Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

Resumen: El nitrógeno en el suelo es crucial para la agricultura, pero a menudo es limitante, afectando el rendimiento de los cultivos. La deficiencia requiere fertilizantes sintéticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa daños ambientales y costos elevados. Las bacterias del género Rhizobium, simbiontes de leguminosas, ofrecen una solución al fijar nitrógeno de manera sostenible, reduciendo la dependencia de fertilizantes. Esta investigación determinó el número más probable (NMP) de células de Rhizobium spp. procedente de dos biofertilizantes comerciales de origen ecuatoriano y mexicano en condiciones de invernadero. Para esto, se realizó la inoculación directa con disoluciones seriadas (10-1 a 10-10) en macetas con pomina esterilizada al vapor, donde se germinaron plantas de frijol ejotero (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de la variedad Blue Lake. A los 45 días después de siembra (DDS) se evaluaron los siguientes indicadores morfológicos: área foliar, peso de la planta en húmedo, altura de planta y número de flores, determinándose diferencias estadísticas entre el tipo de biofertilizante y la concentración de cada dilución. El experimento se adecuó a un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcela dividida con tres repeticiones por dilución, en consideración de las fluctuaciones de temperatura presentes en la zona de estudio. El NMP, al 95% de confianza, fue de 4,45x107 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-5 para el biofertilizante mexicano, y 1,48x105 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-4 para el biofertilizante ecuatoriano. La dilución óptima estimada para ambos productos fue de 10-8.

Abstract: Soil nitrogen is crucial for agriculture, but it is often limited, affecting crop yields. Deficiency requires synthetic fertilizers, but their improper use results in environmental damage and high costs. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, symbionts of legumes, offer a sustainable solution by fixing nitrogen, thus reducing dependence on fertilizers. This research determined the most probable number (MPN) of cells of Rhizobium spp. from two commercial biofertilizers of Ecuadorian and Mexican origin under greenhouse conditions. For this, direct inoculation with serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-10) was performed in pots with steam-sterilized pumice where Blue Lake variety snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were germinated. The following morphological indicators were evaluated at 45 days after sowing (DAS): leaf area, plant wet weight, plant height, and number of flowers, determining statistical differences between the type of biofertilizer and the concentration of each dilution. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates per dilution, considering temperature fluctuations in the study area. The MPN at 95% confidence was 4.45x107 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-5 dilution for the Mexican biofertilizer, and 1.48x105 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-4 dilution for the Ecuadorian biofertilizer. The estimated optimal dilution for both products was 10-8.

ABSTRACT Environmental changes directly influence quality of life, and environmental protection laws arise to ensure the maintenance of ecological balance. Aquatic environments have been contaminated by substances of anthropic origin, which are called effluents. Improper disposal of effluents has adverse effects on the environment and human health. In Brazilian legislation, the resolutions of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 and RE 430/2011 address the use of indicator species to evaluate the effluents’ toxicity. Despite these, much still needs to be done to control and monitor the emission of effluents in Brazilian water resources. The objective of this work was to carry out a historical survey of the regulations on the disposal of effluents in Brazil and to show the differences in each state's regulations, highlighting the indicator species accepted in each regulation and their advantages and disadvantages. In this way, this review summarizes and organizes the information of the Brazilian legislation on the disposal of effluents and helps the researcher in the area to choose between the methodologies adopted for the analysis of their environmental samples. Despite the insertion of bioassays, it is evident that the current Brazilian legislation is permissive, requiring adaptations and definitions to increase adherence to the ecotoxicological monitoring of water resources by the States. life balance origin health CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 toxicity these states state s disadvantages way samples bioassays permissive States 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

RESUMO As mudanças ambientais influenciam diretamente a qualidade de vida, e leis de proteção ambiental surgem para garantir a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. Os ambientes aquáticos têm sido contaminados por substâncias de origem antrópica, denominadas efluentes. O descarte inadequado de efluentes traz efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Na legislação brasileira, as resoluções do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 e RE 430/2011 abordam o uso de espécies indicadoras para avaliar a toxicidade dos efluentes. Apesar destas, muito ainda precisa ser feito para controlar e monitorar a emissão de efluentes nos recursos hídricos brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento histórico das regulamentações sobre o descarte de efluentes no Brasil e mostrar as diferenças nas regulamentações de cada estado, destacando as espécies indicadoras aceitas em cada regulamentação e suas vantagens e desvantagens. Dessa forma, esta revisão resume e organiza as informações da legislação brasileira sobre o descarte de efluentes e auxilia o pesquisador da área a escolher entre as metodologias adotadas para a análise de suas amostras ambientais. Apesar da inserção de bioensaios, fica evidente que a legislação brasileira atual é permissiva, exigindo adaptações e definições para aumentar a adesão ao monitoramento ecotoxicológico dos recursos hídricos pelos estados. vida ecológico antrópica humana CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 destas brasileiros estado desvantagens forma bioensaios permissiva estados 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

