ABSTRACT Plant density and correct row spacing are fundamental factors for achieving profitable yield and fruit quality in crops. This study aimed to evaluate the yield of tomato plants of determinate growth and the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits in different planting arrangements and plant densities. Two experiments were conducted using the hybrids CVR-2909 (CVR Plant Breeding) and HMX 7885 (Agristar) in the first and second experiments, respectively. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates. Ten treatments were evaluated in a double factorial scheme (2 × 5). Two planting arrangements were evaluated in the first factor: single and double rows. The second factor comprised five plant densities: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 thousand plants ha-1. For the CVR-2909 hybrid, single-row cultivation resulted in the highest yield, while higher planting densities gave the lowest yield and number of fruits per plant. For the HMX-7885 hybrid, it was found that higher densities gave higher yields but caused a decreasing effect on fruit production per plant, average fruit mass, and number of fruits per plant. For this hybrid, the planting arrangement provided a higher rate of green fruits. crops CVR2909 CVR 2909 CVR-290 Breeding 788 Agristar (Agristar respectively replicates 2 ( 5. 5 . 5) rows 15 20 25 30 3 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 hybrid singlerow HMX7885 HMX-788 mass CVR290 290 CVR-29 78 ha- HMX788 HMX-78 CVR29 29 CVR-2 7 HMX78 HMX-7 CVR2 CVR- HMX7 HMX-

RESUMO A densidade de plantas e o espaçamento correto são fatores fundamentais para alcançar produtividade rentável e qualidade dos frutos em culturas agrícolas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade do tomateiro de crescimento determinado e as características físico-químicas dos frutos, em diferentes arranjos de plantio e densidades de plantas. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo que no primeiro experimento e no segundo experimento foram utilizados os híbridos CVR-2909 (CVR Plant Breeding) e HMX 7885 (Agristar), respectivamente. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados dez tratamentos em esquema fatorial duplo (2 × 5). No primeiro fator, foram avaliados dois arranjos de plantio: linhas simples e linhas duplas. No segundo fator, foram avaliadas cinco densidades de plantas: 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 mil plantas ha-1. Para o híbrido CVR-2909, o cultivo em linhas simples proporcionou maior produtividade, já as maiores densidades de plantas resultaram em menor produção e número de frutos por planta. Para o híbrido HMX-7885, maiores densidades de plantas proporcionaram maior produtividade, porém com menor produção por planta, massa média e número de frutos por planta. Para esse híbrido o arranjo de plantio proporcionou maior taxa de frutos verdes. agrícolas físicoquímicas físico químicas CVR2909 CVR 2909 CVR-290 Breeding 788 Agristar, Agristar , (Agristar) respectivamente casualizados repetições 2 ( 5. 5 . 5) fator duplas 15 20 25 3 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 CVR2909, 2909, planta HMX7885, HMX7885 7885, HMX-7885 verdes CVR290 290 CVR-29 78 (Agristar ha- HMX788 HMX-788 CVR29 29 CVR-2 7 HMX78 HMX-78 CVR2 CVR- HMX7 HMX-7 HMX-

Abstract Maize is considered the third most important grain crop in the world due to its economic, food and industrial interest. Throughout its phenology this crop is attacked by pests and diseases, which could have adverse effects on production. In order to control these problems, conventional management is generally used, causing ecological imbalances. For this reason, it is necessary to consider sustainable alternatives based on the knowledge of beneficial entomofauna. This research aimed to conduct a prospective analysis of the coccinelides associated with maize cultivation in the canton of Santa Ana, Ecuador. For this purpose, the coccinelides present under two different conditions were evaluated; with and without insecticide application. Five sampling techniques were used according to the research protocol and taxonomic classification was carried out. The data were interpreted using descriptive statistics, in addition, alpha and beta diversity was assessed. In the study, 297 individuals were found, gathered to: 1 order,1 family, 13 genera and 11 species. The greatest abundance was found in undisturbed conditions, determining that the most efficient trapping technique for their capture was the use of chromatic traps. This type of research is important to derive biological control programs in economically important crops.

