EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha−1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ApH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - iµo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ApH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed. PHYSICAL OXISOL content (LSW Oxisols Oxisol s Cerrado 0, 0 (0 50 150 450 60 ha−1 ha1 ha 1 00.20 0020 0.20 20 0-0.2 replicates 30day day 30 mineralogical CDW, CDW , CDW) sodium SAR CEC V%, V V% V%) pH HO H O KCl ApH PZSE iµo EC analyses Ca K Mg Na dose ψo ( 5 15 45 6 ha− 00 00.2 002 020 0.2 2 0-0. 3 4 00. 02 0. 0-0 0-

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

ABSTRACT Healthcare workers' handwashing is essential for preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections. Non-compliance with this correct practice promotes the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. The objective was to identify the hand hygiene situation of healthcare personnel in the Urology service at Clinics Hospital in 2023. The study was observational, correlational, and conducted at Clinics Hospital. The study population consisted of 27 healthcare personnel. Regarding sociodemographic data, 52% are male and 48% are female. The average age predominantly falls within the ranges of 20 to 29 years (33%) and 40 to 49 years (45%). Regarding the presence of common bacteria on the hands of healthcare personnel, Staphylococcus spp. was identified in 54% of cases, while Pseudomonas was found in minimal amounts (4%), and there was no development of bacteria after 6 days of incubation on average (42%). Regarding antibiotic resistance among healthcare personnel, 28% corresponded to Erythromycin, 24% to Clindamycin, 17% to Oxacillin, 9% to Rifampicin, 7% to Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole, and 5% to the following: Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, with the vast majority showing resistance to Gram-positive microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus. Healthcare personnel demonstrate acceptable performance in preventing bacterial presence, although there is still room for improvement. It is recommended to review and strengthen practices to prevent bacterial presence.

RESUMEN El lavado de manos de los trabajadores de la salud es esencial para prevenir Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud. La falta de cumplimiento con esta práctica correcta favorece a la propagación de Microorganismos patógenos. El objetivo fue identificar la situación de Higiene de manos del profesional de la salud del servicio de Urología. Hospital de Clínicas 2023. El estudio fue observacional, correlacional, se llevó a cabo en Hospital de Clínicas. La población de estudio fue de 27 personales de salud. En cuanto a los datos sociodemográficos el 52% son hombres y mujeres 48%. La edad promedio se sitúa predominantemente en los rangos de 20 a 29 años 33% y 45% de 40-49 años. En lo que respecta a la presencia de bacterias comunes en las manos del profesional de la salud, se identificó principalmente la presencia del 54% de Staphylococcus spp., mientras que Pseudomonas se encontró en cantidades mínimas 4% y que no desarrollaron Bacterias a los 6 días de incubación un promedio de 42%. En cuanto a la resistencia a los antibióticos por parte del profesional de la salud el 28% corresponde a Eritromicina el 24% Clindamicina, el 17% Oxacilina el 9% a Rifampicina el 7% Trimeroprima+Sulfametazol y con 5% los siguientes: Ciprofloxacina, Tetraciclina, Gentamicina, la gran mayoría con resistencia a Microorganismos Gram (+) como *Staphylococcus aureus. El profesional de la salud demuestra un desempeño aceptable en la prevención de la presencia bacteriana, aunque aún existe margen de mejora, se recomienda revisar y fortalecer prácticas para prevenir la presencia bacteriana.

ABSTRACT The results of the effect of five different incubation temperatures on the development of clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) larvae are presented. This ornamental species is widely marketed worldwide and is reared in captivity at CIAD to meet the demand in the domestic market. The experimental work was carried out over 30 days post-hatching to observe the temperature's effect on the development of the larvae's vertebral column and caudal complex. The eggs were incubated at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C. The percentage of hatching, survival, growth, and the presence of skeletal malformations were evaluated. Hatching and survival percentages did not show significant differences between treatments. Regarding growth, there were significant differences between treatments, with organisms showing slower growth at 26°C and larger sizes at 34°C. The highest percentage of malformations occurred in larvae cultured at 34°C, with lordosis being the most frequently observed deformity among the treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal temperature range for cultivating and harvesting quality A. ocellaris organisms is between 28 and 30°C.

