ABSTRACT Knowledge of the complicated correlation between meteorological variables and crop yield is crucial for food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to investigate how incident solar radiation has affected crop production in the Gadarif region of Sudan over the last 41 years. Using a predictive framework, trends in annual incident solar radiation and temporal variations during sorghum and sesame growing seasons were examined and machine learning (ML) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) was used to predict crop yield. Significant relationships between incident solar radiation indicators and crop yields were identified via detrending approaches and correlation analyses. Results indicate a significant inverse correlation between solar radiation and sorghum yield, and a positive correlation between sesame yield and solar radiation. For both sorghum and sesame yield, K-NN was the most accurate model, demonstrating the significance of incident solar radiation and temperature in predicting crop yield. These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve agricultural forecasting models and inform adaptive agricultural practices in the region. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between incident solar radiation and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of considering meteorological factors in agricultural planning and management. sustainability 4 years framework (ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF, BRF (BRF) KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN analyses model general management (XGBoost (BRF

RESUMO O conhecimento da complicada correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e o rendimento das culturas é crucial para a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade agrícola. Este estudo está centrado na investigação de como a radiação solar incidente afetou a produção agrícola na região de Gadarif, no Sudão, nos últimos quarenta anos. Usando uma estrutura preditiva, a pesquisa avalia tendências recentes na radiação solar incidente anual, examina variações temporais durante as estações de cultivo de sorgo e gergelim e utiliza técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para prever o rendimento das culturas. Além disso, ML, incluindo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF) e K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), foram empregados para previsão de rendimento. Através de abordagens de redução de tendências e análises de correlação, foram identificadas relações significativas entre os indicadores de radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas. Os resultados indicam uma correlação inversa substancial entre a radiação solar e a produção de sorgo, enquanto a produção de gergelim demonstra uma correlação positiva com a radiação solar. Tanto para o rendimento do sorgo como do gergelim, o K-NN surge como o modelo mais preciso, mostrando a importância da radiação solar incidente e da temperatura na previsão do rendimento das culturas. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial da aprendizagem de máquina para melhorar os modelos de previsão agrícola e informar as práticas agrícolas adaptativas na região. Em geral, este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre a relação dinâmica entre a radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas, enfatizando a importância de considerar fatores meteorológicos no planeamento e gestão agrícola. Gadarif Sudão anos preditiva anual disso ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF (BRF KNearest K Nearest KNN, KNN NN (K-NN) preciso geral (XGBoost (K-NN

Abstract This research examines the relationship between the transmission of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and socio-emotional wealth (SEW), and their implications for family firms' innovation. To achieve this, a single case study was conducted on a Spanish family business through interviews and document review. Data were analyzed using thematic and critical incident analysis. The findings of the case study underscore that the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and socio-emotional wealth is intricate and has significant implications for innovation. The dynamic relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and socio-emotional wealth is characterized by a mutually reinforcing symbiosis, which contributes to ensure the long-term survival of the analyzed family business.

Resumen Esta investigación examina la relación entre la transmisión de la orientación emprendedora (OE) y la riqueza socioemocional (SEW), así como sus implicaciones para la innovación dentro de las empresas familiares. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso único sobre una empresa familiar española mediante entrevistas y revisión documental. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando análisis temático y análisis de incidentes críticos. Los hallazgos de este estudio de caso destacan que la relación entre la Orientación Emprendedora y la Riqueza Socioemocional en empresas familiares es compleja y posee importantes implicaciones para la innovación. La interrelación dinámica entre la orientación emprendedora y la riqueza socioemocional se caracteriza por una simbiosis que se refuerza mutuamente, lo que contribuye a garantizar la supervivencia a largo plazo de la empresa familiar analizada.

