This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

Abstract The orthodox view of the effect of trade on GDP per capita assumes greater growth and equity, the heterodox theory refutes the argument and predicts inequitable and divergent results between countries. We resume the discussion using information from 1980 to 2022 in 102 countries, applying a panel data methodology and slope disaggregation. The goal is to test whether trade has adverse effects in lower-income countries and how the effect has changed over time. The results show that trade negatively affects GDP per capita growth mainly through imports, this tends to worsen over time and the impact is greater in poor countries. The main implication is the growing income divergence between nations; the recommendation is that governments and multilateral organizations continue to explore ways to balance and socialize trade. It is concluded that heterodox postulates, such as the vision of Thirlwall on trade, continue to be valid. The originality of the document lies in the disaggregation of results by countries and time blocks, as well as exports and imports.

Resumen La visión ortodoxa del efecto del comercio sobre el PIB per cápita supone mayor crecimiento y equidad, la teoría heterodoxa refuta el argumento y predice resultados inequitativos y divergentes entre países. Reanudamos la discusión utilizando información de 1980 a 2022 en 102 países, aplicando una metodología de datos panel y desagregación de pendientes. El objetivo es probar si el comercio tiene efectos adversos en países de menores ingresos y como el efecto ha cambiado en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que el comercio afecta negativamente el crecimiento del PIB per cápita principalmente a través de las importaciones, esto tiende a empeorar con el tiempo y el impacto es mayor en países pobres. La principal implicación es la creciente divergencia de ingresos entre las naciones, la recomendación es que gobiernos y organismos multilaterales continúen buscando formas de equilibrar y socializar el comercio. Se concluye que postulados heterodoxos, como la visión de Thirlwall sobre el comercio, continúan teniendo vigencia. La originalidad del documento radica en la desagregación de resultados por países y bloques de tiempo, así como exportaciones e importaciones.

Abstract The present paper empirically assesses the role of capital flows in the output dynamics of the Mexican economy over the period 1994-2023. We hypothesize that capital flows have helped sustain a long-term economic growth rate that exceeds what is warranted by Mexico’s current account equilibrium. Our main contribution is to furnish empirical evidence supporting the Thirlwall-Hussain (1982) hypothesis. That is, capital flows are needed to finance the current account gap of economies growing beyond their means. Our analysis represents the first empirical test ever of such a model for the case of Mexico. Furthermore, our estimates from a vector error-correction model show that capital flows (FDI), imports and exports are intimately linked. Moreover, exports and FDI together provide the foreign exchange used to cope with technological and capital goods dependence. We conclude that finance is the most salient variable of overall economic dependence along the global supply chains. The main limitation of our study is that further empirical comparative analysis is required before generalizations can be reasonably made, a task for future endeavors.