Abstract This study carried out Bg anaerobic Cd. RSM was employed to investigate the optimum experimental conditions for Bg yield. The input parameters were PD substrates combination, either with WH or GS. Using six different identical 25 L cylindrical digesters, 6 experimental setups of the substrate combinations were carried out, for an incubation time of 22 days, under ambient T of 33 °C, and pH of 6.7. The setups digesters were: 25% PD:75% WH (1); 50% PD:50% WH (2); 75% PD:25% WH (3); 25% PD:75% GS (4); 50% PD:50% GS (5); and 75% PD:25% GS (6). From experimental observations, Bg yield started on day 5, for setups 1, 2, 4 and 5, followed by setup 3 on day 6. Setup 6 was the last digester to produce Bg, on day 7. Setup 2 recorded the highest Bg yield (75 cm3/day), while setup 6 had the lowest value yield (48 cm3/day). Furthermore, additional setups (7 and 8) were carried out for determining Bg characteristics and evaluating the effect of a pre-activated active slurry in its yields. Optimum Bg yield (75 cm3/day) was attained by 50% PD:50% WH. This result validates Bg production through substrates Cd, and the employment of optimization tools, in order to obtain ideal process parameters. Furthermore, quadratic model developed by RSM was highly reliable and reproducible, while the predicted values were close to the experimental ones.

Abstract The Saman tree (Samanea saman) is a native species with a significant and economic importance in Costa Rica due to its high-quality wood and versatile range of uses. It is ability to compete with other reforestation species and suits specific niche markets increses its value. This research aimed to develop a methodology of in vitro culture for cenízaro, as a key tool for breeding and germplasm conservation programs in Costa Rica. Experiments were focused on using greenhouse-reproduced material, both inside and outside of a microtunnel environment. Two disinfectant agents, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and mercury chloride (HgCl2), were assessed at varying concentrations and exposure durations. In vitro establishment success rates for material from the microtunnel greenhouse were less than 12.5 %. Conversely, material from outside the microtunnel showed remarkable in vitro establishment rates, surpassing 72.3 %. The most effective disinfection treatment for achieving contamination free shoots involved an incubation in 1 % v/v NaClO for 20 minutes, yielding the highest percentage of contamination-free shoots, corresponding to 85.47 %. As for apex disinfection, employing a 0.2 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 5 minutes proved optimal, resulting in 100 % establishment of explants devoid of contaminants.

Resumen El cenízaro (Samanea saman), es una especie nativa de Costa Rica, de reconocido valor económico por la calidad de la madera y la variedad de usos; estas características le permiten competir con otras especies usadas para reforestación, con el fin de generar productos dirigidos a mercados selectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro de cenízaro como herramienta biotecnológica para un programa de mejoramiento genético y conservación de germoplasma en Costa Rica. El ensayo se estableció a partir de material reproducido en invernadero, tanto en microtúnel como fuera de este. Posteriormente, se evaluaron dos agentes desinfectantes, hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) y cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2), en diferentes concentraciones y tiempos de exposición. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro inferiores al 12,5 % al emplear material proveniente del invernadero microtúnel; mientras que, el material proveniente fuera del microtúnel, presentó porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro superiores a 72,3 %. La desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) al 1 % v/v durante 20 minutos presentó el mayor porcentaje de nudos libres de contaminación y correspondiente al 85,47 %. Por otro lado, la desinfección de ápices con cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) al 0,2 % p/v durante 5 minutos, presentó el mayor porcentaje de ápices libres de contaminación (100 %).

Abstract The marketing of microbial pesticides has increased exponentially in recent years. Almost 70 % of the products marketed use as active ingredient conidia of biocontrol fungi, and One of the most frequently used criteria to evaluate the quality of these products is conidial germination test, Specifically, this methodology is used to select and assess the viability and vigor of elite strains with biological potential. Some of the factors that influence conidial germination over time, include the selection of culture medium, temperature, incubation time, and the addition of germination synchronizing agents. The optimization for each elite strain allows the characterization of a microorganism behavior over time, ensuring its biological activity and effective management as a biological resource for commercial purposes. The main objective of this study was to identify the optimal conditions (culture media, incubation time, and synchronizing agent concentration) for the germination of three elite strains: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026), and Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), which are active ingredients in biopesticides. As a result, the optimal conditions selected are as follows: agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Th003 with an incubation period of 18 hours, agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Vl026 with an incubation period of 24 hours, and PDA agar supplemented with 0.0003 % benomyl for Mt004 with an incubation period of 18 hours. These conditions will allow a precise evaluation of the germination of the biological control agents ensuring over time their viability and vigor as active ingredients in biopesticides.

