Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relative cost of housing in Chile between 1966 and 2022. Specialized literature in this field focuses on four main themes: the impact of the neoliberal model on housing policies, the issue of property and renting, the maintenance of shantytowns, and issues of space and architecture. While there is consensus on the positive impact of social policies on access to housing for low-income families, debates persist regarding poverty and marginality. The research employs the Occupational and Unemployment Survey of Gran Santiago conducted by the Microdata Center of the University of Chile, administered quarterly since 1957 in all districts of Gran Santiago, with an annual survived population of around 10 000 individuals and 2 000 to 3 000 family groups. The findings reveal that: 1) the reduction in the relative cost of housing is more significant in non-poor households than in poor households; 2) in comparison to the international average, there is a decrease in the relative cost from 2000 to 2010, followed by an increase between 2011 and 2017; 3) the relative cost rises in impoverished sectors, particularly in the bottom 10% of income earners; 4) the reduction in relative cost is more pronounced in rented homes than in owned ones.

Resumen: El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el costo relativo de la vivienda en Chile entre 1966 y 2022. La literatura especializada en esta área se centra en cuatro temas principales: el impacto del modelo neoliberal en las políticas de vivienda, el tema de la propiedad y el arriendo, el mantenimiento de campamentos y aspectos relacionados con el espacio y la arquitectura. Aunque hay consenso sobre el impacto positivo de las políticas sociales en el acceso a viviendas para familias de bajos ingresos, persisten debates en torno a la pobreza y la marginalidad. Se utiliza la Encuesta de Ocupación y Desocupación del Gran Santiago del Centro de Microdatos de la Universidad de Chile, aplicada trimestralmente desde 1957 en todas las comunas del Gran Santiago, con una población encuestada anual de alrededor de 10 000 individuos y 2 000 a 3 000 grupos familiares. Los resultados revelan que: 1) la reducción del costo relativo de la vivienda es mayor en hogares no-pobres que en hogares pobres; 2) en comparación con el promedio internacional, hay una disminución en el costo relativo del 2000 hasta el 2010, seguida de un aumento entre 2011 y 2017; 3) el costo relativo aumenta en sectores empobrecidos, especialmente en el 10% de menores ingresos; 4) la reducción del costo relativo es más marcada en casas arrendadas que en propias.

Resumen Objetivo: este estudio estima un sistema de demanda de bienes alimenticios en México, incorporando dimensiones territoriales y de ingreso. Se evalúa el impacto diferenciado de choques en los precios en el bienestar económico y la tasa de pobreza, considerando variaciones entre hogares y entre cinco grandes regiones. Metodología: utilizando el modelo de valores unitarios de Deaton (1988) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2018, calculamos elasticidades-precios y elasticidades-ingreso y el impacto de las variaciones de precios en el ingreso y la pobreza. Resultados: revelan importantes diferencias regionales y se subraya la necesidad de considerar diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales y de adoptar un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis y para formular políticas efectivas. Limitaciones: existen limitaciones a este estudio que pueden afectar la comprensión completa de la dinámica de la pobreza. Hemos enfocado nuestra atención únicamente en los bienes alimenticios, excluyendo un grupo específico de productos, en este caso, los productos pesqueros. También, se considera que los hogares son únicamente consumidores de bienes, omitiendo así la dimensión productiva de autoconsumo. Originalidad: radica en la vinculación directa entre las estimaciones de pobreza y la desagregación territorial, integra patrones de consumo y elasticidades específicas a cada región. Conclusiones: se resalta la importancia de considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales al analizar la demanda de bienes alimenticios y su impacto en la pobreza. A pesar de las limitaciones, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis para formular políticas adaptadas y efectivas de reducción de la pobreza en diferentes regiones del país.

Abstract Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fishery products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Abstract The United Nations claims that education is a crucial element in reducing poverty rates in any country if it is accessible, adaptable, acceptable, and affordable; known as the 4A’s of education, which are considered within the national education policy. This paper analyzes the effect of the 4A’s of education on multidimensional moderate-income poverty and extreme income poverty in Mexico in the years 2010 and 2020. This is achieved with the analysis of microdata from the Module of Socioeconomic Conditions of the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (MCS - ENIGH) 2010 and 2020 and with dichotomous logit models. The results indicate that the 4A’s have a greater effect on the reduction of multidimensional extreme income poverty than on moderate, even over different periods.

