Chemometrics is gaining more and more space in universities and industry. To contribute to the development and expansion of principal component analysis (PCA) teaching proposals, this work evaluated the answers of the students to a questionnaire and presented a didactic-pedagogical proposal that can contribute to solving the principal doubts achieved by students in the PCA interpretation. Based on data collected in a semi-open questionnaire, the proposal was developed based on methodological principles of historical-critical pedagogy, containing the objectives, the problems surrounding the topic, and the cultural instruments necessary for understanding and interpreting PCA in the discipline of chemometrics by using new resources and instruments, especially free software, Chemostat. This proposal covers topics related to the concept of chemometrics and PCA, the explanation of the data set, pre-processing, use of Chemostat software, and analysis of principal components. It is hoped that this proposal can promote a better understanding concerning PCA on the part of students, as well as effective incorporation of the phenomena that involve this tool and its applications, and interpretation. Likewise, it is expected that this didactic-pedagogical proposal can support new teaching practices in chemometrics subjects in higher education. industry (PCA proposals didacticpedagogical didactic pedagogical interpretation semiopen semi open historicalcritical historical critical pedagogy objectives topic software set preprocessing, preprocessing pre processing, processing pre-processing components applications Likewise education

In the present study a spectrophotometric method for Cr(VI) determination in organic fertilizers, especially those from tanning industry residues, is proposed. Conditions for chromium extraction, extract clean-up and analytical characteristics of the method were established. The method is based on the complexation of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) in acid medium (pH 2.0). A mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 solution at 0.125 and 0.07 mol L–1 (pH 12), respectively, and heating at 90 °C for 60 min were the best conditions for chromium extraction. Florisil and activated charcoal were tested for clean-up of the extract, with activated charcoal being effective. Under the established conditions, the calibration linear range is up to 2500 μg L–1 Cr(VI), the results obtained are in agreement with the value of a certified reference material (CRM041), precision is better than 5% for five consecutive determinations of a solution at 1000 μg L–1 of Cr(VI) and the limit of quantification is 1.62 μg g–1. In can be concluded that the method is robust, accurate and precise, and can be easily applied for the determination of Cr(VI) in routine analysis, since it complies with legislation of most countries regarding the maximum allowed concentration of 2 μg g–1 of Cr(VI). CrVI Cr VI Cr(VI fertilizers residues proposed extraction cleanup clean 1,5diphenylcarbazide 15diphenylcarbazide diphenylcarbazide 1,5 1 5 DPC (DPC pH 2.0. 20 2.0 . 0 2.0) NaCO Na CO Na2CO 0125 125 0.12 007 07 0.0 L1 L L– 12, 12 , 12) respectively 9 C 6 effective 250 CrVI, CRM041, CRM041 CRM (CRM041) 100 162 62 1.6 g1 g robust precise analysis g– CrVI. 5diphenylcarbazide 15 1, 2. 012 0.1 00 0. 25 CRM04 (CRM041 10 16 1. 01 CRM0 (CRM04 (CRM0 (CRM

Abstract The “International Group for Lean Construction” aims to adopt a new management philosophy for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Learning this philosophy can be supported by using active methodologies, especially serious games. This work aimed to analyse the evolution of using serious games as a teaching technique based on problem classes, in the context of the Lean Construction community. A literature review and an analysis of an empirical experience were carried out in an architecture and urbanism undergraduate course. The results demonstrate the evolution of the use of these techniques, as well as their implications for the education and training of AEC professionals. International Architecture Engineering (AEC industry methodologies classes community course techniques professionals

Resumo O “International Group for Lean Construction” busca adaptar à indústria de Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC) uma nova filosofia gerencial. O aprendizado dessa filosofia pode ser apoiado pela utilização de metodologias ativas, especialmente dos jogos didáticos (do inglês “serious games”). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a evolução da aplicação de jogos didáticos como técnica de aprendizagem baseada em classes de problemas, no contexto da comunidade da Construção Enxuta.Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura e a análise de uma experiência empírica, em uma disciplina de graduação de arquitetura e urbanismo. Os resultados demonstram a evolução do uso dessas técnicas, bem como suas implicações para a formação e treinamento de profissionais da AEC. International Construction Arquitetura AEC (AEC gerencial ativas serious games. games . games”) problemas EnxutaFoi Enxuta Foi empírica urbanismo técnicas games”

