ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Informal work has become more prevalent, simultaneously in more and less developed countries, although with very different characteristics, but with particularities capable of modulating in a concrete and relevant way some aspects of Occupational Health and Safety. The aim of this review was to provide professionals working in this area with some knowledge that would allow them to boost their performance and to be able to further expand the range of workers covered. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in May 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content The term was created between the 1960s and 1970s, by the International Labor Organization, when preparing a report on Kenya and Ghana, when describing poor individuals, with unregistered, recognized, protected or regulated work. In other words, it is the set of activities that generate some income, but are not official; therefore, these are not regulated, nor do individuals have social security protection. Thus, it is associated with companies/family ownership, own resources, small-scale production, unofficial training and non-state regulation. Discussion and Conclusions It both includes extremely well-paid jobs with a lot of autonomy, health and safety in terms of occupational risks; as situations that fall into exactly the opposite, increasing medical problems and accidents at work, in addition to influencing the state economy and other conditions of formal workers. If professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety teams are more aware of these data, they will be better able to cover more workers in their networks, as well as globally improve Health and Safety, working conditions and the standard of living of population.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos O trabalho informal tem vindo a ser mais prevalente, simultaneamente em países mais e menos desenvolvidos, ainda que com caraterísticas muito diversas entre si, mas com particularidades que têm capacidade para modular de forma concreta e relevante alguns aspetos da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão dotar os profissionais a exercer nesta área de alguns conhecimentos que lhe permitam potenciar o seu desempenho e a conseguir alargar mais o leque de trabalhadores abrangidos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em maio de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo O termo foi criado entre as décadas de sessenta e setenta, pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, ao elaborar um relatório relativo ao Quénia e Gana, ao descrever indivíduos pobres, com trabalho não registado, reconhecido, protegido ou regulamentado. Ou seja, é o conjunto de atividades que criam algum rendimento, mas não são oficiais; logo, não são regulamentadas, nem os indivíduos têm proteção da segurança social. Alguns consideram que o Trabalho Informal é uma consequência da globalização e a maior liberdade dos mercados; salientando que estes rendimentos não geravam impostos. Assim, ele está associado a empresas/propriedade familiar, recursos próprios, produção em pequena escala, formação não oficial e não regulamentação do estado. Discussão e Conclusões Tanto incluiu postos de trabalho extremamente bem remunerados e com muita autonomia, salubridade e segurança a nível de riscos laborais; como situações que caiem exatamente no inverso, potenciando os problemas médicos e sinistralidade laboral, para além de influenciarem negativamente a economia do estado e restantes condições dos trabalhadores formais. Se os profissionais a exercer nas equipas de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais estiverem mais conscientes destes dados, terão mais capacidade para abranger mais trabalhadores nas suas redes de atuação, bem como, globalmente, melhorar a Saúde e Segurança, condições de trabalho e nível de vida de população.

ABSTRACT The study aims to analyze the limitations faced by Venezuelan immigrants residing in the municipality of Garzón in integrating into economic and productive activities. The methodological design included constructing a survey to gather sociodemographic information, reasons for migration, and current occupational status. One of the key findings is that these immigrants, aged between 21 and 40 years, are mostly single or in informal unions. The majority of them have only completed high school education, possess legal status in Colombia, and are primarily engaged in informal activities in commercial and service sectors. Most of them earn an income below the minimum wage and lack social security coverage. The primary reason for their migration from Venezuela is the country's instability and economic situation. Furthermore, the majority expressed a desire to stay in Colombia or relocate to a country other than their home nation.

RESUMEN El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las limitaciones que presentan los inmigrantes venezolanos residentes en el municipio de Garzón para insertarse en actividades económicas y productivas. El diseño metodológico incluyó la construcción de una encuesta para obtener la caracterización sociodemográfica, causales de migración y la actual situación ocupacional. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se destaca que entre sus edades oscilan entre 21 y 40 años, son solteros o en unión libre, en su gran mayoría solo alcanzan un nivel educativo de bachillerato, poseen formalidad en la estancia en Colombia, su ocupación se concentra principalmente en actividades informales en sectores comerciales y de servicios, la gran mayoría recibe un ingreso inferior a un salario mínimo y no cuentan con seguridad social; la causal más relevante de su salida de Venezuela es la inestabilidad del país y la situación económica, y mayoritariamente quieren quedarse en Colombia o radicarse en otro país diferente a su nación.

