Resumen Introducción: la anorexia nerviosa (AN) es una patología psiquiátrica grave que posee una de las tasas de mortalidad más altas dentro de las enfermedades mentales, estimándose en 5,1 muertes por 1000 personas/año, y se asocia a una alta comorbilidad tanto psiquiátrica como somática. Objetivos: caracterizar a adolescentes hospitalizados y su rehabilitación nutricional mediante el uso de un protocolo estandarizado. Métodos: estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de pacientes adolescentes hospitalizados en la Clínica San Carlos de Apoquindo de Chile con diagnóstico de AN, hemodinámicamente estables y sin criterios de síndrome de realimentación, entre el año 2015 y 2021. Se analizaron los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y nutricionales de los pacientes. Resultados: de 46 pacientes estudiados, 37 eran de sexo femenino; el tiempo de estadía promedio fue de 45,4 (DE ± 36,1) días. Un 53,8 % de los pacientes presentaban como comorbilidad psiquiátrica un trastorno del ánimo; el rasgo de personalidad más habitual fue el obsesivo-compulsivo (36,9 %) y la comorbilidad somática más frecuente fue la patología tiroidea (19,2 %). El aporte calórico inicial por vía oral fue de 1467 (DE ± 479) kcal, con un incremento promedio semanal de 400 kcal, llegando a 2430 (DE ± 457) kcal al alta. Se obtuvo un cambio porcentual del índice de masa corporal promedio (IMC%) de 7,8 % (DE ± 6,1). Conclusión: este es el primer estudio chileno que describe la rehabilitación nutricional de adolescentes con AN y el tiempo de hospitalización que se requiere para lograrla.

Abstract Background: anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric pathology that has one of the highest mortality rates among mental illnesses, estimated at 5.1 deaths per 1,000 people/year, and is associated with high comorbidity, both psychiatric and somatic. Aim: to characterize hospitalized adolescents and their nutritional rehabilitation using a standardized protocol. Methods: a descriptive-retrospective study of adolescent patients hospitalized at the San Carlos of Apoquindo Clinic with a diagnosis of AN, hemodynamically stable and without refeeding syndrome criteria, between 2015 and 2021. Epidemiological, clinical, and nutritional data of the patients were analyzed. Results: of 46 patients studied, 37 were female; the average length of stay was 45.4 (SD ± 36.1) days; 53.8 % of the patients had mood disorder as psychiatric comorbidity, and the most common personality trait was obsessive-compulsive (36.9 %); the most frequent somatic comorbidity was thyroid pathology (19.2 %). The initial oral caloric intake was 1467 (SD ± 479) kcal, with an average weekly increase of 400 kcal, reaching 2430 (SD ± 457) kcal at discharge. An average percentage median body mass index (BMI%) of 7.8 % (SD ± 6.1) was obtained. Conclusions: this is the first study done in Chilean adolescents hospitalized with AN that describes nutritional rehabilitation and length of stay.

Abstract Studies that explore the use of lipids and their effects on animal nutrition have become increasingly abundant, producing a mass of information. The review was carried out on a parity basis through a survey of articles in the bibliographic databases: Web of Science and Periodicals Capes, using search terms associated or not, in the plural or singular, in English and Portuguese, such as: “lipids” AND “rabbits" AND "nutrition". After analyzing the files in the two scientific databases, certain files were excluded because they did not fit the theme or because they did not meet the inclusion criteria and repeated articles. A relevance test was carried out for the use of the articles, where they should deal with the subject: articles that report the use of lipids in the nutrition of non-ruminant animals; articles made available in complete form; articles that had at least one of the keywords; articles where the main subject is related to lipids. The articles were selected and tabulated in an Excel® spreadsheet with relevant information for exploration in the review. The use of oils and fats is a favorable point in the nutrition of non-ruminant animals, presenting benefits in the enrichment of final products such as: providing higher levels of omega-3 and omega-6, and thus obtaining meat products with lower levels of saturated fat and higher unsaturated fat contents promoting benefits to human health through its consumption, reduction of food costs, improvement in palatability and appearance of foods. These are nutritional strategies used in hot seasons of the year due to the low calorific increment produced. abundant databases Capes singular Portuguese as “lipids rabbits “rabbits nutrition. . "nutrition" nonruminant non ruminant animals form keywords Excel omega3 omega 3 omega- omega6, omega6 6, 6 omega-6 consumption costs foods produced "nutrition

Resumo Estudos que exploram o uso de lipídios e seus efeitos na nutrição animal têm se tornado cada vez mais abundantes, produzindo uma grande quantidade de informações. A revisão foi realizada de forma paritária por meio de uma pesquisa de artigos nas bases bibliográficas: Web of Science e Periódicos Capes, utilizando termos de busca associados ou não, no plural ou no singular, em inglês e português, tais como: "lipídios" E "coelhos" E "nutrição". Após analisar os arquivos nas duas bases científicas, determinados arquivos foram excluídos porque não se adequavam ao tema ou não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, além de artigos repetidos. Um teste de relevância foi realizado para a seleção dos artigos, nos quais eles deveriam tratar do assunto: artigos que relatam o uso de lipídios na nutrição de animais não-ruminantes; artigos disponibilizados na forma completa; artigos que possuíam pelo menos uma das palavras-chave; artigos nos quais o assunto principal está relacionado a lipídios. Os artigos foram selecionados e tabulados em uma planilha do Excel® com informações relevantes para exploração na revisão. O uso de óleos e gorduras é um ponto favorável na nutrição de animais não-ruminantes, apresentando benefícios no enriquecimento de produtos finais, tais como: fornecer níveis mais altos de ômega-3 e ômega-6, e assim obter produtos de carne com menores teores de gordura saturada e maiores teores de gordura insaturada, promovendo benefícios para a saúde humana por meio do consumo, redução dos custos alimentares, melhoria na palatabilidade e aparência dos alimentos. Essas são estratégias nutricionais usadas nas estações quentes do ano devido ao baixo incremento calórico produzido. abundantes bibliográficas Capes singular português como "lipídios coelhos "coelhos nutrição. . "nutrição" científicas inclusão repetidos nãoruminantes ruminantes não-ruminantes completa palavraschave palavras chave palavras-chave Excel nãoruminantes, ruminantes, finais ômega3 ômega 3 ômega- ômega6, ômega6 6, 6 ômega-6 insaturada consumo alimentares alimentos produzido "nutrição

