodónticas. Las enfermedades infecciosas (n=33; 21%), los desórdenes potencialmente malignos (n=30; 19 %) e injurias físicas y químicas (n=18; 12%) fueron los grupos más prevalentes. Las cuatro lesiones más predominantes fueron estomatitis protésica, queilitis actínica, queratosis friccional y glositis atrófica. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.392) al comparar la proporción de frecuencia por sexo. Las variaciones de la anatomía normal predominaron; siendo en forma individual la lengua saburral la más frecuente; de las patologías destacaron las enfermedades infecciosas principalmente la estomatitis protésica. Existe poca información en esta área en Costa Rica, es importante generar más estudios que permitan contribuir con la salud oral de la población adulta mayor.

RESUMEN Este trabajo aborda los desafíos del estrés laboral en docentes universitarios, analizando su impacto en la salud mental y el desempeño laboral. El objetivo es identificar las causas y consecuencias del estrés en este grupo y proponer medidas para mitigarlo. Se realizó una investigación no experimental con enfoque mixto, utilizando análisis descriptivo y relacional. Se aplicaron encuestas a 31 docentes, utilizando el cuestionario alemán Effort-Reward Imbalance y la escala de ansiedad de Zung. Los resultados muestran una correlación entre la carga laboral, la falta de reconocimiento y el nivel de estrés. Se concluye que es necesario abordar los factores psicosociales en el entorno laboral para promover un ambiente saludable y apoyar el bienestar de los docentes, lo que a su vez beneficiará la calidad educativa.

ABSTRACT The present study focuses on vibration exposure and its impact on occupational health, contrasting the results with previous research. Workers in a specific workshop were investigated, assessing their vibration exposure, working hours and risk perception. A mixed approach was used, collecting data through structured surveys and inferential statistical analysis. The results indicate that 80% of the workers are exposed to vibration to some extent, with 10% exposed half the time and 6% almost always. However, no significant correlations were found between vibration exposure and other factors such as musculoskeletal health or reduced work activity. These discrepancies with previous research suggest demographic and occupational variations among the samples studied. It is concluded that it is critical to address musculoskeletal health in a comprehensive manner, implementing effective control measures to prevent mechanical vibration-related injuries.

RESUMO Introdução: O padel é um esporte crescente e popular em todo o mundo. No entanto, o aumento da prática desse esporte levou a um aumento das lesões relacionadas. Objetivo: determinar quais são as regiões e os tecidos corporais mais lesionados, bem como as principais lesões relacionadas à prática do padel; assim como os fatores de risco e as medidas para sua prevenção. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura para abordar diferentes aspectos relacionados ao paddle, os fatores de risco para lesões também foram investigados e as estratégias de prevenção existentes foram analisadas. Resultados: os resultados indicam que o peso da raquete é um fator determinante no aparecimento de lesões, e recomenda-se que ele não ultrapasse 350 gramas. Além disso, foram identificadas diferenças nas lesões entre homens e mulheres, sendo que as mulheres são mais propensas a lesões ligamentares e os homens a lesões tendinosas ou musculares. Também são observadas diferenças nas lesões de acordo com o nível de jogo e a experiência dos jogadores. Em termos de prevenção de lesões, são recomendados exercícios de fortalecimento, estabilidade e propriocepção, além de trabalhar a técnica e usar equipamentos adequados. Conclusões: é importante implementar estratégias preventivas baseadas em evidências para reduzir o risco de lesões e promover a saúde dos jogadores de padel.

ABSTRACT Introduction: padel is a growing and popular sport worldwide. However, the increase in the practice of this sport has led to an increase in related injuries. Objective: to determine which are the most injured body regions and tissues, as well as the main injuries related to the practice of padel; the risk factors and measures for their prevention. Materials and methods: a bibliographic search was carried out to address different aspects related to padel, the risk factors for injuries were also investigated and the existing prevention strategies were analyzed. Results: the results indicate that the weight of the paddle is a determining factor in the appearance of injuries, and it is recommended that it should not exceed 350 grams. In addition, differences in injuries between men and women have been identified, with women being more prone to ligament injuries and men to tendon or muscle injuries. Differences in injuries are also observed according to the level of play and experience of the players. Regarding injury prevention, it is recommended to perform strengthening, stability and proprioception exercises, as well as to work on technique and use appropriate equipment. Conclusions: it is important to implement evidence-based preventive strategies to reduce the risk of injuries and promote health in padel players.

