ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

RESUMO: Os padrões paisagísticos em zonas montanhosas com rápido desenvolvimento económico são fortemente afetados por múltiplas atividades humanas. No entanto, as mudanças nas alterações da paisagem nas áreas montanhosas cársticas atribuídas a atividades humanas complexas permanecem obscuras. A investigação sobre o grau de alteração da paisagem em zonas montanhosas sob a influência das atividades humanas é de grande importância para a conservação e gestão científica das paisagens montanhosas. Selecionamos zonas rurais com quatro tipos típicos de acidentes geográficos de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas como objetos de pesquisa e analisamos a resposta das mudanças na perturbação da paisagem rural à atividade humana nessas áreas. Nossos resultados revelam que o grau de alteração da paisagem e a atividade humana influenciam o aumento do índice na maioria das áreas montanhosas. As mudanças na atividade humana e nas perturbações paisagísticas são geralmente observadas na região de baixo relevo do terreno. A utilização intensiva do solo associada ao rápido desenvolvimento econômico tem um sério impacto negativo no grau de perturbação da paisagem, enquanto os projetos de restauração ecológica exercem um impacto positivo. Acelerar a implementação dos projetos para área “verde” e regular a expansão não regulamentada da produção e da terra viva são medidas cruciais para a gestão ecológica em áreas montanhosas cársticas. As futuras estratégias de gestão ecológica deverão centrar-se em áreas de terreno relativamente planas. Nossas descobertas contribuem para a gestão da paisagem e a regulação da atividade humana de diferentes tipos de relevo de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas cársticas. RESUMO entanto obscuras positivo verde “verde centrarse centrar se planas

ABSTRACT: Landscape patterns in mountainous areas with rapid economic development are strongly affected by multiple human activities. However, the changes in landscape disturbances across karst mountainous areas attributed to complex human activities remain unclear. Research on the degree of landscape disturbance in mountainous areas under the influence of human activities is of great significance to the conservation and scientific management of mountainous landscapes. We selected rural zones with four typical small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas as the research objects and analyzed the response of changes in rural landscape disturbance to human activity in these areas. Our results revealed that the landscape disturbance degree and human activity influence index increase in the majority of karst mountainous areas. The changes in human activity and landscape disturbances are generally observed in the low terrain relief region. High-intensity land use associated with rapid economic development has a serious negative impact on the degree of landscape disturbance, while ecological restoration projects exert a positive impact. Accelerating the implementation of the grain for green project and regulating the unregulated expansion of production and living land are crucial measures for the ecological management in karst mountainous areas. Future ecological management strategies should focus on relatively flat terrain areas. Our findings contributed to the landscape management and human activity regulation of different small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas. ABSTRACT However unclear landscapes smallscale small scale region Highintensity High intensity

Resumen Objetivo: este estudio estima un sistema de demanda de bienes alimenticios en México, incorporando dimensiones territoriales y de ingreso. Se evalúa el impacto diferenciado de choques en los precios en el bienestar económico y la tasa de pobreza, considerando variaciones entre hogares y entre cinco grandes regiones. Metodología: utilizando el modelo de valores unitarios de Deaton (1988) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2018, calculamos elasticidades-precios y elasticidades-ingreso y el impacto de las variaciones de precios en el ingreso y la pobreza. Resultados: revelan importantes diferencias regionales y se subraya la necesidad de considerar diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales y de adoptar un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis y para formular políticas efectivas. Limitaciones: existen limitaciones a este estudio que pueden afectar la comprensión completa de la dinámica de la pobreza. Hemos enfocado nuestra atención únicamente en los bienes alimenticios, excluyendo un grupo específico de productos, en este caso, los productos pesqueros. También, se considera que los hogares son únicamente consumidores de bienes, omitiendo así la dimensión productiva de autoconsumo. Originalidad: radica en la vinculación directa entre las estimaciones de pobreza y la desagregación territorial, integra patrones de consumo y elasticidades específicas a cada región. Conclusiones: se resalta la importancia de considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales al analizar la demanda de bienes alimenticios y su impacto en la pobreza. A pesar de las limitaciones, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis para formular políticas adaptadas y efectivas de reducción de la pobreza en diferentes regiones del país.