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in recent decades, reaching about 60% of the Portuguese population. These pathologies are associated with higher morbidity and mortality, translating into an increase in health care expenditure. Primary Health Care (PHC) is responsible for intervening preventively in the population and promoting healthy lifestyles. Objective: Create a computer clinical practice support tool that allows the family doctor (FD) to address, in an interactive and personalized way, overweight and obesity in adults. Methods: This tool, designed to integrate the SClínico® layout, would be identified by a button referring to nutrition. Clicking on it would open a questionnaire divided into two parts. Initially, the individual's daily energy needs would be calculated (in kcal), according to the Harris-Benedict Method. Then, an estimation of the daily caloric intake would be obtained using a 24-hour food diary report. The conversion into kcal would be done automatically, using a national database. After filling out the questionnaire, the difference between the individual's caloric needs and the dietary intake would be presented as a daily balance in kcal. This value could be presented to the patient as a starting point for a brief intervention by the FD, dialogue on food errors, and reflection on the consumption/energy expenditure duality. The tool would also allow the consultation of the history of previous records and the printing of health education leaflets. As the main obstacle to its implementation, the authors highlight the limited consultation time. Discussion and Conclusion: Anticipatory measures and preventive care are priorities in PHC. The proposed tool would amplify the available data for the performance of a brief intervention on patients’ eating habits by the FD, thus promoting and improving this approach in PHC, in line with the national objectives.

Resumo Introdução: A prevalência do excesso de peso e obesidade tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas, atingido cerca de 60% da população portuguesa. Estas patologias associam-se a elevada morbimortalidade, traduzindo-se num incremento de custos em saúde. Os cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) são responsáveis por intervir preventivamente junto da população, promovendo estilos de vida saudáveis. Objetivo: Criar uma ferramenta informática de apoio à prática clínica que permita ao médico de família (MF) abordar, de forma interativa e personalizada, o excesso de peso e a obesidade em adultos. Métodos: A ferramenta foi idealizada para integrar o layout do SClínico®, sendo identificada através de botão alusivo à alimentação. O clique permitiria a abertura de um questionário dividido em duas partes. Inicialmente calcular-se-iam as necessidades energéticas diárias do indivíduo (em kcal), segundo o método de Harris-Benedict. De seguida, seria obtido um valor estimado do aporte calórico diário, através do registo de um diário alimentar de 24 horas. A conversão dos alimentos referidos pelo utente em kcal seria automática, com recurso a uma base de dados pré-existente. Após preenchimento, pela diferença entre as necessidades calóricas do indivíduo e o aporte dietético obter-se-ia o balanço diário em kcal. Este valor poderia ser apresentado ao utente como ponto de partida para intervenção breve pelo MF, diálogo sobre erros alimentares e reflexão acerca da dualidade consumo/gasto energético. A ferramenta permitiria ainda a consulta do histórico de registos prévios e a impressão de folhetos de educação para a saúde. Como principal obstáculo à sua implementação, os autores destacam o tempo limitado de consulta. Discussão e Conclusão: As medidas antecipatórias e cuidados preventivos são prioridades nos CSP. A ferramenta proposta amplificaria os dados disponíveis para a intervenção breve pelo MF sobre os hábitos alimentares dos utentes, promovendo e melhorando a prática dessa abordagem nos CSP, em linha com os objetivos nacionais.

Abstract The evaluation was performed with 25 cows from dairy 17, belonging to Dos Ríos enterprise, in order to assess the relation between the temperature and humidity index, rectal temperature and respiratory rate. The information was taken at three times of the day: morning, midday and afternoon. The results showed that in the morning the cows are in a thermo neutral zone (temperature and humidity index 69.59), while at midday they are under medium heat stress (THI 79.61), and in the afternoon under severe stress (THI 91.69). Under severe heat stress, the rectal temperature of pregnant lactating cows increased (P = 0.0136) by 0.280C with respect to the rectal temperature of non-pregnant lactating cows. The respiratory rate was not affected by the light temperature and humidity index. But in the moderate stress, pregnant cows showed higher (P = 0.0003) respiratory rates of 1.9 and 2.0 % in relation to non-pregnant cows for moderate and severe stress, respectively. The physiological response to the temperature and humidity index, according to the milking group, showed that the high production group had higher rectal temperature values (P = 0.0003) in 0.16 and 0.21 oC and the respiratory rate increased (P = 0.0024) in 9.21 and 7.89 % in relation to the average group, for moderate and severe stress, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, at midday and afternoon, the animals are under moderate and severe stress, respectively, conditions that affect more the lactating pregnant animals and the open cows or the highest production group.

Resumen La evaluación se realizó con 25 vacas de la lechería 17, perteneciente a la unidad empresarial de base Dos Ríos, con el objetivo de valorar la relación que existe entre el índice de temperatura y humedad, la temperatura rectal y la frecuencia respiratoria. La información se tomó en tres momentos del día: mañana, mediodía y tarde. Los resultados indicaron que en la mañana las vacas se encuentran en zona termoneutral (índice de temperatura y humedad 69.59), mientras que al mediodía se hallan bajo estrés calórico medio (ITH 79.61), y en la tarde bajo estrés severo (ITH 91.69). Bajo estrés calórico severo, la temperatura rectal de las vacas lactantes gestantes se incrementó (P=0.0136) en 0.280C con respecto a la temperatura rectal de las vacas lactantes no gestantes. La frecuencia respiratoria no se afectó ante el índice de temperatura y humedad ligero. Pero ante el estrés moderado, las vacas gestantes presentaron mayores (P=0.0003) frecuencias respiratorias en 1.9 y 2.0 % con relación a las no gestantes para estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente. La respuesta fisiológica al índice de temperatura y humedad, según grupo de ordeño, indicó que el grupo de alta producción presentó valores de temperatura rectal más altos (P=0.0003) en 0.16 y 0.21 oC y la frecuencia respiratoria se incrementó (P=0.0024) en 9.21 y 7.89 % con relación al grupo de media, para estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente. En las condiciones de este estudio, en los horarios del mediodía y tarde, los animales se encuentran bajo estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente, condiciones que afectan más a los animales gestantes lactantes y a las recentinas o grupo de mayor producción.