RESUMEN Introducción: el pádel es un deporte en crecimiento y popularidad a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, el aumento en la práctica de este deporte ha llevado a un incremento en las lesiones relacionadas. Objetivo: determinar cuáles son las regiones corporales y tejidos más lesionados, así como las lesiones principales relacionadas con la práctica del pádel; así como los factores de riesgo y las medidas para su prevención. Materiales y métodos: se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica para abordar diferentes aspectos relacionados con el pádel, también se han investigado los factores de riesgo de lesiones y se han analizado las estrategias de prevención existentes. Resultados: los resultados indican que el peso de la pala es un factor determinante en la aparición de lesiones, siendo recomendable que no supere los 350 gramos. Además, se han identificado diferencias en las lesiones entre hombres y mujeres, con las mujeres siendo más propensas a lesiones ligamentosas y los hombres a lesiones tendinosas o musculares. También se observan diferencias en las lesiones según el nivel de juego y la experiencia de los jugadores. En cuanto a la prevención de lesiones, se recomienda realizar ejercicios de fortalecimiento, estabilidad y propiocepción, así como trabajar la técnica y utilizar equipamiento adecuado. Conclusiones: es importante implementar estrategias preventivas basadas en la evidencia para reducir el riesgo de lesiones y promover la salud en los jugadores de pádel.

