Abstract The aim of this article is to apply the model of Thirlwall's simple rule to analyze the causes of the divergent equilibrium growth rates between China and Mexico. The Fully Modified OLS method by Peter C. B. Phillips and Bruce E. Hansen is used. This approach offers precise estimates for the long-term relationships between GDP and exports, addressing endogeneity and autocorrelation. Through this estimator, we obtained the equilibrium GDP growth rates and the income elasticities of import demand. It is recommended to implement industrial and trade policies in Mexico to boost its growth. A limitation is that a more detailed analysis of differentiated growth was not conducted, so it would be necessary to explore further the extended version of Thirlwall's Law. The originality of our work lies in contributing to the understanding of the disparities in economic growth between China and Mexico. In conclusion, we demonstrate the different growth capacities based on the constraints of each country's current accounts.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es aplicar el modelo de la regla simple de Thirlwall para analizar las causas de las tasas divergentes de crecimiento de equilibrio entre China y México. Se utiliza el método Fully Modified OLS de Peter C. B. Phillips y Bruce E. Hansen. Este enfoque ofrece estimaciones precisas para las relaciones de largo plazo entre el PIB y las exportaciones, abordando la endogeneidad y la autocorrelación. Mediante este estimador, obtuvimos las tasas de crecimiento de equilibrio del PIB y las elasticidades ingreso de la demanda de importaciones. Se recomienda implementar políticas industriales y comerciales en México para impulsar su crecimiento. Una limitante es que no se realizó un análisis más detallado del crecimiento diferenciado, por lo que habría que explorar más adelante la versión ampliada de Ley de Thirlwall. La originalidad de nuestro trabajo consiste en que contribuye a la comprensión de las disparidades de crecimiento económico entre China y México. En conclusión, evidenciamos las distintas capacidades de crecimiento en función de las restricciones de las cuentas corrientes de cada país.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to apply the extended Thirlwall’s Law, which incorporates capital accumulation to explain China’s (1971 - 2022) and Mexico’s (1961 - 2022) output growth rates. We use the ARDL cointegration methodology to estimate their import demand functions. We get robust estimations and then calculate their long-run growth rates, which result very close to their actual values. We recommend changing the Mexican industrialization strategy to generate domestic productive chains and domestic industries to substitute import-goods and dynamize the domestic market. One limit of our paper is that we use aggregate variables, but it could be necessary to analyze the effects of exports and capital accumulation in the specific domestic industry subsectors. The originality lies in showing that China’s dynamism during the last decades is more related to its dynamic capital accumulation than to its dynamic growth rate of exports, whereas Mexico’s slow growth rate regime is more related to its low capital accumulation than to its high growth rate of exports.

Resumen Mediante la extensión de la Ley de Thirlwall, la cual incorpora la acumulación de capital, se explican las tasas de crecimiento de China (1971-2022) y México (1961-2022). Usamos la metodología de cointegración ARDL para estimar sus funciones de demanda de importaciones. Con las estimaciones robustas calculamos sus tasas de crecimiento de largo plazo, las cuales resultaron muy parecidas a sus valores observados. Recomendamos cambiar la estrategia de industrialización mexicana a fin de generar cadenas productivas domésticas e industrias domésticas que produzcan bienes sustitutos de las importaciones para dinamizar el mercado doméstico. Una limitante de nuestro artículo es que usamos variables agregadas, pero sería necesario analizar los efectos de las exportaciones y la acumulación de capital en los subsectores industriales específicos. La originalidad radica en mostrar que el dinamismo de China de las últimas décadas está más relacionado con su dinámica acumulación de capital que con su dinámica tasa de crecimiento de las exportaciones, mientras que el regimen de bajo crecimiento de México está más relacionado con su baja acumulación de capital que con su alta tasa de crecimiento de las exportaciones.

The global coal industry has changed significantly in recent years. In this paper we analyse the coal production and consumption, imports and exports, and coal prices in China and other major coal-producing countries during the past four decades. The analysis shows that global coal production and consumption have declined over the last three years, in striking contrast to the continuous growth for most of the past 35 years. Australia, Indonesia, and Russia have become the world's major coal providers, while China, India, and the USA, and Germany are the major coal consumers. The world's, and China's, coal industry can be classified into four stages of development: the stable growth phase, stable phase, rapid growth phase, and high-quality phase. Coal prices rose in the world's four major coal markets in 2016 after four consecutive years of falling prices. The elimination of overcapacity and production-optimizing operations in China could assist in achieving a demand and supply balance.