RESUMO Introdução: Os benefícios do treinamento de força (TF) incluem não apenas aumento da força, mas também modificações favoráveis na composição corporal, o que levou ao aumento considerável da indicação dessa modalidade de treinamento em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade e tornou importante a investigação dos desfechos atribuídos a diferentes manipulações das variáveis do TF. No entanto, as respostas metabólicas agudas relacionadas com o gasto calórico (GC) associado à manipulação dos exercícios que, por sua vez, são associados à quantidade de articulações envolvidas no movimento permanecem inconclusivas. Objetivo: Verificar a influência do número de articulações envolvidas no movimento sobre o GC com volume equalizado no TF em diferentes intensidades. Métodos: Esse treinamento foi realizado em dias alternados, com intervalo de 48 horas entre cada sessão com dois protocolos randomizados, a saber, protocolo multiarticular com quatro exercícios comuns para praticantes de TF em comparação com o protocolo monoarticular com quatro exercícios. Cada protocolo foi avaliado em três intensidades (90%, 75% e 60% de 1-RM) do treinamento de acordo com o teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM). Resultados: Foram observados incrementos significantes no GC na sessão multiarticular em comparação com a sessão monoarticular: 90% 1-RM multiarticular 246,80 ± 26,17 kcal vs. monoarticular 227,40 ± 24,54 kcal (∆ -7,86, IC de 95% 7,33; 31,46; t 3,44; p < 0,05); 75% 1-RM multiarticular 124,13 ± 25,40 kcal vs. monoarticular 111,80 ± 22,78 kcal (∆ -9,93, IC de 95% 3,25; 21,41; t 2,91; p < 0,05); 60% 1-RM multiarticular 70,80 ± 6,28 kcal vs. monoarticular 64,40 ± 6,72 kcal (∆ -9,04, IC de 95% 3,95; 8,84; t 5,60; p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os exercícios multiarticulares podem ser uma variável a considerar quando o equilíbrio do GC é o alvo principal do programa de TF. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para complementar nossos achados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos – Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The benefits of strength training (ST) include not only strength improvement but also favorable body composition changes, which has led to a considerable increase in the indication of this training method in overweight and obese individuals, and has made the investigation of outcomes attributed to different manipulations of ST variables an important task. However, acute metabolic responses related to energy expenditure (EE) associated with the manipulation of exercises which, in turn, are associated with the number of joints involved in movement, are still inconclusive. Objective: To verify the influence of the number of joints involved in movement on EE with equalized volume in ST at different intensities. Methods: This training program was held on alternate days, with a 48-hour interval between each session, and with two randomized protocols, as follows: multi joint protocol with four common exercises for ST participants compared to the single joint protocol with four exercises. Each protocol was evaluated at three training intensities (90%, 75% and 60% of 1-RM) according to the one-repetition maximum test. Results: Significant increases in EE were observed in the multi joint session as compared to the single joint session: 90% 1-RM multi joint 246.80 ± 26.17 kcal vs single joint 227.40 ± 24.54 kcal (∆ -7.86, 95% CI 7.33; 31.46; t 3.44; p <0.05); 75% 1-RM multi joint 124.13 ± 25.40 kcal vs single joint 111.80 ± 22.78 kcal (∆ -9.93, 95% CI 3.25; 21.41; t 2.91; p <0.05); 60% 1-RM multi joint 70.80 ± 6.28 kcal vs single joint 64.40 ± 6.72 kcal (∆-9.04, 95% CI 3.95; 8.84; t 5.60; p <0.05). Conclusion: Multi joint exercises may be a variable to consider when EE balance is the main target of the ST program. However, further studies are needed to supplement our findings. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies-Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) incluyen no sólo aumento de la fuerza, sino también modificaciones favorables en la composición corporal, lo que llevó al aumento considerable de la indicación de esa modalidad de entrenamiento en individuos con sobrepeso y obesidad y se ha vuelto importante la investigación de las conclusiones atribuidas a diferentes manipulaciones de las variables del EF. Sin embargo, las respuestas metabólicas agudas relacionadas con el gasto calórico (GC) asociado a la manipulación de los ejercicios que, a su vez, son asociados a la cantidad de articulaciones involucradas en el movimiento permanecen no concluyentes. Objetivo: Verificar la influencia del número de articulaciones involucradas en el movimiento sobre el GC con volumen ecualizado en el EF en diferentes intensidades. Métodos: Este entrenamiento fue realizado en días alternados, con intervalo de 48 horas entre cada sesión con dos protocolos aleatorizados, a saber: protocolo multiarticular con cuatro ejercicios comunes para practicantes de EF en comparación con el protocolo monoarticular con cuatro ejercicios. Cada protocolo fue evaluado en tres intensidades (90%, 75% y 60% de 1-RM) del entrenamiento de acuerdo con el test de una repetición máxima (1-RM). Resultados: Se observó un incremento significativo en el GC en la sesión multiarticular en comparación con la sesión monoarticular: 90% 1-RM multiarticular 246,80 ± 26,17 kcal vs. monoarticular 227,40 ± 24,54 kcal (∆ -7,86, IC de 95% 7,33; 31,46; t 3,44; p < 0,05); 75% 1-RM multiarticular 124,13 ± 25,40 kcal vs. monoarticular 111,80 ± 22,78 kcal (∆ -9,93, IC de 95% 3,25; 21,41; t 2,91, p < 0,05); 60% 1-RM multiarticular 70,80 ± 6,28 kcal vs. monoarticular 64,40 ± 6,72 kcal (∆ -9,04, IC de 95% 3,95; 8,84; t 5,60; p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los ejercicios multiarticulares pueden ser una variable a considerar cuando el equilibrio del GC es el objetivo principal del programa de EF. Sin embargo, más estudios son necesarios para complementar nuestros hallazgos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Abstract Three reproductive protocols were evaluated: 1) PG: injection of PGF2α on d-50 postpartum and insemination (AI) based on estrus detection. 2) OVS (Ovsynch: d 0, GnRH; d 7, PGF2α; d 9, GnRH; d 10, AI); 3) ROV (GnRH + Ovsynch: d- 7, GnRH; d 0, GnRH; d 7 PGF2α; d 9, GnRB; d 10, AI). In addition, the effect of somatotropin (bST) to AI, on fertility at first postpartum service (FERT), and pregnancy rate at 99 d postpartum (PP) FERT was similar in ROV and OVS (36.2 vs 36.6 %) (P>0.05); and higher than PG (27.3 %) (P<0.05). Likewise, FERT was similar with and without bST (36.2 vs 30.6 %, P>0.05). PG and without bST (22.5 %) was lower than OVS with (38.5 %) and without bST (33.7 %), as well as than ROV with (37.0 %) and without bST (36.1 %), and PG with bST (32.9 %). The pregnancy rate at 99 d was: OVS (60.6 %); ROV (54.3 %), higher than PG group (46.8 %) (P>0.05). OVS with (64.7 %) and without bST (56.5 %) and ROV without bST were higher than PG without bST (41.1 %, P<0.05). In conclusion, GnRH before Ovsynch (ROV) and bST at AI did not increase fertility at the first service in Holstein cows under heat stress. OVS and ROV increased fertility of first service postpartum and pregnancy rate to 99 d postpartum. Somatotropin increased fertility of first postpartum service only in PG treated cows.