Abstract Objective: To study the frequency of self-medication and knowledge about out-of-counter drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic in a group of Iranian dental students. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among dental undergraduates from September 2021 to November 2021 after receiving ethical clearance from the Kerman Medical University Ethical Committee. A valid and reliable questionnaire, consisting of demographic data and questions about self-medication and knowledge about out-of-counter drugs, was sent to participants via E-mail. Data was analyzed by SPSS 26 software by using a t-test. The P-value was considered at a 0.05% significant level. Results: A total of 88 students participated in the study with a mean age of 21.39±3.71 years. Prevalence of self-medication was found in 53.4%. The most common cause for self-medication was headache. Acetaminophen was the most commonly used medicine for self-medication. Females had more self-medication than males, but there was no significant differences. There was no significant differences between entering year to university and self-medication. Younger students had significantly more self-medication (p=0.007). Knowledge about out-of-counter drugs was moderate. Conclusion: Moderate self-medication as noticed. The out-of-counter drugs were the most used. Although out-of-counter drugs seem relatively safe, their improper use can cause serious side effects. Dental students need to be educated regarding appropriate safe medication and out-of-counter drugs. Objective selfmedication self outofcounter out counter COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Methods crosssectional cross sectional 202 Committee questionnaire Email. Email E mail. mail E-mail 2 ttest. ttest t test. test t-test Pvalue P value 005 0 05 0.05 level Results 8 2139371 21 39 3 71 21.39±3.7 years 534 53 4 53.4% headache selfmedication. medication. males p=0.007. p0007 p p=0.007 . 007 (p=0.007) moderate Conclusion noticed effects COVID1 1 COVID- 20 00 0.0 213937 7 21.39±3. 5 53.4 p000 p=0.00 (p=0.007 0. 21393 21.39±3 53. p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 2139 21.39± p0 p=0. (p=0.0 213 21.39 p=0 (p=0. 21.3 p= (p=0 21. (p= (p

ABSTRACT Improper management of plastic bottle waste is harming the environment. Recycling this waste for inclusion in the concrete matrix is a viable alternative for its final disposal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of conventional concrete with the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers, designed according to the procedures established by the American Concrete Institute for a strength of 20 MPa. The analyzed properties of the concrete included consistency, density, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Sixty cylindrical and 60 prismatic specimens with PET fiber additions of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of cement were prepared for testing at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results indicate that maximum compressive and flexural strengths of 22.79 MPa and 3.19 MPa are achieved at 28 days by adding 2% and 6% PET fibers. Therefore, its application is recommended up to a proportion of 4%, where the corresponding dosage is 15.78 kilograms of PET fibers per cubic meter of concrete with a workable consistency.

RESUMEN La gestión inadecuada de los residuos de botellas de plástico está teniendo un impacto negativo en el ambiente. El reciclaje de estos residuos para su inclusión en la matriz del hormigón es una alternativa viable para su disposición final. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento mecánico del hormigón convencional con la adición de fibras de politereftalato de etileno (PET), diseñado según los procedimientos establecidos por el Instituto Americano del Concreto para una resistencia de 20 MPa. Las propiedades analizadas del hormigón incluyeron la consistencia, densidad, resistencia a compresión y flexión. Se elaboraron 60 especímenes cilíndricos y 60 prismáticos con adiciones de fibras PET del 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, 6 % y 8 % respecto al peso del cemento para ensayarlos a roturas a los 7, 14 y 28 días de curado. Los resultados indican que se alcanzan resistencias a compresión y flexión máximas de 22.79 MPa y 3.19 MPa, a los 28 días con la adición del 2 % y el 6 % de fibras PET, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, se recomienda su aplicación hasta una proporción del 4 %, donde la dosificación correspondiente es de 15.78 kilogramos de fibras PET por metro cúbico de hormigón con una consistencia trabajable.

Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Furthermore, it is highly prevalent, affecting more than one-third of the global population. Blood pressure measurement is a MANDATORY procedure in any medical care setting and is carried out by various healthcare professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care. Since the diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurement, it is clear how important it is to handle the techniques, methods, and equipment used in its execution with care. It should be emphasized that once the diagnosis is made, all short-term, medium-term, and long-term investigations and treatments are based on the results of blood pressure measurement. Therefore, improper techniques and/or equipment can lead to incorrect diagnoses, either underestimating or overestimating values, resulting in inappropriate actions and significant health and economic losses for individuals and nations. Once the correct diagnosis is made, as knowledge of the importance of proper treatment advances, with the adoption of more detailed normal values and careful treatment objectives towards achieving stricter blood pressure goals, the importance of precision in blood pressure measurement is also reinforced. Blood pressure measurement (described below) is usually performed using the traditional method, the so-called casual or office measurement. Over time, alternatives have been added to it, through the use of semi-automatic or automatic devices by the patients themselves, in waiting rooms or outside the office, in their own homes, or in public spaces. A step further was taken with the use of semi-automatic devices equipped with memory that allow sequential measurements outside the office (ABPM; or HBPM) and other automatic devices that allow programmed measurements over longer periods (HBPM). Some aspects of blood pressure measurement can interfere with obtaining reliable results and, consequently, cause harm in decision-making. These include the importance of using average values, the variation in blood pressure during the day, and short-term variability. These aspects have encouraged the performance of a greater number of measurements in various situations, and different guidelines have advocated the use of equipment that promotes these actions. Devices that perform HBPM or ABPM, which, in addition to allowing greater precision, when used together, detect white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), sleep blood pressure alterations, and resistant hypertension (RHT) (defined in Chapter 2 of this guideline), are gaining more and more importance. Taking these details into account, we must emphasize that information related to diagnosis, classification, and goal setting is still based on office blood pressure measurement, and for this reason, all attention must be given to the proper execution of this procedure.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables para la morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, siendo uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y la insuficiencia renal. Además, es altamente prevalente y afecta a más de un tercio de la población mundial. La medición de la presión arterial (PA) es un procedimiento OBLIGATORIO en cualquier atención médica o realizado por diferentes profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía se realiza comúnmente sin los cuidados técnicos necesarios. Dado que el diagnóstico se basa en la medición de la PA, es claro el cuidado que debe haber con las técnicas, los métodos y los equipos utilizados en su realización. Debemos enfatizar que una vez realizado el diagnóstico, todas las investigaciones y tratamientos a corto, mediano y largo plazo se basan en los resultados de la medición de la PA. Por lo tanto, las técnicas y/o equipos inadecuados pueden llevar a diagnósticos incorrectos, subestimando o sobreestimando valores y resultando en conductas inadecuadas y pérdidas significativas para la salud y la economía de las personas y las naciones. Una vez realizado el diagnóstico correcto, a medida que avanza el conocimiento sobre la importancia del tratamiento adecuado, con la adopción de valores de normalidad más detallados y objetivos de tratamiento más cuidadosos hacia metas de PA más estrictas, también se refuerza la importancia de la precisión en la medición de la PA. La medición de la PA (descrita a continuación) generalmente se realiza mediante el método tradicional, la llamada medición casual o de consultorio. Con el tiempo, se han agregado alternativas a través del uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos o automáticos por parte del propio paciente, en salas de espera o fuera del consultorio, en su propia residencia o en espacios públicos. Se dio un paso más con el uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos equipados con memoria que permiten mediciones secuenciales fuera del consultorio (AMPA; o MRPA) y otros automáticos que permiten mediciones programadas durante períodos más largos (MAPA). Algunos aspectos en la medición de la PA pueden interferir en la obtención de resultados confiables y, en consecuencia, causar daños en las decisiones a tomar. Estos incluyen la importancia de usar valores promedio, la variación de la PA durante el día y la variabilidad a corto plazo. Estos aspectos han alentado la realización de un mayor número de mediciones en diversas situaciones, y diferentes pautas han abogado por el uso de equipos que promuevan estas acciones. Los dispositivos que realizan MRPA o MAPA, que además de permitir una mayor precisión, cuando se usan juntos, detectan la hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), la hipertensión enmascarada (HM), las alteraciones de la PA durante el sueño y la hipertensión resistente (HR) (definida en el Capítulo 2 de esta guía), están ganando cada vez más importancia. Teniendo en cuenta estos detalles, debemos enfatizar que la información relacionada con el diagnóstico, la clasificación y el establecimiento de objetivos todavía se basa en la medición de la presión arterial en el consultorio, y por esta razón, se debe prestar toda la atención a la ejecución adecuada de este procedimiento.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insuficiência renal. Além disso, é altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um terço da população mundial. A medida da PA é procedimento OBRIGATÓRIO em qualquer atendimento médico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de saúde. Contudo, ainda é comumente realizada sem os cuidados técnicos necessários. Como o diagnóstico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as técnicas, os métodos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realização. Deve-se reforçar que, feito o diagnóstico, toda a investigação e os tratamentos de curto, médio e longo prazos são feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, técnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagnósticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes prejuízos à saúde e à economia das pessoas e das nações. Uma vez feito o diagnóstico correto, na medida em que avança o conhecimento da importância do tratamento adequado, com a adoção de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica também reforçada a importância da precisão na medida da PA. A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) é habitualmente feita pelo método tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consultório. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos ou automáticos pelo próprio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consultório, em sua própria residência ou em espaços públicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos providos de memória que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consultório (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros automáticos que permitem medidas programadas por períodos mais prolongados (MAPA). Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obtenção de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar prejuízo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, estão: a importância de serem utilizados valores médios, a variação da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos têm estimulado a realização de maior número de medidas em diversas situações, e as diferentes diretrizes têm preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favoreçam essas ações. Ganham cada vez mais espaço os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, além de permitirem maior precisão, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), alterações da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Capítulo 2 desta diretriz). Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informações relacionadas a diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento de metas ainda são baseadas na medida da PA de consultório e, por esse motivo, toda a atenção deve ser dada à realização desse procedimento.