Resumen El maíz es considerado el tercer cultivo de grano más importante del mundo debido a su interés económico, alimentario e industrial. A lo largo de su fenología este cultivo es atacado por plagas y enfermedades, que pueden generar efectos adversos sobre la producción. Para el control de estos problemas, generalmente se acude al manejo convencional, los cuales ocasionan desequilibrios ecológicos. Por esta razón, es necesario considerar alternativas sostenibles fundamentadas en el conocimiento de la entomofauna benéfica. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo realizar un análisis prospectivo de los coccinélidos asociados al cultivo de maíz en el cantón Santa Ana, Ecuador. Para su efecto, se evaluaron los coccinélidos presentes en dos condiciones distintas: con y sin aplicación de insecticida. Se utilizaron cinco técnicas de muestreo, de acuerdo con el protocolo de investigación, y se procedió con la clasificación taxonómica. Los datos fueron interpretados mediante estadística descriptiva; además, se valoró la diversidad alfa y beta. En el estudio se encontraron 297 individuos, congregados a: 1 orden,1 familia, 13 géneros y 11 especies. La mayor abundancia se presentó en condiciones no intervenidas, determinándose que la técnica de trampeo más eficiente para su captura fueron las trampas cromáticas. Este tipo de investigación es importante para derivar programas de control biológico en cultivos de importancia económica.

Abstract The use of fungi and bacteria with pathogenic capacity towards insects is considered a sustainable agroecological alternative for efficient pest control, as they are microorganisms of easy production in industrial scale, formulation and use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate four entomopathogenic formulations in the control of Brevicoryne brassicae L., a key pest of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments, plus an absolute control and 4 replicates. The variables evaluated were the number of dead and live aphids per plant and the number of infested plants. The commercial formulations Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo and Yurak containing strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae and Bauveria bassiana respectively, are the ones that were used by spray application to the crop in two seasons: planting, season August-December 2019 and August-December 2021. Among the results, M. anisopliae was recorded with up to 91.11 % efficiency, followed by B. bassiana with 89.50 % and Bs with 79.38 % in the reduction of populations under field conditions. In the laboratory, Btk and M. anisopliae reached 100 % mortality in a period of seven days, so it is concluded that in the medium term, entomopathogenic fungi in the field are more efficient in aphid control; however, in controlled conditions Btk is also efficient.

Resumen El uso de hongos y bacterias con capacidad patogénica hacia los insectos se considera una alternativa agroecológica sostenible de lucha eficiente contra las plagas por ser microorganismos de fácil producción en escala industrial, formulación y uso; entonces, el objetivo ha sido evaluar cuatro formulados entomopatógenos en el control de Brevicoryne brassicae L, plaga clave de la col (Brassica oleracea L.), en diseño de bloques completos al azar de 4 tratamientos, sumado un testigo absoluto y 4 réplicas, siendo las variables evaluadas la cantidad de pulgones muertos y vivos por planta y cantidad de plantas infestadas. Los formulados comerciales Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo y Yurak que contenían cepas de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae y Bauveria bassiana, respectivamente, son los que fueron utilizados mediante la aplicación por aspersión al cultivo en dos épocas de siembra, temporada agosto-diciembre 2019 y agosto-diciembre 2021. Entre los resultados se registró al M. anisopliae con hasta 91,11 % de eficiencia, seguida por B. bassiana con 89,50 % y Bs con 79,38 % en la reducción de las poblaciones en condiciones de campo; en laboratorio el Btk y M. anisopliae alcanzaron el 100 % de mortalidad en un lapso de siete días, por lo que se concluye que a mediano plazo los hongos entomopatógenos en campo resultan ser más eficientes en el control del pulgón, sin embargo, en condiciones controladas el Btk también es eficiente.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