Abstract Background: Safety is a crucial aspect of healthcare provision. Incidents or adverse events in healthcare can often be prevented and must be reported when they occur. Objective: To assess nurses’ opinions about the process of reporting adverse events in their institution, the barriers to the process, and the strategies to promote it. Methodology: A simple descriptive study was conducted with 62 nurses working at the operating room of a central hospital in the center of Portugal. A questionnaire was administered in February 2022. Results: The main barriers identified were the lack of a reporting culture, work overload, lack of feedback, forgetfulness, and insufficient knowledge about the system and what to report. The strategies identified to promote the reporting process were training, feedback, and debriefings. Conclusion: Institutions should create favorable environments for professionals to report incidents.

Resumo Enquadramento: A segurança na prestação de cuidados de saúde é um fator que assume grande importância. Sendo que a maioria dos incidentes ou eventos adversos associados à prestação de cuidados podem ser evitados e quando ocorrem devem ser notificados. Objetivo: Avaliar a opinião dos enfermeiros relativamente ao processo de notificação de eventos adversos existente na instituição; conhecer na opinião dos enfermeiros as barreiras à notificação e estratégias a adotar para promover a mesma. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo simples realizado com a participação de 62 Enfermeiros do Bloco Operatório Central de um Centro Hospitalar da zona centro de Portugal, que preencheram um questionário em fevereiro de 2022. Resultados: As principais barreiras identificadas foram: a falta de cultura de reporte, sobrecarga de trabalho, ausência de feedback, esquecimento, conhecimento insuficiente sobre o sistema informático e o que reportar. As estratégias identificadas pelos profissionais como promotoras do processo de notificação foram a formação, o feedback e os debriefings. Conclusão: As instituições devem criar condições favoráveis a prática de notificação.

Resumen Marco contextual: La seguridad en la prestación de cuidados sanitarios es un factor de gran importancia. La mayoría de los incidentes o acontecimientos adversos asociados a la prestación de cuidados pueden evitarse y, cuando ocurren, deben notificarse. Objetivo: Evaluar la opinión del personal de enfermería sobre el proceso de notificación de acontecimientos adversos en la institución; conocer, en opinión del personal de enfermería, los obstáculos para la notificación y las estrategias que deben adoptarse para promoverla. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo simple realizado con la participación de 62 enfermeros del Quirófano Central de un Centro Hospitalario del centro de Portugal, que cumplimentaron un cuestionario en febrero de 2022. Resultados: Los principales obstáculos identificados fueron: falta de cultura de notificación, sobrecarga de trabajo, falta de feedback, olvido, falta de conocimientos sobre el sistema informático y sobre qué notificar. Las estrategias identificadas por los profesionales como facilitadoras del proceso de notificación fueron la formación, el feedback y los debriefings. Conclusión: Las instituciones deben crear condiciones favorables para la práctica de la notificación.

Abstract Introduction: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide and in Brazil. There is currently increasing concern about the effects of glyphosate on human health. The Brazilian Institute for Consumer Protection showed data on the presence of glyphosate in some of Brazil’s most consumed ultra-processed products. Currently, regulations on the upper limit for these residues in ultra-processed foods have yet to be established by the National Health Surveillance, and ultra-processed food consumption is independently associated with an increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Methods: Since an unbalanced diet can interfere with kidney function, this study aims to investigate the effect of daily intake of 5 mg/kg bw glyphosate in conjunction with a balanced diet and the possible impact on renal function in rats. Kidney function, kidney weight, markers of renal injury, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Results: There was a decrease in kidney weight. The main histopathological alterations in renal tissues were vacuolation in the initial stage and upregulation of the kidney injury marker KIM-1. Renal injury is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Conclusion: This study showed changes in the kidney of rats exposed to a balanced diet with glyphosate, suggesting a potential risk to human kidney. Presumably, ultra-processed food that contain glyphosate can potentiate this risk. The relevance of these results lies in drawing attention to the need to regulate glyphosate concentration in ultra-processed foods in the future. Introduction Brazil health Brazils s ultraprocessed ultra processed products Currently Surveillance disease Methods mgkg mg kg weight evaluated Results KIM1. KIM1 KIM 1. 1 KIM-1 mitochondria Conclusion Presumably future KIM-