Resumen Las revisiones de la literatura para tareas de investiga ción y docencia se enfrentan cada vez más a nuevos retos, debido principalmente al crecimiento considera ble del material bibliográfico en todas las disciplinas. Esencialmente, la búsqueda y selección de información se tornan exhaustivas y agotadoras debido a la falta de organización en la recopilación sistemática de documen tos, así como el manejo incorrecto de los metadatos y la gran variabilidad en los resultados que ofrecen los mecanismos automáticos de consulta. En este sentido, la inteligencia artificial (IA) está revolucionando la revisión de la literatura al emplear sistemas capaces de analizar e interpretar el contenido de muchos documentos en una forma rápida, así como ofrecer resultados con un nivel de precisión mayor que los motores de búsqueda tradicionales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir los avances recientes en la etapa de acoplamiento in teligente de los métodos para la revisión de la literatura académica, refiriendo al uso de herramientas de apren dizaje automático y aprendizaje profundo asociadas a la optimización en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural. Finalmente se abordan las implicaciones que conlleva emplear sistemas capaces de omitir juicios y tomar de cisiones con respecto a la utilidad y relevancia de los datos analizados.

Abstract Literature reviews for research and teaching tasks is increas ingly facing new challenges, mainly due to the consider able growth of bibliographic material in all disciplines. Primarily, the search and selection of information become exhausting and overwhelming due to the lack of planning in the systematic collection of documents, as well as the improper handling of metadata and the high variability of the results offered by automatic search mechanisms. In this sense, artificial intelligence is transforming the landscape of literature review by employing systems ca pable of quickly analyzing and interpreting the content of text documents while providing very accurate results, higher than traditional search engines. This paper aims to describe recent advances in the intelligent integration process of literature review methods, referring to the use of machine and deep learning techniques associated with optimization stages of natural language process ing. Finally, we address the implications of employing systems capable of making judgments and making de cisions regarding the usefulness and relevance of the analyzed data.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar los factores higiénico-sanitarios asociados a la contaminación microbiológica de la carne de pollo comercializada en los mercados municipales de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en los 33 mercados municipales de las cabeceras departamentales de El Salvador. La muestra se calculó a partir de 456 puestos de venta, obteniendo un total de 256 puestos. Por cada puesto se obtuvo una muestra de carne de pollo. El análisis microbiológico se realizó en el Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública. Se calcularon frecuencias, porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y de asociación utilizando SPSS versión 21. Resultados. En el 74% de las muestras se encontró Escherichia coli, en el 24%, Staphylococcus aureus y en el 16%, Salmonela spp. La presencia de Salmonella spp, estuvo asociada con el no uso de desinfectante para las manos y no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos. La presencia de E. coli estuvo asociada al uso de accesorios personales y la inadecuada temperatura de almacenamiento. Mientras que la presencia de S. aureus, estuvo asociada a la falta de lavado de manos, no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos y no utilizar delantal. Conclusión. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los manipuladores y de los puestos de venta están asociadas a la contaminación microbiológica en la carne de pollo comercializada en El Salvador.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the hygienic-sanitary factors associated with the microbiological contamination of chicken meat sold at the municipal markets of El Salvador. Materials and methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 33 municipal markets of the 14 departmental capitals of El Salvador. The sample consisted of 256 out of 456 possible market stalls. A sample of chicken meat was obtained from each market stall. The microbiological analysis was conducted at the National Public Health Laboratory. Frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency and association were calculated with SPSS version 21. Results. Escherichia coli was found in 74% of the samples, Staphylococcus aureus in 24% and Salmonella spp. in 1%. The presence of Salmonella spp. was associated with not using hand sanitizer and not using towels for drying the hands. S. aureus was associated with the use of personal accessories and improper storage. The presence of S. aureus was associated with the lack of hand washing, not using a towel to dry the hands and not wearing an apron. Conclusion. The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the handlers and the market stalls were associated with microbiological contamination of chicken meat marketed in El Salvador.