Resumen Este trabajo evalúa empíricamente el papel de los flujos de capital en el crecimiento económico de México durante el período 1994-2023. La hipótesis central es que los flujos de capital contribuyen a mantener un crecimiento de largo plazo mayor al que se justificaría con equilibrio en la cuenta corriente. La principal contribución es proveer evidencia consistente con la hipótesis Thirlwall-Hussain (1982). Es decir, se requieren entradas de capital para financiar los déficits en la cuenta corriente de las economías que crecen más allá de sus medios. Este estudio es pionero en contrastar este modelo para el caso de México. Nuestras estimaciones, con base en un modelo de corrección de errores, muestran que los flujos de capital, las exportaciones y las importaciones están estrechamente ligadas. Las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa proveen las divisas necesarias para enfrentar la dependencia de tecnología y bienes de capital. La conclusión es que el financiamiento es una variable clave de la dependencia a lo largo de las cadenas globales de valor. La principal limitación es que se requiere investigación adicional para generalizar nuestros resultados.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the characteristics of specialization patterns on industrial dynamics, using a strong version of Thirlwall's external constraint model, for 13 manufacturing subsectors in Mexico during the period 1995-2020. The main findings show that: i) the growth of the manufacturing sector is constrained by the current account equilibrium; ii) the income elasticity of exports increases as productivity and capital accumulation grow; iii) the income elasticity of imports is greater to the extent that the participation of foreign value added in export production increases. With this evidence, it is possible to conclude that the deepening of the outward industrialization model has limited the gains associated with trade and slowed down economic growth. In this context, it is essential to operate an industrial policy that strengthens internal supply chains and the position within global value chains. The contribution of the work lies in analyzing at the subsector level the implications of the composition of trade on economic expansion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el impacto de las características de los patrones de especialización sobre la dinámica industrial, mediante una versión fuerte del modelo de restricción externa de Thirlwall, en 13 subsectores manufactureros de México durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el crecimiento del sector manufacturero se encuentra restringido por el equilibrio de la cuenta corriente; ii) la elasticidad ingreso de las exportaciones aumenta en la medida que crece la productividad y la acumulación de capital; iii) la elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones es mayor en la medida que aumenta la participación del valor agregado extranjero en la producción de exportación. Con esta evidencia, es posible concluir que la profundización del modelo de industrialización hacia fuera ha limitado las ganancias asociadas al comercio y ralentizado el crecimiento económico. En este contexto, es fundamental operar una política industrial que fortalezca las cadenas de suministro interna y la posición dentro de las cadenas globales de valor. La contribución del trabajo reside en analizar a nivel de subsector las implicaciones de la composición del comercio sobre la expansión económica.

Abstract This paper analyzes the links between exports and regional economic growth in Mexico. The Kaldor-Dixon-Thirlwall theoretical model and the econometric methodology of Durbin spatial panel models are used, which were estimated for the periods 2008-2019 and 2008-2023. The econometric results show, among other findings, that the relationship between regional growth and state export growth is null and non-significant, while trade openness and its absolute growth are positive and significant. The weak relationship between exports and regional growth implies that industrial policy proposals other than traditional ones should be promoted. A limitation of this study is the absence of data on regional imports, which could have enabled a more comprehensive examination of theoretical frameworks. Nonetheless, the study's significance lies in highlighting the limited role of the export sector in driving regional growth in Mexico, attributed to the weakening of national productive links.

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los vínculos entre las exportaciones y el crecimiento económico regional de México. Para ello se utiliza el modelo teórico de Kaldor-Dixon-Thirlwall y la metodología econométrica de modelos Durbin de panel espacial, los cuales fueron estimados para los periodos 2008-2019 y 2008-2023. Los resultados econométricos muestran, entre otros hallazgos, que la relación entre el crecimiento regional y el crecimiento estatal de las exportaciones es nulo y no significativo, mientras que para la apertura comercial y su crecimiento absoluto son positivos y significativos. La evidencia de una relación débil entre las exportaciones y el crecimiento regional implica que se deben impulsar propuestas de política industrial diferentes a las tradicionales. La principal limitación de esta investigación fue la falta de información sobre las importaciones regionales, con las cuales se podrían analizar planteamientos teóricos más completos. La originalidad de este trabajo consiste en mostrar que, para el crecimiento regional en Mexico, el sector exportador en las economías estatales tiene un papel limitado que se explica por el debilitamiento de los vinculos productivos nacionales.

The global coal industry has changed significantly in recent years. In this paper we analyse the coal production and consumption, imports and exports, and coal prices in China and other major coal-producing countries during the past four decades. The analysis shows that global coal production and consumption have declined over the last three years, in striking contrast to the continuous growth for most of the past 35 years. Australia, Indonesia, and Russia have become the world's major coal providers, while China, India, and the USA, and Germany are the major coal consumers. The world's, and China's, coal industry can be classified into four stages of development: the stable growth phase, stable phase, rapid growth phase, and high-quality phase. Coal prices rose in the world's four major coal markets in 2016 after four consecutive years of falling prices. The elimination of overcapacity and production-optimizing operations in China could assist in achieving a demand and supply balance.

