Résumé différences de compétences entre les diplômés constituent l’explication clé des approches méritocratiques aux résultats inégaux observés sur le marché du travail. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons les données d’Enade (2009-2011) et de Rais (2013-2015) pour analyser dans quelle mesure les dimensions qualitatives de l’enseignement supérieur, y compris la qualité de la formation, ont une capacité distinctes de structurer l’emploi formel et les salaires quatre ans après l’obtention du diplôme. Le principal résultat indique la pertinence des compétences mesurées pour la destination professionnelle des diplômés, mais aussi que la dichotomie entre l’emploi formel et informel ne s’applique pas aux couches supérieures de la population active : Les diplômés d’origine sociale privilégiée et de haute qualification professionnelle dans les domaines techniquement intensifs ont tendance à rester en dehors de l’emploi formel après l’obtention de leur diplôme, ce qui semble aggravé par des conditions de détérioration de l’emploi dans les professions de niveau supérieur. Bien que les compétences importent pour la transition entre l’enseignement supérieur et le marché du travail, nous avons trouvé des preuves de la persistance des processus de reproduction sociale et de fermeture sociale par diplôme. lexplication l explication travail étude dEnade d Enade 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 lenseignement enseignement formation lemploi emploi lobtention obtention diplôme sapplique s applique dorigine origine 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo As diferenças de habilidades entre graduados compõem a explicação chave das abordagens meritocráticas para os resultados desiguais observados no mercado de trabalho. Neste estudo, utilizamos dados do Enade (2009-2011) e da Rais (2013-2015) para analisar em que medida dimensões qualitativas da educação superior, incluindo a qualidade da formação, têm capacidades distintas de estruturar o emprego formal e os salários quatro anos após a graduação. O principal resultado indica a relevância das habilidades mensuradas para o destino ocupacional dos graduados, mas também que a dicotomia entre o emprego formal-informal não se aplica aos estratos superiores da força de trabalho: os graduados com origem social privilegiada e elevada qualificação profissional em áreas tecnicamente intensivas tendem a permanecer fora do emprego formal após a graduação, o que parece agravado por condições de deterioração do emprego em ocupações de nível superior. Embora as habilidades importem para a transição entre educação superior e mercado de trabalho, encontramos evidências de persistência de processos de reprodução social e fechamento social por diploma. trabalho estudo 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 formação graduação formalinformal informal diploma 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen Las diferencias de competencias entre los titulados constituyen la explicación clave de los enfoques meritocráticos para los resultados desiguales observados en el mercado laboral. En este estudio, utilizamos datos de Enade (2009-2011) y Rais (2013-2015) para analizar en qué medida las dimensiones cualitativas de la educación superior, incluida la calidad de la formación, tienen diferentes capacidades para estructurar el empleo formal y los salarios cuatro años después de la graduación. El principal resultado indica la pertinencia de las competencias medidas para el destino profesional de los titulados, pero también que la dicotomía entre empleo formal e informal no se aplica a los estratos superiores de la población activa: los titulados procedentes de medios sociales privilegiados con altas cualificaciones profesionales en ámbitos técnicamente intensivos tienden a permanecer fuera del empleo formal tras su titulación, lo que parece agravarse por las condiciones de deterioro del empleo en las ocupaciones de nivel superior. Aunque las competencias son importantes para la transición entre la enseñanza superior y el mercado laboral, encontramos pruebas de la persistencia de procesos de reproducción social y de cierre social a través de los diplomas. laboral estudio 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 formación graduación activa titulación diplomas 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Differences in skills among graduates form the key explanation of meritocratic approaches to the unequal results observed in the labor market. In this study, we use data from Enade (2009-2011) and Rais (2013-2015) to analyze to what extent qualitative dimensions of higher education, including training quality, can structure formal employment and wages four years after graduation. The main result indicates the significance of the skills measured for the occupational destination of graduates, but also that the dichotomy between formal-informal employment does not seem to apply to the upper strata of the workforce: graduates with a privileged social background and high professional qualification in technically intensive areas tend to remain out of formal employment after graduation, which seems to be aggravated by deteriorating employment conditions in occupations that require higher education. Although skills matter for the transition between higher education and the labor market, we found evidence of the persistence of processes of social reproduction and social closure by diploma. market study 20092011 2009 2011 (2009-2011 20132015 2013 2015 (2013-2015 quality graduation formalinformal informal workforce diploma 2009201 200 201 (2009-201 2013201 (2013-201 200920 20 (2009-20 201320 (2013-20 20092 2 (2009-2 20132 (2013-2 (2009- (2013- (2009 (2013 (200 (201 (20 (2 (