RESUMO Introdução: O glifosato é o herbicida mais utilizado no mundo e no Brasil. Atualmente, há uma preocupação crescente com os efeitos do glifosato na saúde humana. O Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor apresentou dados sobre a presença de glifosato em alguns dos produtos ultraprocessados mais consumidos no Brasil. Atualmente, as regulamentações sobre o limite máximo desses resíduos em alimentos ultraprocessados ainda não foram estabelecidas pela Vigilância Sanitária Nacional, e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados está independentemente associado a um risco maior de doença renal crônica incidente. Métodos: Como uma dieta desbalanceada pode interferir na função renal, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito da ingestão diária de 5 mg/kg pc de glifosato em conjunto com uma dieta equilibrada e o possível impacto na função renal em ratos. Foram avaliados função renal, peso dos rins, marcadores de lesão renal e estresse oxidativo. Resultados: Houve redução no peso dos rins. As principais alterações histopatológicas nos tecidos renais foram vacuolização no estágio inicial e regulação positiva do marcador de lesão renal KIM-1. A lesão renal está associada à produção aumentada de espécies reativas de oxigênio nas mitocôndrias. Conclusão: Esse estudo mostrou alterações nos rins de ratos expostos a uma dieta balanceada com glifosato, sugerindo um risco potencial ao rim humano. Presumivelmente, alimentos ultraprocessados que contenham glifosato podem potencializar esse risco. A relevância desses resultados está no fato de chamar a atenção para a necessidade de regulamentar a concentração de glifosato em alimentos ultraprocessados no futuro. Introdução Brasil Atualmente humana Nacional incidente Métodos mgkg mg kg oxidativo Resultados KIM1. KIM1 KIM 1. 1 KIM-1 mitocôndrias Conclusão humano Presumivelmente futuro KIM-

Abstract Sudden cardiac death is a common occurrence. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a global public health problem suffered by ≈3.8 million people annually. Progress has been made in the knowledge of this disease, its prevention, and treatment; however, most events occur in people without a previous diagnosis of heart disease. Due to its multifactorial and complex nature, it represents a challenge in public health, so it led us to work in a consensus to achieve the implementation of cardioprotected areas in Mexico as a priority mechanism to treat these events. Public access cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation require training of non-medical personnel, who are usually the first responders in the chain of survival. They should be able to establish a basic and efficient CPR and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED) until the emergency services arrive at the scene of the incident. Some of the current problems in Mexico and alternative solutions for them are addressed in the present work.

Resumen La muerte súbita cardíaca (SCD) es un acontecimiento común. El paro cardiaco extrahospitalario (OHCA) es un problema de salud pública mundial que sufren ≈3.8 millones de personas al año. Se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad, su prevención y tratamiento, sin embargo, la mayoría de los eventos se producen en personas sin diagnóstico previo de cardiopatía. Debido a su carácter multifactorial y complejo, representa un reto en salud pública, lo que obliga a trabajar en un consenso para lograr la implementación de "Espacios Cardio protegidos" en México, como mecanismo prioritario de atención a estos eventos. La reanimación cardiopulmonar básica (RCPB) y la desfibrilación temprana de acceso público requieren de entrenamiento al personal no médico, que suelen ser los primeros respondientes para iniciar la cadena de la supervivencia. Ellos deberían instaurar una RCPB eficiente y el uso del desfibrilador automático externo (AED) hasta que lleguen al lugar del incidente los servicios de emergencias. El presente trabajo menciona algunos de los problemas actuales en México y algunas opciones de solución para los mismos.