Abstract This work aims to analyze the outstanding role that foreign capital, companies and entrepreneurs had in promoting the industrialization process in the city of Querétaro (Mexico) and its metropolitan area, which includes the municipalities of Corregidora, El Marqués and Colón, among 1943-2018, within the framework of a historical period in which two economic models were developed: Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) and neoliberalism. The main axis is the importance of foreign investments, understood as foreign companies and private Mexican business groups, for the implementation of said industrial development over more than seven decades, as well as investigating the types and industrialization processes that occurred in that period and their relationships with socio-technical and work areas. It is suggested as a hypothesis that said industrialization process can be defined as artificial and exogenous. First, because there was no local business community to carry out this process, as happened in other cities in Mexico -such as Monterrey-, and exogenous because, through national capital from other regions of the country, and especially from abroad, it was carried out the industrialization of the city. From the above, a process of dependent industrialization emerges, inserted in the periphery that has limited endogenous capacity in technological terms, but also in labor terms, a situation that has tended to worsen in the 1980s and that has continued its course to the present.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el destacado papel que tuvieron los capitales, empresas y empresarios foráneos para potenciar el proceso de industrialización en la ciudad de Querétaro (México) y su zona metropolitana, que incluye los municipios de Corregidora, El Marqués y Colón, entre 1943-2018, en el marco de un periodo histórico en que se desarrollaron dos modelos económicos: la Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones (ISI) y el neoliberalismo. Se tiene como eje principal la importancia que tuvieron las inversiones foráneas, entendido este término como empresas extranjeras y de grupos empresariales privados mexicanos para la puesta en práctica de dicho desarrollo industrial a lo largo de más de siete décadas, así como indagar en los tipos y procesos de industrialización que se dieron en ese periodo y sus relaciones con ámbitos socio-técnicos y de trabajo. Se sugiere como hipótesis que dicho proceso de industrialización se puede definir como artificial y exógeno. Primero, porque no existió un empresariado local que llevara a cabo dicho proceso, como sucedió en otras ciudades de México -como Monterrey-, y exógeno porque, mediante capitales nacionales de otras regiones del país, y sobre todo del extranjero, se llevó a cabo la industrialización de la ciudad. De lo anterior se desprende un proceso de industrialización dependiente, inserto en la periferia que ha limitado la capacidad endógena en términos tecnológicos, pero también laborales, situación que ha tendido a agravarse en la década de 1980 y que ha seguido su curso hasta la actualidad.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa as discussões sobre o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla durante o diálogo social tripartite realizadona Costa Rica entre 27 de fevereiro e 1º de setembro de 2017. Essa arena de diálogo, moderada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, contou com a participação de representantes de empresas, sindicatos e do governo. A análise se concentra nas representações sociais e nas referências intersubjetivas especificamente desenvolvidas por atores estatais e paraestatais sobre as características e os potenciais do modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla para resolver determinados problemas sociais na Costa Rica. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes do Estado que participaram do diálogo, bem como com representantes paraestatais que estiveram envolvidos nas discussões sobre o tema. Como resultado, uma das principais constatações é que, na dinâmica da cooperação política, o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dual é tratado como um produto de “exportação/importação” capaz de resolver problemas como o desemprego juvenil e a pobreza entre os jovens. A referência ao modelo alemão de melhores práticas e à Alemanha como tal é usada para limitar a participação adequada dos atores e a compreensão dos problemas sociais.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las discusiones sobre el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual durante el diálogo social tripartito celebrado en Costa Rica entre el 27 de febrero y el 1 de setiembre de 2017. A este escenario de diálogo, moderado por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, asistieron representantes de empresas, sindi- catos y el gobierno. El análisis se centra en las representaciones sociales y referencias intersubjetivas elaboradas específicamente por actores estatales y paraestatales sobre las características y potencialidades del modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual para resolver determinados problemas sociales en Costa Rica. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes estatales que participaron en el diálogo, así como a representantes paraestatales que intervinieron en las discusiones sobre el tema. Como resultado, uno de los principales hallazgos es que, dentro de la dinámica de cooperación política, el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual es tratado como un producto de “exportación/importación” capaz de resolver problemas como el desempleo juvenil y la pobreza entre los jóvenes. La referencia al modelo alemán de buenas prácticas y a Alemania como tal se utiliza para limitar la adecuada participación de los actores y la comprensión de los problemas sociales.