Abstract Standardized Work (SW) is an approach originated in the manufacturing industry, which aims to standardize and improve the efficiency of operations cycles, based on the Lean Production Philosophy. SW has the potential to support the implementation of Location-Based Planning and Control (LBPC) as it allows balancing the workload between workers or teams, contributing to the synchronization of processes. The aim of this study is to propose a method for implementing SW as an additional element of LBPC. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation and an empirical study was carried out in a real estate company, in which the method for implementing SW was conceived and implemented.The following benefits were identified in the study: increase in the degree of process standardization, improvement in process synchronization, increase in the engagement of the work force with process standards, and improvement in terms of time reliability. The main contribution of this research study has been the adaptation of SW in the construction context as an additional element of LBPC. (SW industry cycles Philosophy LocationBased Location Based LBPC (LBPC teams processes company implementedThe implemented standardization standards reliability

Resumo Trabalho Padronizado (TP) é uma abordagem originária da indústria da manufatura que visa a padronizar e melhorar a eficiência dos ciclos de operações com base na Filosofia da Produção Enxuta. O TP tem o potencial de apoiar a implementação do Planejamento e Controle Baseado em Localização (LBPC), pois permite equilibrar a carga de trabalho entre os trabalhadores ou equipes, contribuindo para a sincronização de processos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método para implementação do TP como um elemento adicional do LBPC. Design Science Research foi a abordagem metodológica utilizada, sendo conduzido um estudo empírico em uma empresa atuante no mercado imobiliário, na qual o método para implementação do TP foi concebido e implementado. Os seguintes benefícios foram identificados no estudo: aumento do grau de padronização das operações, melhoria na sincronização entre processos, aumento do engajamento da mão-de-obra com padrões de processo, e melhoria em termos de confiabilidade em relação a prazos. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa para o avanço do conhecimento foi a adaptação da abordagem do TP ao contexto da construção civil como um elemento adicional do LBPC. (TP Enxuta LBPC, LBPC , (LBPC) equipes processos utilizada imobiliário implementado mãodeobra mão obra processo prazos (LBPC

Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Abstract Incorporating BIM in the education of professionals has become a demand and a topic of high importance for higher education. Several proposals for a curricular implementation of BIM exist. However, in most cases, they are specific to a single university or domain, do not consider academic policies or simplify practice by segmenting knowledge. This work proposes a protocol for the curricular implementation of BIM similar to the industry, considering aspects of process, technology, and policies aligned with the educational institution's mission and with existing competencies. Action research was the used method. Three actions were conducted: (1) proposition, (2) systematization and (3) application. The actions were executed in cycles incrementally, resulting in (1) guidelines, (2) supporting tools and (3) implementation plans. Two Brazilian universities participated in pilot studies of Project Construa Brasil. The pilot studies inspired a network of BIM cells that have synchronously applied curricular BIM implementation guidelines on a large scale. The guidelines proved to be generic and comprehensive, guiding the transformation with an empirical basis for the academics' decision-making. Leadership of a BIM specialist was confirmed as an essential factor of success. It is observed that even with a timid introduction of BIM competence in a limited scope of engineering solutions, the impact on the BIM maturity curriculum is significant. exist However cases domain knowledge industry process technology institutions institution s competencies method conducted 1 (1 proposition 2 (2 3 (3 application incrementally plans Brasil scale comprehensive academics decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making success solutions significant (

Resumo Incorporar o BIM na formação de profissionais tornou-se uma demanda e um tema de grande importância para o ensino superior. Existem várias propostas de implementação curricular do BIM. No entanto, na maioria dos casos, são específicos de uma única universidade oudomínio, não contemplam políticas acadêmicas ou simplificam a prática segmentando o conhecimento. Este trabalho propõe um protocolo para a implementação curricular do BIM semelhante aoda indústria, considerando aspectos de processo, tecnologia e políticas alinhados com a missão da instituição de ensino e com as competências existentes. Pesquisa-ação foi o método utilizado. Três ações foram realizadas: (1) proposição, (2) sistematização e (3) aplicação. As ações foram realizadas em ciclos de forma incremental, resultando em (1) diretrizes, (2) ferramentas de apoio e (3) planos de implementação. Duas universidades brasileiras participaram de estudos-piloto do Projeto Construa Brasil. Os estudos-piloto inspiraram uma rede de células BIM que aplicaram as diretrizes curriculares de implementação BIM em larga escala. As diretrizes mostraram-se genéricas e abrangentes, orientando a transformação com base empírica para a tomada de decisão dos acadêmicos. A facilitação de um especialista BIM foi confirmada como fator essencial de sucesso. Observa-se que, mesmo com uma tímida introdução de competências BIM em um escopo limitado de soluções de engenharia, o impacto na maturidade BIM do currículo é significativo. tornouse tornou se superior entanto casos oudomínio conhecimento indústria processo existentes Pesquisaação Pesquisa ação utilizado 1 (1 proposição 2 (2 3 (3 aplicação incremental estudospiloto estudos piloto Brasil escala mostraramse mostraram abrangentes acadêmicos sucesso Observase Observa engenharia significativo (