RESUMEN Introducción: el constante estudio de los factores incidentes en el aumento de cáncer de cuello uterino, redimensiona su importancia como herramienta de promoción y prevención en las áreas de salud para enfrentar el proceso de aumento de este cáncer. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo de cáncer cervico uterino en pacientes diagnosticadas con cáncer cervicouterino en el municipio Pinar del Río. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con un universo integrado por las 172 pacientes diagnosticadas con esa enfermedad en el municipio Pinar del Río durante los años 2021 y 2022 y una muestra aleatoria simple de 170 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos y se tuvieron en cuenta las normas éticas establecidas para este tipo de investigación. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con edades entre 25 y 29 años de edad (35,4 %), la lesión más frecuente fue el NIC I en 98 pacientes (56,9 %) con mayor incidencia en el grupo de 25 y 29 años 40 (23,3 %). El factor de riesgo intrínseco de mayor incidencia fue la susceptibilidad inmunológica en 109 pacientes (63,3 %) y de los extrínsecos el hábito de fumar en 98 pacientes (56,9 %); el 65,6 % de la muestra tenían un alto riesgo relacionado con el cáncer cervico uterino. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo de cáncer cervico uterino constituyen un problema de salud en la población pinareña, por lo que se necesitan desarrollar acciones de salud que contribuyan a modificarlos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the constant study of the factor’s incident to the increase in cervical cancer resizes its importance as a promotion and prevention tool in health areas to face the process of increase in this cancer. Objective: determine the risk factors for cervical cancer in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in the Pinar del Río, municipality in the Cuban province of the same name. Methods: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a universe made up of the 172 patients diagnosed with this disease in the Pinar del Río municipality during the years 2021 and 2022 and a simple random sample of 170 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used and the ethical standards established for this type of research were taken into account. Results: women between 25 and 29 years of age predominated (35,4 %), the most frequent lesion was CIN I in 98 patients (56,9 %) with a higher incidence in the group of 25 and 29 years 40 (23,3 %). The intrinsic risk factor with the highest incidence was immunological susceptibility in 109 patients (63,3 %) and the extrinsic risk factor was smoking in 98 patients (56,9 %); 65,6 % of the sample had a high risk related to cervical cancer. Conclusions: The risk factors for cervical cancer constitute a health problem in the Pinar del Río population, so health actions need to be developed that contribute to modifying them.

Resumen Se estudió la redistribución de la precipitación en dos especies del género Pinus en el ejido Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, con el objetivo de evaluar la precipitación incidente, precipitación directa, escurrimiento fustal, pérdidas por intercepción, valores de pH y conductividad eléctrica para las especies Pinus teocote y Pinus engelmannii. Se evaluaron 26 eventos de lluvia, en una parcela de 2 500 m2, donde se midieron las propiedades hidrológicas durante el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2019. Los resultados indicaron una precipitación incidente de 812.28 mm. La precipitación directa en P. engelmannii y en P. teocote representó 84.93 y 83.15 %, respectivamente, con un promedio de 84 % de la precipitación total. El escurrimiento fustal representó 0.29 % para P. engelmannii y 0.33 % en P. teocote; mientras que las pérdidas por intercepción del dosel vegetal fueron de 16.52 % para P. teocote y 15 % para P. engelmannii. En el pH del pluviolavado, el valor más alto respecto a la precipitación incidente fue 7.0, para el escurrimiento fustal de P. teocote de 4.7 y para P. engelmannii de 5.5; la precipitación directa registró un pH de 5.4 para las dos especies. La conductividad eléctrica mostró una tendencia de aumento conforme recorría las copas y fustes de los árboles; se obtuvo un valor de 29.5 μS cm-1 en la precipitación incidente, 44.4 μS cm-1 en la precipitación directa y el escurrimiento fustal registró valores superiores, con un promedio de 90.2 μS cm-1.

Abstract The redistribution of rainfall was studied in two species of the Pinus genus in the Adolfo Ruiz Cortines ejido, Pueblo Nuevo, state of Durango, with the aim of evaluating incident rainfall, direct rainfall, stemflow, interception losses, pH values, and electrical conductivity for Pinus teocote and Pinus engelmannii. Twenty-six rainfall events were assessed in a 2 500 m2 plot, where hydrological properties were measured from June to December 2019. Results indicated an incident rainfall of 812.28 mm. Direct rainfall in P. engelmannii and P. teocote amounted to 84.93 and 83.15 %, respectively, with an average of 84 % of total rainfall. Stemflow amounted to 0.29 % for P. engelmannii and 0.33 % for P. teocote. Meanwhile, canopy interception losses were 16.52 % for P. teocote and 15 % for P. engelmannii. In the rainfall pH, the highest value compared to the incident rainfall was 7.0, for the stemflow of P. teocote it was 4.7 and for P. engelmannii it was 5.5; direct rainfall recorded 5.4 pH for both species. The electrical conductivity exhibited an increasing trend as it traveled through the tree crowns and stems; a value of 29.5 μS cm-1 was obtained for the incident rainfall, 44.4 μS cm-1 for the direct rainfall, and the stemflow registered higher values, with an average of 90.2 μS cm-1.

