Abstract: Corn drying reduces the moisture content present in the grain to levels that allow safe storage. This process requires a large amount of energy, which is why, if not applied correctly, it can affect the quality of the product to be dried, in addition to representing important costs in the operation of the drying plants. The objective of this research is to analyze the corn drying systems used in Canton Quevedo, Province of Los Ríos. In order to achieve the objective, field visits were made to the area under study, considering factors related to the technology used and the corn harvesting period, as well as, characteristics of the coastal region of Ecuador. It was determined that stationary or fixed bed drying is the drying system widely used for corn drying, which uses subsidized liquefied petroleum gas as fuel for its operation. The moisture content of the corn received at the drying plants is above 30% in the two harvesting periods of the product, a situation that has an impact on processing times and product quality. The fuel demand for drying an average mass of product of 60.2 tons, between the first harvest period, March - June, and the second period, September - November, presents a difference of 300.77 kg of LPG in relation to the first harvest, being the moisture content a key factor to take into account.

Resumen: El secado del maíz permite reducir el contenido de humedad presente en el grano a niveles que permitan un almacenamiento seguro. El objetivo de esta investigación permite analizar los sistemas de secado de maíz empleados en el Cantón Quevedo, Provincia de Los Ríos. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo se realizaron visitas de campo en la zona objeto de estudio, por lo que se consideraron factores relacionados con la tecnología empleada y período de cosecha de maíz, características de la región costera del Ecuador. Se determinó que el secado estacionario o de lecho fijo es el sistema de secado ampliamente empleado para el secado de maíz, el cual emplea como combustible el gas licuado de petróleo subsidiado para su funcionamiento. La humedad de recibo de maíz en las plantas de secado presenta niveles de humedad por encima del 30 %, en los dos periodos de cosecha del producto, situación que repercute en los tiempos de proceso y en la calidad del producto. La demanda de combustible para secar una masa promedio de producto, 60,2 Ton, entre el primer período de cosecha que va de Marzo - Junio, y el segundo período, Septiembre - Noviembre, presenta una diferencia de 300,77 Kg de GLP con relación a la primera cosecha, siendo la humedad de recibo un factor clave a tomar en cuenta.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

Resumo: A desigualdade e a injustiça social destruíram a confiança na natureza humana, criando lacunas vergonhosas que afetam aspectos socioculturais, econômicos, ambientais, espirituais e políticos que, sem dúvida, afetam os processos de aprendizagem. O objetivo deste artigo é explorar aspectos significativos da globalização, da desigualdade e da injustiça social e o seu impacto na educação e na educação de adultos. Inserido em um quadro qualitativo geral, este artigo adoptou uma metodologia exploratória que pretende proporcionar uma compreensão aprofundada do fenómeno. Este artigo oferece uma posição crítica e reflexiva com o intuito de aumentar a consciência significativamente na tentativa de impulsionar e gerar espaços de reflexão que ajudem na diminuição das injustiças e desigualdades sociais em nossas sociedades globalizadas dentro de uma lente educacional. Primeiro, a globalização é discutida. Obviamente, a globalização uniu o mundo em uma espiral de conhecimento, tecnologia e informação. Em seguida, a desigualdade na educação é analisada: escolas residenciais, a prevalência do racismo e a invisibilidade sistemática dos grupos minoritários. Além disso, também são consideradas a injustiça social e os movimentos na educação de adultos: o movimento Antigonish, o colégio fronteiriço e o movimento NÃO contra o CAFTA. Seria uma conclusão apressada assumir que a desigualdade e a injustiça social não tiveram um impacto significativo nas sociedades e nos ambientes de aprendizagem. Finalmente, as políticas neoliberais promoveram um darwinismo económico selvagem muito visível que privilegia a mercantilização, a privatização e uma pedagogia pública que se concentra em assuntos empreendedores

Resumen: La desigualdad y la injusticia social han destruido la confianza en la naturaleza humana creando brechas vergonzosas que afectan a aspectos socioculturales, económicos, medioambientales, espirituales y políticos que, sin duda, repercuten en los procesos de aprendizaje. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar aspectos significativos de la globalización, la desigualdad y la injusticia social y su impacto en la educación y en la educación de adultos. Enmarcado en un marco cualitativo general, este trabajo ha adoptado una metodología exploratoria que pretende proporcionar una comprensión en profundidad del fenómeno. Este trabajo ofrece una posición crítica y reflexiva con el objetivo de crear un nivel de conciencia significativo en un intento de promover y generar espacios de reflexión que ayuden a la disminución de las injusticias y desigualdades sociales en nuestras sociedades globalizadas desde una perspectiva educativa. En primer lugar, se aborda la globalización. Obviamente, la globalización ha unido al mundo en una espiral de conocimiento, tecnología e información. A continuación, se explora la desigualdad en la educación: las escuelas residenciales, la prevalencia del racismo y la invisibilidad sistemática de los grupos minoritarios. Además, también se consideran la injusticia social y los movimientos en la educación de adultos: el movimiento Antigonish, el colegio fronterizo y el movimiento del no contra el Tratado de Libre Comercio de Centro América (TLC). Es una conclusión inevitable que la desigualdad y la injusticia social han tenido un tremendo impacto en las sociedades y también en los entornos de aprendizaje. Por último, las políticas neoliberales han promovido un darwinismo económico salvaje muy notorio que privilegia la mercantilización, la privatización y una pedagogía pública centrada en personas emprendedoras.

