Resumen En este artículo se sustenta que el servicio de educación indígena de Baja California, el cual opera desde hace más de 40 años, posee características que lo distinguen de otros similares que se desarrollan en diversos estados de la república mexicana. En este caso, su crecimiento está articulado a los procesos de migración interna, cuya diversidad cultural y lingüística está presente en las aulas. Para lograr una descripción pormenorizada de sus principales rasgos, se realizó un análisis estadístico con información obtenida de las bases de datos de la Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, de la prueba Planea, de la estadística educativa del Formato 911, así como de entrevistas aplicadas a informantes clave. Los resultados permiten identificar el tipo de organización de los centros escolares, los perfiles académico y lingüístico del profesorado y del alumnado, así como sus especificidades y retos para continuar brindando el servicio.

Abstract In this article it is founded that the indigenous education service in Baja California, which has been operating for more than forty years, has acquired characteristics that distinguish it from other similar services that operate in different states of the Mexican Republic. In this case, its growth is linked to internal migration processes. Hence, the cultural and linguistic diversity in the classrooms. In order to achieve a detailed description of their characteristics, a statistical analysis was carried out with information from the databases of the Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, the PLANEA test, and the educational statistics of the Formato 911, as well as interviews with key informants. The results allow to identify the type of organization of the schools and the academic and linguistic profiles of teachers and students, as well as their specificities and challenges to continue providing the service.

Resumen En el artículo se examina la relación entre la migración interna de NNA (niños, niñas y adolescentes) y la asistencia escolar en la entidad fronteriza de Baja California, México. Se combina el análisis de los microdatos del Censo de Población 2020 con la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes que atendieron a este sector entre 2015 y 2022. Los NNA migrantes internos presentan desventajas en la asistencia escolar y las brechas aumentan si la migración es reciente y si los padres trabajan en la agricultura. Ser indígena es un factor protector de la asistencia escolar para los migrantes no recientes, pero de riesgo para los migrantes recientes; esto último coincide con las percepciones docentes. Estos señalan que existen barreras tanto socioeconómicas como del contexto educativo que limitan la inserción escolar de estos migrantes. El Estado tiene aún pendiente garantizar el derecho pleno a la educación de los migrantes internos.

Abstract The article examines the relationship between internal migration of children and adolescents and school enrollment in the border state of Baja California, Mexico. This research combines the analysis of the 2020 Population Census microdata and semi-structured interviews with teachers who served this sector between 2015 and 2022. Internal migrant children have disadvantages in school enrollment, and the gaps increase if the migration is recent, and if the parents work in agriculture. Being indigenous is a protective factor for school attendance among non-recent migrants, but a risk factor among recent migrants; the latter is consistent with teachers’ perceptions. Teachers point out that there are both socioeconomic and educational context barriers that limit the school integration of these migrants. The State still has to guarantee the full right to education for internal migrants.

Abstract This study identifies the effect of the public policy implemented in the State of Ecuador in 2008 in regard to democratization of access to higher education, being understood as a right that reduces the existing gaps between men and women, ethnicities and quintiles; for this purpose, a mixed methodology is used as the starting point and, using a qualitative analysis, a review of the main legal instruments regulating higher education in Ecuador was performed, along with specific articles related to this subject. For quantitative methodology, the starting points were reports of the National Information System (SNI) in regards to net rate of enrollment in higher education, managed by the National Secretariat of Planning in order to perform a descriptive analysis on its evolution in gender, ethnicity and registration quintiles. Among the main results obtained, it was determined that the gratuity policy did have a positive effect for access to higher education for men, women, African-Ecuadorian and indigenous peoples and, for quintiles 1, 2 and 3 until year 2011, a noticeable increase was seen in nationwide net rate of enrollment with 4.95 percentile points between 2007 and 2011, until the meritocracy policy entered in force in 2012.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica el efecto de la política pública implementada en 2008 por el Estado ecuatoriano referente a la democratización del acceso a la educación superior, entendida como un derecho que reduce las brechas que existen entre hombres y mujeres, etnias y quintiles; para ello, se parte de una metodología mixta, en la que, dentro del análisis cualitativo, se revisan los principales instrumentos legales que regulan la educación superior en Ecuador, y artículos seleccionados sobre la temática. En la metodología cuantitativa, se parte de los reportes del Sistema Nacional de Información (SNI) referentes a la tasa neta de matrícula en educación superior, administrado por la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación, para realizar un análisis descriptivo sobre su evolución a nivel de sexo, etnia y quintiles de ingreso. Entre los principales resultados, se determina que la política de gratuidad tuvo un efecto positivo en el acceso a la educación superior, para hombres, mujeres, afroecuatorianos e indígenas, y en los quintiles 1, 2 y 3, hasta el año 2011, evidenciando un incremento en la tasa neta de matrícula a nivel nacional, de 2007 a 2011, de 4,95 puntos porcentuales, hasta que entró en vigor la política de meritocracia, en 2012.