Resumen: Tres protocolos reproductivos fueron evaluados: 1) PG: inyección de PGF2α en el día 50 posparto e inseminación (IA) en base a detección del estro. 2) OVS (Ovsynch: día 0, GnRH; día 7, PGF2α; día 9, GnRH; día 10, IA); y 3) ROV (GnRH + Ovsynch: día- 7, GnRH; día 0, GnRH; día 7, PGF2α; día 9, GnRH; día 10, IA). Además, el efecto de la somatotropina (bST) a la IA, sobre la fertilidad al primer servicio posparto (FERT), y la tasa de preñez a 99 días posparto (PP). FERT fue similar en ROV y OVS (36.2 vs 36.6 %) (P>0.05); y mayor a PG (27.3 %) (P<0.05). Igualmente, FERT fue similar con bST y sin bST (36.2 vs 30.6 %, P>0.05). PG y sin bST (22.5 %) fue menor que OVS con (38.5 %), y sin bST (33.7 %); y que ROV con bST (37.0 %) y sin bST (36.1 %); y PG con bST (32.9 %) (P<0.05). La tasa de preñez a 99 días PP fue: OVS (60.6 %); ROV (54.3 %), superior al grupo PG (46.8 %) (P<0.05). OVS con bST (64.7 %), y sin bST (56.5 %), y ROV sin bST fueron mayores que PG sin bST (41.1 %, P<0.05). En conclusión, GnRH previo al Ovsynch (ROV) y la bST al momento de la IA no incrementaron la fertilidad del primer servicio en vacas Holstein en estrés calórico. OVS y ROV incrementaron la fertilidad del primer servicio posparto y la tasa de preñez a 99 días posparto. La somatotropina incrementó la fertilidad del primer servicio posparto solo en vacas tratadas con PG.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity is linked to metabolic and systemic diseases, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure, through the production of positive energy balance by increasing calories intake in the diet and the decrease energy associated with low physical activity; being these events the main cause of obesity. Objectives: To analyze the participation of the gut microbiota in obesity and the mechanisms involved in this process in mice, the proposed in humans and the role of modulation of the gut microbiota as a treatment. Methods: Publications in English and Spanish on PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO from January 2005 to February 2019 were reviewed, and were used the terms: gut microbiota, obesity and modulation of gut microbiota. Results: There were updated the criteria related to the gut microbiota and obesity, its increase and impact on pediatrics. The main experimental studies in mice and humans made during the decade 2001-2010 and events in the microbiome as pathogenic factor were reviewed. The mechanisms defined in the gut microbiota which participate in obesity were reviewed, as well as the arguments on modulation of the intestine to regulate the alterations produced in obesity. Final considerations: It is shown the participation of the gut microbiota as a predisposing factor in the pathophysiology of obesity and its therapeutic modulation with various methods of biotherapy to reset the heterogeneity of the microbiome; among them are promising the use of prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics and the transplantation of fecal microbiota.

RESUMEN Introducción: La obesidad está relacionada con afecciones metabólicas y sistémicas, como la resistencia a la insulina, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hígado graso no alcohólico, aterosclerosis e hipertensión arterial, mediante la producción de balance energético positivo por aumento del aporte calórico de la dieta y disminución del gasto de energía asociado con baja actividad física, eventos que son su causa principal. Objetivos: Analizar la participación de la microbiota intestinal en la obesidad y los mecanismos que intervienen en dicho proceso en ratones, los propuestos en humanos y el papel de modulación de la microbiota intestinal como tratamiento. Métodos: Se revisaron publicaciones en español e inglés en PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO, desde enero 2005 a febrero 2019, se usaron los términos: microbiota intestinal, obesidad y modulación microbiota intestinal. Resultados: se actualizaron los criterios relacionados con la microbiota intestinal y la obesidad, su incremento y repercusión en pediatría. Se revisaron los principales estudios experimentales en ratones y humanos realizados desde el decenio 2001-2010 y eventos en el microbioma como factor patogénico. Se describieron los mecanismos definidos en la microbiota intestinal participantes en la obesidad y se revisaron los argumentos de modulación del intestino para regular las alteraciones producidas en la obesidad. Consideraciones finales: Se demuestra la participación de la microbiota intestinal como factor predisponente en la fisiopatología de la obesidad y su modulación terapéutica con distintos métodos de bioterapia para restablecer la heterogeneidad del microbioma, entre ellos, son promisorios, el uso de prebióticos, probióticos, simbióticos y el trasplante de microbiota fecal.