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the hygienic-sanitary factors associated with the microbiological contamination of chicken meat sold at the municipal markets of El Salvador. Materials and methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 33 municipal markets of the 14 departmental capitals of El Salvador. The sample consisted of 256 out of 456 possible market stalls. A sample of chicken meat was obtained from each market stall. The microbiological analysis was conducted at the National Public Health Laboratory. Frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency and association were calculated with SPSS version 21. Results. Escherichia coli was found in 74% of the samples, Staphylococcus aureus in 24% and Salmonella spp. in 1%. The presence of Salmonella spp. was associated with not using hand sanitizer and not using towels for drying the hands. S. aureus was associated with the use of personal accessories and improper storage. The presence of S. aureus was associated with the lack of hand washing, not using a towel to dry the hands and not wearing an apron. Conclusion. The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the handlers and the market stalls were associated with microbiological contamination of chicken meat marketed in El Salvador.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar los factores higiénico-sanitarios asociados a la contaminación microbiológica de la carne de pollo comercializada en los mercados municipales de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en los 33 mercados municipales de las cabeceras departamentales de El Salvador. La muestra se calculó a partir de 456 puestos de venta, obteniendo un total de 256 puestos. Por cada puesto se obtuvo una muestra de carne de pollo. El análisis microbiológico se realizó en el Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública. Se calcularon frecuencias, porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y de asociación utilizando SPSS versión 21. Resultados. En el 74% de las muestras se encontró Escherichia coli, en el 24%, Staphylococcus aureus y en el 16%, Salmonela spp. La presencia de Salmonella spp, estuvo asociada con el no uso de desinfectante para las manos y no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos. La presencia de E. coli estuvo asociada al uso de accesorios personales y la inadecuada temperatura de almacenamiento. Mientras que la presencia de S. aureus, estuvo asociada a la falta de lavado de manos, no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos y no utilizar delantal. Conclusión. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los manipuladores y de los puestos de venta están asociadas a la contaminación microbiológica en la carne de pollo comercializada en El Salvador.

Abstract The improper disposal of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) into the environment can cause irreparable damage. One way to minimize this negative impact is to mix the sludge with the soil, applying the materials in engineering works. In this research, the objective was the use of WTPS for soil stabilization purposes, verifying the improvement of the characteristics and properties of a stabilized clay soil with different sludge percentages for application in waterproofing layers of bottom and final coverage of landfills. Formulations were prepared with additions of 0, 15, 30 and 50% of WTPS. Characterization, compaction, permeability and simple compression resistance tests were carried out. All mixtures met the Brazilian requirements for use in landfill layers, but the mixture composed of 70% soil + 30% WTPS was defined as the best for application in bottom layers and final coverage for the following reasons: it meets the coefficient of permeability and has the highest simple compression resistance of all blends. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the use of the mixtures, especially 50% soil + 50% WTPS, in daily (intermediate) layers would be an environmentally beneficial alternative that would contribute to the circular economy and to achieving sustainable development goals 11, 12 and 15 by 2030. These applications would bring advantages in the destination of WTPS and reduced consumption of natural resources (soil). (WTPS damage works research purposes landfills 0 3 50 Characterization compaction out 70 reasons blends Furthermore intermediate (intermediate 11 1 2030 soil. . (soil) 5 7 203 (soil 20 2