Resumo A investigação identifica o efeito da política pública implementada no ano 2008 pelo Estado equatoriano em relação à democratização do acesso à educação superior, entendida a jeito de direito que reduze as divisões existentes entre homens e mulheres, etnias e quintis; para esse propósito, usou-se uma metodologia mista na que, dentro da análise qualitativa, examinaram -se os instrumentos legais principais de regulação da educação superior no Equador, além de artigos escolhidos da área temática. Dentro da metodologia quantitativa, usaram-se os reportes do Sistema Nacional de Informação (SNI) referentes à taxa líquida de matrícula na educação superior aportado pela Secretaria Nacional de Planificação, para fazer uma análise descritiva da evolução em relação ao sexo, etnia e quintis de admissão. Entre os resultados principais, determinou-se que a política de gratuidade teve um efeito positivo no acesso à educação superior para homens, mulheres, afro-equatorianos e indígenas e, nos quintis 1, 2 e 3, até o ano 2011, observou-se um incremento na taxa líquida de matrícula ao nível nacional entre os anos 2007 ao 2011, com 4.95 pontos percentis, até o começo da validade da política de meritocracia no 2012.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta las principales características de las metodologías indígenas que vienen incursionado en las instituciones educativas occidentales. Estas metodologías, basadas en el conocimiento y las tradiciones de las comunidades indígenas, se están haciendo cada vez más populares por su enfoque holístico, respeto ambiental y participación comunitaria. El presente texto sugiere que las metodologías son útiles para abordar los problemas de las comunidades y sus contextos, ya que permiten la generación de conocimiento relevante, su participación en la toma de decisiones y el fomento del cambio social desde una perspectiva descolonizadora. Sin embargo, pese a su potencia, se encuentran desafíos como la falta de recursos, el escaso apoyo institucional y el limitado reconocimiento del conocimiento propio. A pesar de estos obstáculos, las metodologías indígenas poseen un potencial significativo para enriquecer la investigación científica y la educación intercultural.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta as principais características das metodologias indígenas que estão entrando nas instituições educacionais ocidentais. Essas metodologias, baseadas no conhecimento e nas tradições das comunidades indígenas, estão se tornando cada vez mais populares devido à sua abordagem holística, ao respeito ao meio ambiente e à participação da comunidade. Este texto sugere que as metodologias são úteis para abordar os problemas das comunidades e seus contextos, pois permitem a geração de conhecimento relevante, sua participação na tomada de decisões e a promoção de mudanças sociais a partir de uma perspectiva descolonizadora. Entretanto, apesar de seu potencial, elas enfrentam desafios como a falta de recursos, o apoio institucional limitado e o reconhecimento limitado de seu próprio conhecimento. Apesar desses obstáculos, as metodologias indígenas têm um potencial significativo para enriquecer a pesquisa científica e a educação intercultural.

ABSTRACT This article presents the main characteristics of indigenous methodologies that are entering Western educational institutions. These methodologies, based on the knowledge and traditions of Indigenous communities, are becoming increasingly popular and stand out for their holistic approach, environmental respect, and community participation. The findings suggest that these methodologies are a useful tool for addressing the problems of these communities, as they allow the generation of relevant knowledge, participation in decision-making, and the promotion of social change. However they face challenges such as a lack of resources, limited institutional support, and limited recognition of non-Western knowledge. Despite these obstacles, indigenous methodologies have a significant potential to enrich scientific research and intercultural education.

We investigated the timely initiation of antenatal care among Brazilian adolescents to support the national discussion on the gestational age limit for legal abortion. Using data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) from 2020 to 2022, we correlated timely prenatal care (in the first trimester of pregnancy) with the adolescent's age, region, race/color, and education level. Considering the estimated age at conception, we estimate that 11,607 annual births result from vulnerable rape. Timely initiation increased with age, being 70.2% for all adolescents (<20 years), but only 55.6% for those under 13; 14.1% of adolescents started antenatal care at 22 weeks or more of gestation (28.3% among those <13 years). Timely initiation was lower in the North Region, among Indigenous girls, and among those with low educational attainment. The results challenge the recent legislative proposal to limit legal abortion for victims of vulnerable rape to up to 22 weeks of gestational age. Delays in recognizing pregnancy and communicating with the family contribute to the late initiation of antenatal care and the decision to abort. The proposed deadline for legal abortions will primarily affect the most socioeconomically and racially vulnerable adolescents.