Resumen Para conocer las propiedades hidrológicas de un fragmento de bosque mixto en Durango, se desarrolló un experimento durante el periodo 2017-2020. Se cuantificó la distribución y el flujo de agua de las precipitaciones incidente, directa y escurrimiento fustal para cuantificar las pérdidas por intercepción y las propiedades físicas y químicas del agua. Se evaluaron 77 eventos, con una acumulación de 2 236.1 mm de precipitación. La precipitación directa para Pinus durangensis, P. engelmannii y P. teocote representó 72.4, 71.9 y 70.4 %, respectivamente. La lluvia que atravesó el dosel mostró una relación aceptable en referencia a la precipitación incidente, con valores promedio de 0.83 del Coeficiente de Determinación (R 2 ); el escurrimiento fustal fue de 0.41 para P. durangensis, 0.40 en P. engelmannii y 0.46 % en P. teocote, con un R 2 promedio de 0.47, y una mayor variación. Las pérdidas por intercepción fueron de 27, 28 y 29 %, respectivamente, con un R 2 entre 0.35 para P. teocote y 0.44 para P. engelmannii. El pH del pluviolavado fue de 5.9 para la precipitación incidente, que decreció a 5.0 en relación con la precipitación directa y 4.1 al escurrimiento fustal. La conductividad eléctrica evidenció un cambio químico en la composición del agua, con valores de 32.4 μS cm-1 para la precipitación incidente, 39.0 μS cm-1 en la precipitación directa y 75.0 μS cm-1 en el escurrimiento fustal. Las propiedades hidrológicas de las tres especies de coníferas no presentan variación en función de las diversas vías de redistribución de la lluvia.

Abstract In order to understand the hydrological properties of a fragment of mixed forest in the state of Durango, Mexico, an experiment was carried out during the 2017-2020 period. The distribution and flow of rainwater incident rainfall, direct rainfall and stemflow, were quantified in order to assess the interception losses and the physical and chemical properties of the water. 77 events with an accumulation of 2 236.1 mm of rainfall were evaluated. Direct rainfall in Pinus durangensis, P. engelmannii, and P. teocote amounted to 72.4, 71.9, and 70.4 %, respectively. The rainfall that trickled down through the canopy showed an acceptable relationship with respect to incident rainfall, with average values of 0.83 of the Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ); the stemflow was 0.41 for P. durangensis, 0.40 for P. engelmannii, and 0.46 % for P. teocote, with an average R 2 of 0.47 and a greater variation. The interception losses were 27, 28, and 29 %, respectively, with an R 2 ranging between 0.35, for P. teocote, and 0.44 for P. engelmannii. The pH of throughfall was 5.9 for incident rainfall, 5.0 for the direct rainfall, and 4.1 for stemflow. Electrical conductivity evidenced a chemical change in the water composition, with 32.4 μS cm-1 values for incident rainfall, 39.0 μS cm-1 for direct rainfall and 75.0 μS cm-1 for stemflow. The hydrological properties of the three species of conifers do not exhibit variation in terms of the various pathways of redistribution of rainfall.

Resumen: Se diseña y simula una antena de registro periódico fractal para un radar de penetración terrestre (GPR) con el fin de evaluar la detección de minas plásticas. El concepto de pseudo-ángulo de Brewster se considera en la simulación para forzar el componente de reflexión a un valor mínimo. La metodología se enfoca en la caracterización y modelado de los medios de transmisión y la mina plástica, además, se simula la presencia de la onda estacionaria en el sistema para evaluar la señal de retorno en la antena receptora del GPR. Como resultado se destaca la característica multibanda de la antena fractal log-periódica y la relación señal a ruido (SNR) de 10,17 dB obtenida para la frecuencia de resonancia de 1,35 GHz. Asimismo, el pseudoángulo de Brewster de 70,47° minimiza la reflexión de la onda electromagnética incidente en la transición entre dos medios dieléctricos, con pérdidas y dispersivos en frecuencia (espacio libre-tierra).