Abstract Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fishery products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Abstract The Galapagos Islands, a natural heritage of humanity, have meticulous control of wildlife and strict inspection of the number and frequency of visitors. The increase in tourists, apart from positive aspects, and the increase in population generates a greater demand for electrical energy. In this sense, Galapagos seeks a boost to comprehensive energy sustainability, replacing thermal energy with environmentally friendly Non-Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE), through the optimal energy management project through the Conolophus microgrid project. This document analyzes the optimal management of electrical energy (short-term economic dispatch) considering the stochasticity presented by the high insertion of NCRE in the Santa Cruz-Baltra electrical system. For it. The free simulation software called “SimSEE” (Electric Energy Systems Simulator) is used, where operational scenarios are modeled with and without the Conolophus project in order to analyze its impact on the planning of the operation of the Santa Cruz-Baltra system.

Resumen: Las islas Galápagos, patrimonio natural de la humanidad, cuentan con un control minucioso de la vida silvestre y ejercen estricta inspección del número y frecuencia de visitantes. El incremento de turistas, aparte de aspectos positivos, y el incremento de la población genera una mayor demanda de energía eléctrica. En este sentido, Galápagos busca un impulso a la sostenibilidad energética integral, reemplazando la energía térmica con Energías Renovables No Convencionales (ERNC), amigables con el medio ambiente, a través del proyecto de gestión óptima de la energía mediante el proyecto de microrred Conolophus. En el presente documento se analiza la gestión óptima de la energía eléctrica (despacho económico de corto plazo) considerando la estocasticidad que presenta la alta inserción de ERNC en el sistema eléctrico Santa Cruz-Baltra. Para ello. se usa el software libre de simulación denominado “SimSEE” (Simulador de Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica), donde se modelan escenarios operativos con y sin el proyecto Conolophus con la finalidad de analiza su impacto en la planificación de la operación del sistema Santa Cruz-Baltra.

Abstract The objective of the work is to analyze the situation of social well-being in the Southeast of Mexico during the period 2000-2020. The functional region considers the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán. The hypothesis is that the trade liberalization implemented by neoliberal governments in the context of asymmetric economic development expanded territorial inequalities and reduced levels of social well-being in this region. To do this, we use the Average Index Value (VIM) methodology with which we build an index at the municipal scale. The results obtained show that a high percentage of the municipalities that make up each of the entities present lags in their social well-being conditions that place them below the national average. The originality lies in analyzing the conditions of social well-being in the region with a multivariate methodology, supported by representative indicators at the territorial level. The main conclusion is that, to reverse this deteriorating situation, an economic policy must be deployed aimed at impleme nting high-impact projects in the region through public and private investments, which allow the improvement of income and employment among the population, in addition of a redistributive social policy aimed at reversing the high levels of poverty and inequality.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la situación del bienestar social en el sureste de México durante el periodo 2000-2020. La región funcional considera los estados de Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Yucatán. La hipótesis es que la apertura comercial implementada por los gobiernos neoliberales, en el contexto de un desarrollo económico asimétrico, amplió las desigualdades territoriales y redujo los niveles de bienestar social en esta región. Para ello empleamos la metodología de Valor Índice Medio (VIM) con la que construimos un índice a escala municipal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que un alto porcentaje de los municipios que conforman a cada una de las entidades, presentan rezagos en sus condiciones de bienestar social que las ubica por debajo del promedio nacional. La originalidad radica en analizar las condiciones de bienestar social en la región con una metodología multivariada, sustentada en indicadores representativos a nivel territorial. La conclusión principal es que, para revertir esta situación de deterioro, se debe desplegar una política económica orientada a implementar proyectos de alto impacto en la región a través de inversiones públicas y privadas, que permitan el mejoramiento del ingreso y empleo entre la población, además de una política social redistributiva encaminada a revertir los altos niveles de pobreza y desigualdad.

Abstract: With the neoliberal reform of the Chilean pension system in 1981, Latin America inaugurated a transformation of its pension funds. These economic changes have also generated a political rationality that sees old age as a social burden, assimilating the elderly to other subordinate identities. This article explores the contradiction between the economic failure of these reforms and their current political legitimacy as a model of governance of pension systems, a model that understands demographic ageing as a cause of the fiscal deficit of states.

Resumen: Con la reforma neoliberal del sistema previsional chileno en 1981, América Latina inauguró un proceso de transformación de los fondos de pensiones. Estos cambios económicos han generado una racionalidad política que ve a la vejez como carga social y conceptualiza a las personas mayores de forma similar a grupos de población con identidades subordinadas. Este artículo explora la contradicción entre el fracaso económico de estas reformas y su actual legitimidad política como modelo de gobernanza de los sistemas de pensiones, con el consecuente impacto en la comprensión del envejecimiento demográfico como causa del déficit fiscal de los Estados.