RESUMO Racional: No Brasil, a abordagem baseada em metas foi nomeada de Projeto ACERTO e tem obtido bons resultados quando aplicada em operações eletivas com diminuição do tempo de internação, retorno mais precoce as atividades sem incremento de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do ACERTO na assistência prestada em operações de emergência. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção em hospital de trauma. Foram comparados 452 pacientes submetidos à operações de emergência e acompanhados pelo serviço de cirurgia geral no período de outubro a dezembro de 2018 (fase pré-ACERTO, n=243) e no período de março a junho de 2019 (fase pós-ACERTO, n=209). Foram avaliados: reintrodução da dieta, volume de hidratação venosa pós-operatória infundido, tempo de uso de catéteres, sondas e drenos, analgesia pós-operatória, prevenção de vômitos pós-operatórios, mobilização precoce e fisioterapia. Resultados: Após a implantação do ACERTO houve reintrodução mais precoce da dieta, foi atingido o aporte calórico ideal mais precocemente, retirada mais precoce da hidratação venosa, maior prescrição de analgesia pós-operatória, de profilaxia de vômitos pós-operatórios e maior prescrição de fisioterapia e mobilização precoce em todos (p<0,01); na análise multivariada não houve alteração nas taxas de complicações observadas pré e pós-ACERTO (10,7% vs. 7,7% (p=0,268) e houve diminuição do tempo de internação pós-ACERTO (8,5 vs. 6,1 dias (p=0.008). Conclusão: A implantação do projeto ACERTO diminuiu o tempo de internação hospitalar, melhorou a assistência médica prestada sem incremento das taxas de complicações avaliadas.

ABSTRACT Background: In Brazil, the goal-based approach was named Project ACERTO and has obtained good results when applied in elective surgeries with shorter hospitalization time, earlier return to activities without increased morbidity and mortality. Aim: To analyze the impact of ACERTO on emergency surgery care. Methods: An intervention study was performed at a trauma hospital. Were compared 452 patients undergoing emergency surgery and followed up by the general surgery service from October to December 2018 (pre-ACERTO, n=243) and from March to June 2019 (post-ACERTO, n=209). Dietary reintroduction, volume of infused postoperative venous hydration, duration of use of catheters, probes and drains, postoperative analgesia, prevention of postoperative vomiting, early mobilization and physiotherapy were evaluated. Results: After the ACERTO implantation there was earlier reintroduction of the diet, the earlier optimal caloric intake, earlier venous hydration withdrawal, higher postoperative analgesia prescription, postoperative vomiting prophylaxis and higher physiotherapy and mobilization prescription were achieved early in all (p<0.01); in the multivariate analysis there was no change in the complication rates observed before and after ACERTO (10.7% vs. 7.7% (p=0.268) and there was a decrease in the length of hospitalization after ACERTO (8,5 vs. 6,1 dias (p=0.008). Conclusion: The implementation of the ACERTO project decreased the length of hospital stay, improved medical care provided without increasing the rates of complications evaluated.

ABSTRACT The digestive physiology and reproductive capacity of the rabbit make it a species with potential for meat production. In a temperate climate, its adequate reproductive management allows to obtain between 6 and 10 annual litters per female with 6 up to 12 kits per litter. In tropical areas, heat stress alters metabolism and hormonal function, decreasing their reproductive capacity. In females, the main changes include an increase in the secretion of corticosteroids, modifying the secretion of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), decreasing the growth and follicular development, oocyte quality and ovulation, and with it the number of births and size of litter. In males, libido and ability to mate are affected. In the seminal quality, a decrease of 7.8 % in volume, 7.7 % in concentration, 1.7 % in morphology and 5.5 % in motility is observed. The objective of the present work was to describe the strategies used to reduce the caloric stress. These included regulating the temperature in the facilities, supplementary food, crossing of local breeds with improved breeds, development of genetic lines for tropical climates, implementation of reproductive biotechnologies such as artificial insemination or cryopreservation of semen, improving the reproductive behavior of the rabbit under tropical conditions.

RESUMEN La fisiología digestiva y capacidad reproductiva hacen del conejo una especie con potencial para la producción de carne. En clima templado, su adecuado manejo reproductivo permite obtener entre 6 y 10 partos anuales con camadas de 6 y hasta 12 gazapos. En zonas tropicales, el estrés calórico disminuye su capacidad reproductiva. Las hembras presentan un incremento en la secreción de corticosteroides, modificando la secreción de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH), la hormona estimulante del folículo (FSH) y la hormona luteinizante (LH), disminuyendo el crecimiento y desarrollo folicular, calidad de ovocitos y la ovulación, y con ello el número de partos y tamaño de camada. En los machos se afecta la libido y la capacidad de monta. En la calidad seminal, disminuye 7.8 % el volumen, 7.7 % la concentración, 1.7 % la morfología y 5.5 % la motilidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las estrategias utilizadas para disminuir el estrés calórico, que incluyó regular la temperatura en las instalaciones, suplementos alimenticios, cruzamiento de razas locales con razas mejoradas, desarrollo de líneas genéticas para climas tropicales, implementación de biotecnologías reproductivas como la inseminación artificial o criopreservación de semen, mejorando el comportamiento reproductivo del conejo bajo condiciones tropicales.

Abstract: Broiler males (n= 140) were used in a straight-run experimental design and distributed randomly among four treatment groups with seven replicates per treatment and five broilers per replicate. During 21-42 d old, the chickens were fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets containing four levels of dietary vegetable oils (DVO), of 2.7, 4, 6 and 8%. During d 25-27, 31-33, and 38-40 of age, broilers were exposed to heat stress for 4 h a day (1000-1400 h) at 34 ºC, 70-75 % relative humidity. Feeding an 8% DVO diet significantly increased body weight gain compared to the other DVO levels. The feed conversion ratio, protein conversion ratio, metabolizable energy conversion ratio and European production index were significantly enhanced due to feeding an 8% DVO diet compared to a diet containing 6% DVO. Feeding 8% DVO significantly increased the meat protein and lipid percentages, compared to the control group (2.7 % DVO), but decreased the plasma low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein and lymphocytes. Feeding 8% DVO significantly increased the mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin, and bursa weight and percentage compared to the control. In addition, 6 and 8% DVO significantly increased the plasma total antioxidant capacity compared to the control group, but decreased the malondialdehyde. Thus, broilers fed a diet containing 8% DVO have an increased tolerance to heat stress, as evidenced by increasing the productive performance, meat quality, blood hematological and biochemical traits, antioxidants and immunity.