Resumen La comercialización de plaguicidas microbianos ha aumentado de manera exponencial en los últimos años. Casi el 70 % de los productos que se comercializan utilizan como principio activo conidios de hongos biocontroladores y uno de los criterios más utilizados para evaluar la calidad de estos productos es la prueba de germinación de conidios. Específicamente, se utiliza para la selección y la evaluación de la viabilidad y vigor de cepas élite con potencial biológico. Algunos de los factores que influyen en la germinación de los conidios incluye la selección del medio del cultivo, la temperatura, el tiempo de incubación y la adición de sustancias sincronizadoras de germinación. La optimización para cada cepa élite permite estimar el comportamiento del microorganismo, lo que garantizará su actividad biológica y eficacia, al ser un recurso biológico con fines comerciales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue seleccionar las condiciones óptimas (medios de cultivo, tiempo de incubación y concentración de sustancia sincronizadora) para la germinación de tres cepas élite Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026) y Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), las cuales son principios activos de bioplaguicidas en proceso de comercialización. Como resultado se seleccionó el medio de cultivo de agar agua con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h para Th003 y de 24 h para Vl026. Para la cepa Mt004, el medio de cultivo que favoreció la germinación sincrónica de los conidios fue agar PDA suplementado con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h. Estas condiciones permitirán a través del tiempo realizar una correcta evaluación de la germinación de los agentes de control biológico y garantizar su viabilidad y vigor como principio activo de bioplaguicidas.

Resumen producción cientifica, que propicien la generación de conocimiento en lineas de investigación El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en estudiar la incubación de negocios en las universidades para identificar las tendencias mundiales en modernas. Se utilizó un análisis bibliométrico de la base de datos Scopus y el resultado de los parámetros de búsqueda permitió identificar 508 documentos en un periodo de producción científica del 2002 al 2021. El estudio identificó las principales: temáticas, autores, revistas, producción cientifica en instituciones y países, así como redes de trabajo, permitiendo así ver la evolución conceptual y detectó posibilidades de realización de futuras investigaciones en campos tales como: el emprendimiento universitario, la incubación de negocios de base tecnológica y la promoción de nuevas redes. El documento es relevante debido a que contribuye a la teorización en el tema de incubación de negocios en universidades. JEL: I25, L26 y D8.

Abstract The objective of this research was to study business incubation in universities to identify global trends in scientific production, that promote the generation of knowledge in modern lines of research. A bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database was used, and the result of the search parameters allowed us to identify 508 documents in a period of scientific production from 2002 to 2021.The study identified the main ones: themes, authors, journals, scientific production in institutions and countries, as well as work networks. Moreover, it allowed us to see to see the conceptual evolution and detected possibilities for carrying out future research in fields such as: university entrepreneurship, incubation of technology-based businesses and the promotion of new networks. The document is relevant due to the fact it contributes to theorization on the topic of business incubation in universities.