Investigamos o início oportuno do pré-natal em adolescentes brasileiras para subsidiar a discussão nacional sobre o limite de idade gestacional para o aborto legal. Com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022 correlacionamos o início oportuno do pré-natal (primeiro trimestre da gestação) com a idade da adolescente, região, raça/cor e escolaridade. Considerando a idade estimada na concepção, estimamos que 11.607 partos anuais resultam de estupro de vulnerável. O início oportuno aumentou com a idade, sendo de 70,2% para todas as adolescentes (<20 anos), mas de apenas 55,6% para aquelas abaixo de 13 anos; 14,1% das adolescentes iniciaram o pré-natal com 22 semanas ou mais de gestação (28,3% entre <13 anos). O início oportuno foi menor na Região Norte, entre meninas indígenas e entre aquelas com baixa escolaridade. Os resultados questionam o recente projeto de lei de limitar o aborto legal para vítimas de estupro de vulnerável até 22 de semanas de idade gestacional. Demoras no reconhecimento da gestação e na comunicação para a família contribuem para o início tardio do pré-natal e para a decisão de abortar. A proposta de limite do prazo para abortos legais irá atingir principalmente as adolescentes mais vulneráveis em termos socioeconômicos e raciais.

Abstract: How do the relationships between the concept of being indigenous and the processes of ethnoeducation manifest in southwestern Colombia? This ethnographic study explores the complexities of constructing ethnic identity among the indigenous peoples of Nariño, focusing on the implementation of educational programs driven by a population perspective. By questioning the foundations of ethnoeducation from the late 20th century to the early 21st century, we establish a dialogue among various institutional agents within the broader framework of ethnic-based social organization. We also examine the historical relationships, institutional archaisms, and contemporary challenges faced by ethnic educational processes in Nariño. We conclude with insights into the construction of ethnic identity and its implications for the social order governing the interactions between community members and government representatives. We conceptualize the relationship between the State, school, and ethnic identity as a fundamental part of Colombia’s modern project, which has been in development since the republican era. The institutional framework has fluctuated between protectionist, paternalistic, and cultural assimilation policies. However, the current threats to the physical and cultural survival of ancestral peoples must be addressed through the State’s institutional mechanisms and governance technologies. These mechanisms are designed to tackle the challenges of interculturality within a complex and often contradictory framework of relationships.

Resumo: Como são tecidas as relações entre a ideia de ser indígena e os processos de etnoeducação no sudoeste da Colômbia? Com base em uma pergunta que questiona a forma como as tecnologias escolares são implementadas e com uma abordagem etnográfica, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender as complexidades da construção da identidade étnica dos povos indígenas de Nariño, com relação à implementação de programas educacionais orientados por uma perspectiva populacional, questionando os referentes da etnoeducação desde o final do século 20 até o início do século 21. Com o objetivo de estabelecer um diálogo entre os agentes que ocupam diferentes lugares no panorama de nossas instituições e dentro da ampla estrutura da organização social de base étnica, este artigo apresenta um relato das relações históricas, dos arcaísmos institucionais e dos desafios contemporâneos enfrentados pelos processos educacionais étnicos que ocorrem no território de Nariño. Ao final, são apresentadas algumas formas de compreender a construção da identidade étnica e suas consequências na configuração da suposta ordem social com a qual se estabelecem as relações entre os agentes comunitários e os representantes do governo. Esta pesquisa entende o triângulo conceitual de Estado, escola e identidade étnica como parte estrutural do projeto moderno que o país vem tentando consolidar desde a era republicana. Essa estrutura institucional foi determinada pela oscilação entre políticas protecionistas, paternalistas ou de assimilação cultural. Em todo caso, o perigo de extinção física e cultural que nossos povos ancestrais enfrentam atualmente deve ser enfrentado por meio dos mecanismos institucionais do Estado nacional e de suas tecnologias de governo, elementos que buscam responder aos desafios da interculturalidade em um contexto de relações complexas e contraditórias.