Abstract: A fractal log periodic antenna for a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is designed and simulated to evaluate the detection of plastic mines. The Brewster pseudo-angle concept is considered in the simulation to force the reflection component to a minimum value. The methodology focuses on the characterization and modeling of the transmission media and the plastic mine, in addition, the presence of the standing wave in the system is simulated to evaluate the return signal in the receiving antenna of the GPR. As a result, the multiband characteristic of the log-periodic fractal antenna and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10,17 dB obtained for the resonance frequency of 1,35 GHz stand out. Likewise, the pseudo-Brewster angle of 70,47° minimizes the reflection of the incident electromagnetic wave in the transition between two dielectric media, with losses and dispersive in frequency (free space-ground).

Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

BACKGROUND: Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread have varied by geolocation, with differences in seroprevalence between urban and rural areas, and between waves. Household spread of SARS-CoV-2 is a known source of new COVID-19 infections, with rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa being more prone than urban areas to COVID-19 transmission because of limited access to water in some areas, delayed health-seeking behaviour and poor access to care OBJECTIVES: To explore SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence and transmission in rural households in South Africa (SA METHODS: We conducted a prospective household cluster investigation between 13 April and 21 July 2021 in the Matjhabeng subdistrict, a rural area in Free State Province, SA. Adults with SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests (index cases, ICs) and their household contacts (HCs) were enrolled. Household visits conducted at enrolment and on days 7, 14 and 28 included interviewer-administered questionnaires and respiratory and blood sample collection for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G serological testing, respectively. Co-primary cases were HCs with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test at enrolment. The incidence rate (IR), using the Poisson distribution, was HCs with a new positive PCR and/or serological test per 1 000 person-days. Associations between outcomes and HC characteristics were adjusted for intra-cluster correlation using robust standard errors. The secondary infection rate (SIR) was the proportion of new COVID-19 infections among susceptible HCs RESULTS: Among 23 ICs and 83 HCs enrolled, 10 SARS-CoV-2 incident cases were identified, giving an IR of 5.8 per 1 000 person-days (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.14 - 11.95). Households with a co-primary case had higher IRs than households without a co-primary case (crude IR 14.16 v. 1.75, respectively; p=0.054). HIV infection, obesity and the presence of chronic conditions did not materially alter the crude IR. The SIR was 15.9% (95% CI 7.90 - 29.32). Households with a lower household density (fewer household members per bedroom) had a higher IR (IR 9.58; 95% CI 4.67 - 21.71) than households with a higher density (IR 3.06; 95% CI 1.00 - 12.35 CONCLUSION: We found a high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among HCs in a rural setting, with 48% of households having a co-primary case at the time of enrolment. Households with co-primary cases were associated with a higher seroprevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission in this study, and we did not identify any transmission risks inherent to a rural setting

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo asociados al primer infarto cerebral en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Herminda Martín de Chillán, Región de Ñuble. Método: Estudio de caso-control con base hospitalaria realizado en el Hospital Herminda Martín de Chillán. Se seleccionaron 89 casos incidentes de Accidente Cerebrovacular y 178 controles pareados por edad y sexo. Los factores de riesgo estudiados fueron presencia de hipertensión, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, malnutrición por exceso, consumo de tabaco, exposición a ambiente con humo de tabaco, consumo de alcohol, sedentarismo en tiempo libre, inasistencia a controles de salud y baja adherencia a dieta mediterránea. Se realizó una regresión logística condicional y se determinó el riesgo atribuible en expuestos y poblacional. Resultados: 69% son de sexo masculino, la edad promedio fue 71,8+13,9 años. Se observó una asociación significativa entre el consumo de alcohol (OR 1,98 IC95%1,07-3,64) y la probabilidad de ocurrencia de un primer infarto cerebral. De cada 100 personas de la población estudiada, se evitan 19 casos de infarto cerebral (RAP 0,19 IC95% 0,09-0,27) si se mantiene la presión arterial sistólica por debajo de los 140 mmhg y 28 casos (RAP 0,28 IC95% 0,009-0,27) si se elimina el consumo de alcohol. Conclusión: La presión arterial elevada y el consumo de alcohol son factores de riesgo modificables a través de políticas públicas estructurales e individuales, las cuales junto a un fortalecimiento de la red de salud son necesarios para generar un plan de prevención primaria del infarto cerebral.