Abstract This study addresses the economic nature of the Carrera de Campeche, a series of routes that connected southern New Spain and Guatemala through amphibious routes using rivers and land roads. The economic origin and use of different routes that were used and how they were concatenated with the alcabalatorios soils of Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Guatemalan Highlands are analyzed. It shows how trade and smuggling were two sides of the same process in which local products and transatlantic imports complemented each other during the last years of the Spanish colonial period.

Resumen Este estudio aborda el carácter económico de la Carrera de Campeche, una serie de rutas anfibias que conectaron el sur novohispano y Guatemala a través de ríos y caminos terrestres. Se analiza el origen económico de las rutas que se usaron y cómo concatenaron los suelos alcabalatorios de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca y los Altos de Guatemala. Se da cuenta cómo el comercio y el contrabando fueron dos caras de un mismo proceso en el que los productos de la tierra y las importaciones transatlánticas se complementaron durante los últimos años del período colonial español.

Resumen El girasol (Helianthus annuus) es originario del centro y norte de México, Estados Unidos y el sur de Canadá; sin embargo, la industria aceitera mexicana importa de Argentina, Estados Unidos y Canadá el 95 % del grano. El mercado demanda aceite tipo alto oleico por sus beneficios a la salud y estabilidad durante el freído, por lo que las empresas impulsan agricultura por contrato para su siembra a productores interesados; sin embargo, dado que no se han generado variedades alto oleicas mexicanas, el agricultor debe asumir un alto costo por el uso de semilla híbrida de empresas transnacionales. Por lo anterior, en el presente estudio se planteó como objetivo desarrollar variedades alto oleicas mediante la aplicación de marcadores moleculares asociados con la mutación de Pervenets que origina el genotipo Ol y el fenotipo alto oleico; para ello se aplicó el método de mejoramiento denominado selección recurrente entre progenies autofecundadas (SREPA). Con esta metodología se obtuvieron 54 líneas alto oleicas S4 y variedades sintéticas de ciclo precoz, intermedio y tardío, las que se evaluaron en cuatro municipios y cinco ambientes. Los resultados mostraron rendimiento de hasta 3.4 t ha-1 y porcentaje de aceite oleico entre 90.1 y 93.1 %, comparables con los mejores híbridos comerciales alto oleicos usados como testigos.

Summary Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is native to Central and Northern Mexico, the United States and Southern Canada; however, the Mexican oil industry imports 95 % of the grain from Argentina, the United States and Canada. The market demands high-oleic type oil for its health benefits and stability during frying, thus, companies promote contract farming for planting to interested producers; however, since high-oleic Mexican varieties have not been generated, the farmer must assume a high cost for the use of hybrid seed from transnational corporations. Therefore, the objective of this study was set to develop high-oleic varieties by applying molecular markers associated to the Pervenets mutation that causes the Ol genotype and the high-oleic phenotype. For this purpose, the breeding method called recurrent selection among selffertilized progenies (SREPA) was applied. With this methodology, 54 high-oleic S4 lines and synthetic varieties of early, intermediate and late cycle were obtained, which were evaluated in four municipalities and five environments. The results showed yield of up to 3.4 t ha-1 and oleic oil percentage between 90.1 and 93.1%, comparable to the best high oleic commercial hybrids used as controls.

Abstract: Here I propose that the link between economic growth and international trade is essential to understand the economic development of Mexico. For this reason, here I analyze econometrically quarterly time-series of production, imports and exports for the period 1993:Q1-2022:Q4. I use the results of the analysis to carry out a diagnostic and prospective exercise of the country’s economic situation. The conclusions of the exercise suggest that: 1) Mexico needs to strengthen and enforce their national institutions, laws and international agreements; 2) Mexico must face the challenges associated with an economic growth driven by the depreciation of the dollar, the big differentials between international and national interest rates and high domestic inflation, and 3) current public policies could induce a new episode of the “Dutch disease” in Mexico.