Abstract: This article analyzes the discussions on the German dual apprenticeship model during the tripartite social dialogue held in Costa Rica between February 27 and September 1, 2017. This dialogue arena, moderated by the International Labour Organization, was attended by representatives of companies, trade unions, and the government. The analysis focuses on the social representations and intersubjective references specifically developed by state and parastatal actors on the characteristics and potentials of the German dual apprenticeship model to solve certain social problems in Costa Rica. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with state representatives who participated in the dialogue, as well as with parastatal representatives who were involved in the discussions on the topic. As a result, one of the main findings is that within the dynamics of political cooperation, the German dual apprenticeship model is treated as an “export/import” product capable of solving problems such as youth unemployment and poverty among young people. The reference to the German best practice model and to Germany as such is used to limit the adequate participation of actors and the understanding of social problems.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

ABSTRACT Classical developmentalism was heterodox economics that showed countries require a moderate intervention of the state in the economy to industrialize and catch up. Growth depends on investments and on a satisfying expected rate of profit, which import tariffs legitimized by the infant industry argument assure. Latin American countries adopted this industrial policy from the 1950s and experienced high growth rates. But the infant argument loses validity with time. In the 1980s, under the pressure of the Global North, Latin American countries adopted the neoliberal reforms, and are quasi-stagnant since then. New developmentalism emerged in the 2000s, made the critique of conventional economics, proposed a new growth strategy focused on a competitive exchange rate, and legitimized the use of import tariffs with the Dutch disease argument. up profit assure s rates time 1980s North reforms quasistagnant quasi stagnant then 2000s

RESUMO O desenvolvimentismo clássico é uma teoria econômica heterodoxa que mostrou que os países precisam de intervenção moderada do Estado na economia para se industrializar. Os países latino-americanos adotaram essa política industrial a partir da década de 1950 e tiveram altas taxas de crescimento. Mas o argumento da indústria nascente perde validade com o tempo. Na década de 1980, sob a pressão do Norte, os países latino-americanos adotaram as reformas neoliberais e estão quase estagnados desde então. O novo desenvolvimentismo surgiu nos anos 2000, fez a crítica da economia convencional, formulou uma macroeconomia do desenvolvimento baseada nos cinco preços macroeconômicos, desenvolveu um argumento contraintuitivo contra a política de crescimento com endividamento e poupança externa e a retomada de tarifas de importação para neutralizar a doença holandesa. industrializar latinoamericanos latino americanos 195 tempo 1980 Norte então 2000 convencional macroeconômicos holandesa 19 198 200 1 20 2