Resumen: ¿Cómo son las relaciones que se tejen entre la idea de ser indígena y los procesos de etnoeducación en el suroccidente colombiano? A partir de una pregunta que cuestiona la manera como se implementan las tecnologías escolares y con un enfoque etnográfico, esta investigación se propone comprender las complejidades de la construcción de la identidad étnica de los pueblos indígenas de Nariño, en relación con la implementación de programas educativos orientados por una perspectiva poblacional, al cuestionar los referentes de la etnoeducación desde finales del siglo XX hasta principios del XXI. Con el fin de establecer una conversación entre los agentes que ocupan los diversos lugares en el panorama de nuestras instituciones y dentro del amplio marco de la organización social de base étnica, este artículo da cuenta de las relaciones históricas, los arcaísmos institucionales y los retos contemporáneos que enfrentan los procesos educativos étnicos que ocurren en el territorio nariñense. Al final se plantean algunas formas de entender la construcción de la identidad étnica y sus consecuencias en la configuración del supuesto orden social con el que se establecen las relaciones entre agentes comunitarios y representantes gubernamentales. Esta investigación entiende el triángulo conceptual que conforman el Estado, la escuela y la identidad étnica como parte estructural del proyecto moderno que el país intenta consolidar desde la época republicana. Dicho marco institucional ha estado determinado por la oscilación entre políticas proteccionistas, paternalistas o de asimilación cultural. En todo caso, el peligro de extinción física y cultural que nuestros pueblos ancestrales sufren en la actualidad se tiene que enfrentar a partir de los mecanismos institucionales del Estado nacional y sus tecnologías de Gobierno, elementos que pretenden responder a los retos de la interculturalidad en un marco de relaciones complejas y contradictorias.

For a long period of time, what is termed scientific knowledge and discoveries have constantly ignored the existence of indigenous practices and knowledge. Until recently, indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) were not acknowledged when it comes to responding to the ailing world. IKS includes information created inside inborn social orders, autonomous of, and earlier to, the appearance of the cutting-edge logical information framework. It can relate to issues such as conserving nature, food production, forestry development and medicine, to mention a few. The purpose of the article is to discuss the importance of the integration of IKS and culture into climate change adaptation. This article makes the case that scientific interventions among the impoverished in rural developing nations are viewed as foreign and are thus not accepted by the local populace. Consequently, the scientific approach by development experts, and the complex nature of climate change and its understanding, has had no impact on people's adaptation in rural areas, where most of the people still rely on IKS to survive. This theoretical article focuses on the implications of IKS for climate change adaptation. The question the article intends to answer is, with the advent of climate change in recent years, how are rural communities coping with its impact? How is the scientific understanding of climate change with its complexities filtering down to the indigenous communities' coping and adaptation activities? The article's conclusion demystifies the notion that the impact of climate change might be mitigated, and repair achieved solely by scientifically developed measures against it. The article intends to contribute towards building knowledge that acknowledges the importance of different sources of interventions towards addressing climate change. It is important for the current and future professoriate to look beyond the conventional understanding of dealing with challenges such as climate change that the world is facing.

Abstract The article presented here is based on some reflections on the first findings and the methodology followed in the research that I began in 2021 on the life and work of Dr. María Bertely, which is titled: “María Bertely Academic Activism: contributions and tensions in educational research. The analysis of her intellectual work and pedagogical practice constitutes the object of study that guides this qualitative research and has a narrative biographical approach. This study has made it possible to identify her main contributions by exploring relevant aspects of her interdisciplinary training and academic career. Something that must be highlighted is that most of her contributions focused on collaborative educational research committed to indigenous peoples. The reconstruction and recognition of the work of this great researcher as an academic activist has been carried out through the collection of verbal, observational, and textual data, which, given its great extension, are currently in the process of artisanal analysis. However, preliminary results show the links Dr. Bertely created in various teaching and educational research spaces, which refer to some significant experiences and the main shared learnings. This exploration and inquiry have been possible thanks to the voices of indigenous educators and Mexican academics, and those of other nations, with whom she shared efforts in the multiple projects she coordinated, who have been configured as nodes of the networks she wove. These voices are the ones that are currently naming María.

Resumen El artículo que aquí se presenta se basa en algunas reflexiones sobre los primeros hallazgos y la metodología seguida en la investigación que inicié en el año 2021 sobre la vida y obra de la Dra. María Bertely, misma que lleva por título: “El activismo académico de María Bertely: aportes y tensiones en la investigación educativa”. El análisis de su obra intelectual y práctica pedagógica constituyen el objeto de estudio que orienta esta investigación cualitativa y tiene un enfoque biográfico narrativo. Este trabajo ha permitido identificar sus principales aportes mediante la exploración de aspectos relevantes de su formación interdisciplinaria y trayectoria académica. Un aspecto que cabe resaltar es que la mayoría de sus contribuciones estuvieron enfocadas a la investigación educativa colaborativa y comprometida con los pueblos originarios. La reconstrucción y reconocimiento de la labor de esta gran investigadora como académica activista se ha realizado a través de la recopilación de datos verbales, observacionales y textuales, mismos que, dada su gran extensión, actualmente están en proceso de análisis artesanal. No obstante, se presentan resultados preliminares que dan cuenta de los vínculos que la Dra. Bertely creó en diversos espacios de docencia e investigación educativa, que refieren algunas experiencias significativas y los principales aprendizajes compartidos. Dicha exploración e indagación ha sido posible gracias a las voces de los educadores indígenas y de los académicos mexicanos, y de otras naciones, con los que ella compartió esfuerzos en los múltiples proyectos que coordinó, quienes se han configurado como nodos de las redes que tejió. Estas voces son las que actualmente nombran a María.