Resumen La Organización de las Naciones Unidas expone que la educación es un elemento crucial para disminuir los índices de pobreza de cualquier país si ésta es: accesible, adaptable, aceptable y asequible; conocidas como las 4A´s de la educación, las cuales están consideradas dentro de la política educativa nacional. El presente documento analiza el efecto de las 4A´s de la educación en la pobreza multidimensional moderada por ingresos y pobreza extrema por ingresos en México en los años 2010 y 2020. Lo anterior se logra con el análisis de microdatos del Módulo de Condiciones Socioeconómicas de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gasto de los Hogares (MCS - ENIGH) 2010 y 2020 y con modelos dicotómicos tipo logit. Los resultados indican que las 4A´s tienen un efecto mayor en la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional extrema por ingresos que en la moderada, incluso en distintos periodos.

Abstract In Mexico, 70.1% of women have been victims of violence in their lifetime and the main perpetrator is her intimate partner. Gender violence is a public health problem that has multiple negative impacts in woman and their offsprings. The relation violence and income is an issue that has been scarcely studied for Mexico. The objective of this article is to analyze the intimate partner violence and its relationship to labor income for Mexican women, data used are from the National Survey on the Dynamics of Households Relationships (ENDIREH 2021). The principal component method is used to estimate five kinds of violence; physical, emotional, economic, sexual and, harassment. The instrumental variables method is used to consider the endogeneity of income and violence variables. Except harassment, the results indicate a negative relationship between income and violence. Specifically, sexual violence has the greatest negative effects; women who are victims of sexual violence have an average reduction of 17.4% in monthly labor income. This negative effect represents a loss of just over two month of working days per year and, in the aggregate terms, is equivalent to 0.87% of GDP. The above highlights the importance of orienting public policy actions to work in prevention, attention, punishment and eradications any kind of violence against women.

Resumen En México, el 70.1% de las mujeres ha sido víctima de violencia a lo largo de su vida y el principal perpetrador es la pareja. La violencia de género es un problema de salud pública que tiene múltiples impactos negativos en la mujer y sus descendientes. Su relación con los ingresos es un asunto que ha sido escasamente estudiado para el caso mexicano. El objetivo es analizar el efecto de la violencia de pareja sobre el ingreso laboral de las mujeres en México, se usan datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares (ENDIREH 2021). Se emplea el método de componentes principales para calcular cinco tipos de violencia: física, emocional, económica, sexual y acoso. Para considerar la endogeneidad de las variables ingreso y violencia se emplea el método de variables instrumentales. Con excepción del acoso, los resultados indican una relación negativa entre los ingresos y los otros cuatro tipos de violencia. En específico, la violencia sexual es la que representa los mayores efectos negativos sobre el ingreso laboral; las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual tienen una reducción promedio de 17.4% en el ingreso laboral mensual. Este efecto negativo representa una pérdida de poco más de dos meses de días de trabajo al año y, en términos agregados, equivale al 0.87% del PIB. Lo anterior resalta la importancia de orientar las acciones de política pública para trabajar en la prevención, atención, sanción y erradicación de cualquier tipo de violencia contra la mujer.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract This article analyzes the socio-occupational structure of the main Brazilian metropolises between 1982 and 2021, focusing on their composition and on the behavior of income inequalities. We seek to answer the following questions: “What changed and what remained the same in the composition of the socio-occupational structure of Brazilian metropolises?” and “How did income inequalities appear in this socio-occupational structure in the period under analysis?” PNAD data from 1982 and PNADC data from 2021, provided by IBGE, were used. Although important changes occurred in the 40-year period, the study’s main results point to the maintenance of a social structure represented by the pyramidal model and to a reduction in income inequalities. sociooccupational socio occupational 198 2021 questions What metropolises? How analysis analysis? IBGE used 40year year 40 studys study s 19 202 4 1 20 2

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados da análise da estrutura sócio-ocupacional das principais metrópoles do Brasil, entre os anos de 1982 e 2021, focando em sua composição e no comportamento das desigualdades de renda. Buscamos responder às seguintes questões: "Que mudanças e/ou permanências ocorreram na composição da estrutura sócio-ocupacional das metrópoles brasileiras?” e “Como as desigualdades de renda se apresentaram nessa estrutura sócio-ocupacional no período em análise?”. Foram utilizados dados Pnad, de 1982, e PnadC, de 2021, do IBGE. Os principais resultados encontrados apontam para a manutenção de uma estrutura social representada pelo modelo piramidal, apesar de mudanças importantes ocorridas ao longo de 40 anos, e para a redução das desigualdades de renda. sócioocupacional sócio ocupacional Brasil 198 2021 questões Que eou ou brasileiras brasileiras? Como análise. . análise?” Pnad PnadC IBGE piramidal 4 19 202 análise? 1 20 2