Resumo A ivermectina é um fármaco seguro e eficaz em seres humanos e é aprovado para uso em inúmeras infecções parasitárias há mais de 50 anos. Além disso, muitos estudos já evidenciaram sua atividade antiviral. A ivermectina é geralmente bem tolerada, sem indicação de toxicidade associada ao sistema nervoso central para doses até 10 vezes a dose mais alta, aprovada pelo FDA (Food and Drug Administration), de 200 µg/kg. Os resultados in vitro da ivermectina para redução da carga viral do SARS-CoV-2 são promissores e mostram que a Ivermectina mata o SARS-CoV-2 dentro de 48 horas. Uma hipótese de mecanismo de ação para esta droga é uma provável inibição da importação nuclear de proteínas virais mediada por IMPα / β1 como demonstrado para outros vírus de RNA. No entanto, estudos controlados e randomizados são necessários para comprovar sua eficácia na COVID-19 em humanos. Em um único estudo in vivo com resultados publicados, pacientes confirmadamente infectados por SARS-CoV-2 receberam pelo menos uma dose de ivermectina em qualquer momento durante a hospitalização. A utilização da ivermectina foi associada a menor mortalidade durante o tratamento com COVID-19, especialmente em pacientes que necessitaram de maior oxigênio inspirado ou suporte ventilatório. Adicionalmente, 81 estudos com o uso clínico da ivermectina em humanos estão sendo realizados em todo o mundo segundo o site ClinicalTrials.gov. Porém, nenhum destes teve seus dados publicados até o momento. No entanto, entidades privadas e públicas no Brasil vêm adotando este medicamento em seus protocolos como profilaxia e na fase inicial da doença. Além disto, a ivermectina é utilizada no tratamento em massa na prevenção da oncocercose e filariose linfática na África subsaariana há muitos anos. Surpreendentemente, esta região possui o menor índice de mortalidade proporcional entre os continentes, apesar dos números crescentes de contaminados divulgados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Abstract Ivermectin is a safe and effective drug in humans and has been approved for use in numerous parasitic infections for over 50 years. In addition, many studies have already shown its antiviral activity. Ivermectin is generally well tolerated, with no indication of central nervous system-associated toxicity at doses up to 10 times the highest FDA-approved dose of 200 µg/kg. The in vitro results of ivermectin for reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load are promising and show that Ivermectin kills SARS-CoV-2 within 48 hours. A hypothesized mechanism of action for this drug is a likely inhibition of IMPα/β1-mediated nuclear import of viral proteins as demonstrated for other RNA viruses. However, controlled and randomized studies are needed to prove its effectiveness in COVID-19 in humans. In a single in vivo study with published results, patients confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 received at least one dose of ivermectin at any time during hospitalization. The use of ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment with COVID-19, especially in patients who required increased inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. Additionally, 81 studies with the clinical use of ivermectin in humans are being carried out worldwide according to ClinicalTrials.gov. However, none of these data has been published so far. However, private and public entities in Brazil have been adopting this drug in their protocols as prophylaxis and in the initial phase of the disease. In addition, ivermectin has been used in mass treatment to prevent onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa for many years. Surprisingly, this region has the lowest proportional mortality rate among the continents, despite the increasing numbers of infected people released by the World Health Organization.

RESUMEN En los primeros años del siglo XIX, la abertura de una carretera entra la parte central de la zona de Mata de Minas Gerais y la ciudad de Campos dos Goytacazes sirvió como catalizador del proceso de ocupación de las tierras que la atravesaban. Del mismo modo, se percibió el aumento del comercio entre estas dos áreas, llevándolos a la formación de un espacio económico particular, correspondiente en gran medida a la cuenca del río Pomba. Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la producción rural y la circulación de mercancías de esta región a lo largo de las primeras décadas del siglo XIX con base en los datos de los décimos de importación y exportación del registro de la Barra de Pombo, así como cuestionar la veracidad del concepto de espacio económico para el período posterior a la decadencia de la actividad minera. atravesaban modo áreas particular Pomba Pombo minera

ABSTRACT In the early years of the nineteenth century, the opening of a road between the central part of the so-called “Zona da Mata” (Forest Belt) of Minas Gerais and the city of Campos dos Goytacazes acted as a catalyst for a process of land occupation in the region. The process was accompanied by an increase in trade between the two areas, signaling the formation of a particular economic space. This article analyzes the rural production and the circulation of goods in the central area of the Zona da Mata during the first decades of the nineteenth century, based on records of tithes and on import and export data from the Barra do Pomba customs house. It also questions the validity of the concept of economic space for the period after the decline of mining activity. century socalled so called Forest Belt region areas house activity

RESUMO Nos primeiros anos do século XIX, a abertura de uma estrada entre a parte central da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais e a cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes atuou como catalisador do processo de ocupação das terras por ela atravessadas. Do mesmo modo, assistiu-se ao incremento do comércio entre as duas áreas, sinalizando para a formação de um espaço econômico particular, em grande medida correspondente à bacia hidrográfica do rio Pomba. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a produção rural e a circulação de mercadorias nessa região ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XIX com base nos dados dos dízimos e de importação e exportação pelo registro da Barra do Pomba, bem como questionar a validade do conceito de espaço econômico para o período posterior ao declínio da atividade mineradora. atravessadas modo assistiuse assistiu se áreas particular Pomba mineradora