Resumen: Pollos de engorda (n= 140) se utilizaron en un diseño experimental de cuatro tratamientos distribuidos al azar con siete repeticiones por tratamiento y cinco pollos por repetición. Durante 21 a 42 días de edad, los pollos se alimentaron con dietas iso-calóricas e iso-nitrogenadas que contenían cuatro niveles de aceites vegetales alimenticios (AVA), 2.7, 4, 6 y 8%. Durante los días 25, 27, 31-33 y 38 a 40 de edad, los pollos se expusieron a estrés calórico durante 4 h al día (1000-1400 h) a 34 oC, y 70-75 % de humedad relativa. La dieta AVA 8% significativamente incrementó la ganancia de peso corporal en comparación con los otros niveles. La conversión alimenticia, la tasa de conversión de proteína, tasa de conversión de energía metabolizable e Índice de la producción europea mejoraron significativamente debido a la alimentación con AVA 8% versus AVA 6%. Alimentación con AVA8%aumentó significativamente los porcentajes de proteína y lípidos de carne, en comparación con el grupo testigo (AVA2.7%), pero disminuyó la lipoproteína plasmática de baja densidad, lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad y los linfocitos. El nivel de AVA8% aumentó significativamente el volumen celular medio, hemoglobina celular media y peso y porciento de bursa comparado con el testigo. Además, 6% y 8% AVA aumentaron significativamente la capacidad antioxidante total plasmática en comparación con el grupo control, pero disminuyó el malondialdehído. Así, pollos de engorda alimentados con una dieta que contiene 8% de aceites vegetales, tienen una mayor tolerancia al estrés calórico.

SUMMARY: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental chromium (Cr) on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, mucosa Hsp70 mRNA expression and antioxidant status of ducks reared under heat stress conditions. All ducks were randomly divided into three treatment groups, respectively, control group (Control, 23 ± 2 °C), heat stress group (HS, 32 ±2 °C), Cr picolinate group (CrPic, 32 ± 2 °C, 0.2 mg Cr/kg). Feed and distilled-deionized water were available ad libitum for an experimental phase of 35 days. Samples were collected on the day 14, 21 and 35 to determine biological and hematological values. Results showed that heat stress or dietary supplemental Cr both didn’t have distinct influence on growth performance (P>0.05), compared to controls. Ducks fed 0.2 mg Cr/kg diet had greater ultimate pH (pHu)(P<0.05) than HS group. At day 14, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in CrPic group significantly increased (P<0.05) than that of HS group in jejunum. Heat stress remarkably increased Hsp70 mRNA expression in jejunum compared with controls (P<0.05). While the expression of Hsp70 mRNA in CrPic group was significantly decreased compared with HS (P<0.05). At day 21, the V/C of ileum in CrPic group significantly increased compared with HS group (P<0.05). Serum SOD levels in CrPic group were significantly higher than those in HS group (P<0.05). At day 35, Hsp70 mRNA expression and serum T-SOD levels in CrPic group significantly increased compared with controls (P<0.05). T-AOC in HS group significantly decreased compared with controls (P<0.05). Results indicate that dietary Cr supplementation doesn’t influence ducks’ growth performance, but has a positive effect on meat quality, small intestine morphology, also regulates Hsp70 mRNA expression under heat stress conditions, and enhances the antioxidant status.

RESUMEN: Se evaluó los efectos del cromo (Cr) dietético suplementario sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la calidad de la carne, la morfología intestinal, la expresión del ARNm Hsp70 en la mucosa y el estado antioxidante de los patos criados bajo condiciones de estrés por calor. Todos los patos se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos: grupo control (control, 23 ± 2 °C), grupo de estrés térmico (HS, 32 ± 2 °C) y grupo de picolinato de Cr (CrPic, 32 ± 2 °C, 0,2 mg Cr / kg). El alimento y el agua desionizada destilada estuvieron disponibles ad libitum durante la fase experimental de 35 días. Las muestras se recogieron los días 14, 21 y 35 para determinar los valores biológicos y hematológicos. Los resultados mostraron que el estrés térmico o la suplementación dietética de Cr no tuvieron una influencia distinta en el rendimiento del crecimiento (P> 0,05), en comparación con los controles. Los patos alimentados con 0,2 mg de Cr / kg de dieta tuvieron un mayor pH final (pHu) (P <0,05) que el grupo HS. En el día 14, la relación de la altura de las vellosidades a la profundidad de la cripta (V / C) en el grupo CrPic aumentó significativamente (P <0,05) en relación a la del grupo de HS en el yeyuno. El estrés por calor incrementó notablemente la expresión del ARNm de Hsp70 en el yeyuno en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). Mientras que la expresión del ARNm de Hsp70 en el grupo CrPic se redujo significativamente en comparación con HS (P <0,05). En el día 21, la relación V / C del íleon en el grupo CrPic aumentó significativamente en comparación con el grupo HS (p <0,05). Los niveles séricos de SOD en el grupo CrPic fueron significativamente más altos que los del grupo HS (P <0,05). En el día 35, la expresión de ARNm de Hsp70 y los niveles séricos de T-SOD en el grupo CrPic aumentaron significativamente en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). T-AOC en el grupo HS disminuyó significativamente en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). Los resultados indican que la suplementación dietética de Cr no influye en el rendimiento de crecimiento de los patos, pero tiene un efecto positivo en la calidad de la carne, en la morfología del intestino delgado, y también regula la expresión de ARNm de Hsp70 en condiciones de estrés calórico y mejora el estado antioxidante.