Although widely acknowledged for their significance, contemporary Teacher Professional Development (TPD) initiatives have faced growing criticism due to their failure to effectively foster the seamless incorporation of technology into educators' pedagogical practices. Educators depend on their informal Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than TPD programmes to acquire the knowledge they need to both competently and meaningfully integrate technology into their pedagogical practices. This study investigates the innovative approaches educators employ in three (n=3) Western Cape public primary schools to create a hybrid CoP in their school to improve their collective technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). The criticism of TPD efforts extends beyond primary and secondary school contexts. This challenge substantially impacts teacher education and highlights the increasing necessity for developing digital literacy among the professoriate in this discipline. The theoretical basis for this study was Wenger's (1998) CoP social learning theory and Mishra and Koehler's (2006) TPACK model. The study employed a qualitative research approach involving a cohort of 12 educators who engaged in open-ended survey questionnaires, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and observational sessions. Additionally, the research incorporated one (n=1) school principal and two (n=2) deputy principals who actively contributed to all data collection modalities except for the survey questionnaires. Document analysis, specifically from WhatsApp group chat screenshots, was conducted across all three (n=3) schools as part of the research approach. While the data set used in this study originates from a study involving school educators, it aims to extend the findings to determine their significance for teacher education. The results revealed that the sampled educators had established an informal hybrid CoP at their respective schools through innovative approaches, such as joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. These educators gained TPACK from one another throughout this process. Universities and provincial governments might profit from the findings, the knowledge gained from which could assist in their structuring of TPD programmes in ways which would foster their organic development in educators' particular employment contexts.

O meio rural brasileiro apresenta uma grande heterogeneidade, e parte de seus moradores convivem com altos índices de insegurança alimentar, especialmente entre os assalariados sem registro formal e famílias não ocupadas. No total, 1,4 milhão de famílias enfrentam insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave. Entre os desempregados no campo, 29% vivem nessa condição, enquanto 19% os assalariados agrícolas sem formalização nas relações de também sofrem com essa vulnerabilidade. Na agricultura familiar, 11% sofrem com privações alimentares. A precariedade do trabalho informal, a subocupação e o desemprego são fatores-chave que agravam a insegurança alimentar no campo. O desafio é criar políticas públicas direcionadas que atendam às necessidades específicas desses grupos vulneráveis.

The Brazilian rural environment exhibits significant heterogeneity, with many residents experiencing high levels of food insecurity, particularly among informal wage laborers and non-occupied families. In total, 1.4 million families face moderate to severe food insecurity. Among rural unemployed individuals, 29% live in such conditions, while 19% of informal agricultural wage laborers also suffer from this vulnerability. In family farming, 11% face food deprivation. The precariousness of informal work, underemployment, and unemployment are key factors exacerbating food insecurity in rural areas. Addressing these issues requires targeted public policies to meet the specific needs of these vulnerable groups.

Abstract Due to the arrival of COVID-19 in Mexico, a majority of the population was affected in terms of their labor participation. This article aims to measure the levels of educational mismatch -overeducation and undereducation- in Mexico before and after the closure of activities decreed during the pandemic. The research examines changes in educational adjustment from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of the same year and the first quarter of the following year, and it investigates whether there were modifications in sociodemographic profiles, changes in the conditions of those experiencing educational mismatch, and if these dynamics were a result of the crisis. The analysis uses the National Occupation and Employment Survey and employs multinomial models to assess the probability of being in some form of educational mismatch, with a grouped base for five survey editions to establish changes over time. The results show an increase of approximately 0.5% in overeducation in the total occupied population, considering sociodemographic and labor insertion characteristics. Similarly, there are differences between informal and formal employment in terms of how these changes occur, with the former showing increases first, followed by the latter.