ABSTRACT The success of intercropping depends on the spatial arrangement between crops, aiming at the best use of the planting area and greater profitability for the farmer. Here, we evaluated the effect of cassava-peanut intercropping on several agronomic parameters. The research was carried out in the APTA experimental area, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments (peanut in monoculture - P; cassava in monoculture - C, cassava intercropped with peanuts planted between rows - CPb, and intercropping in alternating double rows - CPd) and eight replications. The variables analyzed were vegetative growth of cassava plants, soil vegetation cover and weed control, incidence of the main cassava and peanut pests, productivity, and the land equivalent ratio (LER). Only CPb inhibited cassava vegetative growth, significantly affecting its final height. Greater vegetation coverage and, consequently, lower occurrence of weeds, was obtained in CPb in addition to lower incidence of whiteflies in cassava. The intercropping system, regardless of the spatial arrangement used, increased the incidence of the lace bug in cassava and reduced the incidence of peanut pests. Crop productivity was lower in CPd due to the lower planting density of intercrops. However, both intercropping arrangements increased LER. Thus, despite the spatial arrangement of the intercropping system having implied different agronomic responses of the crops, planting peanuts between the cassava rows brought the best agronomic results. crops farmer Here cassavapeanut parameters Paulo Brazil P C replications plants control pests LER . (LER) height consequently weeds used intercrops However Thus results (LER

RESUMO O sucesso de consorcio de culturas depende da boa disposição espacial entre elas, caracterizando o melhor uso da área de plantio e maior rentabilidade para o agricultor. Nesse trabalho avaliamos o efeito do consórcio entre mandioca e amendoim em diferentes aspectos agronômicos. A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental da APTA, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram: amendoim em monocultura (P); mandioca em monocultura (C), consórcio com o amendoim plantado na entrelinha das fileiras mandioca (CPb), e consórcio das culturas em fileiras duplas alternadas (CPd). As variáveis analisadas foram crescimento vegetativo das plantas de mandioca, cobertura do solo e controle de ervas daninhas, incidência das principais pragas da mandioca e do amendoim, produtividade das culturas consortes e o índice de uso da terra (LER). Apenas CPb inibiu o crescimento vegetativo da mandioca, afetando significativamente sua altura final. CPb obteve maior cobertura vegetal e, consequentemente, menor ocorrência de ervas daninhas, além de resultar em menor incidência de mosca-branca na mandioca. O consorcio, independente do arranjo espacial utilizado aumentou a incidência do percevejo de renda na mandioca e diminuiu a incidência das pragas do amendoim. A produtividade das culturas menor em CPd, devido a menor densidade de plantio das culturas consortes. Porém qualquer arranjo do consorcio dessas culturas aumenta a LER. Assim, apesar do arranjo espacial do consórcio ter implicado diferentes respostas agronômicas das culturas, o plantio de amendoim na entrelinha da mandioca trouxe os melhores resultados agronômicos. elas agricultor agronômicos APTA Paulo Brasil repetições P (P) C, C , (C) CPb, (CPb) CPd. CPd . (CPd) daninhas LER (LER) final consequentemente moscabranca mosca branca Assim (P (C (CPb (CPd (LER

Abstract The limited availability of water due to agricultural, industrial, technological, and urban expansion requires a greater effort to make its use more efficient and achieve substantial savings in ornamental productions without affecting the commercial value quality, and final presentation of flowers and plants. Water stress is an environmental factor that causes physiological effects in plants and accelerates the senescence of leaves and flowers on cut stems. Considering crop evapotranspiration (ETc), an alternative way to reducing water consumption in intensive crops is the use of controlled, restricted irrigation, coupled with the application of phytohormones in pre-harvest to mitigate the effects of water stress, i.e. 6- Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The objective of this study was to determine the quality and vase life of Lilium stems under restricted irrigation combined with phytohormones application. An experiment with four treatments was designed, concerning normal (NI, 100% ETc) or restricted irrigation (RI, 35% ETc) and with or without application of 6-BAP (300 ppm). A completely randomized ANOVA design with 6 repetitions per treatment was used. The vase life of cut Lilium flowers was not significantly affected (13.9 vs. 12.5 days under NI and RI respectively). The application of 6-BAP had no influence on vase life, but delayed the foliage yellowing and therefore reduced the rate of deterioration of the floral stem. Restricted irrigation and the application of phytohormones can be useful tools to improve the water use efficiency in lily crops. agricultural industrial technological ETc, ETc , (ETc) controlled preharvest pre harvest ie i e i.e 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) designed NI, (NI 100 RI, (RI 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) used 13.9 139 13 9 (13. vs 125 12 5 12. respectively. respectively respectively) stem (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13. 1 (13 ( (1