Resumen: La vinculación entre el crecimiento económico y el comercio internacional es fundamental para entender el desarrollo económico de México. Por esta razón, analizo econométricamente series de tiempo trimestrales de producción, importaciones y exportaciones para el periodo 1993:Q1-2022:Q4. Utilizo los resultados del análisis para hacer un ejercicio de diagnóstico y prospectiva de la situación económica del país. Las conclusiones del ejercicio sugieren que: 1) México necesita fortalecer y hacer valer sus instituciones, leyes y acuerdos internacionales; 2) México debe afrontar los retos asociados a un crecimiento económico impulsado por la depreciación del dólar, los elevados diferenciales entre las tasas de interés internacionales y nacionales y la alta inflación interna, y 3) las políticas públicas vigentes podrían inducir un nuevo episodio de «enfermedad holandesa» en México.

Resumo Nos últimos cinco anos, três Acordos de Livre Comércio (ALCs) emblemáticos completaram dez anos: o ALC República Dominicana-América Central-Estados Unidos, o acordo com a China e o Acordo de Associação com a União Europeia. Discute-se a importância da avaliação comparativa do desempenho desses ALCs como referências na política comercial da Costa Rica. Para cada um desses acordos, são avaliados diferentes impactos multidimensionais em áreas comerciais e não comerciais. Os resultados comerciais são analisados em termos quantitativos de exportações, importações, balança comercial, diversificação da oferta exportável e investimento estrangeiro direto. Mas, além disso, para cada um desses acordos, são estudados componentes não comerciais de enorme importância, refletidos em resultados sem precedentes, como a quebra de monopólios estatais, como foi o caso do TLC com os Estados Unidos. Este estudo se concentra na avaliação dos impactos específicos de cada acordo, com o objetivo de fornecer uma análise original de resultados que são apresentados como discordantes e assimétricos.

Résumé Au cours des cinq dernières années, trois accords de libre-échange (ALE) emblématiques ont fêté leur dixième anniversaire : l’ALE entre la République dominicaine, l’Amérique centrale et les États-Unis, l’accord avec la Chine et l’accord d’association avec l’Union européenne. L’importance de l’évaluation comparative des performances de ces ALE en tant que points de référence de la politique commerciale du Costa Rica est discutée. Pour chacun de ces accords, différents impacts multidimensionnels dans les domaines commerciaux et non commerciaux sont évalués. Les résultats commerciaux sont analysés en termes quantitatifs d’exportations, d’importations, de balance commerciale, de diversification de l’offre exportable et d’investissement étranger direct. Mais, pour chacun de ces accords, des composantes non commerciales d’une importance considérable sont également étudiées, se traduisant par des résultats sans précédent, tels que la rupture de monopoles d’État, comme ce fut le cas pour l’accord de libre-échange avec les États-Unis. Cette étude se concentre sur l’évaluation des impacts spécifiques de chaque accord, avec l’objectif de fournir une analyse originale de résultats présentés comme discordants et asymétriques.

Abstract Over the last five years, three emblematic Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) marked their tenth anniversary: the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States FTA, the agreement with China and the Association Agreement with the European Union. The importance of the comparative evaluation of the performance of these FTAs as benchmarks in Costa Rican trade policy is discussed. For each of these agreements, different multidimensional impacts in both trade and non-trade areas are assessed. Trade results are analyzed in quantitative terms of exports, imports, trade balance, diversification of the exportable supply and foreign direct investment. But, also, for each of these agreements, non-trade components of enormous importance are studied, reflected in unprecedented results, such as the breaking of state monopolies, as was the case of the FTA with the United States. This study focuses on the evaluation of the specific impacts of each agreement, with the objective of providing an original analysis of results that are presented as discordant and asymmetrical.