Resumen En México, la llegada de la covid-19 afectó la participación laboral de la mayoría de la población. A propósito de ese fenómeno, con este artículo se busca medir los niveles de desajuste educativo -por sobreducación y subeducación- antes y después del cierre de actividades decretado ante la pandemia. Se revisan los cambios en el ajuste educativo entre el primer trimestre de 2020 y el tercero del mismo año, sumando además el primer trimestre de 2021. La atención se centra en si se modificaron los perfiles sociodemográficos y si esto implicó cambios en las condiciones de los desajustados, o si bien estos fueron producto de la crisis. Para el análisis se utilizan la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo y modelos multinomiales sobre la probabilidad de insertarse en algún tipo de inadecuación educativa con una base agrupada para cinco ediciones de la encuesta a fin de establecer los cambios en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que se registra un aumento de alrededor de 0,5 % de sobreducación en la población ocupada total, si se consideran las características sociodemográficas y de inserción laboral. Del mismo modo, se reflejan diferencias entre los empleos informales y los formales en términos de cómo ocurren estos cambios, pues los primeros se inician con incrementos, mientras en los segundos esto se da en el mediano plazo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although the cause of childhood obesity is multifactorial, it is known that breastfeeding (BF) could be a protective element. Objective: To determine the association of obesity in children with the duration of BF, parental educational levels and types of employment and family formation in a group of children from Encarnación, Paraguay. Methodology: This was a longitudinal, retrospective and descriptive study with an analytical component carried out in 200 children of both sexes. Nutritional status was evaluated at 2, 4 and 6 years, duration of BF. Families were grouped according to parental education levels and types of employment (Group A: up to 6th grade of Elementary Education [EE] and informal economy work; Group B: up to 12th grade of EE and public/commercial employment; Group C: tertiary education and managerial employment positions or business ownership. A value of p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 50% (n=100) were men, 96.5% (n=193) from urban areas, 70% (n=140) came from nuclear families, 73% (n=146) were families from group B. BF duration was ≤4 months 5.5% (n=11), up to 6 months 9% (n=18), 7 to 11 months 20.5% (n=41), continued BF (≥1 year) 63 .5%(n=127). 14.5%, 18% and 18.5% were obese at 2, 4 and 6 years respectively. There was greater obesity at 4 years with BF <6 months (42.9% vs 16.1% Chi2 p=0.02), but not at 2 or 6 years. No significant association of obesity with parental employment or educational level or with the presence of a partner (Chi2 p≥0.05). Conclusion: Breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months is associated with a higher frequency of obesity at 4 years of age.

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque la causa de la obesidad infantil es multifactorial, se sabe que la lactancia materna (LM) podría ser un elemento protector. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de obesidad en los niños con la duración de la LM, escolaridad y tipo de empleo de padres y conformación familiar en un grupo de niños de Encarnación-Paraguay. Metodología: estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo y descriptivo con componente analítico realizado con 200 niños de ambos sexos. Se evaluó estado nutricional a los 2, 4 y 6 años, duración de LM, agrupación familiar según nivel de escolaridad y tipo de empleo (Grupo A: hasta 6° grado de la Educación Escolar Básica (EEB) y trabajo informa; 2)Grupo B: hasta 3° de EEB y empleados públicos/comerciales; 3)Grupo C: educación terciaria y cargos jerárquicos o dueños de corporaciones.Se consideró valor de p<0,05 como significativo. Resultados: 50%(n=100) fueron varones, 96,5%(n=193) del área urbana, 70%(n=140) con familia nuclear, 73%(n=146) fueron familias del grupo B. Tuvo LM ≤4 meses el 5,5%(n=11), hasta 6 meses 9%(n=18), 7 a 11 meses el 20,5%(n=41), LM continuada (≥1 año) el 63,5%(n=127). Presentaron obesidad el 14,5%, 18% y 18,5% a los 2, 4 y 6 años respectivamente. Hubo mayor obesidad a los 4 años con LM <6 meses (42,9% vs 16,1% Chi2 p=0,02), no así a los 2 o 6 años. Sin asociación significativa de obesidad con tipo de empleo y escolaridad de los padres o con presencia de pareja (Chi2 p≥0,05). Conclusión: La duración de lactancia materna menor a 6 meses se asocia con mayor frecuencia de obesidad a los 4 años.

Abstract: Given that housing is a key element for security, access to resources, and the integration of migrant individuals, we inquire, concerning the rental market, about the forms of vulnerability to which they are exposed, and the resources used (or not) to confront them. We present the case of Lima, the city that has received the largest number of Venezuelan migrants (1.1 million) in recent years. As an exploratory study, we conducted 37 interviews with tenants (27 Venezuelan migrants, 10 Peruvians). We analyzed the cases for each group, seeking common problems and strategies to address them. We found that Venezuelan individuals face challenges in searching for and staying in housing not only due to their restricted citizenship and employment in the informal sector, but also due to their limited access to social resources. As a result, they are more exposed to critical events and must confront them on their own. Consequently, their vulnerability is greater, and their housing tenure is always unstable.