ABSTRACT: As an essential way to enhance farmers’ self-development ability, off-farm employment plays an indispensable role in farmers’ multidimensional poverty reduction in many countries. Employing a survey of 1926 farmers in five provinces of the Yellow River Basin in China, this paper examined the multi-dimensional poverty reduction effect of off-farm employment and the heterogeneous influence of different dimensions of off-farm employment (modes, levels, distances and frequency). The results showed that (1) although absolute poverty in the income dimension was largely eliminated in the Yellow River Basin, the poverty in social resources, transportation facilities, employment security were the key bottlenecks restricting farmers’ self-development. (2) The province with the best multidimensional poverty reduction effect for non-farm employment was Shaanxi, with the largest contribution to employment security. (3) Improving off-farm employment level, distance and time can significantly alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers. Therefore, to lessen the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to focus on the governance of multi-dimensional key poverty-stricken areas, such as the middle and upper courses of the Yellow River, adopting multidimensional poverty alleviation strategy of off-farm employment according to local conditions, working on the farmers’ deficiencies in social resources, mobility, employment security, and deepening the effect of off-farm employment on benefiting farmers and helping the poor. ABSTRACT selfdevelopment self development ability offfarm off farm countries 192 China multi dimensional modes, modes (modes levels frequency. frequency . frequency) 1 (1 resources facilities selfdevelopment. development. 2 (2 nonfarm non Shaanxi 3 (3 level Therefore povertystricken stricken areas conditions mobility poor 19 (

RESUMO: Como uma forma essencial de aumentar a capacidade de autodesenvolvimento dos agricultores, o emprego fora da fazenda desempenha um papel indispensável na redução da pobreza multidimensional dos agricultores em muitos países. Empregando uma pesquisa com 1926 agricultores em cinco províncias da Bacia do Rio Amarelo na China, este documento examina o efeito multidimensional de redução da pobreza do emprego e a influência heterogênea de diferentes dimensões do emprego fora da fazenda (modos, níveis, distâncias e frequência). Os resultados mostram que (1) embora a pobreza absoluta na dimensão da renda tenha sido em grande parte eliminada na Bacia do Rio Amarelo, a pobreza em recursos sociais, facilidades de transporte e segurança no emprego são os principais gargalos que restringem o autodesenvolvimento dos agricultores. (2) A província com o melhor efeito multidimensional de redução da pobreza para o emprego não agrícola foi Shaanxi, com a maior contribuição para a segurança no emprego. (3) A melhoria do nível de emprego fora da fazenda, distância e tempo pode aliviar significativamente a pobreza multidimensional dos agricultores. Portanto, para diminuir esta pobreza é necessário concentrar-se na governança de áreas-chave multidimensionais atingidas, tais como os cursos médio e superior do Rio Amarelo, adotando uma estratégia multidimensional de redução da pobreza de emprego fora da fazenda de acordo com as condições locais, trabalhando nas deficiências dos agricultores em recursos sociais, mobilidade, segurança no emprego e aprofundando o efeito do emprego fora da fazenda em benefício dos agricultores e ajudando os pobres. RESUMO países 192 China modos, modos (modos níveis frequência. frequência . frequência) 1 (1 sociais 2 (2 Shaanxi 3 (3 Portanto concentrarse concentrar se áreaschave áreas chave atingidas locais mobilidade pobres 19 (

ABSTRACT The pineapple, the most important fruit in the state of Paraíba, is characterized as an important generator of employment, income and regional development. With the increase in production, challenges arise in reaching distant competitive markets, including exports, making refrigerated storage necessary. However, pineapple, a tropical fruit, is subject to Chilling Injury (CI) when stored under sub-optimal temperatures, below 12 °C, which provide internal browning (IB) and quality loss. The use of pulsed electric field (PEF), a non-thermal technology, can be an alternative in ensuring the control of IB in pineapple. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of PEF application on IB, enzyme expression and activity, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of ‘Pérola’ pineapple. Initially, to define the best strategy, 8 kV/cm of PEF was applied to pineapples directly and indirectly (drinking water), in 4 levels of electrical pulses: 0 (control), 5, 20 and 35, proving to be the most efficient the indirect pulses. From these results, a completely randomized design was used, with indirect application of PEF at the four levels in pineapples, with 5 periods of evaluations at refrigeration at 5 °C, followed by transferring at each period for two more days to the room condition, in 4 replicants (3 fruit / rep). The indirect application of 35 pulses provided a reduction in expression and enzyme activity, IB and maintained the functional potential, being a promising alternative for the storage of pineapple under sub-optimal temperatures. Paraíba employment development production markets exports necessary However CI (CI suboptimal sub optimal temperatures 1 C °C (IB loss PEF, , (PEF) nonthermal non thermal technology Therefore ‘Pérola Pérola Initially strategy kVcm kV cm drinking water, water water) control, (control) 2 results used condition 3 ( rep. rep . rep) potential (PEF (control

Abstract The pandemic generated one of the biggest crises in the world, with a reduction in the population's purchasing power and difficulties in accessing food. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the conditions of flour production and its relation with the food security of family farmers in the cassava chain, in the Recôncavo Baiano Region, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with data collection using a questionnaire and treatment using descriptive statistics and association tests. Of the total number of participants (n=86), 64% indicated changes in flour production volume and income. There was a reduction in monthly production, in the number of workers and hours worked in the flour houses, in addition to a reduction in the diversity of buyers. The increase in income from flour was associated with small number of more experienced producers (p=0.047). Despite the maintenance of fairs in the cities studied, there were changes in customer behavior. Online commerce and delivery were not very representative. Of those interviewed, 50% reported concern that food would run out. Government measures to support family farmers did not have a satisfactory reach among the participants. Most received emergency aid, and were also beneficiaries of social programs, which highlights vulnerabilities in the sector. world populations population s context chain Region COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 crosssectional cross sectional out tests n=86, n86 n n=86 , 86 (n=86) 64 houses buyers p=0.047. p0047 p p=0.047 . 0 047 (p=0.047) studied behavior representative interviewed 50 aid programs sector COVID1 1 COVID- n8 n=8 8 (n=86 6 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.047 5 n= (n=8 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.04 (n= p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (n p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

Resumo A pandemia gerou uma das maiores crises mundiais, com redução do poder aquisitivo da população e dificuldades no acesso aos alimentos. Neste contexto, este estudo objetivou analisar as condições de produção da farinha e a relação desta com a segurança alimentar de agricultores familiares da cadeia da mandioca, do Recôncavo Baiano, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com coleta de dados por meio de questionário, tratamento por estatística descritiva e testes de associação. Do total de participantes (n=86), 64% indicaram alterações no volume de produção de farinha e na renda. Registrou-se redução na produção mensal, no número de trabalhadores e nas horas trabalhadas nas casas de farinha, além da redução na diversidade de compradores. O aumento na renda advinda da farinha foi associado a um pequeno número de produtores, mais experientes (p=0,047). Apesar da manutenção das feiras dos municípios estudados, houve alterações no comportamento dos clientes. O comércio online e por delivery foram pouco representativos. Dos entrevistados, 50% relataram preocupação de que os alimentos acabassem. As medidas governamentais de apoio aos agricultores familiares não tiveram alcance satisfatório junto aos participantes. A maior parte recebeu auxílio emergencial, sendo também beneficiários de programas sociais, o que evidencia vulnerabilidades no setor. mundiais contexto mandioca Baiano COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Realizouse Realizou se transversal questionário associação n=86, n86 n n=86 , 86 (n=86) 64 Registrouse Registrou mensal compradores produtores p=0,047. p0047 p p=0,047 . 0 047 (p=0,047) estudados clientes representativos entrevistados 50 acabassem emergencial sociais setor COVID1 1 COVID-1 n8 n=8 8 (n=86 6 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,047 5 COVID- n= (n=8 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,04 (n= p0 p=0, (p=0,0 (n p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p

Objective: To ascertain whether sociodemographic and health-related characteristics known from previous research to have a substantive impact on recovery from depression modified the effect of a digital intervention designed to improve depressive symptoms (CONEMO). Methods: The CONEMO study consisted of two randomized controlled trials, one conducted in Lima, Peru, and one in São Paulo, Brazil. As a secondary trial plan analysis, mixed logistic regression was used to explore interactions between the treatment arm and subgroups of interest defined by characteristics measured before randomization – suicidal ideation, race/color, age, gender, income, type of mobile phone, alcohol misuse, tobacco use, and diabetes/hypertension – in both trials. We estimated interaction effects between the treatment group and these subgroup factors for the secondary outcomes using linear mixed regression models. Results: Increased effects of the CONEMO intervention on the primary outcome (reduction of at least 50% in depressive symptom scores at 3-month follow-up) were observed among older and wealthier participants in the Lima trial (p = 0.030 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: There was no evidence of such differential effects in São Paulo, and no evidence of impact of any other secondary outcomes in either trial. Clinical trial registration: NCT02846662 (São Paulo, Brazil – SP), NCT03026426 (Lima, Peru – LI). Funded by the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (grant U19MH098780). Objective healthrelated health related CONEMO. . (CONEMO) Methods trials Paulo analysis ideation racecolor race color race/color age gender income phone misuse use diabeteshypertension diabetes hypertension models Results reduction 50 3month month 3 followup follow up follow-up 0030 0 030 0.03 0001 001 0.001 respectively. respectively respectively) Conclusion registration NCT NCT0284666 SP, SP , SP) NCT0302642 (Lima LI. LI LI) US U S U.S grant U19MH098780. U19MH098780 UMH MH U19MH098780) (CONEMO 5 003 03 0.0 000 00 0.00 NCT028466 NCT030264 U19MH09878 0. NCT02846 NCT03026 U19MH0987 NCT0284 NCT0302 U19MH098 NCT028 NCT030 U19MH09 NCT02 NCT03 U19MH0 NCT0 U19MH

Abstract The sustainability of organic production and the agroecological transition of farmers in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region was evaluated using the Environmental Impact Assessment System of Agricultural Technological Innovations (AMBITEC-AGRO). The evaluation process consisted of three stages: 1st survey and data collection, 2nd application of questionnaires and 3rd individual interviews. Data were entered into electronic spreadsheets, generating quantitative results of the impacts of activities carried out on rural properties. The indicators of the data obtained are organized in weighting matrices and automatically transformed into impact indices expressed graphically. These indexes resulted in the Percentage of Impact of Technologies - PIT, which characterizes the percentage gain of technology for each of the criteria of the environmental, economic and social dimensions of the productive units. For the environmental dimension, the PIT showed a reduction of -3.73%, where the general index of impact of the activity was 0.95 and after the transition to organic and/or agroecological production it went to 1.29, with a difference of 0.34. In the economic dimension, the PIT was 7.70%, the employment variable with 0.73 and income with 3.89 were the ones that most contributed to this percentage. In the social dimension, the PIT was 7.19%, the most prominent criteria being the consumer with an average of 3.74 and health with an average of 2.99. In this sense, the transition to organic and/or agroecological management, mainly due to the reduction of environmental impacts, provided greater sustainability for agricultural activities in the region. AMBITECAGRO. AMBITECAGRO AMBITEC AGRO . (AMBITEC-AGRO) stages st collection nd rd interviews spreadsheets properties graphically units dimension 3.73%, 373 3 73 -3.73% 095 0 95 0.9 andor or 129 1 29 1.29 034 34 0.34 770 7 70 7.70% 073 0.7 389 89 3.8 719 19 7.19% 374 74 3.7 299 2 99 2.99 sense management (AMBITEC-AGRO 3.73% 37 -3.73 09 9 0. 12 1.2 03 0.3 77 7.70 07 38 8 3. 71 7.19 2.9 3.73 -3.7 1. 7.7 7.1 2. -3. 7. -3

Resumo A sustentabilidade da produção orgânica e a transição agroecológica dos agricultores da região da Chapada dos Veadeiros foi avaliada, utilizando-se o Sistema de Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais de Inovações Tecnológicas Agropecuárias (AMBITEC-AGRO). O processo de avaliação consistiu de três etapas: primeira: levantamento e coleta de dados; segunda: aplicação dos questionários e terceira: entrevistas individuais. Os dados foram inseridos em planilhas eletrônicas, gerando resultados quantitativos dos impactos das atividades desenvolvidas nas propriedades rurais. Os indicadores dos dados obtidos são organizados em matrizes de ponderação e, automaticamente, transformados em índices de impacto, expressos graficamente. Esses índices resultaram no Percentual de Impacto das Tecnologias (PIT), que caracteriza o ganho percentual da tecnologia para cada um dos critérios das dimensões ambiental, econômica e social das unidades produtivas. Para a dimensão ambiental, o PIT apresentou uma redução de -3,73%, onde o índice geral de impacto da atividade era de 0,95 e, depois da transição para a produção orgânica e/ou de base agroecológica passou para 1,29, com uma diferença de 0,34. Na dimensão econômica, o PIT foi de 7,70%, a variável emprego, 0,73, e renda com, 3,89, foram as que mais contribuíram para esse percentual. Na dimensão social, o PIT foi de 7,19%; os critérios com maior destaque foram o do consumidor com média de 3,74, e saúde, com média de 2,99. Nesse sentido, a transição para o manejo orgânico e/ou de base agroecológica, principalmente pela redução dos impactos ambientais, proporcionou maior sustentabilidade para as atividades agropecuárias da região. avaliada utilizandose utilizando se AMBITECAGRO. AMBITECAGRO AMBITEC AGRO . (AMBITEC-AGRO) etapas primeira segunda terceira individuais eletrônicas rurais automaticamente graficamente PIT, , (PIT) ambiental produtivas 3,73%, 373 3 73 -3,73% 095 0 95 0,9 eou ou 129 1 29 1,29 034 34 0,34 770 7 70 7,70% emprego 073 0,73 389 89 3,89 7,19% 719 19 374 74 3,74 saúde 299 2 99 2,99 sentido ambientais (AMBITEC-AGRO (PIT 3,73% 37 -3,73 09 9 0, 12 1,2 03 0,3 77 7,70 07 0,7 38 8 3,8 7,19 71 3,7 2,9 3,73 -3,7 1, 7,7 3, 7,1 2, -3, 7, -3 -

Abstract Drought-induced risk endangers farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. Insurance is recognized as an appropriate policy alternative to support farmers facing with financial losses associated with production reduction. In this context, present study developed an ex ante index-based insurance program to deal with drought-induced risk of production losses. We applied this model to wheat growers in Iran. After the calibration of the contract parameters, an insurance scheme was optimized and tested. We showed that optimal insurance contracts generate low gain of certain equivalent income, high compensation, and a high basis risk. The best contract was not proportional to the complexity of the proposed index. The insurance program studied is recommended as a proper alternative for currently applying yield insurance. Droughtinduced Drought induced semiarid semi regions reduction context indexbased index based droughtinduced drought Iran parameters tested income compensation

Resumo O risco induzido pela seca coloca em perigo os agricultores em regiões áridas e semiáridas. O seguro é reconhecido como uma alternativa política apropriada para dar suporte aos agricultores que enfrentam perdas financeiras associadas à redução da produção. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo desenvolveu um programa de seguro baseado em índice ex ante para lidar com o risco de perdas de produção induzido pela seca. Aplicamos este modelo aos produtores de trigo no Irã. Após a calibração dos parâmetros do contrato, um esquema de seguro foi otimizado e testado. Mostramos que os contratos de seguro ideais geram baixo ganho de certa renda equivalente, alta compensação e alto risco de base. O melhor contrato não foi proporcional à complexidade do índice proposto. O programa de seguro estudado é recomendado como uma alternativa adequada para a aplicação atual do seguro de rendimento. semiáridas contexto Irã testado equivalente base proposto rendimento

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tendencia temporal de la desnutrición en niños menores de cinco años atendidos por el Programa Bolsa Familia entre los años 2008 y 2019, explorando desigualdades regionales y buscando determinar el impacto de las crisis económica y política que se intensificaron en 2014, así como la adhesión del gobierno a políticas de austeridad fiscal en esta tendencia. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando datos agregados de lactantes (0-23 meses) y preescolares (24-59 meses), extraídos del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) atendidos por el Programa Bolsa Familia (n = 34.272.024). Se analizaron las tendencias a través de modelos lineales generalizados con efectos mixtos específicos para los grupos de edad (distribución binomial negativa y función de enlace de logaritmo). Se analizaron las desigualdades regionales a partir del agrupamiento de las unidades federativas conforme el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social (IVS) y la influencia de las crisis y de las políticas de austeridad en la prevalencia de desnutrición a través de la interacción entre “año” y “crisis” (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). Hubo una disminución en la prevalencia de desnutrición infantil hasta mediados de 2013, cuando las tendencias se volvieron estacionarias para preescolares y ascendentes para lactantes. También se observó un riesgo más alto de desnutrición en estados con vulnerabilidad social media y alta, en comparación con aquellos con vulnerabilidad social baja. Los puntos de inflexión en las tendencias corroboran la hipótesis de que las crisis política y económica, y las respuestas del gobierno para estas crisis, tuvieron un impacto negativo en el estado nutricional de niños en situación de pobreza y extrema pobreza en Brasil. 200 2019 2014 023 0 23 (0-2 meses 2459 24 59 (24-5 meses, , SISVAN (SISVAN n 34.272.024. 34272024 34.272.024 . 34 272 024 34.272.024) distribución logaritmo. logaritmo logaritmo) IVS (IVS año “año “crisis 20082013 2013 (2008-201 vs 20142019. 20142019 2014-2019) alta baja Brasil 20 201 02 2 (0- 245 5 (24- 3427202 34.272.02 3 27 2008201 (2008-20 2014201 2014-2019 (0 (24 342720 34.272.0 200820 (2008-2 201420 2014-201 ( (2 34272 34.272. 20082 (2008- 20142 2014-20 3427 34.272 (2008 2014-2 342 34.27 (200 2014- 34.2 (20 34.

This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of malnutrition in children aged under five years assisted by the Brazilian Income Transfer Program from 2008 to 2019, by exploring regional inequalities and seeking to determine the impact of the economic and political crises aggravated in 2014, and the government’s adherence to fiscal austerity policies on the trend. The analyses were performed using aggregated data from infants (0-23 months) and preschoolers (24-59 months), extracted from the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (SISVAN) assisted by the Brazilian Income Transfer Program (n = 34,272,024). Trends were analyzed using generalized linear models with age-specific mixed effects (negative binomial distribution and log linkage function). The regional inequalities were analyzed based on the grouping of Federative Units according to the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the influence of crises and austerity policies on the prevalence of malnutrition by the interaction between “year” and “crisis” (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). There was a reduction in the prevalence of child malnutrition until mid-2013, when the trends became stationary for preschoolers and upward for infants. There was also a higher risk of malnutrition in Federative Units with medium- and high-social vulnerability, when compared to those with low-social vulnerability. The inflection points in the trends corroborate the hypothesis that the political and economic crises, and the governmental responses to these crises, negatively impacted the nutritional status of children in poverty and extreme poverty in Brazil. 200 2019 2014 governments government s 023 0 23 (0-2 months 2459 24 59 (24-5 months, , SISVAN (SISVAN n 34,272,024. 34272024 34,272,024 . 34 272 024 34,272,024) agespecific age specific negative function. function function) SVI (SVI year “year crisis “crisis 20082013 2013 (2008-201 vs 20142019. 20142019 2014-2019) mid2013, mid2013 mid 2013, mid-2013 medium highsocial high social vulnerability lowsocial low Brazil 20 201 02 2 (0- 245 5 (24- 3427202 34,272,02 3 27 2008201 (2008-20 2014201 2014-2019 mid201 mid-201 (0 (24 342720 34,272,0 200820 (2008-2 201420 2014-201 mid20 mid-20 ( (2 34272 34,272, 20082 (2008- 20142 2014-20 mid2 mid-2 3427 34,272 (2008 2014-2 mid- 342 34,27 (200 2014- 34,2 (20 34,