RESUMEN La educación tributaria es abordada por actividades programáticas gubernamentales y privadas, que buscan fomentar la gestión financiera responsable. Este estudio se centra en las causas de la economía informal en América Latina y examina cómo la educación tributaria puede mitigar este fenómeno. El objetivo es analizar su contribución a la reducción de la economía informal y la evasión fiscal en la región. Para ello se empleó una metodología de investigación basada en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura especializada. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de incluir contenidos tributarios, desde lo básico hasta aspectos culturales y responsabilidad ciudadana en programas educativos para lograr una formación integral. La comprensión completa de estos conceptos se revela como crucial para su aplicación efectiva tanto en la vida diaria como en el ámbito empresarial. En síntesis, la educación tributaria se posiciona como una herramienta fundamental para promover prácticas financieras responsables y combatir la economía informal en América Latina.

ABSTRACT Tax education addressed through government and private programmatic activities, seeks to promote responsible financial management. This study focuses on the causes of the informal economy in Latin America and examines how tax education can mitigate this phenomenon. The objective is to analyze its contribution to the reduction of the informal economy and tax evasion in the region. For this, a research methodology was used based on the bibliographic review of specialized literature. The results highlight the need to include tax content from the basics to cultural aspects and citizen responsibility in educational programs to achieve comprehensive training. The complete understanding of these concepts is revealed to be crucial for their effective application both in daily life and in the business environment. In summary, tax education is positioned as a fundamental tool to promote responsible financial practices and combat the informal economy in Latin America.

Abstract The concept of Natural Capital of the Romerillo forests (NCR) has been little studied in relation to the Education of this important type of natural capital. However, currently, many researchers have argued that Education can contribute significantly to the teaching and learning of this natural capital. By investigating how the concept has been studied, this article has attempted to establish the direction, understanding and use of Education that the NCR may take in the future, within the context of research into an Intangible Creative Ecological Economy (ICEE). This study used an exploratory research methodology with secondary information, in combination with chronological, conceptual and thematic literature review techniques. The literature review indicates that Education on NCR has been used in three areas of research to explain or address a particular construct: (1) promotion of formal and informal programs for use of the intangible environmental services, (2) development of an ICEE that promotes biotrade of intangible services from the Romerillos forests, and (3) short- and long-term conservation of the Romerillos forests. For future studies, it is recommended to address the concept of Education in “Intangible Forest Natural Capital” as a strategy for the sustainable use of the intangible environmental services of the NCR, aiming to mitigate deforestation and preserve the forests of the Romerillos Andean.

ABSTRACT Worsening joblessness in India is put forward here from the multiple and inter-connected argumentative lens of formal-informal dichotomy by labour productivity differential, market size constraint, labour market flexibility, capital inflows, political constraint, corporate industrialization and welfare economic implications. In the process, the limitations of the classic developmental ideas of Kuznets, Lewis and Schumpeter are critiqued. Thereafter, an alternative policy framework is proposed to achieve economic development focused on employment, equity and environmental uplift. The paper shows how the massive unemployment problem can be managed in India’s democratic set up by departing from conventional wisdom about industrialization. interconnected inter connected formalinformal formal informal differential constraint flexibility inflows implications process Kuznets critiqued Thereafter employment uplift Indias s

RESUMO O agravamento do desemprego na Índia é aqui apresentado a partir da lente argumentativa múltipla e interligada da dicotomia formal-informal através do diferencial de produtividade do trabalho, das restrições de dimensão do mercado, da flexibilidade do mercado de trabalho, dos fluxos de capital, das restrições políticas, da industrialização empresarial e das implicações econômicas do bem-estar. No processo, são criticadas as limitações das ideias clássicas de desenvolvimento de Kuznets, Lewis e Schumpeter. Posteriormente, é proposto um quadro político alternativo para alcançar o desenvolvimento econômico centrado no emprego, na equidade e na melhoria ambiental. formalinformal formal informal trabalho capital políticas bemestar. bemestar bem estar. estar bem-estar processo Kuznets Schumpeter Posteriormente emprego ambiental

The study's main objective was to investigate the challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers and informal food traders in the agri-food value chain in Gauteng province. A sample of 32 smallholder crop farmers and 32 informal food traders was gathered using questionnaire surveys. The different challenges identified have negatively influenced the progress and development of these actors. For example, COVID-19 lockdown regulations have destroyed the trading jobs of informal food traders, directly affecting smallholder crop farmers' income. This was because informal food traders were identified as the major customers for smallholder crop farmers, as indicated by the study data. Other challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers included a small amount of arable land, lack of grower schemes, regulatory barriers, lack of agricultural management skills and extension services, and lack of credit facilities and resources. As part of the recommendations for the smallholder crop farmers, it was proposed that the Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development should improve policies on the reaction and management of shocks like COVID-19 in the economy to protect the vulnerable groups in society. Additional recommendations included addressing gender disparity in the smallholder crop farming sector as males dominated the agricultural sector; introducing easy eligibility criteria for micro-loan applications by DFIs to enable smallholder crop farmers to access loans; and the proposal for extensive arable land to aid smallholder crop farmers to expand and grow in their business trajectory. For the informal food traders, it was recommended that the municipal authority improve the by-laws that govern how informal food traders are treated.