ABSTRACT Reading history education through curriculum theory, I explore competing paradigmatic logics undergirding history programs and teachers’ pedagogical choices. Compared to a ‘standardized management’ and ‘constructivist best practices’ paradigm, I draw from my scholarly journey to argue that a ‘curriculum wisdom’ orientation best honors democratic complexities, the nature of doing history, and a hope for public education as an ethical exploration towards a more preferable social future, however defined. In making this case, I explore futures thinking in the form of scenarios in which teachers and students use historical knowledge as warrants for distinguishing between the possible, probable, and preferable futures of those local-global issues deemed of personal-social import. As a conclusion, I ask, in what ways might we envision the potential of something more educative then merely transmitting a nation-state’s single story of origins and change over time or appeals to shifty notions of objective history from one presumed to know to one presumed to be lacking?.

RESUMEN Al leer la educación histórica a través de la teoría del currículo, exploro las lógicas paradigmáticas en competencia que sustentan los programas de historia y las elecciones pedagógicas de los docentes. En comparación con un paradigma de 'gestión estandarizada' y 'mejores prácticas constructivistas', me baso en mi experiencia académica para argumentar que una orientación de 'sabiduría curricular' honra mejor las complejidades democráticas, la naturaleza de hacer historia, y una esperanza para la educación pública como una exploración ética hacia el futuro social más preferible, como quiera que se defina. Al presentar este caso, exploro el pensamiento de futuros en forma de escenarios en los que los profesores y estudiantes utilizan el conocimiento histórico como garantías para distinguir entre los futuros posibles, probables y preferibles de aquellas cuestiones locales-globales consideradas de importancia personal-social. Como conclusión, pregunto, ¿de qué manera podemos imaginar el potencial de algo más educativo que simplemente transmitir la historia única de los orígenes de un estado-nación y cambiar a lo largo del tiempo o apelar a nociones cambiantes de historia objetiva de una que se supone que sabe a una que se supone que falta?.

Abstract The South of Brazil, especially the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, were strongly marked by coal mining since the first decades of the 20th century. This growing process of coal exploitation (especially in the context of the world wars, which made it difficult to import English coal) led to the formation of the so-called coal regions. The growth of coal exploration generated the need to expand the workforce that came to work in the mines and lived in the workers’ villages built by the mining companies. Using the methodology of comparative history, the article aims to make a comparative analysis of the Worker Villages of the coal regions of São Jerônimo (which was home to the villages of Arroio dos Ratos and Butiá, Minas do Leão and Charqueadas) in Rio Grande do Sul, and Criciúma, in Santa Catarina, between the years 1945 to 1964. Brazil Sul th century wars socalled so called workers companies history Butiá Charqueadas Criciúma 194 1964 19 196 1

Resumo O Sul do Brasil, em especial os Estados de Santa Catarina e o Rio Grande do Sul foram fortemente marcados pela exploração do carvão mineral desde as primeiras décadas do século XX. Esse processo crescente de exploração do carvão (em especial no contexto das guerras mundiais, que dificultaram a importação do carvão inglês) levou à constituição das chamadas regiões carboníferas. O crescimento da exploração do carvão gerou a necessidade de ampliação da força de trabalho que vinham trabalhar nas minas e moravam nas vilas operárias construídas pelas empresas mineradoras. Utilizando-se da metodologia da história comparada, o artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise comparada das Vilas Operárias das regiões carboníferas de São Jerônimo (que abrigava as vilas de Arroio dos Ratos e Butiá, Minas do Leão e Charqueadas), no Rio Grande do Sul, e de Criciúma, em Santa Catarina, entre os anos de 1945 a 1964. Brasil XX mundiais inglês mineradoras Utilizandose Utilizando se Butiá Charqueadas, Charqueadas , Charqueadas) Criciúma 194 1964 19 196 1

Resumo O comércio internacional é capaz de afetar negativamente a fruticultura brasileira, em razão do risco à sanidade vegetal, que é a combinação da probabilidade de ocorrência da praga e seu perigo potencial. O modelo de rede socioeconômica possui potencial de representar esse risco e ser usado pelo órgão fiscalizador. Os objetivos são analisar a aplicabilidade do modelo para a avaliação de risco de entrada de pragas via importação, e converter os resultados em propostas de estratégias de inspeção para determinadas frutas. A probabilidade foi representada pela frequência de importação caracterizada pelo tamanho do nó e a espessura do arco, enquanto o perigo potencial foi expresso pela cor do nó, de acordo com as pragas interceptadas de 2018 a 2020. O método se mostrou útil como meio visual para analisar as regiões de risco, mas não como método preditivo. Como resultado, as maçãs e peras importadas da Argentina, Uruguai, Chile e Espanha, principalmente pela região Sul; frutas do gênero Prunnus do Chile, especialmente pelo Rio Grande do Sul; frutas da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul 0810, do Chile, México e EUA; citros do Uruguai e Argentina, em particular, por São Paulo; uva da Argentina, em especial, importadas via região Sul, Pernambuco e São Paulo precisam de inspeção mais rigorosa. brasileira vegetal fiscalizador arco 201 2020 preditivo resultado Argentina Espanha Sul 0810 EUA particular especial rigorosa 20 202 081 2 08 0

Abstract International trade can negatively affect Brazilian fruit growing due to the risk to plant health, which is the combination of the probability of occurrence of the pest and its potential danger. The socio-economic network model has the potential to represent this risk and be used by the supervisory agency. The aims are to analyze the applicability of the model for assessing the risk of pests entering via imports and to convert the results into proposals for inspection strategies for certain fruits. The probability was represented by the import frequency characterized by the size of the node and the thickness of the arc, while the potential danger was represented by the color of the node according to the pests intercepted between 2018 and 2020. The method proved useful as a visual tool for analyzing risk regions, but not as a predictive method. Apples and pears imported from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Spain, mainly through the southern region; Prunnus genus from Chile, especially in Rio Grande do Sul; Mercosur Common Nomenclature 0810 fruits from Chile, Mexico and the USA; citrus from Uruguay and Argentina, mainly in São Paulo; grapes from Argentina, mainly in the southern region, in Pernambuco and São Paulo need stricter inspection. health socioeconomic socio economic agency arc 201 2020 regions Argentina Spain region Sul 081 USA 20 202 08 2 0

Abstract As in many areas of knowledge, rapid prototyping technology or additive manufacturing, popularly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gaining ground in medicine in recent years, with different applications. Numerous are the benefits of this science in orthopedic surgery, by allowing the conversion of imaging tests into 3D models. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to describe a practical step-by-step for the printing of parts from patient imaging. This is a methodological study, considering preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with orthopedic deformities. Initially, the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) examination should be imported into the 3D reconstruction software of anatomical structures for the segmentation and conversion process to the stereolithography (STL) format. The next step is to import the STL file into the 3D modeling software, which allows you to work freely by manipulating the 3D mesh. The 3D models were printed additively on the GTMax3D Core A3v2 fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology printer. knowledge manufacturing threedimensional three dimensional D (3D years applications surgery Therefore stepbystep CT (CT deformities Initially DICOM (DICOM (STL format mesh GTMaxD GTMax Av A v A3v FDM (FDM printer

Resumo Assim como em diversas áreas do conhecimento, a tecnologia de prototipagem rápida ou manufatura aditiva, conhecida popularmente como impressão tridimensional (3D), vem ganhando espaço na medicina nos últimos anos, com diferentes aplicações. Inúmeros são os benefícios desta ciência na cirurgia ortopédica, ao permitir a conversão de exames de imagem em modelos tridimensionais. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever um passo-a-passo prático para a impressão de peças a partir de exames de imagem de pacientes. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, considerando exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) pré-operatórios de pacientes portadores de deformidades ortopédicas. Inicialmente, o exame em formato digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM, na sigla em inglês) deve ser importado para o software de reconstrução tridimensional de estruturas anatômicas para o processo de segmentação e de conversão para o formato stereolithography (STL, na sigla em inglês). A próxima etapa é a importação do arquivo STL para o software de modelagem 3D, o qual permite trabalhar de forma livre manipulando a malha 3D. Finalizado o processo de edição, deve-se transferir o arquivo para o software fatiador para realizar as configurações de impressão e para salvar o arquivo em formato G-code para a materialização do objeto na impressora. Os modelos 3D foram impressos de forma aditiva, na impressora de tecnologia fused deposition modeling (FDM, na sigla em inglês) GTMax3D Core A3v2. conhecimento aditiva D , (3D) anos aplicações ortopédica tridimensionais disso passoapasso passo Tratase Trata se metodológico TC (TC préoperatórios pré operatórios ortopédicas Inicialmente DICOM, DICOM (DICOM inglês STL, (STL inglês. . edição devese Gcode G code FDM, FDM (FDM GTMaxD GTMax A3v2 Av v (3D A3v