Abstract: This study compared forage yield and agronomic characteristics of 9 maize cultivars (Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444, Pioneer 30K08, SC-128W, SC-166Y, SC-78Y, TWC-324W, TWC-368Y and TWC- 321W) ensiled with or without urea as for ruminants on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. A factorial randomized complete block design was used. Pioneer 30N11 and Pioneer 4444 showed the greatest silage forage yield, ear weight, and plant height. The chemical composition of maize silage cultivars without urea revealed that Pioneer 30K08 had the greatest (P<0.001) crude protein (CP) content (127 g/kg), while the lowest CP content (89 g/kg) was observed with SC-78Y. CP content ranged from 118 to 156 g/kg when urea was added to the maize silage cultivars. The neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin contents recorded the highest values (P<0.01) in TWC-324W, SC-128W and SC-78Y. Urea treatment of different cultivars affected (P<0.05) the concentrations of CP, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and fibers. Urea treatment increased CP and EE in all cultivars and increased or decreased truly degraded dry matter (TDDM), truly degraded organic matter (TDOM), protozoa, ammonia and methane (P<0.05). Overall, Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444 and Pioneer 30K08 showed the greatest forage yield and nutritive value as a feed for ruminants.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to contribute with methodologies to recover mauri (Trichomycterus dispar) populations and to the diversification of aquaculture in the Puno, Peru region. In total, 300 mauri specimens were used from the artificial reproduction of Villa Santiago - Pomata, in Puno, Peru. A culture system was conditioned and the acceptance of microsphere balanced food for the mauri was evaluated from the larval stage to 60 days of culture. Likewise, the growth of the fish was determined for 365 days. The incubation and obtaining of fingerlings were carried out at the facilities of the Peruvian Sea Institute (IMARPE), Puno headquarters. During stomach dissection at 45 days, less than 50% pellets were observed in the stomach contents; however, after 60 days, this percentage increased to more than 50%, even reaching 100%. This occurred when the fish had an average size and weight of 2.14 cm and 0.061 g, respectively. This stage was considered the beginning of the use of balanced food. At the end of the study (365 days) the mauri had an average size and weight of 4.87 cm and 0.712 g, respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) was between 0.83 and 1.5, while the feed conversion factor was between 1 to 1.5. The study shows that the species has potential for cultivation in an intensive system, as well as for repopulation in the juvenile stage.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue aportar con metodologías para recuperar las poblaciones de mauri (Trichomycterus dispar) y a la diversificación de la acuicultura en la región Puno - Perú. Se utilizaron 300 ejemplares de mauri provenientes de la reproducción artificial de Villa Santiago - Pomata, en Puno, Perú. Se acondicionó un sistema de cultivo y se evaluó el consentimiento de alimento balanceado microesferizado para el mauri desde la etapa larval hasta 60 días de cultivo. Asimismo, se determinó el crecimiento de los peces durante 365 días. Durante la disección de estómago a los 45 días, se observó menos del 50% de pellets en el contenido del estómago; sin embargo, a los 60 días, este porcentaje aumentó a más del 50%, llegando incluso al 100%. Esto ocurrió cuando los peces tenían una talla y peso promedio de 2.14 cm y 0.061 g, respectivamente. Esta etapa se consideró como el inicio del uso de alimento balanceado. Al término del estudio (365 días) el mauri presentó una talla y peso promedio de 4.87 cm y 0.712 g, respectivamente. La tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE) fue entre 0.83 y 1.5, en tanto que el factor de conversión alimenticia estuvo entre 1 a 1.5. El estudio demuestra que la especie posee un potencial para el cultivo en sistema intensivo, así como para realizar repoblamientos en la etapa juvenil.

Abstract The objective of progressively replacing synthetic herbicides in the EU in the next decade necessitates the development of new techniques and practices for adoption in Integrated Weed Management (IWM). Consequently, the proposal to apply preparations based on allelopathic biomass as herbicide requires a knowledge base about the processes of release and transport of bioactive substances from the biomass buried in the soil to the target organs of the weeds. Under the same criterion as the controlled-release synthetic formulations, the physical processes that could affect the release of allelopathic compounds after their application to the soil are studied. This work examines the morphological changes of processed eucalyptus plant material (phyllodes and fine branches) through a pot trial and subsequent morphological analysis using X-ray microtomography. The 3D analysis of the tomographies shows that after 20 days of incubation in the soil, there is a notable modification of the biomass structure, an increase in porosity, and an effect on the secretory cavities of the phyllodes. Therefore, the progressive decomposition of the tissues can act as a release mechanism controlled by the environmental conditions of the soil. This control determines the phase transfer of bioactive substances from the allelopathic biomass through the soil pores to the target weeds.

Resumen El objetivo de sustitución progresiva de los herbicidas de síntesis en la UE a partir de la próxima década necesita desarrollar nuevas técnicas y prácticas para adoptarlas en el manejo integrado de malas hierbas (IWM). Consecuentemente, la propuesta de aplicar preparados basados en biomasa alelopática como herbicida, necesita de una base de conocimiento sobre los procesos de liberación y transporte de las sustancias bioactivas desde la biomasa enterrada en el suelo hacia los órganos diana de las malezas. Bajo un criterio similar al de los formulados sintéticos de liberación controlada, se estudian los procesos físicos que pudiesen afectar a la liberación de los compuestos alelopáticos tras su aplicación al suelo. Este trabajo examina los cambios morfológicos del material vegetal procesado de eucalipto (filodios y ramas finas) mediante un ensayo de aplicación de la biomasa en macetas, y posterior análisis morfológico de la misma mediante microtomografía de rayos-X. El análisis 3D de las tomografías muestran que a los 20 días de incubación en el suelo se produce una notable modificación de la estructura de la biomasa, un aumento de la porosidad y afectación a las cavidades secretoras de los filodios. Por tanto, la descomposición progresiva de los tejidos puede actuar como un mecanismo de liberación controlada por las condiciones ambientales del suelo. Este control determina la transferencia de fase de las sustancias bioactivas desde la biomasa alelopática a través de los poros del suelo hasta las malezas diana.

ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to assess the effect of fetal calf serum (FCS) added to culture medium on day 5 to 7 after in vitro fertilization on production and subsequent cryotolerance of blastocysts from Ecuadorian Creole heifers. Immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) from 10 Creole heifers and from ovaries collected at abattoir in eight collection sessions. COCs were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF), and culture (IVC). On day 1 after IVF, presumptive embryos from each oocyte source (OPU [O] and Abattoir [A]) were allocated randomly in two groups according to whether 2.5% (v/v) FCS was added to culture medium on day 5 after IVF: 1) O-FCS+, 2) O-FCS-, 3) A-FCS+, and 4) A-FCS-. On day 7 after IVF, high quality embryos were vitrified. Cryotolerance of vitrified-warmed embryos was assessed according to blastocele re-expansion at 2 h and subsequent re-expansion and hatching at 24 and 48 h of re-incubation. Blastocysts rate on day 7 did not differ between oocyte source and FCS group. After vitrification/warming process, addition of FCS affected the re-expansion rate only at 2 h, irrespective of the oocyte source (p<0.05). Likewise, blastocysts hatching rate at 48 h of incubation was drastically affected only in OPU derived oocyte (p<0.01). Supplementation of FCS on day 5 after IVF did not improve blastocyst production and adversely affected the cryotolerance of in vitro bovine embryos derived from creole heifers raised on Ecuadorian Andean highlands.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del suero fetal bovino (FCS) agregado al medio de cultivo los días 5 a 7 después de la fertilización in vitro sobre la producción y posterior criotolerancia de blastocistos de vaquillonas criollas ecuatorianas. Se recolectaron complejos cúmulo-ovocitos (COCs) inmaduros mediante aspiración intravaginal guiada por ultrasonido (OPU) de 10 vaquillonas criollas y de ovarios de matadero en ocho sesiones. Los COCs se sometieron a maduración in vitro (MIV), fecundación (FIV) y cultivo (IVC). El día 1 después de la FIV, los presuntos embriones de cada fuente de ovocitos (OPU [O] y Matadero [A]) se asignaron aleatoriamente en dos grupos según si se añadió FCS al 2.5% (v/v) al medio de cultivo el día 5 después de la FIV: 1) O-FCS+, 2) O-FCS-, 3) A-FCS+ y 4) A-FCS-. El día 7 después de la FIV se vitrificaron embriones de alta calidad. La criotolerancia de los embriones vitrificados-calentados se evaluó según la reexpansión del blastocele a las 2 h y la posterior reexpansión y eclosión a las 24 y 48 h de incubación. La tasa de blastocistos el día 7 no difirió entre la fuente de ovocitos y el grupo FCS. Después del proceso de vitrificación/ calentamiento, la adición de FCS solo afectó la tasa de reexpansión a las 2 h, independientemente de la fuente de ovocitos (p<0.05). Asimismo, la tasa de eclosión de los blastocistos a las 48 h de incubación se vio drásticamente afectada únicamente en los ovocitos derivados de OPU (p<0.01). En conclusión, la suplementación de FCS el día 5 después de la FIV no mejoró la producción de blastocistos y afectó negativamente la criotolerancia de embriones bovinos in vitro derivados de vaquillonas criollas criadas en los Andes ecuatorianos.

Abstract Potato plants are often subjected to heat stress during growth and development, resulting in loss of yield and quality. However, the possibility exists that commercially important genotypes show tolerance to heat stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the morphological and physiological effects of moderate conditions of heat stress on tuberization in nine potato genotypes, and how it affects propagation using an ex vitro and in vitro system. The plant material came from the In Vitro Germplasm Bank of the International Potato Center (CIP). The incubation temperatures of the cultures in in vitro and ex vitro conditions were the ambient in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In in vitro system a randomized complete block design was employed in nine genotypes, two treatments: multiplication culture medium and the same culture medium supplemented with 8.0% sucrose and 500 mg/L-1 CCC, six flasks and five explants per experimental unit. Among all genotypes evaluated, Leona and Liberteña did not form tubers under ex vitro treatment conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Amarilis, Capiro, Perricholi and Tacna showed no evidence of tuberization, and Canchán was the only genotype where 100% formation of tuberous structures were produced in all evaluations. The findings concluded in this study showed that of all the potatoes evaluated, Canchán best responded to the evaluations under both in ex vitro and in vitro conditions, at maximum temperatures between 22.4 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 28.2 oC, respectively. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider its development potential in different producing locations around the world, which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change.