Abstract The orthodox view of the effect of trade on GDP per capita assumes greater growth and equity, the heterodox theory refutes the argument and predicts inequitable and divergent results between countries. We resume the discussion using information from 1980 to 2022 in 102 countries, applying a panel data methodology and slope disaggregation. The goal is to test whether trade has adverse effects in lower-income countries and how the effect has changed over time. The results show that trade negatively affects GDP per capita growth mainly through imports, this tends to worsen over time and the impact is greater in poor countries. The main implication is the growing income divergence between nations; the recommendation is that governments and multilateral organizations continue to explore ways to balance and socialize trade. It is concluded that heterodox postulates, such as the vision of Thirlwall on trade, continue to be valid. The originality of the document lies in the disaggregation of results by countries and time blocks, as well as exports and imports.

Resumen La visión ortodoxa del efecto del comercio sobre el PIB per cápita supone mayor crecimiento y equidad, la teoría heterodoxa refuta el argumento y predice resultados inequitativos y divergentes entre países. Reanudamos la discusión utilizando información de 1980 a 2022 en 102 países, aplicando una metodología de datos panel y desagregación de pendientes. El objetivo es probar si el comercio tiene efectos adversos en países de menores ingresos y como el efecto ha cambiado en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que el comercio afecta negativamente el crecimiento del PIB per cápita principalmente a través de las importaciones, esto tiende a empeorar con el tiempo y el impacto es mayor en países pobres. La principal implicación es la creciente divergencia de ingresos entre las naciones, la recomendación es que gobiernos y organismos multilaterales continúen buscando formas de equilibrar y socializar el comercio. Se concluye que postulados heterodoxos, como la visión de Thirlwall sobre el comercio, continúan teniendo vigencia. La originalidad del documento radica en la desagregación de resultados por países y bloques de tiempo, así como exportaciones e importaciones.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the characteristics of specialization patterns on industrial dynamics, using a strong version of Thirlwall's external constraint model, for 13 manufacturing subsectors in Mexico during the period 1995-2020. The main findings show that: i) the growth of the manufacturing sector is constrained by the current account equilibrium; ii) the income elasticity of exports increases as productivity and capital accumulation grow; iii) the income elasticity of imports is greater to the extent that the participation of foreign value added in export production increases. With this evidence, it is possible to conclude that the deepening of the outward industrialization model has limited the gains associated with trade and slowed down economic growth. In this context, it is essential to operate an industrial policy that strengthens internal supply chains and the position within global value chains. The contribution of the work lies in analyzing at the subsector level the implications of the composition of trade on economic expansion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el impacto de las características de los patrones de especialización sobre la dinámica industrial, mediante una versión fuerte del modelo de restricción externa de Thirlwall, en 13 subsectores manufactureros de México durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el crecimiento del sector manufacturero se encuentra restringido por el equilibrio de la cuenta corriente; ii) la elasticidad ingreso de las exportaciones aumenta en la medida que crece la productividad y la acumulación de capital; iii) la elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones es mayor en la medida que aumenta la participación del valor agregado extranjero en la producción de exportación. Con esta evidencia, es posible concluir que la profundización del modelo de industrialización hacia fuera ha limitado las ganancias asociadas al comercio y ralentizado el crecimiento económico. En este contexto, es fundamental operar una política industrial que fortalezca las cadenas de suministro interna y la posición dentro de las cadenas globales de valor. La contribución del trabajo reside en analizar a nivel de subsector las implicaciones de la composición del comercio sobre la expansión económica.