Resumen: Siendo la vivienda un elemento clave para la seguridad, así como el acceso a recursos y la integración de las personas migrantes, nos preguntamos por las formas de vulnerabilidad a las que estas están expuestas en el mercado de alquiler y los recursos usados (o no) para enfrentar dichas vulnerabilidades. Estudiamos el caso de Lima, la ciudad que ha recibido la mayor cantidad de migrantes venezolanos (1.1 millones) en los últimos años. Siendo un estudio exploratorio, recogimos 37 entrevistas a personas que alquilan vivienda (27 a migrantes venezolanos, 10 a peruanos). Analizamos los casos para cada grupo, buscando los problemas que son comunes y las formas de enfrentarlos. Encontramos que las personas venezolanas tienen problemas de búsqueda y de permanencia en la vivienda no solo por su ciudadanía recortada y sus empleos en el sector informal, sino por su poca disponibilidad de recursos sociales. Por este motivo, están más expuestos a eventos críticos que deben enfrentar por su propia cuenta. En consecuencia, su vulnerabilidad es mayor, y su permanencia en la vivienda es siempre inestable.

RESUMO A partir de um balanço da gênese da categoria setor informal, ressaltamos a importância do paralelismo entre raça e classe para as análises sobre a estrutura de ocupações. Posteriormente, examinamos a situação dos trabalhadores negros no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre 1982 e 2022, tanto em ocupações informais como em ocupações formais de baixa remuneração, dentre as quais destacamos os entregadores de aplicativo como expressão da racialidade do processo de informalização. informal Posteriormente 198 2022 remuneração informalização 19 202 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Based on an overview of the genesis of the category informal sector, we highlight the importance of the parallelism between race and class for the analysis of the structure of occupations. Afterwards, we examined the situation of black workers in the Brazilian labour market between 1982 and 2022, both in informal occupations and in low-paid formal occupations, among which we highlighted app delivery workers as an expression of the racialityof the informalization process. sector Afterwards 198 2022 lowpaid low paid process 19 202 1 20 2

Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

Abstract The literature on digital work platforms has highlighted the trend towards the precarisation of labour relations. In contrast to this hypothesis, through the analysis of the operation of the digital platform Zolvers, this article aims to understand how platforms can also contribute to the formalisation of labour relations in the paid domestic work sector, where the majority of women workers work informally. The article explores the effects of this intermediation on the formalisation of the employment relationship. In particular, it focuses on the impact during the first year of the covid-19 pandemic.

Resumen La literatura sobre plataformas digitales de trabajo ha subrayado la tendencia a la precarización de las relaciones laborales. En contraposición con esta hipótesis, a través del análisis del funcionamiento de la plataforma digital Zolvers, este artículo se propone comprender de qué manera las plataformas pueden también contribuir a la formalización de las relaciones laborales en el sector del trabajo doméstico remunerado, donde la mayoría de las trabajadoras se desempeña de manera informal. El artículo explora los efectos de esta intermediación respecto a la formalización de la relación laboral. Particularmente, se focaliza en el impacto durante el primer año de la pandemia del covid-19.

Resumen El artículo expone parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación «Violencia y endeudamiento: mecanismos que coartan los derechos humanos de personas endeudadas en el sector informal costarricense», desarrollado en la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Bajo un carácter descriptivo, a partir de la revisión de antecedentes nacionales e internacionales y la participación de seis mujeres, se logra comprender el impacto del endeudamiento informal en la historia de vida de la población participante. Como parte de los hallazgos, las personas participantes evidenciaron una serie de privaciones relacionadas con la educación, empleo formal y conocimientos financieros; a su vez, la figura del crédito informal se destina a gastos regulares requeridos para la reproducción de condiciones de vida (pago de alquiler, alimentación o servicios básicos), con montos catalogados como «micro créditos», sujetos a plazos y condiciones definidos a criterio de la persona prestamista; espacio en el cual, se evidencian mecanismos coercitivos de presión y violación a la integridad de la persona (amenazas, daño físico) para pagar la deuda.

Résumé Cet article expose une partie des résultats du projet de recherche intitulé «Violence et endettement: mécanismes restreignant les droits humains des personnes endettées dans le secteur informel costaricain». Il a été mené à bien à Universidad Estatal a Distancia (l'Université de l’État à Distance), sous un caractère descriptif ainsi qu’à partir de la revue des antécédents nationaux et internationaux et de la participation de six femmes, il est possible de comprendre l'impact de l'endettement informel dans l'histoire de vie de la population participant à l'étude. Parmi les découvertes, les participants ont montré une série de privations liées à l'éducation, à l'emploi formel et aux connaissances financières. Parallèlement, la pratique du crédit informel est destinée à des dépenses régulières nécessaires à la reproduction des conditions de vie (loyer, alimentation ou services de base), avec des montants qualifiés de «microcrédits», soumis à des échéances et des conditions définies selon le critère du prêteur. Dans cet espace, des mécanismes coercitifs de pression et de violation de l'intégrité de la personne (menaces, dommages physiques) pour rembourser la dette sont mis en évidence.