Resumen La disposición inadecuada de medicamentos vencidos y sobrantes de tratamientos puede contaminar el medio ambiente y la salud humana, sin embargo, la implementación de la logística inversa de medicamentos es un desafío para los municipios. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la disposición de medicamentos por parte de la población rural del municipio de Correia Pinto/SS. La investigación fue cuantitativa, descriptiva-transversal, con recolección de datos en campo a partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario a 156 pobladores de la zona rural. Los resultados mostraron que el saneamiento básico es precario, ya que el 64,7% de las personas consume agua no tratada y no cuenta con recolección de residuos, aunque el 94,9% utiliza la fosa séptica como tratamiento de aguas residuales. Un alto porcentaje de la población (63,43%) refirió el uso diario de medicamentos. Alrededor del 75% desechan los restos del tratamiento farmacológico y los medicamentos vencidos de manera inapropiada. Los datos recopilados pueden contribuir a las estrategias de implementación del sistema de logística inversa para medicamentos domiciliarios, además de mostrar las brechas en el saneamiento rural. humana embargo municipios PintoSS Pinto SS Pinto/SS cuantitativa descriptivatransversal, descriptivatransversal descriptiva transversal, transversal descriptiva-transversal 15 precario 647 64 7 64,7 residuos 949 94 9 94,9 residuales 63,43% 6343 63 43 (63,43% 75 inapropiada domiciliarios 1 6 64, 94, 63,43 634 4 (63,43 63,4 (63,4 63, (63, (63 (6 (

Abstract Improper disposal of expired medicines and treatment leftovers can contaminate the environment and compromise the human health, however, the implementation of reverse logistics for medicines is a challenge for municipalities. The objective of this study was to characterize the medicines disposal by the rural population of the Correia Pinto municipality/SC. Study was quantitative, descriptive-transversal, with data collection in the field from the application of a questionnaire to 156 rural residents. The results showed that basic sanitation is precarious, as 64.7% of people consume untreated water and are not served by waste collection, although 94.9% use the septic tank as sewage treatment. A high percentage of the population (63.43%) reported the daily use of medication. About 75% discard leftovers from drug treatment and expired drugs inappropriately. The data collected can contribute to the implementation strategies of the reverse logistics system for medicines waste, in addition to show the gaps in rural sanitation. health however municipalities municipalitySC municipality SC municipality/SC quantitative descriptivetransversal, descriptivetransversal descriptive transversal, transversal descriptive-transversal 15 residents precarious 647 64 7 64.7 949 94 9 94.9 63.43% 6343 63 43 (63.43% medication 75 inappropriately 1 6 64. 94. 63.43 634 4 (63.43 63.4 (63.4 63. (63. (63 (6 (

Resumo O descarte inadequado de medicamentos vencidos e sobras de tratamentos podem contaminar o ambiente e comprometer a saúde humana, porém, a implementação da logística reversa para os medicamentos é um desafio aos municípios brasileiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o descarte de medicamentos pela população rural do município de Correia Pinto/SC. A pesquisa foi do tipo quantitativa descritiva-transversal, com coleta de dados a campo a partir da aplicação de um questionário a 156 moradores da área rural. Os resultados mostraram que o saneamento básico é precário, pois 64,7% das pessoas consomem água sem tratamento e não são atendidas pela coleta de resíduos, apesar de 94,9% utilizar a fossa séptica como tratamento do esgoto. Elevado percentual da população (63,43%) relataram a utilização diária de medicamentos. Cerca de 75% descartam as sobras do tratamento medicamentoso e os medicamentos vencidos de forma inadequada. Os dados levantados podem contribuir com as estratégias de implementação do sistema de logística reversa dos medicamentos domiciliares, além de mostrar as lacunas do saneamento básico rural. humana porém brasileiros PintoSC Pinto SC Pinto/SC descritivatransversal, descritivatransversal descritiva transversal, transversal descritiva-transversal 15 precário 647 64 7 64,7 resíduos 949 94 9 94,9 esgoto 63,43% 6343 63 43 (63,43% 75 inadequada domiciliares 1 6 64, 94, 63,43 634 4 (63,43 63,4 (63,4 63, (63, (63 (6 (

Abstract The incorrect disposal of medicines and their environmental impact has been related to the health medicalization and the improper use of medication by society. In this sense, it is very important to know the profile of drug disposal for foster health policies. The aim was to identify the profile of disposal of medicines by the population, including the cost perspective. This is an inquiry descriptive study that began in September 2019. Medicine disposal health education program was carried out over six months in two University pharmacies. A questionnaire for sociodemographic and discarded medicines data collection was applied. Logistic regression analysis for variables association of correct disposal and the chi-square and t-student analysis for comparison between disposal programs were performed for a level of 5% and test power of 80%. Medicines weighed 23.3 kg and 28.5 kg, with the cost variation from US$ 13.5 to US$ 16.1 until the final treatment. The correct disposal was strongly associated with the disposal reason (p=0.013), source of information (p=0.006), prescription (p=0.03), form of use (p=0.01), acquisition source (p=0.001), cost with medication (p=0.0001), education (p=0.028) and age (p=0.05). The correct medicine disposal was associated with important features of the community related to education health. society sense policies population perspective 2019 pharmacies applied chisquare chi square tstudent t student 5 80 80% 233 23 3 23. 285 28 28. US 135 13 13. 161 16 1 16. treatment p=0.013, p0013 p p=0.013 , 0 013 (p=0.013) p=0.006, p0006 p=0.006 006 (p=0.006) p=0.03, p003 p=0.03 03 (p=0.03) p=0.01, p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.01) p=0.001, p0001 p=0.001 001 (p=0.001) p=0.0001, p00001 p=0.0001 0001 (p=0.0001) p=0.028 p0028 028 (p=0.028 p=0.05. p005 p=0.05 . 05 (p=0.05) 201 8 2 (p=0.013 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.006 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.03 (p=0.01 (p=0.001 p0000 p=0.000 000 (p=0.0001 p=0.02 p002 02 (p=0.02 (p=0.05 20 (p=0.00 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (p=0.000 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