Abstract The aim is to analyze the consistency of the BPCG model at the Mexican manufacturing industry level between 1990 and 2021. Using an ARDL model we estimate the strong version of the model including non-price-competitiveness factors and installed capacity on export function. The paper´s results are as follows: i) the Mexican manufacturing industry exhibits an external constraint to growth; ii) the export function responds positively to non-price competitiveness and installed capacity, and iii) the low manufacturing value added is associated with the disarticulation of the productive structure, the high demand for intermediate imported inputs and the insertion into the value chains in assembly activities. Emphasis should be made on promoting an industrial policy based on strengthening productive interconnection, promoting domestic technological capabilities and developing activities with high added value. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the impact of FDI and technological innovation by industrial reclassification or product type. The paper´s contribution lies in the extension of the MCRBP at the manufacturing level including technological competitiveness factors and their empirical evaluation.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar la consistencia del MCRBP a nivel de industria manufacturera mexicana entre 1990 y 2021. Con un modelo ARDL para panel se estimó la versión fuerte del modelo incorporando factores de competitividad no-precio y capacidad instalada a la función de exportaciones. Los principales resultados son: i) la industria presenta restricción externa al crecimiento; ii) la función de exportaciones responde positivamente a la competitividad no-precio y la capacidad instalada, y iii) el bajo valor agregado manufacturero se asocia a la desarticulación de la estructura productiva, la alta demanda por insumos intermedios importados y la inserción en las cadenas de valor en actividades ensambladoras. Se sugiere impulsar una política industrial asentada en la articulación productiva y desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas en actividades con alto valor agregado. Para futuras investigaciones se deberá delimitar el impacto de la IED y la innovación tecnológica por reclasificación industrial o tipo de producto. La contribución reside en la extensión del MCRBP a nivel manufacturero incorporando factores de competitividad tecnológica y su evaluación empírica para determinar el aprovechamiento de las derramas tecnológicas.

Abstract Framework: The Covid-19 pandemic has brought several challenges at an economic, labor, social, and organizational level, and organizations had to adopt strategies to ensure their functioning, as well as to ensure and promote the health and well-being of workers. Research Question/Goals: This study aimed to identify and describe (1) the impact of Covid-19 on the world of work and (2) the strategies that organizations have adopted to minimize this impact. Method: A descriptive qualitative cross-sectional study was carried out, where data were collected from 18 participants (10 Human Resources Managers, five specialists from relevant fields regarding professional experiences with Covid-19, and three representatives of public entities and Portuguese civil society from the fields of work and gender) through semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using thematic categorical content analysis with the support of NVivo®. Results: The pandemic impacted (RQ1) on work, economic and labor, work-life balance, and health and well-being. The measures (RQ2) most frequently implemented by the organizations were in terms of health and safety at work, adaptation to teleworking, work-life balance, and communication. Final considerations: The data points to increasingly remote and flexible work transformed by new technologies. In the (re)design of the work, it is essential to consider the characteristics and needs of each worker.

Resumo Introdução/Enquadramento: A pandemia Covid-19 trouxe diversos desafios a nível económico e laboral, social e organizacional, tendo as organizações que adotar estratégias para garantir o seu funcionamento, mas também garantir e promover a saúde e bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Questão de Investigação/Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever: (1) o impacto da Covid-19 no mundo do trabalho, e (2) as estratégias que as organizações adotaram para minimizar esse impacto. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal qualitativo descritivo, onde foram recolhidos dados de 18 participantes (10 Gestores de Recursos Humanos, cinco especialistas de áreas relevantes sobre as vivências profissionais com a Covid-19 e três representantes de entidades públicas e da sociedade civil portuguesa nas áreas do trabalho e do género) através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados foram analisados à luz da análise de conteúdo categorial temática, com o apoio do NVivo®. Resultados: A pandemia teve impacto (QI1) a nível do trabalho, económico e laboral, da conciliação, e da saúde e bem-estar. As medidas (QI2) mais frequentemente implementadas pelas organizações foram ao nível da higiene e segurança no trabalho, adaptação ao teletrabalho, conciliação e comunicação. Considerações finais: Os dados apontam para um mundo do trabalho cada vez mais remoto e flexível, transformado pelo uso das novas tecnologias. No (re)desenho do trabalho é essencial ter em conta as características e necessidades de cada trabalhador.