Twenty-four years after the establishment of the fourth republic and the Constitution that ushered in the democratic regime in Nigeria, the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, socio-economic rights remain non-justiciable. Efforts by human rights organisations, academics and the bench (both within the country and regionally) have led to the design and development of various theories to support the measured enforcement of socio-economic rights. One such principle is the principle of minimum core obligations. This principle enjoins states to strive to satisfy the basic levels of these socio-economic rights. Despite these efforts, Nigeria and most African countries are still many years away from the sustainable realisation of socio-economic rights. There are a plethora of journal articles and textbook pages examining why this is so, but one thing remains certain, namely, that socio-economic rights cannot be enforced in the absence of adequate fiscal resources. While states have many sources of raising revenue, development practitioners have long realised that taxation remains the most sustainable way for governments to raise revenue. Thus, beyond the rights framework developed to ensure the promotion and protection of minimum core obligations, taxation remains a critical consideration to the realisation of this objective. This article addresses the scope of minimum core obligations and analyses the roles and limitations of taxation as a means of sustainably realising minimum core obligations in Nigeria. It argues that illicit financial flows, corruption and a large informal economy, among others, tend to affect the ability of the government to raise revenues, and that there is a direct link between these problems and an inadequate socio-economic rights framework in Nigeria. Implicit in the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfil the essential minimum standards of these socio-economic rights is the obligation of the government to mobilise domestic resources for the protection and promotion of socio-economic rights.

Abstract Knowing the size, dynamics and main causes of informality is essential for the adoption of feasible public policies. Thus, in order to contribute to the literature, this article intends to analyze the behavior of informality in a sample of Latin American countries between 2002 and 2015. The empirical strategy will use the Panel Vector Autoregression (VAR) method to circumvent endogeneity problems between level of informality and its main determinants. The results of the estimation of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the analyses of Impulse Response Functions (IRF) highlight the negative effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita on informality and the positive effects of unemployment rate and taxes on the size of informal economy in relation to the official GDP. policies Thus literature 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinants GMM (GMM IRF (IRF GDP (GDP 20 201 2

Resumo É fundamental conhecer o tamanho, a dinâmica e as principais causas da informalidade para adoção de políticas públicas factíveis. Assim, a fim de contribuir com a literatura, este artigo pretende analisar o comportamento da informalidade em uma amostra de países da América Latina entre 2002 e 2015. A estratégia empírica usará o método de Vetores Autorregressivos (VAR) em Painel para contornar problemas de endogeneidade entre o nível de informalidade e seus principais determinantes. Os resultados da estimação do Generalized method of moments (GMM) e as análises das Funções de Resposta ao Impulso (FRIs) ressaltam o efeito negativo do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita sobre a informalidade e os efeitos positivos da taxa de desemprego e dos impostos sobre o tamanho da economia informal em relação ao PIB oficial. factíveis Assim literatura 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinantes GMM (GMM FRIs (FRIs (PIB oficial 20 201 2

Resumen Este artículo constituye un aporte empírico sobre la correlación entre la informalidad económica y la pandemia de la covid-19 en Perú. Con base en entrevistas a comerciantes del sector informal de la ciudad de Huancayo, se analizan los impactos pandémicos en relación con sus ingresos y medios de vida y se sostiene que el empleo informal tuvo una gran repercusión en los trágicos indicadores de salud pública en el país. La flexibilidad intrínseca de este tipo de actividades, puntualmente para el comercio ambulatorio, y la falta de acceso a sistemas y esquemas de protección social fueron las principales razones por las que las personas emprendían en este sector para reemplazar los ingresos que perdieron debido al confinamiento. Así, se introduce la noción “recambio de ingresos” en la economía durante la pandemia. La heterogeneidad entre quienes realizan labores informales, específicamente en el acceso a diferentes tipos de recursos, permitió tales emprendimientos y facilitó que algunas personas controlen su posible exposición al virus. Se concluye que en el enfoque de la formalización económica de las últimas décadas de liberalización financiera no se consideran las ventajas que las actividades informales ofrecen frente a la formalización. De hecho, la informalidad sigue brindando la mejor oportunidad de ingresos inmediatos y opciones altamente flexibles, en particular para adaptarse a situaciones de crisis como la pandemia.