Resumo A limitada disponibilidade de água devido ao desenvolvimento agrícola, industrial, tecnológico e urbano exige um maior esforço para tornar seu uso mais eficiente e obter economía substancial nas produções ornamentais, sem afetar o valor comercial, a qualidade e a apresentação final das flores e plantas. O estresse hídrico é um fator ambiental que causa efeitos fisiológicos nas plantas e acelera a senescência de folhas e flores em hastes de corte. Considerando a evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc), uma forma alternativa de reduzir o consumo de água nas culturas intensivas é o uso de irrigação controlada e restrita, somada à aplicação de fitohormônios na pré-colheita para mitigar os efeitos do estresse hídrico, por exemplo, 6-benzilaminopurina (6-BAP). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade e vida de vaso de hastes de Lilium sob irrigação restrita combinada com aplicação de fitohormônios. Foi delineado um experimento com quatro tratamentos, em irrigação normal (NI, 100% ETc) ou restrita (IR, 35% ETc) e com ou sem aplicação de 6-BAP (300 ppm). Foi utilizado um delineamento ANOVA inteiramente casualizado com 6 repetições por tratamento. A vida de vaso das flores de corte de Lilium não foi afetada significativamente (13,9 vs. 12,5 dias com NI e RI, respectivamente). A aplicação de 6-BAP não influenciou na vida de vaso, mas retardou o amarelecimento da folhagem e, portanto, reduziu a taxa de deterioração da haste floral. A irrigação restrita e a aplicação de fitohormônios podem ser ferramentas úteis para melhorar a eficiência do uso da água nas culturas de lírios. agrícola industrial ornamentais comercial ETc, ETc , (ETc) précolheita pré colheita exemplo 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) tratamentos NI, (NI 100 IR, IR (IR 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) tratamento 13,9 139 13 9 (13, vs 125 12 5 12, RI respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) portanto floral lírios (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13, 1 (13 ( (1

ABSTRACT. In science, technology and assistance to smallholder farming or large crop acreages of Stevia rebaudiana is necessary to report data using information components to facilitate investors to understand the local field conditions to make assertive economic decisions for long periods. Stevia rebaudiana produces consistent natural sweeteners with safe performance as reported in a multitude of scientific publications. The leaf chemicals components are suitable to humans with healthy disorders affected by the consumption of sugarcane or many other industrial sweeteners. Otherwise, aspects related to the agriculture of sweeteners production still require additional discussion to improve qualitative and quantitative traits necessary for cultivating cost-effective crops. The current text highlighted some agriculture decisions necessary to make the crop more profitable to investors as researchers, agriculture influencers, farmer assistants and consultants of companies looking for alternatives within agro-ecological systems. ABSTRACT science periods publications Otherwise costeffective cost effective crops researchers influencers agroecological agro ecological systems