Abstract This text reviews the experiences of dialogue and collaboration with María Bertely Busquets, with whom I was able to share and work together. It explains how the Intercultural Inductive Method (IIM) influenced our work training indigenous teachers in Brazil, in the Intercultural Bachelor's Course of the Insikiran Institute of Indigenous Higher Education at the Federal University of Roraima, showing different moments of epistemological ruptures and multiple learnings. The application of the Intercultural Inductive Method in Brazil has been interesting and brought diverse inspirations in the training of indigenous teachers from the Macuxi, Wapichana, Ingarikó, Patamona, Taurepang, and Wai Wai peoples in Roraima, as well as others in different regions and States. It has not been a mechanical application but a critical review and update, about which María recognized the Method's potential to make and even promote educational innovations.

Resumen En este texto se revisan las experiencias de diálogo y colaboración con María Bertely Busquets, con quien pude compartir y trabajar en conjunto. Se explica cómo el Método Inductivo Intercultural (MII) influenció nuestro trabajo de formación de maestros indígenas en Brasil, en el Curso de Licenciatura Intercultural del Instituto Insikiran de Educación Superior Indígena en la Universidad Federal de Roraima, mostrando diferentes momentos de rupturas epistemológicas y de aprendizajes múltiples. La aplicación del Método Inductivo Intercultural en Brasil ha sido interesante y ha traído inspiraciones diversas en la formación de maestros indígenas de los pueblos Macuxi, Wapichana, Ingarikó, Patamona, Taurepang y Wai Wai, en Roraima, además de otras comunidades en diferentes regiones y Estados. No ha sido una aplicación mecánica, sino una revisión y actualización crítica, sobre lo cual María reconocía el potencial del Método para hacer, e incluso promover, innovaciones educativas.

Abstract Listening is the first sense that human beings develop, it is necessary to learn to speak, read, and write; however, it is not the focus of formal education. Nevertheless, other training and practice spaces recognize the importance of this skill. This is the case of ethnography, which promotes it as a fundamental component of its epistemological and descriptive perspectives. Another area of listening practices is interlearning, which is fostered through the Intercultural Inductive Method. This article aims to account for both how Maria Bertely, as an ethnographer, co-constructor, and overseer of the Intercultural Inductive Method and coordinator of projects within the Inductive Intercultural Education Network, understood and practiced listening, as well as examine its dimensions in the current project of this network concerning reading and writing in indigenous languages. To do so, concepts of listening, texts by Maria Bertely, and working documents of the ongoing project are reviewed. Among the findings, the central role of interlearning stands out, as it is linked to certain modes of listening and generated in intercultural contexts. Maria Bertely's listening practices are rooted in her hermeneutical perspective of ethnography and interlearning. The teacher training workshops of the project demonstrate the complexity of listening in indigenous population contexts and the importance of maintaining oral practices.

Resumen La escucha es el primer sentido que desarrollan los seres humanos, es necesario para aprender a hablar, leer y escribir; sin embargo, no es objeto de enseñanza escolarizada. No obstante, existen otros espacios de formación y práctica que reconocen la importancia de esta habilidad. Es el caso de la etnografía, que la fomenta como componente fundamental de sus perspectivas epistemológicas y descriptivas. Otro ámbito de prácticas de escucha son los interaprendizajes que se generan mediante el Método Inductivo Intercultural. Este artículo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de cómo María Bertely, como etnógrafa, co-constructora y supervisora del Método Inductivo Intercultural y coordinadora de proyectos dentro de la Red de Educación Intercultural Inductiva, entendió y practicó la escucha, así como examinar sus dimensiones en el actual proyecto de esta red sobre lectura y escritura en lenguas indígenas. Para ello se revisan conceptos de escucha, textos de la propia María Bertely y documentos de trabajo del proyecto en curso. Entre los hallazgos destaca el lugar central que ocupan los interaprendizajes, articulados con ciertos modos de escucha y generados en contextos interculturales. Las prácticas de escucha de María Bertely se inscriben en su perspectiva hermenéutica de etnografía y el interaprendizaje. Los talleres de formación docente del proyecto evidencian la complejidad de escucha en contextos de población indígena y la importancia de mantener prácticas de oralidad frente al predominio de lo visual y escrito promovido tradicionalmente por la escuela.