Abstract This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic.

Abstract Contract farming constitutes a long-term productive and commercial modality in time and space; for this reason, it is essential to approach the different interpretations of its determinants. In this sense, this article analyzes the theoretical and interpretative contributions that the main currents and schools of economic thought have raised about the factors that have decisively contributed to the development of the productive and commercial modality of the contract in agriculture, especially from the perspective of the large agro-industrial corporations. The methodology applied in this research is the literature review. The investigated currents are the French, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Latin American. In the end, it is concluded that there is a re-functionalization of the agrarian economy through contract farming; contracts are yet another business strategy for sourcing agricultural supplies; and the sources that large agro-industrial corporations must promote this productive and commercial modality are market, contractual-informal and technological. longterm long term space reason determinants sense agriculture agroindustrial agro industrial review French AngloSaxon, AngloSaxon Anglo Saxon, Saxon Anglo-Saxon American end refunctionalization re functionalization supplies market contractualinformal contractual informal technological

Resumen La agricultura contractual constituye una modalidad productiva y comercial de largo recorrido en el tiempo y el espacio; por esta razón, se considera esencial aproximarse a las distintas interpretaciones de sus determinantes. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza las aportaciones teóricas e interpretativas que desde las principales corrientes y escuelas de pensamiento económico se han planteado en torno a los factores que han contribuido decisivamente en el desarrollo de la modalidad productiva y comercial del contrato en la agricultura, especialmente desde la perspectiva de las grandes corporaciones agroindustriales. La metodología aplicada en esta investigación es la revisión de literatura. Las corrientes investigadas son la francesa, la anglosajona y la latinoamericana. Al final, se concluye que a través de la agricultura contractual se produce una refuncionalización de la economía agraria; los contratos constituyen una estrategia empresarial para abastecerse de suministros agrícolas; y los resortes con los que cuentan las grandes corporaciones agroindustriales para fomentar esta modalidad productiva y comercial son de mercado, contractual-informales y tecnológicos. espacio razón determinantes sentido literatura francesa latinoamericana final agraria agrícolas mercado contractualinformales informales tecnológicos

Resumen Este artículo expone una comparación entre seis países; por un lado, Australia, Canadá, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Reino Unido y Suecia y, por el otro, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú; seleccionados a partir de las diferencias que presentan en cuanto al nivel de progreso social, emprendimiento y cultura. Como objetivo, se plantea encontrar relaciones entre determinadas instituciones informales, el nivel de emprendimiento y el progreso social. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo y exploratorio, con alcances correlacionales; donde se utiliza información de las dimensiones culturales de Hofstede Insights (2018), el Índice Global de Emprendimiento de 2018 y el Índice de Progreso Social de 2018. Los resultados muestran correlaciones que, a nivel general, revelan la tendencia de los países más desarrollados a registrar una menor distancia de poder, menor aversión a la incertidumbre y una preferencia hacia el individualismo, además de mayores niveles de emprendimiento, mayor progreso social y una mejor calidad ambiental.

Abstract This article carries out a comparative analysis between a group of six countries made up of Australia, Canada, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, on the one hand and Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, on the other hand. These countries were selected from the differences that they present in terms of social progress, entrepreneurship, and culture. The objective is to find relationships among certain informal institutions, the level of entrepreneurship and social progress. The type of study is descriptive and exploratory, with correlational scopes, where information from the cultural dimensions of Hofstede Insights (2018), the Global Entrepreneurship Index of 2018 and the Social Progress Index of 2018 is used. On a general level, results show correlations that reveal a tendency of the more developed countries to register a lower power distance, less aversion to uncertainty and a preference towards individualism, besides greater social progress and better environmental quality.

Abstract The research analyzes qualitative data related to integrated solid waste management, inclusive recycling and COVID-19. In addition, the results of the survey "Waste Management and Circular Economy" on the perception of citizens regarding recycling and recyclers during the first confinement (March-September 2020 Canton Cuenca) are studied. Among the main findings, it was identified that the restrictions implemented had a high impact on the work of recyclers and citizen behavior. In relation to recyclers, only a protocol for a progressive return to their activities was established; there was no targeted support, which indicates that this sector is excluded from public policies. The survey also shows that although the work of waste pickers as actors in the informal economy contributes to the care of the environment, their situation is precarious, risky and little recognized by the community.