Abstract The objective of this study is to characterize the industrial solid waste generated by a geopolymeric composites precast industry in Goiás and use them in the production of mortar, in partial replacement of cement in the contents of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%, due to its probable pozzolanic effect. For the research the residue underwent crushing in a hammer mill and sieving in a #40 mesh conducted in the industry itself. Then, physical-chemical analyzes were conducted to verify if the residue meets the parameters established by NBR 12653 (ABNT, 2014) Pozzolanic Materials - Requirements. The residue showed potential to be used as pozzolana, as in the particle size analysis only 19% was retained on sieve #325 and the moisture content also met the parameters of the aforementioned standard. However, the fire loss content and the alkali content available in ���� 2 �� were higher than the standard requirements, because the residue contains tire shavings and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in its composition. In relation to the performance index with Portland cement at 28 days, the mortar with 5% residue in its composition met the standard conditions, but the performance with lime did not obtain the desired result, as the resistance decreased. After analysis, it has been realized that the residue does not qualify as pozzolan but can be used as a filler. 5 10 10% 15 25 25% effect 40 #4 itself Then physicalchemical physical chemical 1265 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2014 Requirements pozzolana 19 325 #32 However ��� � requirements NaOH (NaOH days conditions result decreased filler 1 4 # 126 201 32 #3 12 20 3

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar os resíduos sólidos industriais gerados por uma indústria goiana de pré-moldados de compósitos geopoliméricos e utilizá-los na produção de argamassa, em substituição parcial ao cimento nos teores de 5%, 10%, 15% e 25%, devido ao seu provável efeito pozolânico. Para a pesquisa o resíduo passou por trituração em moinho martelo e peneiramento em malha #40 realizados na própria indústria. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas para verificar se o resíduo atende aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela NBR 12653 (ABNT, 2014b) Materiais Pozolânicos - Requisitos. O resíduo apresentou potencial para ser utilizado como pozolana, pois na análise granulométrica apenas 19% ficaram retidos na peneira #325 e o teor de umidade também atendeu aos parâmetros da referida norma. No entanto o teor de perda ao fogo e o teor de álcalis disponíveis em Na 2 �� foram maiores do que os requisitos da norma, devido ao fato de o resíduo possuir em sua composição, raspas de pneu e hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Em relação ao índice de desempenho com cimento Portland aos 28 dias, a argamassa que possui em sua composição 5% de resíduo atendeu as condições da norma, mas o desempenho com cal não obteve o resultado desejado, pois a resistência diminuiu. Após análise, percebeu-se que o resíduo não se enquadra como pozolana, mas pode ser usado como enchimento. prémoldados pré moldados utilizálos utilizá los 5 10 10% 15 25 25% pozolânico 40 #4 seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas 1265 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2014b b Requisitos pozolana 19 325 #32 norma � NaOH. NaOH . (NaOH) dias desejado diminuiu percebeuse percebeu enchimento 1 4 # 126 32 #3 (NaOH 12 3

Abstract Purpose: To identify the challenges faced by nanomedicine in Mexico, according to the opinion of experts in the field. Methodological design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Mexican researchers in the field of nanomedicine. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews were both online and face-to-face. The information was processed with ATLAS.ti software. Results: Challenges were identified in different areas: financing, social benefit, human resources, infrastructure, nanotoxicology, patenting, preclinical and clinical research, academia-industry linkage, regulation, scientific policy and multidisciplinary work. Research limitations: Interviews included researchers only. It would be necessary to interview other agents involved in the nanomedicine chain of value, such as entrepreneurs and health sector managers. Findings: The main challenges facing nanomedical research in Mexico are the following: reduced funding, research with little impact on society, lack of specific educational programs in nanomedicine, low patenting activity, weak links between academia and industry, and lack of regulation. Some proposals to address these challenges are analyzed in this paper.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los desafíos que enfrenta la investigación en nanomedicina en México según la opinión de expertos en la materia. Diseño metodológico: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a investigadores mexicanos del área de nanomedicina. Los entrevistados fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo intencional. Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo de manera presencial y a distancia. El procesamiento de la información se realizó con el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: Se identificaron desafíos en distintos rubros: financiamiento, beneficio social, recursos humanos, infraestructura, nanotoxicología, patentamiento, investigación preclínica y clínica, vinculación academia-industria, regulación, política científica y trabajo multidisciplinario. Limitaciones de la investigación: Las entrevistas se realizaron únicamente a investigadores. Sería necesario entrevistar a otros agentes involucrados en la cadena de valor de la nanomedicina tales como empresarios y funcionarios del sector salud. Hallazgos: Los principales desafíos que enfrenta la investigación nanomédica en México son el financiamiento reducido, investigaciones con poca incidencia en la sociedad, inexistencia de programas educativos específicos en nanomedicina, escaso patentamiento, nula vinculación con empresas y falta de regulación. Algunas propuestas para encarar estos desafíos se analizan en el presente trabajo.

RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

Abstract: This study addresses the application of the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) methodology in the analysis of dissolved gases in oil of power transformers, being this a critical component in electrical systems. The adoption of this six-phase structured method allowed a comprehensive evaluation of the condition of the transformer units of the Ecuadorian electrical system based on the analysis of investment and expansion data of the sector, as well as the study of 1 099 DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) profiles obtained from a population of 153 transformers located in the different regions of continental Ecuador. The findings described in this work have the potential to significantly improve investment and maintenance strategies and policies. In addition, the adoption of automation techniques in the DGA classification process is proposed, using supervised learning models to enhance the reliability and efficiency of the public energy service. The results suggest that this approach not only improves the diagnosis within the maintenance activities, but also provides a solid basis to draw a roadmap towards a predictive asset management, resulting in a substantial improvement of the reliability of the national power system.

Resumen: Este estudio aborda la aplicación de la metodología Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) en el análisis de los gases disueltos en aceite de transformadores de potencia, siendo este un componente crítico en los sistemas eléctricos. La adopción de este método estructurado de seis fases permitió evaluar de forma integral la condición de las unidades de transformación del sistema eléctrico ecuatoriano a partir del análisis de datos de inversión y expansión del sector, así como del estudio de 1 099 perfiles DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) obtenidos de una población de 153 transformadores ubicados en las distintas regiones de Ecuador continental. Los hallazgos descritos en este trabajo tienen el potencial de mejorar significativamente las estrategias y políticas de inversión y mantenimiento. Además, se propone la adopción de técnicas de automatización en el proceso de clasificación DGA, utilizando modelos de aprendizaje supervisado para potenciar la confiabilidad y eficiencia del servicio público de energía. Los resultados sugieren que este enfoque no solo mejora el diagnóstico dentro de las actividades de mantenimiento, sino que también proporciona una base sólida para trazar una hoja de ruta hacia una gestión predictiva de los activos, lo que se traduce en una mejora sustancial de la confiabilidad del sistema eléctrico nacional.

Abstract: Smart Grids have revolutionized the electricity industry by enabling more efficient control and monitoring of the electricity supply, with a key component being smart meters (SM). These collect information on demand, energy, and harmonic distortion, among others, which must be stored and managed efficiently in a metering data management system (MDMS). The MDMS must ensure that a complete set of data is obtained for use in algorithms to ensure the reliability and quality of the power supply. To address the challenge of management the big data generated by SM, short, medium, and long-term measurement forecasting techniques have been proposed, highlighting the use of artificial intelligence such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Deep Learning (DL) methods due to their ability to adapt to different input and output variables with various time horizons. In addition, the influence of the diversity of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the update time and data storage in the MDMS is highlighted. In this sense, this work aims to identify which ANN or DL architecture(s) could be more suitable for enterprise, survey, or research applications, demonstrating favorable performance metrics in different scenarios of sampling frequency and typical data update times in Smart Grids. This is relevant due to the need for MDMS to perform multivariate and multi-pass predictions in the short term to complete the information until the information is available or updated.