BACKGROUND. Pathology of the hand causes functional impairment, with downstream effects for patient occupation, and consequently presents a socioeconomic burden. Investigation of the epidemiology of hand pathology in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) can help reduce the burden of disease. Identifying where the greatest need is can direct patient awareness initiatives, medical training and appropriate allocation of resources. OBJECTIVES. To establish the prevalence of hand pathology at regional hospitals that offer orthopaedic services in KZN, to describe the patients most commonly affected by these pathologies and to identify the most common pathologies. METHODS. A cross-sectional investigation of hospital records and charts of patients presenting for orthopaedic care across all 10 regional hospitals in KZN that offer orthopaedic services was undertaken for 1 week's duration (June 2022). Patients were categorised into hand pathology (HP) and general orthopaedic pathology (OP) groups, which were each subdivided into trauma and non-trauma subgroups. Demographic details were collected for all patients. For HP patients, additional detail was collected regarding diagnosis, mechanism, admission and management. The prevalence of HP was calculated as a factor of all orthopaedic presentations. RESULTS. During the investigation, 2 335 patients presented to orthopaedic services. HP represented 21% of these cases. The majority (17%, 406/2 335) were related to trauma and represented 23% of all the traumatic orthopaedic presentations. Distal radius (DR) fractures were the most common hand injury (46%, 188/406) and a large proportion of trauma to the bony elements of the hand were open injuries (23%, 93/406). The remainder of HP cases comprised the non-traumatic group (4%, 91/2 335) and were predominantly infections (68%, 62/91), and many patients with non-traumatic hand pathology required surgery (60%, 55/91) and admission (56%, 52/91). CONCLUSION. HP represents approximately one-fifth of all orthopaedic presentations to regional health facilities in KZN offering orthopaedic care, and close to a quarter of orthopaedic trauma occurs in the hand. Based on these findings, targeted efforts to improve community awareness of precautions against trauma to the hand, osteopaenia and hand hygiene are suggested as preventive measures. Medical training should emphasise the appropriate management of DR fractures and hand infections, and resources should be differentially allocated to the management of these debilitating HPs to decrease the burden of disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las quemaduras son lesiones devastantes que se asocian a alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Se produce desbalance inmunológico, afectando los leucocitos, primera línea de defensa ante cualquier noxa, fundamentalmente los neutrófilos y linfocitos. Con el objetivo de evaluar el Índice Neutrófilos-Linfocitos en los lesionados severamente quemados, se realiza éste estudio. Método: . Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en el servicio de Caumatología del Hospital Universitario Calixto García, desde enero 2022 a diciembre 2022.Se incluyó a todos los ingresados clasificados como Grandes Quemados, con menos de 24 horas de evolución de la lesión, entre 19 a 60 años. Se excluyó a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles descompensadas. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa a las 72 horas y al 6to día post trauma, para determinar valores de Índice Neutrófilos Linfocitos. Se relacionaron dichos valores con el estado al egreso y con el Pronóstico de Vida. De un total de 134 ingresados, 36 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: . Predominaron los lesionados masculinos, el fuego directo el principal agente causal, y los accidentes prevalecieron sobre otros mecanismos de producción. El Índice Neutrófilos Linfocitos se elevó desde las primeras 72 horas de evolución, con valores mayores en los lesionados con peor pronóstico de vida, y en los egresados fallecidos. Conclusión: . Existió una asociación lineal entre los valores de Índice Neutrófilos/Linfocitos en lesionados egresados vivos y los que fallecieron, así como relación directamente proporcional con la gravedad de la lesión.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Burns are devastating injuries associated with high morbidity and mortality. A disruption of the immune system is developed, affecting the function of neutrophils and lymphocytes, first defensing line against pathogens. In order to evaluate the association between the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, and the prognosis of the burn injurie, the investigation was performed. Methods: . A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective investigation was developed at the Burn Unit of Calixto García Hospital, from January 2022nd to December 2022nd. All severely burned patients admitted, with ages between 19 and 60 years old, and less than 24 hours from the onset of the accident were included. Patients suffering from chronic conditions were excluded. To determinate the levels of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Rates, blood samples were taken at the first 72 hours after injury and during the 6th day. A relationship between the levels of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, and the prognosis of the trauma was established. Of a total of 134 patients admitted, 36th were included. Results: Male patients were the majority. Fire the main etiological agent, and accidents the first production mode. High levels of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio were detected since the first 72 hours after trauma, and stayed high during the 6th day of evolution. Patients with poorest life prognosis, showed higher levels of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio. Conclusion: A direct relationship was found between the levels of Neutrophil- to Lymphocyte Ratio and the severity of the burn injury, and the survival rate.

Resumen Objetivo: Demostrar que el vendaje semioclusivo logra una reconstrucción de la falange distal sin dolor residual, sin acortamiento adicional y con buen aspecto estético. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron 47 dedos con lesiones distales que se dividieron en tres grupos: a) con compromiso de piel y tejido celular subcutáneo, b) con lesión adicional de la uña y c) con lesión ósea expuesta agregada. A todos se les colocó un vendaje semioclusivo con un recambio semanal hasta que la herida se curó, aproximadamente en cuatro semanas. Resultados: En 41 de los 47 dedos tratados, los resultados funcionales y estéticos fueron excelentes, con recuperación completa de la sensibilidad distal; 6 pacientes (14%) necesitaron una cirugía agregada, todos ellos en conflicto laboral. La media para la curación completa fue de 45.7 días y la media de recambio de apósito fue de tres en total para completar el tratamiento. Conclusiones: Las lesiones de la punta de los dedos, aun con la falange expuesta, pueden ser tratadas de forma satisfactoria con un vendaje semioclusivo, pues se logra una reconstrucción sin dolor residual, sin acortamiento agregado, con buena fuerza y sensibilidad, además con un excelente aspecto estético de la falange, es un método económico y fácil de reproducir.