Abstract The article presents part of the results from the research project titled 'Violence and Indebtedness: Mechanisms Restricting the Human Rights of Indebted Individuals in the Costa Rican Informal Sector,' conducted at the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (Distance State University). In a descriptive manner, drawing on a review of national and international precedents and the participation of six women, the impact of informal indebtedness on the life stories of the participating population is understood. Among the findings, participants revealed a series of deprivations related to education, formal employment, and financial knowledge. Simultaneously, informal credit was used for regular expenses necessary for the reproduction of living conditions (rent, food, or basic services), with amounts categorized as 'micro-credits,' subject to terms and conditions defined at the discretion of the lender. Within this context, coercive mechanisms of pressure and violation of personal integrity (threats, physical harm) are evident in the process of debt repayment.

Abstract: We decompose the differential between the females’ and males’ employment decreases during the pandemic in Mexico. An essential part of the differential is associated with a labor supply contraction of married females with children in their household. Another part reflects a larger across-the-board decrease in female informal employment levels, independently of the initial composition of gender employment across sectors. The larger initial share of female employment in the most affected sectors does not have a significant contribution.

Resumen: Se descompone el diferencial entre las caídas del empleo femenino y masculino durante la pandemia en México. Una parte importante del diferencial se asocia a una contracción de la oferta de trabajo de mujeres casadas con menores de edad en el hogar. Otra se deriva de una caída más pronunciada del empleo femenino informal a lo largo de los diferentes sectores de actividad y de manera independiente a la composición sectorial que tenía el empleo al inicio de la pandemia. La mayor proporción inicial de empleos femeninos en las actividades que fueron más afectadas no contribuye de manera importante.

Resumen Este artículo presenta a la Psicología Social del Trabajo (PST) como una perspectiva de estudios y prácticas que involucran la realidad de los trabajadores en diferentes inserciones laborales. Partiendo de la mirada de los trabajadores sobre sus propios procesos organizativos en la cotidianidad laboral, la PST se ubica en favor de sus demandas y asume un horizonte ético-político en defensa de la justicia social. Para ejemplificar las posibilidades de la PST, el artículo sintetiza resultados de dos investigaciones doctorales enfocadas en diferentes situaciones laborales en Brasil: los cargadores de camiones en Sorocaba (São Paulo) y las trabajadoras domésticas de remuneración por día en Fortaleza (Ceará). Las dos investigaciones ilustran cómo la PST es un camino fructífero tanto para la producción de conocimientos críticos sobre el modo de producción dominante como para la valoración de los saberes prácticos de los trabajadores que sobreviven al margen de las regulaciones laborales.

Résumé Cet article décrit la Psychologie Sociale du Travail (PST) comme une perspective d’études et de pratiques qui convoquent la réalité des travailleurs en différentes situations de travail et d’emploi. Partant du point de vue des travailleurs concernant les processus de leur organisation quotidienne, la PST se positionne en faveur de leurs aspirations, en assumant le caractère éthique et politique d’une défense de la justice sociale. Pour illustrer les potentialités de la PST, l'article résume les résultats de deux recherches doctorales conduites en situations de travail distinctes, en contexte brésilien : des ouvriers qui assurent le chargement de camions dans la ville de Sorocaba (São Paulo - Brésil) et des employées de maison travaillant dans la ville de Fortaleza (Ceará - Brésil). Les deux études soulignent que la PST est une voie féconde non seulement lorsqu’on veut réunir des connaissances critiques face au mode de production dominant, mais également parce que l’approche valorise les connaissances pratiques des travailleurs qui survivent en marge de la réglementation du travail.