Abstract In this article, we recover and expand our lenses on the research experience in dialogue with a part of María Bertely's production. To do this, and about the academic spaces that we shared with María, we return to some nodal analyses and reflections around the lines of research that we have developed for several decades regarding indigenous schooling in urban and migration contexts in Mexico. Every day, this field of study becomes more important in the face of the growing migration of the indigenous population to the various cities of the national territory. Among its multiple causes and consequences, both structural and cyclical, we analyze its links and implications with the schooling context, mainly in this text referring to elementary education considering national and international public policies. Bertely was a pioneer in studies that addressed the relationship between school and indigenous migration in urban contexts. In the fabric of these debates, the authors developed a series of investigations that make visible the right to education with cultural and linguistic recognition, mainly of indigenous populations in schools of the general system of the national territory. The text, more than reflecting a state of knowledge on the subject, documents certain journeys that refer to epistemic and methodological transformations that occurred in educational anthropological research. Likewise, it seeks to contribute to public policies in the education, diversity, and interculturalism field, an approach that currently guides the entire educational system in Mexico.

Resumen En este artículo recuperamos y ampliamos nuestras lentes sobre la experiencia de investigación en diálogo con una parte de la producción de María Bertely. Para ello, y en referencia a los espacios académicos que compartimos con María, retomamos algunos análisis y reflexiones nodales en torno a las líneas de investigación que hemos desarrollado desde hace varias décadas referente a escolarización indígena en contextos urbanos y de migración en México. Este campo de estudio cobra cada día mayor importancia ante la creciente migración de población indígena a las diversas urbes del territorio nacional. Entre sus múltiples causas y consecuencias, tanto estructurales como coyunturales, analizamos sus vínculos e implicaciones con el contexto escolarizado, principalmente en este texto referido a la educación básica, a la luz de las políticas públicas nacionales e internacionales. Bertely fue pionera en los estudios que abordaron la relación entre escuela y migración indígena en contextos urbanos. En el tejido de estos debates, las autoras desarrollamos una serie de investigaciones que visibilizan el derecho a la educación con reconocimiento cultural y lingüístico, y en particular de poblaciones indígenas en escuelas del sistema general del territorio nacional. El trabajo, más que reflejar un estado del conocimiento sobre el tema, documenta ciertos recorridos que refieren a transformaciones epistémicas y metodológicas ocurridas en la investigación antropológica educativa. Asimismo, busca contribuir a las políticas públicas en el campo de la educación y la diversidad e intercultural, enfoque que en la actualidad orienta a todo el sistema educativo en México.

Abstract From a position as students, disciples, and collaborators of María Bertely, we reflect on her contributions to the gestation and development process of the project "Milpas Educativas: Socionatural Laboratories for good living". After specifying the locus of enunciation and the sources that support the analysis, the political and epistemological referents that are essential to understanding the essence of an educational project with a clear ethnopolitical and alter-globalization position are made explicit. These, in addition, allow us to appreciate the contributions of Bertely as coordinator and caretaker of the Intercultural Inductive Method and committed academic who felt mandated by the community educators of the Union of Teachers of the New Education for Mexico (UNEM) and the indigenous communities that appointed them. Subsequently, Bertely’s contributions to the gestation phase of the project are analyzed, emphasizing her efforts before the financing body and the resulting achievements. Next, we reflect on her contributions to the development process of Milpas Educativas, highlighting the political, epistemic, axiological, and pedagogical dimensions that characterized them. We conclude by presenting some of his most important legacies to Mexican and Latin American educational anthropology, emphasizing her political commitment to the indigenous cause.

Resumen Desde un posicionamiento en cuanto alumnos, discípulos y colaboradores de María Bertely, reflexionamos sobre sus aportes al proceso de gestación y desarrollo del proyecto “Milpas Educativas: Laboratorios Socionaturales vivos para el buen vivir”. Luego de precisar el locus de enunciación y las fuentes que sustentan el análisis, se explicitan los referentes políticos y epistemológicos que resultan fundamentales para comprender la esencia de un proyecto educativo con un claro posicionamiento etnopolítico y altermundista. Éstos, además, permiten valorar las contribuciones de Bertely como coordinadora y cuidadora del Método Inductivo Intercultural y académica comprometida y mandatada por los educadores comunitarios de la Unión de Maestros de la Nueva Educación para México (UNEM) y las comunidades indígenas que los nombraron. Posteriormente, se analizan sus aportes a la fase de gestación del proyecto, enfatizando en sus gestiones ante la instancia financiadora y en los logros resultantes. Enseguida, se reflexiona acerca de sus contribuciones en el proceso de desarrollo de Milpas Educativas, destacando las dimensiones políticas, epistémicas, axiológicas y pedagógicas que las caracterizaron. Se concluye presentando algunos de sus más importantes legados a la antropología educativa mexicana y latinoamericana, poniendo énfasis en su compromiso político con la causa indígena.