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate that semi-occlusive dressings achieve reconstruction of the distal phalanx with no residual pain, no additional shortening, and a satisfactory aesthetic appearance. Materials and Methods: 47 fingers with distal injuries were assessed and classified into three groups: a) with skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue involvement, b) with an additional nail injury, and c) with an additional open bone injury. All were covered with a semi-occlusive bandage which was replaced weekly until the wound healed, which took around four weeks. Results: 41 of the 47 treated fingers displayed excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes, with complete recovery of distal sensibility; nevertheless, 6 patients (14%) required additional surgery, all of whom had work conflicts. The average time for complete healing was 45.7 days, with three dressing replacements required to complete treatment. Conclusion: Fingertip injuries, even with the phalanx exposed, can be satisfactorily treated with semi-occlusive dressings. Reconstruction is achieved without residual pain, without additional shortening, with good strength and sensitivity, and with an excellent aesthetic appearance of the phalanx. It is also an economical and simple to replicate method.

Resumen Introducción: La lesión traumática de la médula espinal es la principal causa mundial de discapacidad motora y una prioridad para la OMS. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto de la hipotermia terapéutica tras una contusión medular. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron ratas macho a las que se les generó una contusión medular. Se formaron cuatro grupos (6 animales por grupo): a) de control, b) con lesión en normotermia (24 °C, sacrificados 12 h después de la lesión, c) con lesión en normotermia (24 °C, sacrificados 24 h después de la lesión) y d) lesión en hipotermia (8 °C, durante 180 min, sacrificados 24 h después de la lesión). Se estudió la expresión de la CIRBP, la caspasa-3 y la Neu-N. Resultados: La lesión medular aumentó ligeramente la expresión de CIRBP a las 24 h y, de manera importante, la de caspasa-3, todo acompañado por imágenes de motoneuronas dañadas en el asta anterior. En los animales tratados con hipotermia, se observó una alta expresión de CIRBP y niveles muy bajos de caspasa-3, que no se distinguen de los controles. El número de motoneuronas viables se restauró parcialmente. Conclusiones: Este modelo experimental resultó eficaz para inducir una lesión medular, demostró la protección neuronal mediada por hipotermia. El aumento de la expresión de CIRBP en la médula espinal de ratas con lesión e hipotermia comparado con el del grupo normotérmico abre el camino para un posible uso de sustancias que incrementen la CIRBP como terapéutica para las lesiones medulares contusivas.

Abstract Introduction: Traumatic spinal cord injury is the leading cause of motor disability worldwide, and the WHO considers it a priority. This study sought to investigate the effects of therapeutic hypothermia following spinal cord contusion. Materials and Methods: Male rats that underwent experimental spinal cord contusion were used. For this purpose, four experimental groups were created (n=6 per group): a) control, b) lesion in normothermia (24°C, sacrificed 12h after the injury), c) lesion in normothermia (24°C, sacrificed 24h after the injury), and d) hypothermic injury (8°C for 180 min, sacrificed 24h after the injury). The expression of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP), Caspase-3, and NeuN was studied. Results: At 24 hours, spinal cord damage raised CIRBP expression slightly while also increasing Caspase-3 significantly. All of this was accompanied by images of damaged motor neurons in the anterior horn. In animals treated with hypothermia, high expression of CIRBP and very low levels of Caspase-3 were observed, which were indistinguishable from controls. Furthermore, the number of viable motor neurons was partially restored. Conclusions: The experimental model developed in this study was effective at inducing spinal cord injury, demonstrating neuronal protection through hypothermia. The increased expression of CIRBP in the spinal cord of rats with injury and hypothermic treatment when compared to the normothermic group suggests the possibility of using substances that increase CIRBP as therapies for the treatment of contusive spinal cord injuries.

Resumen El síndrome del martillo hipotenar es la trombosis de la arteria cubital en el canal de Guyon causada por traumatismos repetitivos. Se trata de un cuadro infrecuente que se diagnostica mediante la detallada valoración de los antecedentes y el examen físico, y se confirma con estudios vasculares. El manejo incluye desde tratamiento médico hasta cirugía reconstructiva. El objetivo de este artículo es brindar una breve reseña de esta enfermedad y presentar el caso de un paciente de 45 años, con parestesias y signos de hipoperfusión de los dedos 4.° y 5.° luego de múltiples traumatismos en la eminencia hipotenar. En la prueba de Allen, se detectó ausencia de vascularización de la arteria cubital, y la trombosis se confirmó mediante ecografía Doppler y angiotomografía. Se resecó el fragmento trombosado y se liberó el canal de Guyon. La evolución fue satisfactoria, no se observaron signos de isquemia y las parestesias mejoraron. Se realizó un seguimiento por 1 año.