Abstract The pink sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) occurs practically in all sugarcane producing regions Saccharum spp. (Poaceae) causing damage. Little information is available about insect’s biology under Brazilian conditions. In this work, biological development of pink sugarcane mealybug was studied at temperatures of 23 °C ± 2 °C and 28 °C ± 2 °C without photophase and relative humidity of 80%. Number and viability of eggs, incubation time, duration of the last oviposition, duration of each nymphal instar, viability of the nymphs, start of oviposition and longevity of the females were recorded. Biological development of insects was stipulated by the SAS University Edition software, version 9.4. There were differences in the life cycle of the pseudococcid at both temperatures evaluated. Females of S. sacchari had three nymphal instars and reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs in the field and under controlled conditions. By increasing the temperature increases, insect lived longer and the presence of the winged male in Brazil indicates the possibility of sexual reproduction of the species. Cockerell, Cockerell (Cockerell 1895 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae spp Poaceae (Poaceae damage s conditions work C 80 80% eggs time instar nymphs recorded software 94 9 4 9.4 evaluated S asexually increases species 189 8 9. 18 1

Resumo A cochonilha-rosada-da-cana-de-açúcar Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) ocorre praticamente em todas as regiões produtoras de cana-de-açúcar Saccharum spp. (Poaceae) causando prejuízos. Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre a biologia do inseto nas condições brasileiras. Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento biológico da cochonilha-rosada-da-cana-de-açúcar nas temperaturas de 23 °C ± 2 °C e 28 °C ± 2 °C sem fotofase e umidade relativa de 80%. Diariamente foi registrado o número e viabilidade dos ovos, tempo de incubação, duração da última oviposição, duração de cada ínstar ninfal, viabilidade das ninfas, início da oviposição e longevidade das fêmeas. O desenvolvimento biológico dos insetos foi estipulado pelo software SAS University Edition, versão 9.4. Houve diferenças no ciclo de vida do pseudococcídeo nas duas temperaturas avaliadas. As fêmeas de S. sacchari apresentaram três instares ninfais e reproduzem assexuadamente. A reprodução assexuada ocorre em campo e em condições controladas. Ao se aumentar a temperatura o inseto viveu mais e a presença do macho alado no Brasil indica a possibilidade da reprodução sexuada da espécie. cochonilharosadadacanadeaçúcar cochonilha rosada cana açúcar Cockerell, Cockerell (Cockerell 1895 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae canadeaçúcar spp Poaceae (Poaceae prejuízos brasileiras C 80 80% ovos incubação ninfal ninfas Edition 94 9 4 9.4 avaliadas S assexuadamente controladas espécie 189 8 9. 18 1

Resumo A coruja-das-torres americana (Tyto furcata) vive em ambientes urbanos e se alimenta principalmente de pequenos roedores, sendo de grande importância no controle biológico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os hábitos alimentares, parentais e reprodutivos de um casal de corujas-das-torres americanas, naturalmente vivendo fora de uma residência na zona urbana do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma caixa de madeira foi instalada em uma parede externa da casa, monitorada por uma câmera de vídeo. Uma planilha foi criada para manter o controle das observações registradas. A fêmea pôs quatro ovos, e após período de incubação de 30-32 dias todos os ovos eclodiram, mas apenas dois filhotes sobreviveram após o canibalismo entre os filhotes. Inicialmente, o macho fornecia a comida aos filhotes e a fêmea permanecia no ninho cuidando da ninhada. Depois de cerca de um mês, a fêmea também começou a sair do ninho e voltar com a presa, que era oferecida aos filhotes, com o macho também continuando com esse comportamento. Os filhotes deixaram o ninho em setembro de 2017. Os dados obtidos mostram a existência de cooperação e divisão de tarefas entre corujas machos e fêmeas durante o período reprodutivo.

Abstract The American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) lives in urban, periurban and wild environments and feeds mainly on small rodents, meaning it has great importance in the biological control of pests. The aim of this work was to describe the reproductive, parental and eating habits of a pair of American barn owls naturally living outside a residence in the urban area of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A wood box was installed on an outside wall of the home, monitored by a video camera. A spreadsheet was created to keep track of the observations recorded. The female laid four eggs, and after an incubation period of 30-32 days all the eggs hatched, but only two chicks survived after cannibalism among the chicks. Initially, the male provided the food to the chicks and the female remained in the nest caring for the brood. After approximately a month, the female also began to leave the nest and return with prey, which was offered to the chicks, with the male also continuing this behavior. The chicks left the nest in September, 2017. The data obtained show the existence of cooperation and division of tasks between male and female owls during the reproductive period.