RESUMEN Introducción. El parto prematuro es un problema médico, social y económico importante, causa gran mortalidad y morbilidad neonatal, tiene un impacto importante en el sistema de salud y afecta la calidad de vida de las familias. El peso de los recién nacidos de madres con enfermedad periodontal es significativamente menor en comparación con los de madres no afectadas por esta enfermedad bucal. Este resultado adverso se considera un problema de salud pública global según los datos epidemiológicos. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre la prevalencia de parto prematuro y la enfermedad periodontal en Bolivia, Chile y Colombia entre el 2000 y el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio ecológico consideró las poblaciones de mujeres de Bolivia, Chile y Colombia, y la prevalencia de partos prematuros y enfermedad periodontal, discriminadas por grupos de edad. El estudio abarcó el período entre el 2000 y el 2020. La estrategia de búsqueda con la herramienta de investigación del Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation incluyó prevalencia, grupos de edad, años entre 2000 y 2020, causas de parto prematuro y enfermedad periodontal, contexto y ubicaciones, mujeres y tasas. El análisis estadístico incluyó una regresión lineal simple entre parto prematuro y enfermedad periodontal para cada grupo de edad dentro de cada país. Resultados. Las tasas de partos prematuros fueron mayores en el grupo de 15 a 19 años (Bolivia: 697.563, Chile: 844.864, Colombia: 804.126). La prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal aumentó con la edad, particularmente en el grupo de 45 a 49 años (Bolivia: 22'077.854, Chile: 34'297.901, Colombia: 32'032,830). Según los grupos de edad, la regresión lineal fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) para todos los grupos evaluados de la población boliviana, en los grupos mayores de 30 años para las colombianas y solo en el grupo de 15 a 19 años para las mujeres chilenas. Conclusión. Se encontró asociación entre el parto prematuro y la enfermedad periodontal en todos los grupos de edad en Bolivia, solo en el grupo de 15 a 19 años en Chile, y de 30 años y más en Colombia en el período evaluado de 20 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Preterm birth is a major medical, social, and economic problem that causes a large proportion of neonatal mortality and morbidity, has a high impact on the healthcare system, and affects family quality of life. The weight of newborns with mothers with periodontal disease is significantly lower compared to mothers not affected by this oral disease. This adverse outcome is considered a global public health problem based on epidemiological data. Objective. To determine the association between the prevalence of preterm births and periodontal disease in Bolivia, Chile, and Colombia from 2000 to 2020. Materials and methods. This ecological study considered the population of women in Bolivia, Chile, and Colombia, according to the prevalence of preterm births and periodontal disease discriminated by age. The study covered the period between 2000 and 2020. The search strategy within the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation investigative tool included prevalence, age groups, causes of preterm births and periodontal disease, context and locations, women, and rates. Statistical analysis included a simple linear regression between preterm births and periodontal disease for each age group within each country. Results. Preterm birth rates were higher in the 15-19 years age group (Bolivia: 697,563; Chile: 844,864; Colombia: 804,126). The periodontal disease prevalence increased with age, as we observed in the 45-49 years group (Bolivia: 22,077,854; Chile: 34,297,901, Colombia: 32,032.830). According to age groups, the linear regression was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in all age groups for the Bolivian population over 30 years for the Colombian, and only in the 15-19 years group for the Chilean women. Conclusion. An association was found between preterm births and periodontal disease in all age groups in Bolivia, only in the group of 15 to 19 years in Chile, and 30 years and up in Colombia over the 20-year period.

Abstract Violence against women is a serious public health problem, with a marked social and economic impact. The objective of this article is to synthesize the theories that explain violence against women, contributing, from a theoretical perspective, to the understanding of risk factors. The research is basic and descriptive; the analytical-synthetic method was used to establish the essential elements of the information collected and formalize conclusions in this regard. The search for bibliographic sources was carried out in the Google Scholar database. Theories such as the cycle of violence, traumatic union, paradoxical punishment, battered women, among others, are presented. In addition, the importance of factors such as poverty, victimization, dysfunctional families, ineffective educational and judicial systems is recognized. Risk factors for gender violence were identified according to the different theoretical positions analyzed. The conclusions recognize the conduct of a significant amount of research on violence against women in the context of the pandemic. The proposal of theoretical foundations for each of the risk factors was made, which contributes to future research, especially in the Latin American space. It is considered that theories must be understood within the very dynamics that this phenomenon presents, focused on the variety of criteria, elements, variables, causes, consequences, conditions, etc.