Abstract In recent years, as a result of a greater offer of 'fast food' (FF), an increase has been induced in the quantity and caloric content of the foods consumed. The aim of this work was to carry out a review of the investigations related to the effect of fatty acids (FA) on the hunger-satiety cycle. Long-chain saturated FA predominate in FF, which tend to increase appetite. However, the N-acylethanolamines that are synthesized minutes after food intake can modulate appetite or satiety levels. This is due to the ability to induce different hormones secretion involved in orexigenic or anorexigenic signals activation. In contrast, unsaturated FA can secrete anorexigenic hormones that induce satiety, such as omegas 3 and 9, so it would be advisable to increase their proportion in the FF production process. Therefore, it is concluded that the type of effect that FA have on hunger-satiety cycle depends, on the one hand, on the length of their chain and, on the other hand, on the number of unsaturations contained in them.

Resumen En los últimos años, como resultado de una mayor oferta de «comida rápida» (CR), se ha inducido un incremento en la cantidad y el contenido calórico de los alimentos consumidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de las investigaciones relativas al efecto de los ácidos grasos (AG) sobre el ciclo hambre-saciedad. En la CR predominan los AG saturados de cadena larga, los cuales tienden a incrementar el apetito. No obstante, las N-aciletanolaminas que se sintetizan minutos después de la ingesta de alimento pueden modular los niveles de apetito o de saciedad. Esto gracias a la capacidad de inducir la secreción de diferentes hormonas involucradas en la activación de las señales orexigénicas o anorexigénicas. Por el contrario, los AG insaturados pueden secretar hormonas anorexigénicas que inducen saciedad; tal es el caso de los omegas 3 y 9, por lo que sería recomendable incrementar su proporción en el proceso de elaboración de la CR. Por tanto, se concluye que el tipo de efecto que los AG tengan en el ciclo hambre-saciedad depende, por un lado, de la longitud de su cadena y, por otro, del número de insaturaciones que contengan.

Abstract: To evaluate the productive response of sows and their litter to the supplementation with zinc in a tropical climate two experiments were realized. Exp. 1 (Fresh season). 46 Yorkshire x Landrace sows were used, assigned to one of two treatments (T) in a completely randomized design. T1 (SZn; n = 22); diet without addition of Zn from 35 days of gestation and during 21 d of lactation, and T2 (CZn; n = 24), T1 diet plus supplementation with 100 mg Zn/kg of feed. Exp. 2 (Warm season). Another 44 sows were assigned to one of two treatments similar to Exp. 1. T1 (SZn; n = 25) and T2 (CZn; n = 19). Results were analyzed by ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Exp. 1. Feed consumption added with Zn increased (P < 0.05) IgG plasmatic concentration in weaned pigs. Exp. 2. Feed consumption added with Zn increased (P < 0.05) backfat thickness (BFT) of the sows during the gestation (16.6 vs. 14.8 mm) and decreased (P = 0.006) the mortality of nursing pigs during the lactation (11 vs. 26%). It concludes that additional consumption of zinc increase the BFT in gestating sows under environment heat stress and diminished the mortality of nursing pigs during lactation and intake of supplemented diet with zinc during fresh season increase IgG plasmatic concentration levels in weaned pigs.

Resumen: Para evaluar la respuesta productiva de la cerda y su camada a la suplementación con zinc orgánico en clima tropical, se realizaron dos experimentos. Exp. 1 (Época fresca). Se utilizaron 46 cerdas Yorkshire x Landrace, asignadas a uno de dos tratamientos (T) en un diseño completamente al azar. T1 (SZn; n = 22); dieta sin adición de Zn a partir de los 35 días de gestación y durante 21 d de lactación; T2 (CZn; n = 24) T1 más la adición de 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento. Exp. 2 (Época cálida). Se utilizaron 44 cerdas, asignadas al azar a uno de dos T similares al Exp.1: T1 (SZn; n = 25) y T2 (CZn; n = 19). Los resultados fueron analizados por ANDEVA (P ≤ 0.05). Resultados: Exp. 1. El consumo de alimento adicionado con Zn incrementó (P = 0.001) la concentración plasmática de IgG en los cerdos destetados. Exp. 2. El consumo de alimento adicionado con Zn, incrementó (P < 0.05) el espesor de grasa dorsal (EGD) de las cerdas durante la gestación (16.6 vs. 14.8 mm) y disminuyó (P = 0.006) la mortalidad durante la lactancia (11 vs. 26%). Se concluye que el consumo adicional de Zn incrementa el EGD en las cerdas gestantes bajo condiciones de estrés calórico y disminuye la mortalidad de lechones durante la lactancia, y el consumo adicional durante la época fresca incrementa los niveles plasmáticos de IgG en los LD.

The influence of a cooling system (continuous ventilation and intermittent water spray) on productive, reproductive and economic levels of dairy cattle during the summer of 2012 was compared to previous summers where cooling systems were not present. Records of 890 cows in production of two dairies of the Valley Huaura, Lima, Peru were analyzed. Milk production, total solids, conception rate, services per conception and cost-effective data was collected. Farm 2 achieved a significant increase in milk production (p<0.05) due to the cooling system, while in Farm 1 was observed an increase in the percentage of total solids and a reduction in conception rate (p<0.05). The results showed that the use of a cooling system (fans and sprinklers) to reduce heat stress in dairy cows can be effective depending on the circumstances of each dairy herd.

Se comparó la influencia de un sistema de enfriamiento (ventilación continua y aspersión intermitente de agua) sobre los niveles productivos, reproductivos y económicos del ganado bovino lechero durante el verano de 2012, en comparación con veranos anteriores donde no se contaba con sistemas de enfriamiento. Se analizaron los registros de 890 vacas en producción de dos establos lecheros del valle de Huaura, Lima, Perú. Se tomaron datos de producción de leche, sólidos totales, tasa de concepción, servicios/ concepción y costo-beneficio. El establo 2 logró un incremento sustancial de producción de leche (p<0.05) por efecto del sistema de enfriamiento, en tanto que en el establo 1 se observó un incremento en el porcentaje de sólidos totales, pero con una merma en la tasa de concepción (p<0.05). Los resultados demuestran que la utilización de un sistema de enfriamiento (ventiladores y aspersores) para combatir el estrés calórico en vacas lecheras puede ser efectivo, dependiendo de la realidad de cada hato lechero.