RESUMO Este estudo teve o objetivo de revelar os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos. No estudo, os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 sobre o uso da terra nas empresas, o status das atividades contínuas de criação de animais, a finalidade da produção, as características da combinação da produção agrícola e da produção animal, o número de animais na empresa e o status do pastor, a saída dos animais para o pasto, o fornecimento e o uso de ração bruta e concentrada e as alimentações suplementares foram considerados significativos. Além das incertezas vivenciadas, os criadores foram afetados negativamente pelos processos de quarentena e restrição aplicados nesse processo. Eles foram particularmente afetados negativamente pelos problemas encontrados no uso de pastagens e interrupções no fornecimento de ração, restrições à movimentação de animais, fechamento de mercados de gado, interrupções no acesso a serviços veterinários e fornecimento de vacinas, distanciamento social, proibições de viagens, restrições à importação e exportação de produtos, mudanças rápidas nas políticas de preços dos produtos e aumento dos custos. Como resultado, observa-se que o período pandêmico da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 caprinos animal pastor pasto significativos vivenciadas processo gado vacinas social viagens custos resultado observase observa se COVID1 1 COVID-

ABSTRACT This study had the objective of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on sheep and goat husbandry enterprises. In the study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on the land use of the enterprises, the status of continuing animal husbandry activities, the purpose of production, the characteristics of combining crop production and animal production, the number of animals in the enterprise and the status of the shepherd, the exit of animals to pasture, the supply and use of roughage and concentrate feed, and supplementary feedings were found to be significant. In addition to the uncertainties experienced, breeders were negatively affected by the quarantine and restriction processes applied in this process. They were particularly negatively affected by the problems encountered in the use of pastures and disruptions in the supply of feed, restrictions on animal movements, closure of livestock markets, disruptions in access to veterinary services and vaccine supply, social distancing, travel bans, restrictions on the import-export of products, rapid changes in the price policies of products and increased costs. As a result, it is seen that the COVID-19 pandemic period had a significant impact on sheep and goat breeding enterprises. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 enterprises activities shepherd pasture feed experienced process movements markets distancing bans importexport import export costs result COVID1 1 COVID-

BACKGROUND: The South African pharmaceutical sector is Africa's largest and most advanced but heavily depends on imported products and active pharmaceutical ingredients to meet its demands. The status quo is due to low intra-industry trade, which is necessary to induce innovation and technological progress essential for accelerating local production, export growth and reducing dependence on imports. AIM: The primary objective of this article was to examine intra-industry trade in South Africa's pharmaceutical sector and subsequently, total factor productivity (TFP) as a key driver of intra-industry trade. SETTING: Intra-industry trade was measured using data obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development databases, while the TFP was measured using data from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) covering 2001-2021. METHOD: The marginal intra-industry trade index (MIIT) and unmatched changes in trade (UMCIT) were used to measure intra-industry trade, while the Malmquist total factor productivity (MTFP) index was used to analyse SARB data to determine TFP. RESULTS: The MIIT index and UMCIT revealed that trade is predominantly inter-industry with episodes of industry specialisation and significant intra-industry changes. The MTFP results showed that TFP is solely driven by technical changes. CONCLUSION: The study recommends that South Africa should develop a coordinated and sustainable innovation system in the pharmaceutical sector. This will help prevent sporadic technological advancements and promote intra-industry trade. CONTRIBUTION: The article contributes to the empirical literature on intra-industry trade in developing countries by showing the correlation between an improvement in TFP and an increase in intra-industry trade necessary to stimulate domestic production to reduce high import demand.