Resumen El IoT es tendencia tecnológica que hace posible sistemas inteligentes entre cosas conectadas. Su aplicación se encuentra en diferentes campos, uno de ellos es la agricultura, donde el uso de nuevas técnicas, como la hidroponía, está en auge. Es importante abordar esta área, porque la población mundial alcanzará un aproximado de 9600 millones de habitantes para el 2050, por ende, para satisfacer esta demanda se necesita que el ritmo industrial agrícola sea aún más rápido y preciso. Además, el aumento de la temperatura ambiente y los cambios climáticos por el calentamiento global también están afectando negativamente a la producción agraria. En esta investigación se presenta un sistema de monitoreo IoT escalable basado en la tecnología Sigfox con capacidades de predicción del 89,37 % a través de redes neuronales para aplicaciones agrícolas. Se proporciona una arquitectura efectiva de cuatro capas que consta de percepción, red, middleware y aplicación. Para la validación, el sistema fue construido, probado experimentalmente y validado mediante el monitoreo de la temperatura, humedad y control de la recirculación de nutrientes, en un sistema hidropónico de la ciudad de Loja en Ecuador, durante cinco meses. El sistema desarrollado es lo suficientemente inteligente para proporcionar la acción de control adecuada para el entorno hidropónico, en función de los múltiples parámetros de entrada recopilados, facilitando una gestión efectiva para los agricultores, por ende, mejorando su producción.

Abstract The IoT is a technological trend, it makes possible intelligent systems between connected things, its application is founded in different fields, one of them is agriculture, where the use of new techniques such as hydroponics are booming. It is important to address this area because the world population will reach approximately 9.6 billion inhabitants by 2050, therefore, to meet this demand, the agricultural industrial pace needs to be even faster and more precise. Moreover, the increase in ambient temperature and climate changes due to global warming are also negatively affecting agricultural production. In this research, a scalable IoT monitoring system based on Sigfox technology with 89.37% prediction capabilities through neural networks is presented for agricultural applications. An effective four-layer architecture consisting of perception, network, middleware, and application is provided. For validation, the system was built, experimentally tested and validated by monitoring temperature, humidity and nutrient recirculation control, in a hydroponic system in the city of Loja-Ecuador, for five months. The developed system is intelligent enough to provide the appropriate control action for the hydroponic environment, depending on the multiple input parameters collected, facilitating an effective management for farmers, thus improving their production.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca media del río Bogotá viene sufriendo contaminación por metales pesados debido a los vertidos industriales. Esta fuente de agua ha sido utilizada para el riego de cultivos de ciclo corto, lo que ha provocado la contaminación por metales pesados de los suelos productivos. Objetivo: Evaluar un proceso de fitorremediación con las especies de Brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) y Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) en suelos contaminados con metales pesados en Mosquera, Colombia. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con un diseño factorial al azar: a) proporciones de cilantro/brócoli (30 cilantro/70 brócoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 brócoli y dos controles de tipo monocultivo de cada especie) y b) tiempo de fitorremediación (3, 6 y 9 meses), cada tratamiento con cuatro parcelas experimentales. El suelo y el tejido vegetal se analizó mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para determinar la concentración de los metales pesados. Resultados: Las concentraciones de metales pesados en las muestras de tejido vegetal para brócoli y cilantro mostraron valores de Cd, Pb y Cr más altos que Hg y As, respecto al control. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr presentaron valores significativamente más altos (P < 0.05) en suelos con cilantro y brócoli mezclados, respecto al sitio de control donde la concentración de Cd registró niveles significativamente más bajos que en los otros suelos. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr fueron más altas en tejidos de cilantro y en suelos con cilantro en comparación con el control. Conclusiones: La fitorremediación por medio de las especies Brassica oleracea var. itálica Plenck y Coriandrum sativum L. en proporciones 70/30 o 30/70 a suelos con pH entre 5.5 y 6.0 permiten una buena recuperación de suelos con contenidos de metales pesados en términos de concentraciones altas a cortos plazos, iniciando la biorremediación a los tres meses y finalizando cargas de disponibilidad variable a los nueve meses.