Objetivo: evaluar efecto de la estrategia “CHANCE DE VIDA” (C: colores del fuego, H: horarios (reloj de día), AN: antropometría, C: plato a colores de payaso, E: estimulación (ejercicios) incluyendo en el entorno VIDA en niños con sobrepeso/ obesidad entre 6 meses y 5 años. Métodos: se incluyeron 23 pacientes (12 niños, 11 niñas) con sobrepeso/obesidad de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión, previa toma de medidas antropométricas, ecografía del timo y muestra sanguínea para determinar glicemia y perfil lipídico, los niños fueron monitorizados a domicilio con la estrategia “CHANCE DE VIDA” por 6 meses. Resultados: edad promedio: 27,0 ± 18,5 meses, Z score IMC: 2,6±0,83 al ingreso, a las dos semanas 2,59±0,88 (ns), cuarta semana 1,93±0,67 (p≤0,001) , 12ava semana 1,27±0,52 (p≤0,001) y 24ava semana 0,87 ± 0,52 (p≤0,001). La ingesta calórica: 1803,9±382 Kcal al ingreso, egreso: 1017,3±164,6 kcal/día (p≤0,000). El grado desarrollo psicomotor: 76,5±4,8 % al inicio, al concluir: 97,6±1,96% (p≤0,001). Las LDL fueron: 130,0±9,1 mg/dl al ingreso, egreso 91,2±5,9 mg/dl (p≤0,000), HDL: 30,9±3,2 mg/dl al ingreso,egreso: 45,0±5,9 mg/dl (p≤0,000), triglicéridos 160,4±9,1 mg/dl ingreso, egreso: 130,8±10,1 mg/dl (p≤0,000), colesterol: 179,8±5,5 mg/dl ingreso, egreso: 146,9±7,7 y la glicemia: 88,2±5,7 mg/dl al ingreso y egreso: 77,2±6,3 mg/dl. La superficie del timo: 378±64,9 mm2 ingreso, egreso: 637,7 ± 80,13mm2 (p≤0,001). Las madres 86,9 % (20) tuvieron sobrepeso/ obesidad y en 13,0 % fueron los padres, la edad promedio de estas madres: 22,6±3,4 años El promedio de IMC para las madres llego a 27,5±2,5 kg/m² , al concluir el seguimiento: 25,3 ± 2,3 kg/m². Se correlacionaron significativamente el IMC a las 12 semanas, instrumentos: colores del fuego, aporte de calórico, la frecuencia de alimentación , reloj de día, uso de plato de payaso (p<0,001). Incremento de LDH, pliegue cutáneo tricipital (p<0,001), la medida del timo al ingreso con LDH (p<0,01). En la relación madre-niño(a) encontramos correlaciones del aporte calórico de la madre con el del niño a las 2, 8 y 12 semanas; el timo con el PCT de la madre a las 12 semanas y aporte de calorías de la madre con el desarrollo del niño (p<0,001).

Objective: to evaluate the effect of “CHANCE FOR LIFE” (C strategy: colors of fire, H: Hours (Day Watch), AN: Anthropometry, C: Plate to colors clown, E: Stimulation (exercises) including the environment LIFE in overweight/obese between 6 months and 5 years. Method: 23 patients (12 boys, 11 girls) overweight / obese according to inclusion criteria were included, after taking anthropometric measurements, ultrasound thymus and blood sample to determine glucose and lipid profile, children were monitored at home with the “CHANCE OF LIFE” strategy for 6 months. Method: 23 patients (12 boys, 11 girls) overweight / obese according to inclusion criteria were included, after taking anthropometric measurements, ultrasound thymus and blood sample to determine glucose and lipid profile, children were monitored at home with the “CHANCE OF LIFE” strategy for 6 months. Results: average age: 27.0 ± 18.5 months BMI Z score: 2.6 ± 0.83 at admission, two weeks 2.59 ± 0.88 (ns), fourth week 1.93 ± 0.67 (p≤0.001), 1.27 ± 0.52 12th week (p≤0.001) and week 24 0.87 ± 0.52 (p≤0.001) .The caloric intake: 1803.9 ± 382 Kcal to entry, exit: 1017.3 ± 164,6 kcal/day (p≤0.000). The degree psychomotor development: 76.5 ± 4.8% at the beginning, at the end: 97.6 ± 1.96% (p≤0.001). LDL were: 130.0 ± 9.1 mg / dl at admission, discharge 91.2 ± 5.9 mg/dl (p≤0.000), HDL: 30.9 ± 3.2 mg / dl at admission, discharge: 45.0 ± 5.9mg/dl (p≤0.000), triglycerides 160.4 ± 9.1mg / dl entry, exit: 130.8 ± 10,1mg / dl (p≤0.000) cholesterol: 179.8 ± 5.5 mg / dl entry, exit: 146.9 ± 7.7 and glycemia: 88.2 ± 5.7 mg/dl at admission and discharge: 77.2 ± 6.3 mg/dl. The surface of the thymus: 378 ± 64.9 mm2 entry, exit: 637.7 ± 80.13mm² (p≤0.001) .The mothers 86.9% (20) were overweight / obese and 13.0% were parents the average age of these mothers: 22,6 ± 3.4 years, the average BMI for mothers came to 27.5 ± 2.5 kg/m², at the end of follow-up: 25.3 ± 2.3 kg/m². BMI was significantly correlated at 12 weeks, instruments colors of fire, caloric intake, feeding frequency, clock day use dish clown (p <0.001). LDH increase, triceps skinfold (p <0.001), the measure thymus income LDH (p <0.01). In the mother- child relation ship (a) found correlations of caloric intake from mother to child at 2, 8 and 12 weeks; thymus PCT mother at 12 weeks and calorie intake from mother to child development (p <0.001). Conclusions: LIFE CHANCE strategy was useful for the recovery of children are overweight or obese.