Abstract Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a thrombosis of the ulnar artery in Guyon’s canal induced by repeated trauma. It is a rare disorder that can be diagnosed with an extensive medical history and physical examination, and confirmed by vascular studies. Management options include medical treatment and reconstructive surgery. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of this disorder and to discuss the case of a 45-year-old patient who developed paresthesias and signs of hypoperfusion of the fourth and fifth fingers following multiple injuries to the hypothenar eminence. The Allen test revealed the absence of vascularization in the ulnar artery, and thrombosis was verified by Doppler ultrasound and angiotomography. The thrombosed portion was excised, and Guyon’s canal was cleared. The evolution was satisfactory; no signs of ischemia were found, and paresthesias improved. Follow-up was performed for 1 year.

Resumen Introducción: Las epifisiólisis de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia en adolescentes representan el 1% de las lesiones fisarias y el 3% de las fracturas de la tibia proximal, y pueden comprometer la fisis; por lo tanto, ameritan un diagnóstico y un tratamiento correctos para evitar complicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar un caso clínico, compararlo con casos similares publicados, analizar las diferencias y, sobre la base de la experiencia, llegar a una conclusión para su resolución. Presentamos a un varón de 13 años que consultó tras sufrir un traumatismo directo en la rodilla derecha, durante la carrera en la práctica deportiva, un mes atrás. La radiografía mostró epifisiólisis por avulsión de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia (Ogden IIIA y Jones III), por lo que fue sometido a reducción abierta y fijación. Como la recuperación y el retorno a la actividad habitual fueron rápidos, se tomaron un par radiográfico para el diagnóstico y una tomografía para la planificación quirúrgica. Conclusión: Si bien no hay un consenso sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento por la baja cantidad de casos publicados, es conveniente sospechar este cuadro en pacientes jóvenes que sufren un traumatismo en la rodilla que limita la extensión.

Abstract Epiphysiolysis of the anterior tibial tubercle in adolescents accounts for 1% of physeal injuries and 3% of proximal tibial fractures, and it may involve the physis; therefore, they require a proper diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications. Objective: To report a clinical case, compare it with similar published cases, examine the differences, and, based on our experience, arrive at a resolution. We present a13-year-old male who consulted after suffering direct trauma to his right knee while running in sports practice one month earlier. Radiography revealed epiphysiolysis due to avulsion of the anterior tibial tubercle (Odgen IIIA and Jones III), thus the patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation with two partially-threaded cannulated screws and washers. A plaster cast was placed and removed after six weeks to begin rehabilitation. Because healing and return to regular activity were quick, AP and lateral radiographs were obtained for diagnosis and a CT scan for surgery planning. Then, open reduction and internal fixation with two cannulated screws surrounding the physis was performed, although the patellar tendon was explored first since it had a higher risk of invagination within the fracture line. Conclusion: Although there is no consensus on diagnosis and treatment due to the small number of reported cases of this injury, which is increasing due to the growing popularity of sports among young people, it is advisable to suspect it in young patients who sustain knee injuries with extension limitation.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Musculoskeletal injuries related to work are extremely common, often resulting from workplace accidents. The knowledge of occupational diseases and injuries by the Occupational Health Physician is crucial for Occupational Medicine. This clinical case describes a 37-year-old male patient who sought Emergency Services due to a fall from stairs with right knee trauma involving hyperflexion during work. The diagnosis confirmed a complete rupture of the patellar tendon. With this clinical case, it was made a review of the literature about occupational and personal risk factors for patellar tendon rupture; as to investigate whether the literature describes any sequelae of the injury that may result in work limitations. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed database with the keywords "Patellar tendon; knee injury; outcome; patellar tendon repair." Two articles not included in this filter were added for their relevance to the topic. Out of 56 articles published as systematic reviews and classic reviews between 2002 and 2022, a total of 23 articles were selected through the reading of abstracts. Exclusion criteria included bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon, studies exclusively focused on patellar tendon rupture in a sports context, and approaches to new surgical techniques. After reading these bibliographic sources, seven were used in the discussion of this clinical case. Results: Patellar tendon rupture is an uncommon and disabling injury with a higher incidence in men under 40 years old. In cases of total tendon rupture, surgical intervention is necessary to restore the extensor mechanism's functionality. Various authors have described potential predisposing conditions for patellar tendon rupture, such as the use of corticosteroids and fluoroquinolones, diabetes, rheumatic disease, Lyme disease and microtrauma. Most described cases are sports-related injuries. The relationship with occupational risk factors is not clear, except for professional athletes. Repetitive microtrauma is one of the main causes of patellar tendinopathy, which can lead to patellar tendon rupture and is defined as "overuse pathology," present in professions such as floor installers. Conclusion: Occupational medicine plays a relevant role in reintegrating workers after a workplace accident. Understanding the epidemiology, identifying injury mechanisms, treatment and prognosis of this pathology is important not only for preventing future workplace accidents but also for adapting the worker's return to their job.