ABSTRACT The negative oral health outcomes of disadvantaged racial groups have been well-documented, as racial disparity in oral health persists over time and in different locations1. However, it is important to note that skin colour has no biological meaning, and the observed differences can be physiological expressions of social injustice such as racism. Aim The aim of this study was to analyse the association between levels of modern racism (camouflaged prejudice and affirmation of differences) and sociodemographic characteristics of Brazilian dental students. Material and Method: An epidemiological cross-sectional online survey was conducted on 441 Brazilian undergraduate dental students using Google Forms. Participants were recruited via emails and social media, using the snowball technique. The Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS) was followed. The survey used sociodemographic variables, and the Brazilian version of the Modern Racism Scale (B-MRS), which measures the cognitive component of subtle racial attitudes. The scale assesses the central notion of disguised prejudice and has two domains: ‘denial of prejudice’ and ‘affirmation of differences’. Participants’ self-declared skin colour was categorized as “white” and “non-white” (black, brown, indigenous, yellow). Univariate analysis and Poisson regression with robust variance were applied. Results Participants’ mean age was 24.1 years (±5.4). Most participants were self-declared as white (54%) and 46% as non-white skin colour. Higher B-MRS overall-scores were observed in male (p=0.008) and non-white (p=0.002) students. B-MRS scores for the domain ‘affirmation of differences’ (representation of those who believe that whites and non-whites are truly different) were higher among male dental students (PR=1.138; CI 95%: 1.019–1.271) and those from low-income families (PR=1.306; CI 95%: 1.089–1.565). Scores for the domain ‘denial of prejudice’ (the idea that non-whites use their race to receive legal benefits) were higher among male dental students (PR=1.328; CI 95%: 1.129–1.562). Conclusions In general, male non-white students had higher modern racism indicators. Male students from low-income families believed that whites and non-whites are truly different, accounting for the affirmation of difference in this sample.

RESUMO Os impactos negativos da saúde oral dos grupos raciais desfavorecidos têm sido bem documentados, uma vez que a disparidade racial na saúde oral persiste ao longo do tempo e em diferentes locais. No entanto, é importante notar que a cor da pele não tem significado biológico e as diferenças observadas podem ser expressões fisiológicas de injustiça social, como o racismo. Objetivo A teoria do racismo moderno afirma que as atitudes se expressam em formas preconceituosamente camufladas. Associou-se níveis de racismo moderno (afirmação de diferenças) com características sociodemográficas de universitários brasileiros. Material e Método Uma pesquisa epidemiológica transversal on-line foi realizada com 441 estudantes brasileiros de graduação em odontologia por meio do Google Forms. Os participantes foram recrutados via e-mail e redes sociais, utilizando a técnica bola de neve. Seguiu-se a Lista de Verificação para Relatórios de Estudos de Pesquisa (CROSS). Variáveis sociodemográficas, bem como a versão brasileira da Escala de Racismo Moderno (B-MRS) que mede o componente cognitivo de atitudes raciais sutis foram utilizadas. A escala acessa o preconceito disfarçado, possuindo dois domínios: ‘negação do preconceito’ e ‘afirmação das diferenças’. A cor da pele autodeclarada dos participantes foi categorizada em “branca” e “não-branca” (preta, parda, indígena, amarela). Foram realizadas análises univariada e regressão de Poisson. Resultados A média de idade foi de 24,1 anos (±5,4). Muitos participantes se autodeclararam brancos (54%) e 46% não-brancos. Maiores escores da B-MRS foram observados em estudantes do sexo masculino (p=0,008) e não-brancos (p=0,002). Os escores da B-MRS para o domínio ‘afirmação de diferenças’ (representação daqueles que acreditam que brancos e não-brancos são diferentes) foram maiores entre estudantes de odontologia do sexo masculino (RP=1,138; IC 95%: 1,019– 1,271) e aqueles de famílias de baixa renda (RP=1,306; IC 95%: 1,089–1,565). Os escores do domínio ‘negação do preconceito’ (ideia de que os não-brancos usam sua raça para receber benefícios legais) foram maiores entre os participantes do sexo masculino (RP=1,328; IC 95%: 1,129–1,562). Conclusão Os estudantes homens, não-brancos, apresentavam indicadores de racismo mais elevados. Homens, provenientes de famílias de baixa renda, acreditavam que brancos e não-brancos são verdadeiramente diferentes, o que representa a afirmação da diferença entre o grupo desta amostra.