Resumen: Las Redes Eléctricas Inteligentes de Distribución (REID) han revolucionado la industria eléctrica al permitir un control y monitoreo más eficiente del suministro eléctrico, con un componente clave siendo los medidores inteligentes (SM). Estos recopilan información sobre la demanda, energía, distorsión armónica, entre otros, que deben ser almacenados y gestionados eficientemente en un sistema de gestión de datos de medición (MDMS). El MDMS debe garantizar la obtención de un conjunto completo de datos para su uso en algoritmos que aseguren la confiabilidad y calidad del suministro eléctrico. Para abordar el desafío de gestionar la gran cantidad de datos generados por los SM, se han propuesto diferentes técnicas de predicción de mediciones a corto, mediano y largo plazo, destacando el uso de inteligencia artificial como las Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN) y métodos de Aprendizaje Profundo (DL) debido a su capacidad de adaptación a diferentes variables de entrada y salida con diversos horizontes temporales. Además, se destaca la influencia de la diversidad de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en el tiempo de actualización y almacenamiento de datos en un MDMS. En este sentido, este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar qué arquitectura o arquitecturas de ANN o DL podrían ser más adecuadas para aplicaciones en empresas, estudios o investigaciones, demostrando métricas de rendimiento favorables en diferentes escenarios de frecuencia de muestreo y tiempos de actualización de datos típicos en un REID. Esto es relevante debido a la necesidad del MDMS de realizar predicciones multivariables y multipaso a corto plazo para completar la información, hasta que la misma esté disponible o se actualice.

Resumen Para el año dos mil diecinueve el crecimiento de la industria médica privada se daba más en las ciudades fronterizas del estado de sonora debido a la afluencia de pacientes extranjeros y unos seiscientos mil sonorenses o descendientes radicados en el estado de Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo destaca de los municipios fronterizos, gracias a la infraestructura privada hospitalaria certificada internacionalmente. Sin embargo, la ausencia de servicio postoperatorio al igual que agentes externos promotores de los servicios en el extranjero como en la república mexicana y una desconexión en la cadena de valor, han frenado el crecimiento de la industria médica en la capital (López, 2019). El concepto de economía digital no cuenta con una definición ampliamente aceptada, debido a que la sociedad se encuentra en las primeras etapas de digitalización. Existe una brecha entre las herramientas y su instrumentación para eficientar la cadena de valor y la experiencia del cliente. El presente documento contextualiza la industria privada de servicios médicos de Hermosillo, Sonora en la economía digital mediante una investigación documental de recursos digitales, esto en materia política, económica, social y tecnológica. Aunado a lo anterior la crisis sanitaria forzó a la digitalización de los procesos comerciales para lograr los objetivos planteados, por lo que la industria médica se convirtió en un actor de la economía digital.

Abstract By the year of two thousand and nineteen, the private medical service industry growth was concentrated in the border cities of the Sonora state due to the large number of foreign patients and around six hundred thousand Sonora residents or descendants living in the state of Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo stands out among the border municipalities, thanks to its internationally certified private hospital infrastructure. However, the absence of post-operative-care as well as external services promoters in Mexico and internationally, combined with a fragmented value chain, have slowed down the growth of the medical industry in the capital (López, 2019). Our society is still in the first stages of digitalization therefore a universally accepted concept of digital economy has yet to be established. There's a gap between the available tools and the implementation in order to optimize the value chain and the customer experience. The current document contextualizes the private medical service industry in Hermosillo, Sonora within the digital economy through documentary research on digital resources, in the matters of politics, economics, social and technological context. In addition, the health crisis forced the digitalization of the commercialization processes in order to accomplish established objectives, thereby positioning the medical service industry as a participant in the digital economy.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar áreas de oportunidad en la gestión de compras, sus operaciones y funciones en pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. Se planteó la hipótesis de que existen prácticas en el área de compras que se gestionan de manera deficiente y que representan áreas de oportunidad para su mejora contribuyendo con ello a mejorar la eficacia y la eficiencia de la cadena de suministro. Para obtener la información necesaria se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado en Google forms a una muestra no probabilística de 13 empresas del ramo metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango., México. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba no paramétrica para muestras pequeñas Kruskal-Wallis y el estadístico Chi cuadrado. La prueba de maduréz de las prácticas se realizó con el uso del modelo SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model. Los resultados, obtenidos a través de la identificación de debilidades en el proceso, permitieron encontrar áreas de oportunidad en algunas prácticas de compras, asi como también áreas de oportunidad específicas para las 13 empresas estudiadas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to identify areas of opportunity in purchasing management, its operations, and functions in small and medium-sized companies in the metal-mechanic sector in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. The hypothesis was raised that there are practices in the purchasing area that are poorly managed and that represent areas of opportunity for improvement, thereby contributing to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain. To obtain the necessary information, a questionnaire designed in Google forms was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 13 companies in the metal-mechanic industry in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for small samples and the Chi-square statistic. The maturity test of the practices was carried out using the SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model) model. The results, obtained through the identification of weaknesses in the process, made it possible to find areas of opportunity in some purchasing practices, as well as also specific opportunity areas for the 13 companies studied.