The problem of improper disposal of polymeric waste is increasingly in present. Thus, the use of biodegradable polymers is a good alternative, especially for packaging. Compostable and biodegradable polymers such as PHBV can be completely degraded, making them ideal. But the short processability window and fluid instability is an important drawback to the wider application of this polymer in pure form. Production of composite materials has been indicated as a possibility for using this polymer. One source of filler is cellulose, because besides being widely available from agroindustrial waste. In this context, the present work reports the formulation of rigid packaging with PHBV and cellulose waste. An analytical mill was used to promote the dispersion of cellulose fibers. In general, the cellulose fibers increased the Vicat softening point of the polymeric matrix. There were more crystalline structures, according to DSC, and a decrease in impact strength, probably due to increased crystallinity and agglomerate formation. The microscopic analysis indicated greater surface roughness of the composite due to the increase of fibers, resulting in increased contact angle. Thus alternative degraded ideal form context general matrix structures DSC strength formation angle

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze feasible business analytics (BA) adoption initiatives in accounting and their potential antecedents and effects, according to experts and early adopters. BA solutions help professionals explore data and gain insights for decision making. Although there is a clear relationship between BA and accounting, there is a gap between the theory and its adoption in practice. The research is relevant to academia and the market because it presents the main antecedents, effects, uses, techniques, and data sources, as well as the characteristics of the task, technology, and individual that impact the fit between BA and accounting. The main antecedents of adoption and good practices in early adopter projects using BA are highlighted, reducing the theory-practice gap and bringing new elements to promote its adoption among professionals and organizations. A qualitative-exploratory study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 20 professionals from different accounting areas. The results highlight the main BA usage initiatives: identifying improper transactions, analyzing larger volumes of data, and performing predictive analyses. Efficiency, quality, and improved decision making were the main effects of using BA. The feasibility of BA initiatives was analyzed using the task-technology fit (TTF) model and the antecedents of adoption were analyzed using the technology-organization-environment (TOE) model, identifying characteristics of the task, technology, and individual as well as technological, organizational, and environmental factors that increase the fit between BA and accounting. The study contributes to highlighting the barriers (regulation and data availability) that affect the adoption of BA and concludes that the purposes of use, the depth of adoption, and the effects differ according to the accounting area, as the main effects of the use of BA primarily impact the accounting area itself, followed by other stakeholders. (BA adopters practice uses techniques sources task technology highlighted theorypractice organizations qualitativeexploratory qualitative exploratory semistructured semi structured 2 areas transactions analyses Efficiency quality tasktechnology TTF (TTF technologyorganizationenvironment organization environment TOE (TOE technological organizational regulation availability itself stakeholders