Resumen La etnoeducación permite avanzar hacia la interculturalidad, reconociendo las diversidades de culturas con que cuenta el estado colombiano; sin embargo, no se evidencia una ruta formativa clara como proyecto social que reivindique el saber de las comunidades y que permita fortalecer los procesos de identidad cultural necesarios para la pervivencia de los Pueblos Originarios. El objetivo del trabajo es responder si la etnoeducación aporta a la promoción del desarrollo sustentable desde el acto pedagógico de los Pueblos Originarios. Para lograrlo se hizo una revisión literaria de las publicaciones más citadas de los años 2017 a 2021 en las bases de datos Scopus, Web Of Science y Dimensions, seleccionadas por el idioma inglés, español y las palabras clave indexadas en el diccionario Tesauros de la UNESCO. En el análisis de la producción científica se utilizaron las herramientas Cienciométricas RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix y el método de Tree of Science (ToS). Asimismo, se manipuló los softwares VOSviewer y Gephi para identificar las subáreas de investigación y generar la red de conocimiento. El trabajo permitió marcar la evolución de la producción científica anual con 1.124 documento científicos, el mapa temático con tópicos emergentes relacionados a pedagogía, docencia, cultura, conocimientos ancestrales y la red de conocimiento forjada por los autores más importantes para este trabajo. Como conclusión principal se identificó que los procesos educativos deben surgir desde las comunidades étnicas, los cuales buscan transmitir las prácticas ancestrales, impulsar la sustentabilidad, educar al ser sin adaptarlo a doctrinas y modelos educativos desarrollistas.

Abstract Ethno-education allows advancing towards interculturality, recognizing the diversity of cultures in Colombia; however, there is no evidence of a clear formative route as a social project that vindicates the knowledge of the communities and allows strengthening the processes of cultural identity necessary for the survival of the Indigenous Peoples. The objective of this work is to answer whether ethno-education contributes to the promotion of sustainable development from the pedagogical act of the Indigenous Peoples. For this, a literature review was carried out from the most cited publications from the years 2017 to 2021 in the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases, selected by the English language, Spanish and the keywords indexed in the UNESCO Thesauri dictionary. In the analysis of scientific production, the scientometric tools RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix and the Tree of Science (ToS) method were used. The VOSviewer and Gephi software were also used to identify the research subareas and generate the knowledge network. The work allowed marking the evolution of the annual scientific production with 1,127 scientific documents, the thematic map with emerging topics related to pedagogy, teaching, culture, ancestral knowledge, and the knowledge network forged by the most important authors for this work. As a main conclusion, it was identified that the educational processes should arise from the heart of the ethnic communities, which seek to transmit ancestral practices, promote sustainability, educate the being without adapting it to developmentalist doctrines and educational models.

Abstract This study addresses the problem of cognitive injustice that persists in Mexico, despite the mechanisms proposed to guarantee the rights of indigenous peoples. Given that higher education is fundamental for the generation and transmission of knowledge, theoreticalnarrative research was carried out to examine how this problem is manifested from the discourse of people from indigenous peoples immersed in the educational system. The theoretical framework proposes solutions based on concepts such as inclusion and university autonomy. The results indicate that the participants understand the problem from perspectives more relevant to their context, referring to historical errors of the colonial era, and offer measures so that the school reflects the social system. It is found that one of the manifestations of cognitive injustice is in official curricular designs, given the close relationship between culture, language and knowledge. Together with the participants, the limited participation of indigenous peoples in the development of academic plans and programs is questioned.

Resumen Este estudio aborda el problema de la injusticia cognitiva que persiste en México, a pesar de los mecanismos propuestos para garantizar los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. Dado que la educación superior es fundamental para la generación y transmisión del conocimiento, se realizó una investigación teórico-narrativa para examinar cómo se manifiesta esta problemática desde el discurso de personas de pueblos originarios inmersas en el sistema educativo. El marco teórico propone soluciones basadas en conceptos como inclusión y autonomía universitaria. Los resultados indican que los participantes entienden el problema desde perspectivas más pertinentes a su contexto, remitiendo a errores históricos de la época colonial, y ofrecen medidas para que la escuela refleje el sistema social. Se encuentra que una de las manifestaciones de la injusticia cognitiva está en los diseños curriculares oficiales, dada la estrecha relación entre cultura, lengua y conocimientos. Junto a los participantes, se cuestiona la limitada participación de los pueblos originarios en la elaboración de planes y programas académicos.