Resumen En el transcurso del último quinquenio, tres emblemáticos Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC) cumplieron 10 años de vigencia: el TLC suscrito entre República Dominicana-Centroamérica-Estados Unidos, el acuerdo con China y el Acuerdo de Asociación con la Unión Europea. Se plantea la importancia de la evaluación comparativa del desempeño de estos TLC como puntos de referencia en la política comercial costarricense. Para cada uno de estos acuerdos se valoran diferentes impactos multidimensionales tanto en ámbitos comerciales como no comerciales. Los resultados comerciales se analizan en términos cuantitativos de exportaciones, importaciones, balanza comercial, diversificación de la oferta exportable e inversión extranjera directa. Pero, también, para cada uno de estos acuerdos, se estudian componentes no comerciales de enorme transcendencia reflejados en resultados inéditos, como la ruptura de monopolios estatales, cual fue el caso del TLC con Estados Unidos. Este estudio se enfoca en la evaluación de impactos específicos de cada acuerdo, con el objetivo de ofrecer un análisis original de resultados que se presentan como discordantes y asimétricos.

RESUMO O consumo de fertilizante potássico pela agricultura brasileira supera em mais de dez vezes a produção nacional desse insumo, fato que indica a necessidade de alternativas para diminuir a dependência de sua importação. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos remineralizadores fonolito e olivina melilitito, como fonte de potássio e outros nutrientes, bem como o efeito da inoculação dessas rochas com as rizobactérias Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus megaterium, no incremento da solubilização destes materiais. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, sendo conduzido em delineamento blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial, sendo três fontes (cloreto de potássio, fonolito e olivina melilitito), três doses (150, 300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) com a presença ou ausência da inoculação, além de dois controles, sem adição de potássio, um com e outro sem inoculação, aplicados em 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de potássio e outros nutrientes no solo. O tratamento com olivina melilitito inoculado com rizobactérias favorece a solubilização de fosfato na maior dose. O remineralizador olivina melilitito, isolado ou inoculado com rizobactérias aumentou os teores de K+ e Ca2+ no solo nas doses intermediária e máxima (300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O), destacando esse remineralizador como fonte alternativa de potássio para as plantas. insumo importação disso megaterium materiais vegetação fatorial cloreto , melilitito) 150, 150 (150 30 60 ha1 ha 1 ha- K2O KO K controles repetições dose Ca2 Ca (30 K2O, plantas 15 (15 3 6 (3 (1 (

ABSTRACT The consumption of potassium (K) fertilizers in Brazilian agriculture exceeds the national production of this input by more than ten times, indicating the need for alternatives to reduce imports of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the remineralizing rocks phonolite and olivine melilitite as sources of K and other nutrients, as well as the effects of inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium on the solubilization of these rocks in the soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three K sources (potassium chloride, phonolite, and olivine melilitite), three rates (150, 300, and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), with and without inoculant, and two controls without K (one with and one without inoculant). The experimental units consisted of pots containing 3 kg of soil and a strawberry plant grown for eight months. The treatment with olivine melilitite inoculated with rhizobacteria favored phosphate solubilization when applied the highest rate. Olivine melilitite remineralizer, alone or inoculated with rhizobacteria, increased K+ and Ca2+ contents in the soil when applied at the intermediate and highest rates (300 and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), highlighting this remineralizer as an alternative potassium source for plants. (K times products nutrients design replications chloride melilitite, , melilitite) 150, 150 (150 300 60 ha1 ha 1 ha- K2O, K2O KO O K2O) inoculant inoculant. . inoculant) months rate Ca2 Ca (30 plants 15 (15 30 6 (3 (1 (