Abstract Introduction: The middle basin of the Bogotá River has been suffering from heavy metal contamination due to industrial discharges. This water source has been used to irrigate short-cycle crops, which has resulted in heavy metal contamination of productive soils. Objective: To evaluate a phytoremediation process with the plant species Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica plenck) and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) in soils contaminated with heavy metals in Mosquera, Colombia. Methods: Sampling was performed with a randomized factorial design: a) cilantro/broccoli proportions (30 cilantro/70 broccoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 broccoli and two monoculture type controls of each species) and b) phytoremediation time (3, 6 and 9 months), each treatment with four experimental plots. Soil and plant tissue were analyzed in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissue samples for broccoli and cilantro showed higher values of Cd, Pb and Cr than Hg and As, with respect to the control. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr presented significantly higher values (P < 0.05) in soil where there was a mixed presence of cilantro and broccoli, with respect to the control site where the concentration of Cd registered significantly lower levels than in the other soils. Finally, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations were higher in cilantro tissues and in soils with cilantro compared to the control. Conclusions: Phytoremediation by means of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck and Coriandrum sativum L. in 70/30 or 30/70 proportions in soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.0 allows a good recovery of soils with heavy metal contents in terms of high concentrations in short terms, starting bioremediation after three months and ending loads of variable availability after nine months.

Abstract This work examines the effects of oil palm expansion in María la Baja, Montes de María. In this applied social research, a mixed study was conducted, analyzing agricultural production data from the municipalities that are part of the Montes de María in the department of Bolívar between 2007 and 2018, contrasted with interviews and focus groups developed with farmers, fishermen, women, youth and community leaders. It was found that the hectares planted with palm increased by 206% while those planted with subsistence crops such as corn, beans and bananas reduced on average 44%. In addition to changes in the productive structure, the expansion of palm cultivation has generated socio-cultural effects (food security and sovereignty, access to water and land), as well as environmental impacts (forest degradation and soil erosion). This study contributes to make visible the effects generated by the agro-industrial model of oil palm on biodiversity and the people's rights, and to the discussion about their limits.

Resumen Este trabajo examina los efectos de la expansión de la palma aceitera en María la Baja, Montes de María. En esta investigación social aplicada se realizó un estudio mixto, analizando datos de producción agrícola de los municipios bolivarenses de los Montes de María entre 2007 y 2018, contrastados con entrevistas y grupos focales desarrollados con campesinos, pescadores, mujeres, jóvenes y líderes comunitarios. Se encontró que las hectáreas sembradas con palma aumentaron un 206 % mientras que las de cultivos de pancoger como maíz, frijol y plátano se redujeron en promedio 44 %. Además de alterar la estructura productiva, la expansión del monocultivo generó afectaciones socioculturales (seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, acceso a agua y tierra) e impactos ambientales (degradación forestal y erosión del suelo). Este trabajo visibiliza los efectos en la biodiversidad y en los derechos de la población, generados por el modelo agroindustrial de palma aceitera, y aporta a la discusión sobre sus límites.

ABSTRACT The current context of the agricultural sector is very complex, due to old problems such as self-sufficiency, globalization and production with low profitability, productivity and efficiency; Others join such as the post-pandemic global crisis, the effects of climate change, war conflicts and economic sanctions, among others, causing poverty and migration. In such a scenario, training for agricultural management becomes a powerful tool to harmoniously combine empirical knowledge and ancestral knowledge, with innovation, science and technology, articulating the different community actors. A bibliometric analysis on training in agricultural management is carried out, starting from the inquiry in the database indexed to Scopus and the Semantic Scholar search engine supported by a descriptive study during 1996 to 2022. The results allow us to verify an increase in contributions on training for agricultural management, which contributes to updating academic training programs in different modalities and strengthening sustainable agricultural practices. The magazines with the largest publications are Agronomy and Industrial Crops and Product. 7 terms and 11 links were identified. The most discussed terms of reference are: agriculture, education, agriculture with education, role, sustainable agriculture and influence.