RESUMO Introdução: As lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho são extremamente frequentes e muitas decorrentes dos acidentes laborais. O conhecimento das doenças e lesões provadas em contexto ocupacional é importante para a Medicina do Trabalho. Na descrição deste caso clínico apresenta-se um trabalhador de 37 anos, sexo masculino, que recorre ao Serviço de Urgência por queda de escadas com traumatismo do joelho direito com mecanismo de hiperflexão durante o trabalho. Após confirmação de diagnóstico de rotura total do tendão rotuliano. Com este caso clínico pretende-se rever na literatura a existência de fatores de risco ocupacionais e pessoais para esta situação clínica; bem como sequelas que possam configurar limitações na capacidade de trabalho. Métodos: Foi realizada a revisão de literatura não sistemática recorrendo a base de dados de artigos PubMed com as palavras-chave “Patellar tendon; knee injury; outcome; patellar tendon repair”. Foram incluídos dois artigos extra, pela sua relevância para o tema. Dos 56 estudos publicados como revisão sistemática e revisão, publicados entre 2002 e 2022, foram selecionados por leitura do resumo 23 documentos. Os critérios de exclusão foram rutura bilateral do rotuliano, estudos que dirigidos exclusivamente a rutura do rotuliano em contexto desportivo e abordagens a novas técnicas cirúrgicas. Após leitura destas fontes bibliográficas foram usadas sete na discussão deste caso clínico. Resultados: A rotura do tendão rotuliano é uma lesão incomum e incapacitante com maior incidência em homens com idade inferior a 40 anos. Nos casos de rotura total do tendão, a intervenção cirúrgica é necessária para restaurar a funcionalidade do mecanismo extensor. Diferentes autores descreveram a possível predisposição a condições para rotura do tendão rotuliano como o uso de corticosteroides e fluoroquina, diabetes, doença reumática, doença de Lume e o microtrauma. A maioria dos casos descritos são lesões desportivas. A relação com fatores de risco ocupacionais não é clara, com exceção dos atletas profissionais. O microtrauma repetitivo é uma das principais causas de tendinopatia patelar, que pode levar a rotura do rotuliano e que é definida como “patologia de uso excessivo”, que pode estar presente em profissões como assentadores de pavimento. Conclusão: A medicina do trabalho tem um papel relevante na reintegração dos trabalhadores após em caso de acidente no local de trabalho. Conhecer a epidemiologia, identificar os mecanismos de lesão, tratamento e prognóstico desta patologia é importante, não só para atuar na prevenção de futuros acidentes de trabalho, mas também para adaptar o retorno do trabalhador ao seu posto de trabalho.