Resumo O artigo apresenta a Psicologia Social do Trabalho (PST) como uma perspetiva de estudos e práticas que envolvem a realidade de trabalhadores em diferentes inserções laborais. Partindo do olhar de trabalhadores sobre os seus próprios processos organizativos no cotidiano de trabalho, a PST se posiciona em favor das demandas deles e assume um horizonte ético-político em defesa da justiça social. Para exemplificar as possibilidades da PST, o artigo sintetiza resultados de duas pesquisas de doutorado que focalizaram situações de trabalho distintas no contexto brasileiro: os carregadores de caminhão que atuam na cidade de Sorocaba (São Paulo) e as domésticas-diaristas que atuam na cidade de Fortaleza (Ceará). Ambas as pesquisas demonstram como a PST é um caminho profícuo não apenas para a produção de conhecimento crítico referente ao modo de produção dominante, como também para a valorização dos saberes práticos de trabalhadores que sobrevivem à margem das regulamentações trabalhistas.

Abstract The article presents Social Psychology of Work (SPW) as a perspective for studies and practices that involve the reality of workers in different forms of employment relationship. Based on workers' views of their own organizational processes in work routine, SPW positions itself in favor of their demands and assumes an ethical-political stance in defense of social justice. To exemplify the possibilities of the SPW, the article summarizes the results of two doctoral studies that focused on different situations in the Brazilian context: truck cargo porters working in the city of Sorocaba (São Paulo) and day laborer domestic cleaners working in the city of Fortaleza (Ceará). Both studies show that SPW is a fruitful way of both producing knowledge critical towards the mainstream mode of production and valuing the practical knowledge of workers who survive on the sidelines of labor regulations.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of private and public initiatives (financial literacy, entrepreneurship, remote work and government aid) on individual job loss and decrease in income during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used an unbalanced panel data analysis with the National Household Survey for 2019-2020. The hypotheses are tested with a probit panel data model since the dependent variables are binary. Findings: The study findings indicate that financial preparedness reduced the probability of having a decrease in income, but only to informal workers in metropolitan Lima. Furthermore, entrepreneurship helped mainly female informal workers to reduce their probability of becoming unemployed in metropolitan Lima. Besides, the implementation of remote work as a substitute of face-to-face work was not enough to avoid the decrease in income in the case of informal workers and it was only effective to avoid unemployment in the case of formal workers in metropolitan Lima. Finally, public aid proved to be instrumental in mitigating the decrease in income, but only to informal workers in Metropolitan Lima. Research limitations/implications: The study results only apply for the first year of the pandemic. Practical implications: Policymakers should focus on increasing the financial preparedness of informal workers, especially in provinces. Social implications: Policymakers must expand unemployment benefits, and design public aid programs targeting informal workers in provinces. Originality/value: This is the first study that analyses the impact of private and public initiatives on the decrease in income and unemployment situation of Peruvian individuals during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract: Over the past thirty years, the Latin American and Caribbean region has been part of the process of deconstructing the protected work model, especially with the impetus of neoliberal policies aimed at flexibilizing these relationships and gradually changing labor laws. One of the indicators is the informalization of employment, in this study referring to the lack of contributions to social security and the social benefits associated with wage labor. Secondary sources from the National Institute of Statistics, Continuous Household Surveys between the years 2010-2022, were analyzed to understand the socio-economic characteristics and profile of workers. It is noteworthy that the Uruguayan and Chilean cases have the particularity of reducing informal labor.

Resumen: Durante los últimos treinta años el continente latinoamericano y caribeño ha sido parte del proceso de deconstrucción del modelo de trabajo protegido, especialmente a partir del impulso de políticas neoliberales de flexibilizar las relaciones laborales y cambiar las legislaciones vinculadas. Uno de los indicadores de esto es la informalización del empleo. Este estudio refiere al no aporte a la seguridad social y a los beneficios sociales que apareja el trabajo asalariado. Se analizaron fuentes secundarias del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, las Encuestas Continuas de Hogares correspondientes al período 2010-2022, para conocer las características socioeconómicas y el perfil de los trabajadores, considerando que el caso uruguayo presenta la particularidad de disminuir la informalidad laboral.

Resumo: Nos últimos trinta anos, o continente latino-americano e caribenho tem sido parte do processo de desconstrução do modelo de trabalho protegido, especialmente impulsionado por políticas neoliberais que buscam flexibilizar essas relações e alterar as legislações trabalhistas. Um dos indicadores desse fenômeno é a informalização do emprego, neste estudo referindo-se à falta de contribuição para a seguridade social e aos benefícios sociais associados ao trabalho assalariado. Foram analisadas fontes secundárias do Instituto Nacional de Estatística, bem como as Pesquisas Contínuas de Domicílios entre os anos de 2010-2022, para compreender as características socioeconômicas e o perfil dos trabalhadores. Vale ressaltar que, no caso uruguaio e chileno, há uma particularidade interessante de redução da informalidade laboral.