Resumen En la investigación se analizan datos cualitativos relacionados con la gestión integral de residuos sólidos, reciclaje inclusivo y COVID-19. Además, se estudia los resultados de la encuesta “Gestión de Residuos y Economía Circular” sobre la percepción de los ciudadanos frente al reciclaje y recicladores durante el primer confinamiento (marzo-septiembre 2020 Cantón Cuenca). Entre los principales hallazgos se identificó que las restricciones implementadas tuvieron un alto impacto en la labor de los recicladores y en el comportamiento ciudadano. Con relación a los recicladores únicamente se estableció un protocolo de retorno progresivo a sus actividades, no hubo apoyos focalizados, de lo que se desprende que se trata de un sector excluido de las políticas públicas. La encuesta a su vez evidencia que si bien la labor de los recicladores como actores de la economía informal contribuye al cuidado del medio ambiente su situación es precaria, riesgosa y poco reconocida por la colectividad.

Abstract This article focuses on the structuring of the end-of-life vehicle processing and recycling (ELV processing) sector in France. First, it traces the emergence and the structuring of scrapyards. It then analyses the gradual introduction of regulations aimed at curbing informality in the sector, and at promoting the development of a circular economy. Scrapyards, which have now become “ELV recycling centers”, are gradually absorbed into a capitalist and highly technical apparatus, in the name of a “green economy”. The article proposes to discuss the value of end-of-life vehicles, which are often considered as a source of pollution and waste, but can also be a source of parts and materials, at the intersection of national and transnational formal and informal circulations. endoflife end life ELV France First scrapyards economy Scrapyards centers, centers , centers” apparatus green . economy” vehicles waste materials circulations

Resumo Este artigo enfoca a estruturação do setor de processamento e reciclagem de veículos em fim de vida (processamento VFV) na França. Primeiramente, traça o surgimento e a estruturação dos ferros-velhos. Em seguida, analisa a introdução gradual de regulamentações destinadas a coibir a informalidade no setor e a promover o desenvolvimento de uma economia circular. Os ferros-velhos, que agora se tornaram “centros de reciclagem de VFV”, são gradualmente absorvidos por um aparato capitalista e altamente técnico, em nome de uma “economia verde”. O artigo se propõe a discutir o valor dos veículos em fim de vida, que muitas vezes são considerados como fonte de poluição e resíduos, mas também podem ser fonte de peças e materiais, na intersecção das circulações formais e informais, nacionais e transnacionais. VFV França Primeiramente ferrosvelhos. ferrosvelhos ferros velhos. velhos ferros-velhos seguida circular ferrosvelhos, velhos, centros VFV, , VFV” técnico verde. verde . verde” resíduos materiais informais transnacionais

In Xenophobia? Moral Economy, Ethical-Moral Rights, and Citizenship Dilemmas in South Africa, we argue the inadequacy of xenophobia to account for violence against foreigners in South Africa. With the notions of fetishising of origins and vandalism, scholars cast violations against the rights of immigrants as psychiatric disturbs and barbarism, clichés about Africa. Via the ethnography of the Tshwane Riots (2016), we show that the ransacking of Pakistani businesses in an informal settlement in Pretoria followed local laws. We interpret these attacks as a political strategy and a sovereign dispute between the African National Congress (ANC) and its organic constituency. Xenophobia Economy EthicalMoral Ethical Rights Africa vandalism barbarism 2016, 2016 , (2016) laws ANC (ANC constituency 201 (2016 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

Neste artigo, indicamos a inadequação do conceito de xenofobia para explicar a violência contra estrangeiros na África do Sul. Com as noções de “fetichização das origens” e “vandalismo”, alguns analistas sul-africanos caracterizaram violações aos direitos de imigrantes como distúrbios psiquiátricos e barbarismo, antigos clichês sobre a África. Mediante a etnografia dos Tshwane Riots (2016), indicamos que os saques de comerciantes Pakistani ocorreram conforme “leis” locais. Interpretamos esses ataques como estratégia política e sinal da existência de disputas soberanas entre o Congresso Nacional Africano (CNA) e setores orgânicos de seu eleitorado. artigo Sul fetichização origens vandalismo, vandalismo , “vandalismo” sulafricanos sul africanos barbarismo 2016, 2016 (2016) leis “leis locais CNA (CNA eleitorado “vandalismo 201 (2016 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (