ABSTRACT The training processes, complex due to their very social nature, start from the contexts in which they develop and the psycho-pedagogical, sociological, cultural and physiological characteristics of those who intervene as personal components. The Ecuadorian educational field, aware of the above, has demonstrated in recent years the development of strategies aimed at meeting basic inclusion standards, recognized by international organizations and materialized in pedagogical and curricular actions at all educational levels. The proposed research was aimed at perfecting the evaluation scale for the inclusion, in the Physical Education subject, of students with special educational needs associated with a disability, in Ecuador. Analysis-synthesis and modeling methods were used; in addition, documentary analysis and a survey of teachers in the area to delve into the phenomenological characteristics of the research object. Descriptive statistics facilitated the processing of information and the determination of regularities, which supported the proposal of the system of actions, for the improvement of the inclusive evaluation scale for Physical Education.

RESUMO Os processos de formação, complexos pela sua natureza muito social, partem dos contextos em que se desenvolvem e das características psicopedagógicas, sociológicas, culturais e fisiológicas de quem intervém como componentes pessoais do processo. O contexto educacional equatoriano, consciente do exposto, tem evidenciado, nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de estratégias que visam atender aos padrões básicos de inclusão reconhecidos pelos organismos internacionais e materializados em ações pedagógicas e curriculares em todos os níveis educacionais. A pesquisa proposta teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar a escala de avaliação para a inclusão, na disciplina de Educação Física, de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais associadas à deficiência, a partir de uma visão holística, no contexto equatoriano. Métodos de análise-síntese e modelagem foram utilizados para o estudo teórico prático do processo avaliativo em Educação Física. Além disso, a análise documental e um levantamento de professores da área, para a análise das características fenomenológicas do objeto de pesquisa, que subsidiaram a proposta do sistema de ações para o aprimoramento da escala de avaliação inclusiva para a Educação Física.

RESUMEN Los procesos formativos, complejos por su propia naturaleza social, parten de los contextos en que se desarrollan y de las características psicopedagógicas, sociológicas, culturales y fisiológicas de los que intervienen como componentes personales. El ámbito educativo ecuatoriano, consciente de lo anterior, evidenció en los últimos años el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a cumplir estándares básicos de inclusión, reconocidos por organismos internacionales y materializados en acciones pedagógicas y curriculares en todos los niveles formativos. La investigación propuesta estuvo dirigida a perfeccionar la escala evaluativa para la inclusión, en la asignatura Educación física, de los estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales asociados a una discapacidad, en Ecuador. Se utilizaron los métodos de análisis-síntesis y modelación; además, el análisis documental y una encuesta a docentes del área para profundizar en las características fenomenológicas del objeto de investigación. La estadística descriptiva facilitó el procesamiento de la información y la determinación de regularidades, lo que sustentó la propuesta del sistema de acciones, para el perfeccionamiento de la escala evaluativa inclusiva para la Educación Física.

Resumen: La política y la responsabilidad social son aspectos fundamentales que impulsan una educación de calidad, equitativa y comprometida con el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes y la sociedad. Por consiguiente, se planteó como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática para identificar y analizar los estudios más relevantes sobre las políticas y la responsabilidad social en el sistema educativo peruano. Metodológicamente se siguieron los postulados de la declaración PRISMA, por lo que se recuperaron los documentos a partir de los motores de búsqueda SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet y Google Scholar y de la selección a partir de las consideraciones: investigaciones con fecha de publicación entre 2013-2023, artículos científicos y tesis en repositorios institucionales, documentos en español o inglés y de acceso libre. Los resultados permitieron reconocer un total de veinticinco (n = 25) documentos a revisar. Se concluye que la formulación de políticas efectivas y el compromiso con la responsabilidad social en las instituciones educativas son fundamentales para lograr una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. Asimismo, se ha identificado la necesidad de establecer estrategias que promuevan una mayor integración de la tecnología en la educación, así como una formación docente acorde a las demandas del siglo XXI.

Abstract: Politics and social responsibility are fundamental aspects that promote a quality education, equitable and committed to the integral development of students and society. Therefore, the objective was to carry out a systematic review to identify and analyze the most relevant studies on policies and social responsibility in the Peruvian educational system. Methodologically, the postulates of the PRISMA declaration were followed, so the documents were retrieved from the SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet and Google Scholar search engines and from the selection based on the considerations: research with a publication date between 2013-2023, scientific articles and theses in institutional repositories, documents in Spanish or English and of free access. The results allowed to recognize a total of twenty-five (n = 25) documents to be reviewed. It is concluded that the formulation of effective policies and the commitment to social responsibility in educational institutions are fundamental to achieve an inclusive, equitable and quality education. Likewise, the need has been identified to establish strategies that promote a greater integration of technology in education, as well as teacher training according to the demands of the XXI century.

Migration, a prevalent global phenomenon, significantly impacts health, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. This article presents a rapid review aimed at mapping projects, lessons and policies concerning sexual and reproductive health (SRH), HIV and migration in southern Africa. Utilising a population-concept-context framework, the review focuses on understanding the scope, nature and extent of interventions, identifying lessons learnt, and assessing existing policies and strategies. A comprehensive search strategy and screening process resulted in 19 studies and reports for inclusion. The review highlighted diverse projects across southern Africa, addressing SRH and HIV among migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Projects ranged from peer-education interventions to community-based referral systems, aiming to improve knowledge, access and outcomes related to SRH and HIV. The lessons learnt emphasised the importance of community involvement, healthcare worker (HCW) training and inclusive policies to address migrants' diverse needs effectively. Additionally, projects facilitated cross-border collaborations and policy integration, enhancing access to SRH-HIV services and migrant health rights. Despite these efforts, challenges persist, including gender-based violence, financial barriers and xenophobic attitudes among HCWs. Limited access to comprehensive sexuality education and social protection for migrants underscores the need for further policy development and implementation. Nevertheless, existing policies, such as Botswana's inclusive HIV treatment policy and South Africa's National Strategic Plan for HIV, TB and STIs, demonstrate steps towards ensuring migrants' rights to healthcare.

Abstract Agribusiness, a cornerstone of Brazil’s economic sectors, wields considerable political clout through entities like the Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária (Parliamentary Agricultural Front; FPA), a potent force in the country’s Congress and appears to be the main driver of the anti-environmental lobby. The FPA sought to influence labour, land and tax legislation and was an important ally of Jair Bolsonaro’s administration, aligning closely with the former president’s agenda of environmental deregulation, which mirrored the economic priorities of agribusiness interests. However, the imperative to maintain a favourable public perception of the agricultural sector is evident in various communication strategies, including the deployment of paid advertisements on online platforms. In this sense, the objective of this research is to scrutinise the potential presence of greenwashing and/or disinformation within the 158 advertisements disseminated by the FPA on Facebook and Instagram throughout 2023. Using Meta’s Ad Library interface, we collected the advertisements and employed three complementary analytical approaches. These methodologies enabled us to identify and interpret the discursive tactics employed by the FPA to “enhance the image of agriculture”: automatic word counting and cooccurrence analysis, content analysis and discourse analysis. The advertisements analysed show that Brazilian agribusiness uses sustainability as a form of greenwashing and disinformation in its online communication efforts. The FPA’s digital advertising uses these discursive strategies to vilify social movements advocating for land reform and instigate fear regarding legal uncertainties surrounding property rights. Our findings indicate that these advertisements advocate for the preservation of the current socio-economic landscape in the Brazilian rural area while propagating denialism regarding the environmental impacts of agribusiness.

Resumo O agronegócio, um dos principais setores econômicos do Brasil, compõe uma das mais poderosas forças políticas no congresso do país, a Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária (FPA), e aparece como o principal impulsionador do lobby anti-ambiental. A FPA busca incidir sobre a legislação trabalhista, fundiária e tributária e foi uma importante aliada do Governo de Jair Bolsonaro, uma vez que a agenda de desmonte ambiental do ex-presidente ia ao encontro dos interesses econômicos do agronegócio. No entanto, a necessidade de garantir uma imagem positiva do setor se reflete em diversas estratégias de comunicação, inclusive na veiculação de anúncios pagos nas plataformas online. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa pretende analisar a possível presença de greenwashing e/ou desinformação nos 158 anúncios publicados pela FPA no Facebook e Instagram durante o ano de 2023. Após coletarmos os anúncios na interface da Biblioteca de Anúncios da Meta, adotamos três abordagens complementares de análise que nos permitiram identificar e interpretar as estratégias discursivas empregadas pela FPA para “melhorar a imagem do agro”: contagem automática de palavras e análise de coocorrência entre elas, análise de conteúdo e análise de discurso. Nos anúncios analisados, a sustentabilidade é instrumentalizada pelo agronegócio brasileiro como greenwashing e desinformação em sua comunicação publicitária online. Essas estratégias discursivas são utilizadas na publicidade digital da FPA para criminalizar os movimentos sociais que lutam por uma reforma agrária e para disseminar pânico sobre inseguranças jurídicas relacionadas ao direito à propriedade. De uma forma geral, nossos resultados mostram que os anúncios defendem a necessidade de manutenção do status quo das relações socioeconômicas no campo brasileiro e promovem negacionismo em relação aos impactos ambientais do agronegócio.

ABSTRACT: Cooperative learning is considered one of the strategies that contribute to the improvement of learning for all students. However, implementing it in the classroom faces difficulties to promote the real participation and learning of all. With the purpose of supporting cooperative learning teams, we present one session in which 6 teachers, 3 researchers and a training advisor collaboratively analyse classes as part of the project “Collaboration among Teachers in the Development of Cooperative Learning for the Inclusion of the Most Vulnerable Students”. This is a cooperative learning team belonging to a 3rd grade primary school classroom in in the province of Castellón (Spain). In the classroom there is a student who experiences significant difficulties in communication and learning. Through the process of collaborative work of teachers from four schools, improvement proposals for inclusion are built. The main phases carried out in the collaborative analysis following an action research process are presented. The conclusions show some criteria of cooperative learning for inclusion, focusing on adjustments to the structures of cooperative learning and peer support, as well as criteria and guidelines for the collaborative work of teachers.

RESUMEN: El aprendizaje cooperativo se considera una de las estrategias que contribuye a la mejora del aprendizaje de todo el alumnado. Sin embargo, existen dificultades para implementarlo en el aula logrando favorecer la participación y el aprendizaje de todos. Con el propósito de apoyar a los equipos de aprendizaje cooperativo se presenta una de las sesiones de análisis colaborativo en la que han participado 6 docentes, 3 investigadores y una asesora de formación, enmarcado en el proyecto Colaboración entre el profesorado en el desarrollo del aprendizaje cooperativo para la inclusión del alumnado más vulnerable. Se trata de un equipo de aprendizaje cooperativo perteneciente a un aula de 3.º de educación primaria de un centro de la provincia de Castellón (España), en el aula hay un estudiante que experimenta dificultades significativas en la comunicación y el aprendizaje. Mediante un proceso de trabajo colaborativo entre profesores de cuatro escuelas se construyen propuestas de mejora para la inclusión. Se presentan las principales fases llevadas a cabo en el análisis colaborativo siguiendo un proceso de investigación-acción. En las conclusiones se muestran algunos criterios del aprendizaje cooperativo para la inclusión centrados en los ajustes de las estructuras del aprendizaje cooperativo y en los apoyos entre iguales, así como los criterios y orientaciones para el trabajo colaborativo del profesorado.

ABSTRACT: In this article, a systematic and integrative review is presented, investigating Brazilian studies on the utilization of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Elementary Education, with an emphasis on inclusion and mathematical didactic practices, from 2018 to 2022. The findings were analyzed and synthesized, deepening the understanding in this research area. The importance of developing inclusive didactic practices and using accessible resources as essential strategies to ensure access to mathematical knowledge and provide equitable and affective education is highlighted. Considering the scarcity of studies focused on the proposed objective, it underscores the need for comprehensive research on the implementation of UDL in mathematics education to promote the inclusion of each student.

RESUMO: Neste artigo, é apresentada uma revisão sistemática e integrativa que investigou estudos brasileiros sobre o uso do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem (DUA) no Ensino Fundamental, com ênfase na inclusão e práticas didáticas de Matemática, no período de 2018 a 2022. Foram analisados e sintetizados os resultados encontrados, aprofundando o entendimento nessa área de pesquisa. É destacada a importância do desenvolvimento de práticas didáticas inclusivas e do uso de recursos acessíveis como estratégias essenciais para garantir o acesso ao conhecimento matemático e proporcionar uma educação equitativa e afetiva. Observada a escassez de estudos voltados para o objetivo proposto, evidencia-se a necessidade de pesquisas abrangentes sobre a implementação do DUA no ensino de Matemática para promover a inclusão de cada um dos estudantes.

RESUMEN El estudio explora la implementación de estrategias pedagógicas inclusivas en la educación básica para fomentar un aprendizaje significativo. Con una metodología mixta, se analizan las percepciones de docentes y estudiantes y el impacto de estas estrategias en el rendimiento y participación de los alumnos. Los resultados asocian la aplicación de métodos inclusivos a una mayor comprensión y retención del conocimiento, promoviendo la igualdad y la diversidad. El artículo destaca la importancia de adaptar las prácticas educativas para satisfacer las necesidades de los estudiantes, subrayando el papel de los docentes en la creación de un ambiente de aprendizaje inclusivo y efectivo.

ABSTRACT This study explores the implementation of inclusive pedagogical strategies in basic education to promote meaningful learning. Using a mixed-methodology approach, it examines the perceptions of teachers and students and the impact of these strategies on student performance and participation. The results associate the application of inclusive methods with increased understanding and knowledge retention, promoting equality and diversity. The article highlights the importance of adapting educational practices to meet the needs of students, underscoring the role of teachers in creating an inclusive and effective learning environment.

Abstract The economic contraction shows the restrictions in the markets for goods, services and employment, which, boosted by pandemic events such as covid-19, becomes a short and medium-term crisis, with marked long-term uncertainty. However, there are alternatives to deal with these, such as the inclusive reactivation of financial credit through Popular and Solidarity Economy. This research aims to explore the performance of the Ecuadorian popular and solidarity financial sector in periods of recession, and thus present evidence of its potential participation as an active agent in financing exit strategies from covid-19.

Resumen La contracción económica evidencia las restricciones en los mercados de bienes, servicios y empleo, lo cual, potenciado por el evento pandémico del covid-19, se transforma en crisis de corto y mediano plazo, con una marcada incertidumbre a largo plazo. No obstante, existen alternativas para afrontar la situación, tal como la reactivación inclusiva del crédito financiero a través de la Economía Popular y Solidaria (EPS). En esta investigación se explora el desempeño del crédito del sector financiero popular y solidario ecuatoriano en periodos de recesión y su potencial participación como agente activo en el financiamiento de estrategias de salida del covid-19.

Terminology development is needed for effective science communication, planning, teaching, and learning in indigenous African languages. This need includes species-specific names in indigenous languages for wild birds, which are key indicators of biodiversity and the state of the environment. We report here the successful allocation of isiZulu names to all South African bird species, focusing on the final phase of naming species that are unknown or rare in KwaZulu-Natal Province (traditional home of the Zulu people) and thus have no indigenous naming history. We applied principles and procedures used previously for naming species known in KwaZulu-Natal: (1) reference to early bird books, dictionaries and other literature; (2) in-person workshops that included isiZulu language academics, professional Zulu bird guides, and birders; and (3) linguistic strategies to apply Zulu folk taxonomy to scientific ordering of species. At a three-day in-person workshop, we named 327 species unknown or vagrant in KwaZulu-Natal. Much time was spent on allocating cluster names to locally unfamiliar bird groupings such as tropicbirds, gadfly petrels, sandgrouse, and wheatears. The most frequent linguistic strategy was coinage by extension, where previously established isiZulu cluster names, for example ujolwane for 'sparrow', were extended by species qualifiers, as in ujolwanomkhulu (sparrow that is great) for Great Sparrow (Passermotitensis). True coinage was also used, as in unothingo ('rainbow') for African Pitta (Pitta angolensis). The resulting catalogue of isiZulu names for all 876 South African species completes the terminology development phase to facilitate engagement of isiZulu in science and conservation involving birds. SIGNIFICANCE: • In an inclusive, stepwise and evaluative process, isiZulu names have been allocated to all wild bird species occurring in South Africa. • A template is provided for naming bird species in southern African indigenous languages, using established indigenous names and coined names. • Matters of biodiversity conservation involving birds can now be better communicated in isiZulu, with benefit to the environment and human communities.

ABSTRACT The union of theory and practice is crucial for equitable teaching, and flexible and effective strategies are required to ensure inclusion. The objective of this article was to propose strategies for the participation of students with disabilities in Physical Education classes. Twenty-two works focused on inclusion strategies for Physical Education were reviewed in the SciELO, Google Academic and Dialnet databases. Based on the results obtained, the systematization was carried out and strategies were designed to improve the learning experience and promote equality, including those that adapt to the curriculum and activities; those of teacher training and awareness; and, those with an inclusive culture and positive environment. It is concluded that educational inclusion is a complex process that demands changes in attitudes, methodologies and educational policies.

RESUMEN La unión de la teoría y la práctica es crucial para una enseñanza equitativa, además se requiere de estrategias flexibles y efectivas para asegurar la inclusión. El objetivo de este artículo fue proponer estrategias para la participación de estudiantes con discapacidad en las clases de Educación Física. Se revisaron 22 trabajos centrados en estrategias de inclusión para Educación Física en las bases de datos SciELO, Google Académico y Dialnet. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se procedió a la sistematización y se diseñaron estrategias para mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje y promover la igualdad, entre ellas las que se adaptan al currículo y actividades; las de formación y sensibilización docente; y, las de cultura inclusiva y ambiente positivo. Se concluye que la inclusión educativa es un proceso complejo que demanda cambios en actitudes, metodologías y políticas educativas.

RESUMO O casamento entre teoria e prática é crucial para o ensino equitativo, e são necessárias estratégias flexíveis e eficazes para garantir a inclusão. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor estratégias para a participação de alunos com deficiência nas aulas de educação física. Vinte e dois artigos com foco em estratégias de inclusão para a Educação Física foram revisados nas bases de dados SciELO, Google Scholar e Dialnet. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foram sistematizadas e elaboradas estratégias para melhorar a experiência de aprendizagem e promover a igualdade, incluindo aquelas adaptadas ao currículo e às atividades; treinamento e conscientização dos professores; e cultura inclusiva e ambiente positivo. Conclui-se que a inclusão educacional é um processo complexo que exige mudanças de atitudes, metodologias e políticas educacionais.

The presence of immigrants in South Africa has led citizens to believe that migrants are responsible for increased crime rates in the country. This belief is a harmful stereotype that has no basis in reality, as most of the crimes are not committed by the migrants. This study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on crime rates by international migrants in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Specifically, it focuses on examining the likelihood and association between two key variables: migrants with no formal education and crime, and unemployed migrants and crime. Through chi-square tests and multinomial regression, the study investigated whether these socioeconomic factors drove criminal behavior among the international migrant population. This study obtained data from secondary sources. The study's findings revealed that unemployment has an impact on migrants and crime rates in South Africa. The relationship showed a weak association, attributed to insufficient supporting evidence due to the low statistical power of educational status. The relationship proved to not have a strong association, lacking supporting evidence due to low statistical power on educational status. The level of education among migrants did not play a substantial role in influencing criminal behavior within the South African context. Other factors, such as social networks, cultural integration, and individual characteristics, might have a more prominent influence on criminal activities among migrants. However, addressing unemployment issues among international migrants in South Africa to mitigate the risk of criminal involvement is crucial. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on developing effective strategies to promote employment opportunities, skills development, and social integration among migrant communities. By addressing these socio-economic factors, it may be possible to reduce crime rates and create a more inclusive society for both migrants and the host population in South Africa.

RESUMEN El artículo se centra en un exhaustivo análisis educativo de los casos de pensión alimenticia en Babahoyo, Ecuador, con el objetivo de promover la inclusividad en la Defensoría Pública. Utilizando un enfoque metodológico mixto, se combinan elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos para comprender la discriminación selectiva en el patrocinio legal, identificando desafíos, evaluando prácticas actuales y proponiendo estrategias educativas. La propuesta metodológica, denominada "Proyecto Inclusivo: fortalecimiento de conocimientos y prácticas en casos de pensión alimenticia en la defensoría pública de Babahoyo", busca fortalecer conocimientos y prácticas, implicando capacitación profesional, participación comunitaria, colaboración interinstitucional y monitoreo continuo. Además, se plantea una estrategia educativa integral que incluye talleres, campañas de concientización y participación activa de la comunidad. El proyecto se presenta como una respuesta comprometida para eliminar barreras, mejorar la representación legal y garantizar la igualdad de acceso a la justicia.

ABSTRACT The article focuses on a comprehensive educational analysis of alimony cases in Babahoyo, Ecuador, aiming to promote inclusivity in the Public Defender's Office. Using a mixed-methodological approach, qualitative and quantitative elements are combined to understand selective discrimination in legal representation, identifying challenges, evaluating current practices, and proposing educational strategies. The methodological proposal, named "Inclusive Project: Strengthening Knowledge and Practices in Alimony Cases at the Public Defender's Office in Babahoyo," seeks to enhance knowledge and practices, involving professional training, community participation, inter-institutional collaboration, and continuous monitoring. Furthermore, a comprehensive educational strategy is outlined, including workshops, awareness campaigns, and active community involvement. The project is presented as a committed response to eliminate barriers, improve legal representation, and ensure equal access to justice.

Abstract Although for decades efforts have been made for the in situ conservation of native corns in Mexico, their promotion and protection continue to present challenges and opportunities. In this paper, we explore these challenges and opportunities through the case of the Jala corn race from a historical, systemic, and inclusive perspective that allowed us to describe the dynamics of loss and maintenance that have prevailed in recent decades. Through a study that compares data collected almost 20 years apart on the Jala corn race, the dynamics that this corn has experienced in three aspects: its production, its utilization, and its valuation, are documented. The results highlight how maintenance and loss factors have changed and how new challenges and opportunities have appeared. Challenges associated with processes of loss of productivity and adaptation have become relevant, while opportunities to diversify its use have appeared. Challenges in integrating young people to ensure generational replacement have become more critical. Likewise, the opportunity to involve more women who promote local consumption and take advantage of the potential of markets specialized in native corns. Finally, the development of comprehensive strategies involving informal (such as the family) and formal (different levels of government) social institutions, under a national, state, and local legal framework of corn as cultural heritage, becomes critical for the in situ conservation of the Jala corn race and other corn races in Mexico.

Resumen Aun cuando por décadas en México se han llevado a cabo esfuerzos para la conservación in situ de los maíces nativos, su fomento y protección siguen presentando desafíos y oportunidades. En este artículo exploramos dichos retos y oportunidades a través del caso del maíz raza Jala desde una perspectiva histórica, sistémica e inclusiva que permitió describir las dinámicas de pérdida y de mantenimiento que han prevalecido en las últimas décadas. Mediante un estudio que compara datos colectados con casi 20 años de diferencia sobre la raza de maíz Jala, se documentan las dinámicas que ha vivido este maíz en tres aspectos: su producción, su aprovechamiento y su valoración. Los resultados resaltan cómo los factores de mantenimiento y pérdida han cambiado y cómo nuevos retos y oportunidades han aparecido. Retos asociados a procesos de pérdida de productividad y adaptación se han vuelto relevantes, mientras oportunidades para diversificar su utilización son manifiestas. Desafíos en la integración de jóvenes para asegurar el relevo generacional se han vuelto más críticos. Así como la oportunidad de involucrar más a las mujeres que promueven el consumo local y al aprovechamiento del potencial de los mercados especializados en maíces nativos. Finalmente, el desarrollo de estrategias integrales que involucran instituciones sociales informales (como la familia) y formales (diferentes niveles de gobierno), bajo un marco legal nacional, estatal y local del maíz como patrimonio cultural, se vuelve crítico para la conservación in situ del maíz raza Jala y otras razas de maíz en México.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma análise descritiva dos gastos privados diretos domiciliares em saúde e da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica associados à condição de microcefalia, uma das manifestações mais evidentes da síndrome congênita do Zika vírus (SCZ). O surto de microcefalia e outros distúrbios neurológicos em crianças menores de um ano de idade foi associado à infecção pelo vírus Zika, durante a epidemia ocorrida no período de 2015-2016 no Brasil. Método: Noventa e seis entrevistas foram realizadas em dois centros especializados de atendimento às crianças acometidas por microcefalia nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Fortaleza. O questionário estruturado abrangeu características sociodemográficas, gastos com desembolso direto associados com a doença e estratégias adotadas pelas famílias para lidarem com os desafios financeiros impostos pela anomalia congênita. Resultados: Os domicílios eram majoritariamente chefiados por não-brancos e pertenciam às classes C e D-E. Os gastos com medicamentos contabilizaram 78% dos gastos médicos, enquanto as despesas com transporte representaram 46% do gasto privado não-médico. A maioria dos domicílios enfrentaram endividamento e redução do consumo doméstico, inclusive de alimentos, a fim de fazer face às despesas incorridas pela doença. Conclusão: A microcefalia parece reforçar a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica das famílias, reforçando o círculo vicioso característico da abordagem conceitual da armadilha saúde-pobreza.

Abstract Objective: To carry out a descriptive analysis of direct private household health expenditures and socioeconomic vulnerability associated with the condition of Microcephaly, one of the most evidence manifestations of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). The outbreak of microcephaly and other neurological disorders in children under one year of age was linked to Zika virus infection during the 2015-2016 epidemic in Brazil. Method: Ninety-six interviews were carried out in two specialized care centers for children with microcephaly in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza, Brazil. The structured questionnaire covered sociodemographic characteristics, out-of-pocket expenditures associated with the disease, and strategies adopted by families to deal with the financial challenges imposed by the congenital anomaly. Results: The households were mostly headed by non-whites and belonged to classes C and D-E. Expenditures on medicines accounted for 78% of medical expenses, while transportation represented 46% of private non-medical expenses. Most households faced debt and reduced domestic consumption, including food, to meet the expenses incurred by the disease. Conclusion: Microcephaly appears to reinforce the socioeconomic vulnerability of families, reinforcing the vicious circle characteristic of the health-poverty trap conceptual approach.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear y resumir las principales evidencias disponibles sobre la violencia contra mujeres pardas y negras por parte de la pareja íntima durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Se trata de una revisión de alcance en las bases de datos National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO – APA PsycNET y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud. Los criterios de inclusión fueron estudios sobre violencia interpersonal contra mujeres pardas y negras después del decreto de pandemia de COVID-19, ejercida por su pareja íntima, publicados a partir de 2020, en idioma portugués, español o inglés. Se excluyeron editoriales, cartas de respuesta, retractaciones y estudios sobre violencia autoprovocada. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados Se obtuvieron 26 estudios y, después de la selección, se obtuvo una muestra de ocho artículos, publicados entre 2020 y 2022. Los resultados evidenciaron estudios mayormente norteamericanos, pero señalaron que la violencia contra mujeres pardas y negras por parte de su pareja íntima fue un fenómeno global durante la pandemia. Las víctimas presentaron múltiples condiciones de vulnerabilidad y encontraron varias barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud y seguridad pública, inclusive racismo. Las medidas de prevención y control fueron escasas y generaron consecuencias en la salud integral de las mujeres. Conclusión El fenómeno fue caracterizado como un agravio global durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Las estrategias de enfrentamiento individuales, colectivas y políticas fueron creadas por las víctimas. Las políticas públicas de prevención y control de la violencia por parte de pareja íntima no fueron aplicadas adecuadamente en muchos países durante la pandemia. Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bdsf7/ COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Medicine Literature DataBASE Salud COVID19, 19, portugués inglés editoriales respuesta autoprovocada descriptivo 2 selección artículos 202 2022 norteamericanos pública racismo individuales Framework https//osf.io/bdsf7/ httpsosfiobdsf7 httpsosfiobdsf https //osf.io/bdsf7/ osf io bdsf7 bdsf https://osf.io/bdsf7 COVID1 1 COVID-1 20 https//osf.io/bdsf7 osfiobdsf7 osfiobdsf //osf.io/bdsf7 https://osf.io/bdsf COVID- https//osf.io/bdsf //osf.io/bdsf

Abstract Objective To map and summarize the main available evidence on intimate partner violence against brown and black women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a scoping review carried out in the National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO – APA PsycNET and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences databases. Studies on interpersonal violence against brown and black women after the COVID-19 pandemic decree, perpetrated by an intimate partner, published from 2020 onwards in Portuguese, Spanish or English, were included. Editorials, response letters, retractions and studies focused on self-inflicted violence were excluded. Descriptive analysis was carried out. Results A total of 26 studies were obtained, and after selection, a sample of eight articles was obtained, published between 2020 and 2022. The results showed mostly North American studies, however, they pointed to intimate partner violence against brown and black women as a global phenomenon during the pandemic. The victims presented multiple conditions of vulnerability and encountered several barriers to accessing health and public safety services, including racism. Prevention and control measures were scarce and had consequences for women’s overall health. Conclusion The phenomenon was characterized as a global problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual, collective and political coping strategies were created by the victims. Public policies to prevent and control intimate partner violence were not adequately implemented in many countries during the pandemic. Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bdsf7/ COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Medicine DataBASE databases decree 202 Portuguese English included Editorials letters selfinflicted self inflicted excluded 2 obtained selection 2022 however services racism womens s Individual Framework https//osf.io/bdsf7/ httpsosfiobdsf7 httpsosfiobdsf https //osf.io/bdsf7/ osf io bdsf7 bdsf https://osf.io/bdsf7 COVID1 1 COVID- 20 https//osf.io/bdsf7 osfiobdsf7 osfiobdsf //osf.io/bdsf7 https://osf.io/bdsf https//osf.io/bdsf //osf.io/bdsf

Resumo Objetivo Mapear e sumarizar as principais evidências disponíveis sobre a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher parda e preta durante a pandemia COVID-19. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Excerpa Medica DataBASE, PsycINFO – APA PsycNET e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos sobre violência interpessoal contra a mulher parda e preta após o decreto de pandemia COVID-19, perpetrada por parceiro íntimo, publicados a partir de 2020, nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês. Excluíram-se editoriais, cartas resposta, retratações e estudos voltados à violência autoprovocada. Foi realizada análise descritiva. Resultados Foram obtidos 26 estudos e após a seleção obteve-se a amostra de oito artigos, publicados entre 2020 e 2022. Os resultados evidenciaram estudos majoritariamente norte-americanos, contudo apontaram para a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher parda e preta como um fenômeno global durante a pandemia. As vítimas apresentavam múltiplas condições de vulnerabilidade e encontraram várias barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde e segurança pública, incluindo o racismo. Medidas de prevenção e controle foram escassas e geraram consequências à saúde integral da mulher. Conclusão O fenômeno foi caracterizado como um agravo global durante a pandemia COVID-19. Estratégias de enfrentamento individuais, coletivas e políticas foram criadas pelas vítimas. Políticas públicas de prevenção e controle da violência por parceiro íntimo não foram adequadamente aplicadas em muitos países durante a pandemia. COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Tratase Trata se Medicine Literature Science DataBASE LatinoAmericana Latino Americana Saúde COVID19, 19, português inglês Excluíramse Excluíram editoriais resposta autoprovocada descritiva 2 obtevese obteve artigos 202 2022 norteamericanos, norteamericanos norte americanos, americanos norte-americanos pública racismo individuais COVID1 1 COVID-1 20 COVID-