RESUMEN El contexto actual del sector agropecuario es muy complejo, a viejos problemas como la autosuficiencia, la globalización y la producción con poca rentabilidad, productividad y eficiencia; se unen otros como la crisis global pos pandémica, los efectos del cambio climático, conflictos bélicos y las sanciones económicas, entre otras, provocando pobreza y migraciones. En tal escenario, la capacitación para la gestión agrícola deviene potente herramienta para combinar armónicamente el conocimiento empírico y los saberes ancestrales, con la innovación, la ciencia y la tecnología, articulando a los diferentes actores comunitarios. Se realiza un análisis bibliométrico sobre la capacitación en la gestión agrícola, partiendo de la indagación en la base de datos indexada a Scopus y el motor de búsqueda Semantic Scholar sustentado en un estudio descriptivo durante 1996 a 2022. Los resultados permiten constatar un incremento de contribuciones sobre capacitación para la gestión agrícola, lo que contribuye a la actualización de programas de formación académica en diferentes modalidades y al fortalecimiento de prácticas agrícolas sostenibles. Las revistas de mayores publicaciones son Agronomy e Industrial Crops and Product. Fueron identificadas 7 términos y 11 enlaces. Los términos de referencia más tratados son: agricultura, educación, agricultura con educación, rol, agricultura sostenible e influencia.

ABSTRACT Filter mud is an industrial waste produced by sugar crops during the sugar production process, which contains N, P, K, organic matter, and a variety of trace elements required for plant growth. Therefore, a soil cultivation experiment was devised to verify the effects of applying diverse proportions of filter mud on the growth and physiological variations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) seedlings. For this study, sugar mill filter mud equivalent to 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, and 13% of the dry weight of neutral black soil was used. Sugar beet seeds were planted in soil with filter mud and their growth, nutrient, and physiological indexes are measured after they grew into sugar beet seedlings. After the application of filter mud, the growth status of sugar beet seedlings increased significantly compared to the non-application of filter mud. Soil application of filter mud increases the content of inorganic N, available P, available K, and organic matter in the soil. And the most pronounced growth of sugar beet seedlings was achieved at 7% of the applied filter mud. In addition, the content of chlorophyll, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity all increased significantly. As a result, it was determined that filter mud from sugar beet waste was an effective soil improver material, a certain percentage of filter mud can promote the growth of sugar beet seedlings. This has important implications for the improvement of sugar beet yields and the recycling of agricultural wastes.

Resumen En la República Argentina la producción de alimentos es la base del desarrollo económico y social. Varios cultivos dependen de la polinización entomófila, por lo que este servicio ecosistémico es relevante. Sin embargo, las prácticas de manejo de la agricultura convencional constituyen una amenaza para los polinizadores silvestres y manejados. En este trabajo, evaluamos el valor económico atribuido a la polinización entomófila (VEP) de los principales cultivos en el período 2013-2018. Las variables consideradas fueron la superficie cosechada, productividad y el valor económico total (VET) A partir de estos datos se estimó el VEP y la vulnerabilidad de las diferentes categorías de cultivos. El VEP para los 27 cultivos analizados alcanzó los 4.437 millones de US$, representando una contribución de los polinizadores del 21,83% del VET y 13,8 millones de toneladas de productos agropecuarios. Las categorías de alimentos con mayor VEP correspondieron a los cultivos industriales, seguidos por los frutales, hortalizas, frutos secos y cítricos. En los cultivos industriales, donde no se utilizan polinizadores manejados, la contribución de los polinizadores fue elevada, alcanzando 3655 millones de US$. Los frutales y hortalizas son los más vulnerables a una eventual disminución o ausencia de polinizadores con tasas de vulnerabilidad estimadas de 68 y 38% respectivamente. Estos resultados evidencian la contribución económica de los polinizadores a la agricultura del país, muestran la alta vulnerabilidad de los sistemas productivos y los efectos en términos cuantitativos de una potencial reducción en la producción de alimentos debida a un déficit de polinización. Finalmente, este trabajo puede resultar útil para orientar la toma de decisiones y establecer políticas públicas tendientes a promover la diversificación y sustentabilidad de los modelos agrícolas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria

Abstract In Argentina, food production is the basis of economic and social development. Several crops depend on entomophilous pollination. However, wild and managed pollinators are threatened by conventional agricultural management practices. In this work, we evaluate the economic value attributed to entomophilous pollination (EEV) of the main crops between 2013 and 2018. Our study focused on analyses of crops with varying degrees of pollinator dependence in terms, their harvested area, yield and total economic value (EV). The EEV attributed to pollinators and the vulnerability of each crop category were estimated. The EEV attributed exclusively to entomophilous pollination, in the 27 crops analyzed, was US$ 4.437 million, representing a contribution of the pollinators of 21,83% of the EV and 13,8 million tons of agricultural products. The EEV in decreasing order is industrial crops, fruit trees, vegetables, nuts and citrus. In industrial crops, where managed pollinators are not used, the contribution of pollinators was high, reaching US$3.655 million. Fruit trees and vegetables are the most vulnerable to an eventual decrease or absence of pollinators with estimated vulnerability rates of 68 and 38% respectively. These results show the economic contribution of the pollinators to the country's agriculture, the high vulnerability of agroecosystems and the effects in quantitative terms of a potential reduction in food production due to a pollination deficit. Finally, this work may be useful to guide decision-making and establish public policies aimed at promoting diversification and sustainability of agricultural models to guarantee food security

Abstract In the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the sown area of watermelon in recent years does not exceed 85 thousand hectares, although in the early 90s it was almost 132 thousand hectares, 2/3 of these areas are located in the southern regions. One of the key problems of industrial cucurbit crops production is the transition of production from large-scale agricultural enterprises to small-scale private farms, the share of which today is more than 90%. At the same time, the transfer of production to the private sector provides additional profits for small producers and can be almost the only source of their income. The scientific originality of the paper is determined by the fact that the current situation indicates that the private farms have turned out to be more adapted to the specifics of market relations. Without considerable capital investments, using production technologies that are less dependent on the rise in the price of energy carriers and other material and technical resources, agricultural producers increase the output volume. The transition to the cultivation of cucurbit crops in households and small farms led to an increase in the separation of the real manufacturer from scientific achievements, the latest technologies, high-quality seeds, significantly limited the opportunities for the development of this industry.

Resumo As plantas ornamentais, que nos seus primórdios, eram cultivadas por razões mágicas ou estéticas ganharam, nas últimas décadas, o status de indústria, contribuindo economicamente para o desenvolvimento de diversos países. A presença de patógenos, especialmente os vírus, pode interferir na produção por causarem sintomas em folhas e flores, depreciando o produto, além de afetar o desenvolvimento normal da planta. Além disso, espécies perenes podem atuar como reservatório natural de vírus para outras culturas. Dependendo da espécie, os vírus podem ser transmitidos por propagação vegetativa, contato, insetos vetores, pólen e sementes. Portanto, o conhecimento da diversidade genética, da distribuição geográfica e propriedades biológicas dos vírus pode contribuir para a prevenção de futuras infecções. Nesta revisão, são apresentadas algumas espécies tropicais infectadas por vírus descritos no Brasil, destacando-se primeiras ocorrências e descrição de novas espécies virais. Discute-se também aspectos relacionados ao controle e manejo de vírus em plantas ornamentais. ornamentais primórdios ganharam décadas indústria países patógenos flores produto planta disso culturas espécie vegetativa contato vetores sementes Portanto genética infecções revisão Brasil destacandose destacando se virais Discutese Discute

Abstract Ornamental plants, which were originally grown for magical or esthetic reasons, have gained industrial status in recent decades, contributing economically to the development of several countries. The presence of pathogens, especially viruses, can interfere in production by causing symptoms in leaves and flowers, thereby depreciating the product and affecting normal plant growth. Furthermore, perennial species can act as a natural reservoir for other crops. Depending on the species, viruses can be transmitted by vegetative propagation, contact, insect vectors, pollen and seeds. As such, knowledge of the genetic diversity, geographic distribution and biological properties of viruses may contribute to preventing future infections. In this review, a number of tropical species infected by viruses reported in Brazil are presented, highlighting the first occurrences of new viral species. Aspects related to virus control and management in ornamental plants are also discussed. reasons decades countries pathogens flowers growth Furthermore crops propagation contact vectors seeds such diversity infections review presented discussed