BACKGROUND: The South African pharmaceutical sector is Africa's largest and most advanced but heavily depends on imported products and active pharmaceutical ingredients to meet its demands. The status quo is due to low intra-industry trade, which is necessary to induce innovation and technological progress essential for accelerating local production, export growth and reducing dependence on imports. AIM: The primary objective of this article was to examine intra-industry trade in South Africa's pharmaceutical sector and subsequently, total factor productivity (TFP) as a key driver of intra-industry trade. SETTING: Intra-industry trade was measured using data obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development databases, while the TFP was measured using data from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) covering 2001-2021. METHOD: The marginal intra-industry trade index (MIIT) and unmatched changes in trade (UMCIT) were used to measure intra-industry trade, while the Malmquist total factor productivity (MTFP) index was used to analyse SARB data to determine TFP. RESULTS: The MIIT index and UMCIT revealed that trade is predominantly inter-industry with episodes of industry specialisation and significant intra-industry changes. The MTFP results showed that TFP is solely driven by technical changes. CONCLUSION: The study recommends that South Africa should develop a coordinated and sustainable innovation system in the pharmaceutical sector. This will help prevent sporadic technological advancements and promote intra-industry trade. CONTRIBUTION: The article contributes to the empirical literature on intra-industry trade in developing countries by showing the correlation between an improvement in TFP and an increase in intra-industry trade necessary to stimulate domestic production to reduce high import demand.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affected several business segments due to the lockdown period, including the illicit drug market. As Brazil usually imports new psychoactive substances (NPS), it was expected that their traffic would change during the pandemic. This study aimed to characterize NPS infused in pieces of paper seized inside prisons in the State of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All samples were identified as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, with indole-indazole structures. It was the first record of methyl (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido) butanoate (MDMB-4en-PINACA), N-[(2S)-1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-butylindazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA), and N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(4-fluorobutyl)indazole-3-carboxamide (4F-ABUTINACA) in RJ, demonstrating that new NPS still arrived despite the lockdown. The integration of the data obtained via this study enabled the unequivocal identification of NPS even in the absence of standard reference materials, which is a common drawback faced by forensic laboratories in the analysis of NPS. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 period market NPS, , (NPS) RJ (RJ) COVID-1 spectrometry reflectanceFourier reflectance Fourier spectroscopy highresolution high resolution agonists indoleindazole indole indazole structures 2S3,3dimethyl21pent4en1yl1Hindazole3carboxamido 2S33dimethyl21pent4en1yl1Hindazole3carboxamido SdimethylpentenylHindazolecarboxamido 2S 3,3 dimethyl 2 1 pent 4 en yl 1H 3 carboxamido S H (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido MDMB4enPINACA, MDMB4enPINACA MDMBenPINACA MDMB 4en PINACA (MDMB-4en-PINACA) N2S1amino3,3dimethyl1oxobutan2yl1butylindazole3carboxamide N2S1amino33dimethyl1oxobutan2yl1butylindazole3carboxamide NSaminodimethyloxobutanylbutylindazolecarboxamide N amino oxobutan butylindazole carboxamide ADBBUTINACA, ADBBUTINACA ADB BUTINACA (ADB-BUTINACA) N1adamantyl14fluorobutylindazole3carboxamide Nadamantylfluorobutylindazolecarboxamide adamantyl fluorobutyl 4FABUTINACA FABUTINACA 4F ABUTINACA F (4F-ABUTINACA materials COVID1 (COVID-1 (NPS (RJ COVID- 2S3 3dimethyl21pent4en1yl1Hindazole3carboxamido Hindazole 33 3, enPINACA (MDMB-4en-PINACA N2S1amino3 3dimethyl1oxobutan2yl1butylindazole3carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA fluorobutylindazole (COVID- dimethylpentenylHindazolecarboxamido NSamino N2S1amino dimethyloxobutanylbutylindazolecarboxamide (COVID

ABSTRACT Debates in the British House of Commons between 1839 and 1946 revealed four distinct positions on the controversial Corn Laws. The Radicals, led by Richard Cobden, fought for overall free trade. The moderate Whigs, headed by Lord John Russell, leaned toward a fixed duty on imported corn. The Conservative Peelites, rallied behind Robert Peel, supported the prevailing sliding-scale system, while the landed Tories, who coalesced around Lord George Bentinck, wished protection all around. This article analyzes how the principles of political economy got entangled with political considerations in the speeches delivered by the leaders of each parliamentary faction. It concludes by highlighting the crucial role of political economy, especially the free trade doctrine, along with material evidence and historical precedent, as the key concurring factors in the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. 183 194 Radicals Cobden Whigs Russell corn Peelites Peel slidingscale sliding scale system Tories Bentinck faction doctrine precedent 1846 18 19 184 1