Resumen La violencia contra la mujer constituye un grave problema de salud pública, con un marcado impacto social y económico. El objetivo de este artículo es sintetizar las teorías que explican la violencia contra la mujer, contribuyendo desde una perspectiva teórica a la comprensión los factores de riesgo. La investigación es básica y descriptiva; el método analítico-sintético se utilizó para establecer los elementos esenciales de la información recopilada y formalizar conclusiones al respecto. Se efectuó la búsqueda de fuentes bibliográficas en la base de datos Google Scholar. Se presentan teorías como el ciclo de la violencia, la unión traumática, el castigo paradójico, la mujer maltratada, entre otras. Además, se reconoce la importancia de factores como la pobreza, la victimización, familias disfuncionales, sistemas educativos y judiciales poco efectivos. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo para la violencia de género según las distintas posiciones teóricas analizadas. Las conclusiones reconocen la realización de una cantidad importante de investigaciones sobre violencia contra la mujer en el contexto de la pandemia. Se realizó la propuesta de fundamentos teóricos para cada uno de los factores de riesgo, lo que contribuye para futuras investigaciones, sobre todo en el espacio latinoamericano. Se considera que las teorías deben comprenderse dentro de la propia dinámica que presenta este fenómeno, centrados en la variedad de criterios, elementos, variables, causas, consecuencias, condiciones, etc.

RESUMEN En la contemporaneidad globalizada diversas problemáticas inciden y repercuten en la vida del hombre como ente social. De ahí que, las universidades proyecten procesos formativos conforme a los desafíos y demandas educativas de la Agenda 2030. Cuba, inmersa en trasformaciones de su modelo económico, político y social, redimensiona la preparación para el empleo en la Educación Superior, desde la formación continua, en función de lograr egresados dotados de conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas, valores y competencias socio-profesionales para insertarse en el mercado laboral. En ese contexto, el artículo presenta un modelo de gestión formativa en la preparación para el empleo en el Ingeniero Informático en la Universidad de Oriente, constructo articulador en la concreción de las competencias socio-profesionales. El constructo teórico-práctico que expresa el vínculo universidad-empresa, emerge de los resultados de la formación doctoral. En tal sentido, se asumen métodos que permiten relacionar los aspectos teóricos que sustentan el modelo propuesto en interrelación con las categorías, a partir del análisis-síntesis, la revisión documental de investigaciones que se asumen y comparten, los que avalan la propuesta en su significación, importancia, actualidad e impacto.

ABSTRACT In today's globalized world, various problems affect and have repercussions on the life of man as a social entity. Hence, universities project training processes in accordance with the educational challenges and demands of the 2030 Agenda. Cuba, immersed in transformations of its economic, political and social model, resizes preparation for employment in Higher Education, from continuous training, in order to achieve graduates equipped with knowledge, skills, values and socio-professional competencies to enter the labor market. In this context, the article presents a training management model in preparation for employment in the Computer Engineer at the University of Oriente, an articulating construct in the realization of socio-professional competencies. The theoretical-practical construct that expresses the university-company link emerges from the results of doctoral training. In this sense, methods are assumed that allow relating the theoretical aspects that support the proposed model in interrelation with the categories, based on the analysis-synthesis, the documentary review of research that is assumed and shared, which endorse the proposal in its significance, importance, topicality and impact.

Resumen Introducción : Las consecuencias económicas de la cobertura obligatoria, vía judicial, de medicamentos de alto precio constituye un problema creciente, que amerita conocer sus características locales para aportar posibles soluciones. Objetivo : Identificar medicamentos, enfermedades, impacto económico y factores contextuales de la ju dicialización de medicamentos de alto precio (MEP) Argentina. Métodos : Estudio descriptivo cuali-cuantitativo que analizó retrospectivamente recursos de amparos legales por MEP de tres bases de datos nacionales y provinciales durante 4 años, evaluando relación existente entre am paros con aprobación regulatoria, inclusión de los MEP al paquete de beneficios y relación con notas periodísticas. Resultados : Se incluyeron 405 amparos provenientes principalmente del Ministerio de Salud Nacional. Los tres medicamentos más judicializados fueron nusiner sen (21.7%), palbociclib (5.9%) y agalsidasa-alfa (4.7%). Solo el 69.4% de los medicamentos se encontraban aprobados para la comercialización en Argentina al momento del amparo; el 45.7% se encontraban incorpo rados al Sistema Único de Reintegros y el 16.8% contaban con informe de la Comisión Nacional de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Excelencia Clínica (CONETEC), negativa en el 87.1% de casos. El tiempo promedio des de la solicitud hasta la provisión del medicamento fue de 150 días. Se observó una correlación temporal entre la aparición del MEP en la prensa nacional gráfica y la presentación de amparos de dicho MEP. Conclusiones : La judicialización se concentró en medicamentos de altísimo precio para enfermedades poco frecuentes u oncológicas. Los fallos fueron mayo ritariamente a favor del demandante, siendo los tiempos de acceso al medicamento prolongados. Los medios de comunicación anticiparon los procesos judiciales.