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar iniciativas de adoção de business analytics (BA) factíveis à contabilidade e seus potenciais antecedentes e efeitos, de acordo com especialistas e early adopters. As soluções de BA apoiam os profissionais na exploração de dados e na obtenção de insights para tomada de decisão. Embora haja uma relação evidente entre BA e contabilidade, há uma lacuna entre a teoria e sua adoção na prática. A pesquisa é relevante para a academia e o mercado, por apresentar principais antecedentes, efeitos, usos, técnicas e fontes de dados, além das características da tarefa, tecnologia e indivíduo que impactam o fit entre BA e contabilidade. Evidenciam-se os principais antecedentes de adoção e boas práticas dos projetos de uso de BA dos early adopters, diminuindo a lacuna teoria-prática e trazendo novos elementos para impulsionar sua adoção entre profissionais e organizações. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa-exploratória, operacionalizada por entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 profissionais de áreas contábeis distintas. Os resultados evidenciam as principais iniciativas de uso de BA: identificação de transações indevidas, análise de maior volume de dados e análises preditivas. Eficiência, qualidade e melhora da tomada de decisão foram os principais efeitos do uso de BA. A factibilidade das iniciativas de BA foi analisada pelo modelo task-technology fit (TTF) e os antecedentes da adoção pelo modelo technology-organization-environment (TOE), identificando-se características da tarefa, tecnologia e indivíduo, bem como fatores tecnológicos, organizacionais e ambientais que aumentam o fit entre BA e contabilidade. Contribui-se para a evidenciação de barreiras (regulação e disponibilidade dos dados) que impactam a adoção de BA e a conclusão que as finalidades de uso, a profundidade da adoção e os efeitos diferem conforme a área contábil, uma vez que os principais efeitos do uso de BA impactam, primeiramente, a própria área contábil, em seguida, demais partes interessadas. (BA adopters prática mercado usos tarefa Evidenciamse Evidenciam se teoriaprática organizações qualitativaexploratória, qualitativaexploratória qualitativa exploratória, exploratória qualitativa-exploratória 2 distintas indevidas preditivas Eficiência tasktechnology task technology TTF (TTF technologyorganizationenvironment organization environment TOE, TOE , (TOE) identificandose identificando tecnológicos Contribuise Contribui regulação contábil primeiramente seguida interessadas (TOE

ABSTRACT Due to a significant amount of nutrients in its composition, swine manure (SM) is commonly used to complement or replace commercial agricultural fertilizers. However, an improper application in crops could cause negative environmental impacts, especially due to the excessive supply of nutrients in its composition. This paper aimed to evaluate the removal of total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) from SM biodigested by the coagulation/flocculation (CF) process with organic polymers. The SM samples were collected in two distinct seasonal periods (rainy and dry seasons), with CF tests in two stages. During the first stage, slow mixing times (SMTs) of 15, 20, and 25 min were tested, and in the second stage, the coagulant (0 – 1.75 g L-1) and flocculant dosage (0 – 0.0025 g L-1) effects were evaluated. The results show that the optimal SMT was 15 min in both the seasons. In the rainy season, the highest phosphorus and nitrogen removals were 80 and 27%, respectively, while in the dry season, the highest phosphorus and nitrogen removals were 70 and 25%, respectively. The finding shows that the use of flocculants did not improve the removal of TP and TKN when compared with the control conditions. It is concluded that the CF process can be used to remove TP and TKN from SM, with a possible concentration of them in the generated sludge. composition (SM fertilizers However impacts (TKN (TP coagulationflocculation coagulation flocculation (CF polymers seasons, seasons , seasons) stages stage SMTs (SMTs 20 2 tested 0 ( 175 1 75 1.7 L1 L L-1 00025 0025 0.002 evaluated season 8 27 27% respectively 7 25% conditions sludge 17 1. L- 0002 002 0.00 000 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO Por conter uma quantidade significativa de nutrientes em sua composição, a água residual de suinocultura (ARS) é comumente utilizada para complementar ou substituir fertilizantes agrícolas comerciais. No entanto, a aplicação inadequada nas culturas pode causar impactos ambientais negativos, especialmente devido ao aporte excessivo de nutrientes presentes em sua composição. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a remoção de nitrogênio total Kjedahl (NTK) e fósforo total (FT) da ARS biodigerida pelo processo de coagulação/floculação com polímeros orgânicos. As amostras de ARS foram coletadas em dois períodos sazonais distintos (estações de chuva e seca), com testes de coagulação/floculação (CF) em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, foram testados tempos de mistura lenta (TML) de 15, 20 e 25 minutos, e na segunda etapa, foram avaliados os efeitos da dosagem do coagulante (0 – 1,75 g L-1) e do floculante (0 – 0,0025 g L-1). Os resultados indicaram que o TML ótimo foi de 15 minutos em ambas as estações. Na estação chuvosa, as maiores remoções de fósforo e nitrogênio foram de 80 e 27%, respectivamente, enquanto que na estação seca, as maiores remoções de fósforo e nitrogênio foram de 70 e 25%, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a utilização do floculante não trouxe melhorias nas remoções de FT e NTK. Conclui-se que o processo de CF pode ser empregado na remoção de FT e NTK da ARS, com possível concentração desses no lodo gerado. composição (ARS comerciais entanto negativos estudo (NTK (FT coagulaçãofloculação coagulação floculação orgânicos estações seca , seca) (CF etapas etapa (TML 2 0 ( 175 1 75 1,7 L1 L L-1 00025 0025 0,002 L1. . chuvosa 8 27 27% respectivamente 7 25% Verificouse Verificou se Concluise Conclui gerado 17 1, L- 0002 002 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,