RESUMO Os debates na Câmara dos Comuns da Grã-Bretanha entre 1839 e 1846 revelam quatro posições distintas sobre as controversas Leis do Trigo. Os radicais, liderados por Richard Cobden, lutavam pelo livre cambismo. Os Whigs moderados, encabeçados por Lord John Russell, inclinavam-se a favor de uma tarifa fixa sobre o trigo importado. Os conservadores Peelites, unidos em torno de Robert Peel, apoiavam o prevalecente sistema tarifário de escala móvel, enquanto os Tories ligados à terra, os quais convergiram em torno de Lord George Bentinck, ambicionavam por um protecionismo geral. O artigo analisa como os princípios de economia política viram-se envolvidos com considerações políticas nos discursos dos líderes das facções parlamentares indicadas. As conclusões ressaltam o papel da economia política, notadamente a doutrina do livre comércio, da evidência material e do precedente histórico como os fatores decisivos na supressão das Leis do Trigo em 1846. GrãBretanha Grã Bretanha 183 184 radicais Cobden cambismo moderados Russell inclinavamse inclinavam se importado Peelites Peel móvel terra Bentinck geral viramse viram indicadas comércio 18 1

RESUMEN Los debates en la Cámara de los Comunes de Gran Bretaña entre 1839 y 1846 revelan cuatro posiciones distintas sobre las controversiales Leyes del Trigo. Los radicales, liderados por Richard Cobden, luchaban por el libre cambio. Los Whigs moderados, encabezados por Lord John Russell, se inclinaban a favor de una tarifa fija sobre el trigo importado. Los conservadores Peelites unidos a Robert Peel, apoyaban el prevalente sistema tarifario de escala móvil, mientras que los Tories relacionados con la tierra, los cuales estaban juntos a Lord George Bentinck, lidiaban por un proteccionismo general. El artículo analiza cómo los principios de la economía política se vieron envueltos con consideraciones políticas en los discursos de los líderes de las facciones parlamentarias mencionadas. Las conclusiones resaltan el papel de la economía política, notablemente la doctrina del libre comercio, de la evidencia material y del precedente histórico como los factores decisivos en la supresión de las Leyes del Trigo en 1846. 183 184 radicales Cobden cambio moderados Russell importado Peel móvil tierra Bentinck general mencionadas comercio 18 1

ABSTRACT Against the background of a sharp decline in soybean planting, rising imports, and natural disasters in China, finding appropriate distribution areas for soybean has become a matter of urgency so that soybean planting policies can be formulated and soybean food security ensured. Among the numerous ecological niche models, the most suitable one for predicting potential distribution areas of soybean in the frigid region must be identified. Based on 65 soybean occurrence points and nine environmental variables, three ecological niche models, MaxEnt, BIOCLIM, and DOMAIN, were applied to the prediction of potential distribution areas for soybean. According to the analytical comparison, the three models predicted the potential distribution of soybean and, specifically, MaxEnt, stood out above the other two models as regards predicting the soybean distribution (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, AUC = 0.916, Kappa = 0.685). The potential distribution areas (from low suitability to high suitability) predicted by MaxEnt was the largest and accounted for 59.5 % of the total area. The potential suitable distribution area of soybean was mainly concentrated in relatively flat terrain. The Sanjiang Plain and the Northeast Plain accounted for 9.4 % of the total area in the frigid region and are highly suitability for soybean. At the same time, annual mean temperature, elevation and Apr solar radiation were the key determinants affecting soybeans’ habitat. On the whole, the selection of ecological niche models and the prediction of soybean potential distribution can provide an essential reference for soybean planting and planning. Moreover, it would be a reliable example for the subsequent related research on soybean habitats. imports China ensured identified 6 variables BIOCLIM DOMAIN comparison specifically Receiver curve 0916 0 916 0.916 0.685. 0685 0.685 . 685 0.685) from 595 59 5 59. terrain 94 9 4 9. time temperature soybeans habitat whole planning Moreover habitats 091 91 0.91 068 0.68 68 09 0.9 06 0.6 0.