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência temporal da desnutrição em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família entre 2008 e 2019, explorando desigualdades regionais e buscando determinar o impacto das crises econômica e política agravadas em 2014 e da adesão governamental às políticas de austeridade fiscal na tendência. As análises foram realizadas utilizando dados agregados de lactentes (0-23 meses) e pré-escolares (24-59 meses), extraídos do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família (n = 34.272.024). As tendências foram analisadas por meio de modelos lineares generalizados, com efeitos mistos específicos para as faixas etárias (distribuição binomial negativa e função de ligação log). As desigualdades regionais foram analisadas a partir do agrupamento das Unidades Federativas segundo o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) e a influência das crises e das políticas de austeridade na prevalência de desnutrição por meio da interação entre “ano” e “crise” (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). Houve redução na prevalência de desnutrição infantil até meados de 2013, quando as tendências passaram a ser estacionárias para pré-escolares e ascendentes para lactentes. Observou-se, também, maior risco de desnutrição nos estados com média e alta vulnerabilidade social, quando comparadas àqueles com baixa vulnerabilidade social. Os pontos de inflexão nas tendências corroboram a hipótese de que as crises política e econômica, e as respostas governamentais a essas crises, provocaram impacto negativo sobre o estado nutricional de crianças em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza no Brasil. 200 2019 201 023 0 23 (0-2 meses préescolares pré escolares 2459 24 59 (24-5 meses, , SISVAN (SISVAN n 34.272.024. 34272024 34.272.024 . 34 272 024 34.272.024) generalizados distribuição log. log log) IVS (IVS ano “ano crise “crise 20082013 2013 (2008-201 vs 20142019. 20142019 2014-2019) Observouse, Observouse Observou se, se Observou-se também social Brasil 20 02 2 (0- 245 (24- 3427202 34.272.02 3 27 2008201 (2008-20 2014201 2014-2019 (0 (24 342720 34.272.0 200820 (2008-2 201420 2014-201 ( (2 34272 34.272. 20082 (2008- 20142 2014-20 3427 34.272 (2008 2014-2 342 34.27 (200 2014- 34.2 (20 34.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with oral health-related quality of life in adolescents (OHRQoL). Individual data on adolescents were collected from a secondary database. OHRQoL was measured using the oral impact on daily performance (OIDP) scale. Individual- and city-level variables were selected to represent the structural and intermediate determinants of health. The individual covariates analyzed were sex, age, skin color, maternal education, household income, number of people per room in the housing unit, dental attendance, self-perception of dental needs, untreated dental caries, and gingival bleeding. The contextual variables included the allocation factor, the Human Development Index (HDI), Gini coefficient, illiteracy, unemployment, income, average number of emergency dental visits per inhabitant, access to a sanitary sewer system, garbage collection, primary health care coverage, oral health team coverage, and number of tooth extractions between selected dental procedures and supervised toothbrushing. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between contextual and individual variables with overall OIDP scores (STATA version 16.0) - rate ratio (RR) and 95%CI. The mean OIDP score was 0.72 and the prevalence was 31.8%. There was an association between supervised toothbrushing average and the outcome (RR 0.95; 95%CI 0.91–0.99). Moreover, adolescents who lived in municipalities with the highest average number of emergency dental visits per inhabitant showed a higher OIDP. Sex, maternal education, untreated dental caries, and gingival bleeding were associated with OIDP. In addition, intersectoral public policies focusing on the reduction of social inequalities should be on the agenda of policymakers and stakeholders. healthrelated related OHRQoL. . (OHRQoL) database (OIDP scale citylevel city level sex age color education income unit attendance selfperception self perception needs caries factor HDI, HDI , (HDI) coefficient illiteracy unemployment system collection coverage STATA 16.0 160 16 0 RR 95CI CI 95 072 72 0.7 318 31 8 31.8% 0.95 095 0.91–0.99. 091099 0.91–0.99 91 99 0.91–0.99) Moreover Sex addition stakeholders (OHRQoL (HDI 16. 1 9 07 7 0. 3 31.8 0.9 09 09109 0.91–0.9 31. 0910 0.91–0. 091 0.91–0 0.91– 0.91

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess changes in oral health-related behavior and oral health status in Brazilian children in early childhood perceived by their parents/caregivers during social isolation caused by COVID-19. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years who responded to an online questionnaire about sociodemographic data, dietary changes, oral hygiene, and oral health status of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Of the 119 parents/caregivers, 54.60% did not observe any changes in eating habits, and 81.50% maintained their children's oral hygiene. Associations were observed between the impact of the pandemic on the family income and changes in eating habits (p=0.02) and between lower family income and dental caries perceived by parents/caregivers (p=0.05). Z tests with Bonferroni correction showed that families with drastic income reduction were more likely to consume lower-cost foods (62.50%) than families with no impact or slight reduction on family income. Parents/caregivers did not identify dental caries (89.10%), toothache (92.40%), and dental trauma (92.40%) in their children. Conclusion: Parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years observed behavioral changes in the dietary habits of families whose income was impacted by the pandemic, and their perception of dental caries was significantly associated with family income. Objective healthrelated related parentscaregivers parents caregivers COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Methods crosssectional cross sectional 05 0 5 0- data hygiene COVID-1 Results 11 5460 54 60 54.60 8150 81 50 81.50 childrens s p=0.02 p002 p 02 (p=0.02 p=0.05. p005 p=0.05 . (p=0.05) lowercost cost 62.50% 6250 62 (62.50% Parentscaregivers Parents 89.10%, 8910 89.10% , 89 10 (89.10%) 92.40%, 9240 92.40% 92 40 (92.40% Conclusion COVID1 1 COVID- 546 6 54.6 815 8 81.5 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 (p=0.05 62.50 625 (62.50 891 89.10 (89.10% 924 92.40 9 4 (92.40 54. 81. p=0. p0 (p=0. 62.5 (62.5 89.1 (89.10 92.4 (92.4 p=0 (p=0 62. (62. 89. (89.1 92. (92. p= (p= (62 (89. (92 (p (6 (89 (9 ( (8