Abstract This study examines conversations with X user positions in Mexico about ultra-processed foods, which have recently been linked to obesity. Posts from 2019 and 2020 were identified through hashtags on the topics of "labeling," "ultra-processed," and "junk food." We used a mixed approach to identify word patterns and develop an analysis based on social network theory. We found 211,585 tweets and 904,484 retweets from 90,828 and 321,637 accounts, respectively. There was an emphasis on conversations during the legislative process, especially the hashtag #etiquetadoclaroya. The most intense interactions occurred in discussions about new front-of-package warnings. The most influential profiles belonged to the media, academia, and civil society. The food industry's involvement was limited, so its role in the debate is inconclusive. This method can be used in other countries to monitor discussions on regulations and other policies.

Resumen Este estudio examina conversaciones con posturas de usuarios de X en México acerca de los productos comestibles ultraprocesados, recientemente asociados con obesidad. Se identificaron publicaciones en 2019 y 2020 a través de hashtags en temáticas denominadas "etiquetado", "ultraprocesados" y "comida chatarra". Se utiliza un enfoque mixto para identificar patrones de palabras y desarrollar un análisis basado en la teoría de redes sociales. Se encontraron 211,585 tweets y 904,484 retweets de 90,828 y 321,637 cuentas, respectivamente. Hubo un énfasis en las conversaciones durante procesos legislativos, destacando el hashtag #etiquetadoclaroya. Las interacciones más intensas ocurrieron en las discusiones sobre un nuevo etiquetado de advertencia. Los perfiles más influyentes pertenecían a medios de comunicación, academia y sociedad civil. La participación de la industria alimentaria fue limitada, por lo que su papel en el debate no es concluyente. Este método puede usarse en otros países para monitorear la discusión de regulaciones o políticas.

ABSTRACT The production process of non-centrifuged cane sugar (NCS) involves a significant release of steam and heat due to the evaporation of cane juices in saucepans over a solid fuel oven. This results in a warm and moisture-saturated environment, which can be suffocating for workers. This study aimed to evaluate the bioclimatic behavior of an NCS processing facility, based on the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index. In addition, solutions are suggested to mitigate possible adverse effects of heat stress. This evaluation utilized computational simulations to determine the thermal comfort perceived by the workers. The accuracy of simulations was verified against temperature and relative air humidity data collected from the facility. Bioclimatic simulations encompassed twelve treatments, involving modifications to the enclosure on the walls and lantern window, incorporating three types of roof material. The WBGT index was determined by considering the effects of the radiant heat generated by the oven and the natural ventilation area on the facility’s temperature and relative air humidity. This helps to assess the comfort experienced by the workers. The thermal zone of the oven presented heat stress conditions; therefore, rest periods and mechanical ventilation were suggested when dissipating heat and steam through natural ventilation is not possible. For workers exposed to high temperatures and thermal radiation, the use of an aluminized apron and infrared goggles for eye protection was recommended. noncentrifuged non centrifuged (NCS moisturesaturated moisture saturated environment facility (WBGT addition treatments window material facilitys s conditions therefore radiation recommended

RESUMO O processo de produção de rapadura gera alta concentração de vapor e calor devido à evaporação do caldo da cana em panelas sobre forno a combustível sólido. Isso gera um ambiente quente e saturado de umidade que pode ser sufocante para os trabalhadores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições ambientais de uma instalação de processamento de rapadura, com base no Índice de Bulbo Úmido e Temperatura de Globo (IBUTG) e sugerir soluções para mitigar possíveis efeitos adversos do estresse térmico. Esta avaliação utilizou simulação computacional para determinar o conforto térmico dos trabalhadores. A simulação foi validada com dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar da instalação. As simulações bioclimáticas foram realizadas em doze tratamentos, modificando o fechamento nas paredes e lanternim, com três tipos de materiais de cobertura. Foi determinado o Índice IBUTG, considerando os efeitos do calor radiante gerado pelo forno, e pela área de ventilação natural sobre a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da instalação, e seu efeito no conforto dos trabalhadores. A zona térmica do forno apresentou condições de estresse térmico, portanto, foram sugeridos períodos de descanso e ventilação mecânica quando não for possível a evacuação do calor e vapor através da ventilação natural. O uso de avental aluminizado e óculos infravermelhos para proteção ocular foi recomendado para os trabalhadores expostos a altas temperaturas e radiação térmica. sólido IBUTG (IBUTG tratamentos lanternim cobertura portanto