Abstract Introduction : The economic consequences of manda tory coverage, through judicial means, of high-priced medications constitutes a growing problem, which mer its knowing its local characteristics to provide possible solutions. Objective : To identify medications, diseases involved, economic impact and contextual factors of the judi cialization of high-priced medications in the Argentine Health System(MEP). Methods : Quali-quantitative descriptive study that retrospectively analyzed legal protection resources by MEP from three national and provincial databases from January 2017 to December 2020, evaluating the exist ing relationship between lawsuits with regulatory ap proval, inclusion in benefit packages and relationship with journalistic articles for the three most frequently prosecuted drugs. Results : 405 lawsuits were included, mainly from the Ministry of National Health. The three most prosecuted medications were nusinersen (21.7%), palbociclib (5.9%) and agalsidase-alfa (4.7%). Only 69.4% of medications were approved for marketing in Argentina at the time of the protection; 45.7% were incorporated into the Single Reimbursement System, and 16.8% had a report from the National Commission for the Evaluation of Health Technologies and Clinical Excellence (CONETEC), which was negative in 87.1% of cases. The average time from request to provision of the medication was 150 days. A temporal correlation was observed between the appear ance of the MEP in the national graphic press and the appeals occurrence. Conclusions : Judicialization focused on very high-priced medications for rare or oncological diseases. The rulings were mostly in favor of the plaintiff, and access times to the medication took a long time. The mass media anticipated the judicial processes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera al síndrome doloroso lumbar la primera causa de consulta a nivel mundial, representa un importante problema de salud por su impacto, magnitud y repercusión socioeconómica; constituye la principal causa de vivir con discapacidad durante años, genera alto costo económico por incapacidades otorgadas, gastos en medicamentos y rehabilitación. Una de las principales causas del desarrollo de esta patología es la exposición a agentes ergonómicos en el trabajo. Objetivo: Evaluar la detección del síndrome doloroso de etiología laboral en Mexicali en el año 2022, con posterioridad a una intervención educativa. Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental en médicos familiares adscritos al Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada de Baja California en Mexicali, a quienes se realizó una intervención educativa y posteriormente se cuantificaron los casos detectados de Síndrome doloroso lumbar de etiología laboral en Mexicali en el año 2022; analizando el historial estadístico y comparándolo con el reportado posterior a la intervención educativa. Se midió el nivel de conocimiento con un cuestionario exprofeso antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La detección del síndrome doloroso lumbar de etiología laboral se incrementó posterior a la intervención educativa realizada en 114 médicos familiares, el nivel de conocimiento sobre esta patología incremento el promedio inicial del 94 al 100 % posterior a la intervención en las 5 unidades de medicina familiar. Sobre este síndrome predominaron: la edad de 31 a 50 años, el sexo masculino y las ocupaciones de operadores de maquinaria industrial, choferes, mecánicos y técnicos en mantenimiento. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa a los médicos de primer nivel de atención mejora la detección del síndrome doloroso lumbar de etiología laboral.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization considers lumbar pain syndrome the first cause of consultation worldwide, it represents an important health problem due to its impact, magnitude and socioeconomic repercussion; It constitutes the main cause of living with a disability for years, generates a high economic cost due to disabilities granted, expenses in medicines and rehabilitation. One of the main causes of the development of this pathology is exposure to ergonomic agents at work. Objective: To evaluate after an educational intervention, Pain Syndrome of occupational etiology in Mexicali in the year 2022. Methods: Quasi-experimental study in family doctors assigned to the Deconcentrated Administrative Operation Body of Baja California in Mexicali, to whom an educational intervention was carried out and subsequently the detected cases of Lumbar Pain Syndrome of occupational etiology in Mexicali in the year 2022 were quantified; analyzing the statistical history and comparing it with that reported after the educational intervention. The level of knowledge was measured with an express questionnaire before and after the intervention. Results: The detection of lumbar pain syndrome of occupational etiology increased after the educational intervention carried out in 114 family physicians, the level of knowledge about this pathology increased the initial average from 94 % to 100 % after the intervention in the 5 family medicine units. Regarding this syndrome, the following prevailed: the age of 31 to 50 years, the male sex and the occupations of industrial machinery operators, drivers, mechanics and maintenance technicians. Conclusions: The educational intervention for primary care physicians improves the detection of low back pain syndrome of occupational etiology.