ABSTRACT Aim: To identify the risk factors associated with the first cerebral infarction in patients hospitalized at the Herminda Martín Hospital. Methods: Hospital-based case-control study conducted at Herminda Martín Hospital. We selected 89 incident cases of stroke and 178 controls matched by age and sex. The risk factors studied were the presence of hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, overweight, tobacco consumption, secondhand tobacco exposure, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle in leisure time, non-attendance at health controls and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression and attributable risk was determined in exposed and at population levels. Results: 69% were male, mean age was 71.8+13.9 years. A significant association was observed between alcohol consumption (OR 1.98 CI95%1.07-3.64) and the probability of occurrence of a first cerebral infarction. For every 100 people in the study population, 19 cases of stroke are avoided (PAF 0.19, 95% CI 0.09-0.27) if systolic blood pressure (SBP) is maintained below 140 mmHg and 28 cases (PAF 0.28 95%CI 0.009-0.27) if alcohol consumption is eliminated. Conclusion: High blood pressure and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors through public and individual policies, which, together with a strengthening of the health system, are necessary to generate a primary prevention plan for stroke.

RESUMEN Recientes investigaciones destacan la importancia de la ciberseguridad en la creciente era digital. El 83% de las organizaciones han experimentado brechas de seguridad en el 2022, costándoles en promedio 4,35 millones de dólares americanos por incidente. En Perú, la ciberseguridad está regulada por diversas normas, estableciendo medidas de protección de datos y la seguridad informática. Objetivo Describir la situación de la ciberseguridad en los servicios de apoyo al médico ocupacional (SAMO). Material y métodos Se incluyeron 11 SAMO. Se elaboró un cuestionario no validado para recolectar la información consentida sobre la gestión de la ciberseguridad de los SAMO que brindaban servicio a un importante proyecto de construcción en Lima Metropolitana. Resultados La mayoría de los establecimientos de salud (más del 80%) tuvo planes de respuesta a incidentes de seguridad cibernética para garantizar una respuesta rápida ante un ataque cibernético; realizaban copias de seguridad de los datos críticos con regularidad y los almacenaban en un lugar diferente a establecimiento; y actualizaban regularmente los sistemas operativos y programas de softwares buscando asegurar que se utilizan versiones seguras. Conclusión Existe una gestión de la seguridad informática predominantemente reactiva. El reporte discute la importancia de la ciberseguridad, resaltando la exposición de la información médica y los servicios a riesgos cibernéticos y planteamos retos futuros para la ciberseguridad, subrayando la importancia de la preparación ante amenazas futuras en un entorno en constante transformación digital.

SUMMARY Recent investigations emphasize the importance of cybersecurity in the growing digital era; 83% of organizations experienced breaks in cyber security in 2022, spending a mean of 4,35 million dollars per incident. Cybersecurity in Peru is regulated by legal norms aimed at protecting data and providing informatic security. Objective To describe cybersecurity in the support services to occupational physicians (SSOP) in the city of Lima. Methods A non-validated survey was created and distributed to 11 SSOPs in Lima that provide a service to an important building project in Lima. Results More than 80% of health care establishments had a response plan against cybernetic attacks; security copies of the data were done regularly storing them in a different place than the establishment and regularly updated security software’s. Conclusion The cybersecurity program is reactive. We discuss the importance of cybersecurity and analyze future challenges as well as emphasize the importance of preemptive preparedness in an environment of constant digital transformation.