Abstract: Inequality and social injustice have destroyed confidence inhuman nature by creating shameful gaps that touch upon sociocultural, economic, environmental, spiritual, and political aspects that undoubtedly impact learning processes. The aim of this paper is to explore significant aspects of globalization, inequality and social injustice and their impact on education and adult education. Framed within a general qualitative framework, this paper has adopted an exploratory methodology that intends to provide an indepth understanding of the phenomenon. This paper offers a critical and reflexive position aiming at raising a significant level of awareness in an attempt to promote and generate reflection spaces that help in the diminution of social injustices and inequalities in our globalized societies within an educational lens. First, globalization is discussed. Obviously, globalization has brought the world together in a spiral of knowledge, technology, and information. Next, inequality in education is explored: residential schools, the prevalence of racism and the systematic invisibility of minority groups. Additionally, social injustice and movements in adult education are also considered: the Antigonish movement, the frontier college, and the no movement against Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). It is a foregone conclusion that inequality and social injustice have had a tremendous impact on societies and learning settings as well. Finally, neoliberal policies have promoted a very noticeable savage economic Darwinism that privileges commodification, privatization and a public pedagogy that focuses on entrepreneurial subjects.

Resumen Este estudio aborda como objetivo analizar el impacto de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la educación universitaria, y cómo estos favorecen la implementación de métodos de enseñanza más flexibles, personalizados e interactivos, adecuados para estudiantes contemporáneos. Mediante revisión bibliográfica, se examinaron estudios que abordan la reconfiguración del entorno educativo, enfatizando el papel evolutivo y crucial del docente en un contexto tecnológicamente avanzado. Se debate cómo los educadores se han ido adaptando para cumplir con las expectativas y necesidades de un cuerpo estudiantil tecnológicamente competente, además, se destaca el desafío continuo que enfrentan las instituciones educativas para mantenerse a la vanguardia con los avances tecnológicos, este desafío incluye no solo la actualización constante de sus recursos tecnológicos, sino también la revisión y actualización de sus enfoques pedagógicos para garantizar una oferta educativa que sea pertinente con las tendencias actuales. El trabajo concluye que la integración efectiva y reflexiva de las TIC en la educación superior es esencial para contrubuir a la calidad de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, y preparar adecuadamente a los estudiantes para enfrentarse a un mundo cada vez más digitalizado y globalizado. Se sugiere que un enfoque proactivo en la adopción de las TIC puede ofrecer oportunidades para enriquecer la experiencia educativa y para equipar a los actores del proceso educativo con habilidades para prosperar en el futuro.

Resumen This study aims to analyze the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in university education, and how these favor the implementation of more flexible, personalized and interactive teaching methods, suitable for contemporary students. Through a bibliographic review, studies that address the reconfiguration of the educational environment are examined, emphasizing the evolutionary and crucial role of the teacher in a technologically advanced context. It discusses how educators have been adapting to meet the expectations and needs of a technologically competent student body, in addition, it highlights the continuous challenge that educational institutions face to stay at the forefront with technological advances, this challenge includes not only the constant updating of its technological resources, but also the review and updating of its pedagogical approaches to guarantee an educational offer that is relevant to current trends. The work concludes that the effective and thoughtful integration of ICT in higher education is essential to build the quality of teaching and learning, and adequately prepare students to face an increasingly digitalized and globalized world. It is suggested that a proactive approach to the adoption of ICT can offer opportunities to enrich the educational experience and to equip actors in the educational process with skills to thrive in the future.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reportar el proceso de planificación del evento, su diseño, desarrollo, implementación y reflexión de las lecciones aprendidas en el evento científico realizado en el contexto del 20 Aniversario de la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo en el periodo de pandemia del COVID-19 de manera virtual. Se llevó a cabo mediante la plataforma de Zoom en donde se desarrollaron distintas actividades científicas como: conferencias, presentaciones de libros, talleres, conversatorios y foros. Para evaluar el impacto de las actividades se aplicó un cuestionario en línea a los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una evaluación positiva del evento por las distintas actividades realizadas, así como el interés de que se continúen generando espacios que permitan escuchar la experiencia de los docentes, estudiantes, egresados y de invitados nacionales e internacionales que aborden temas relacionados con las Ciencias de la Educación.

Abstract The objective of this article is to report the planning process of the event, its design, development, implementation and reflection of the lessons learned in the scientific event held in the context of the 20th Anniversary of the Bachelor's Degree in Education Sciences of the Autonomous University of State of Hidalgo during the COVID-19 pandemic period virtually. It was carried out through the Zoom platform where different scientific activities were developed such as: conferences, book presentations, workshops, discussions and forums. To evaluate the impact of the activities, an online questionnaire was administered to the participants. The results obtained reflect a positive evaluation of the event due to the different activities carried out, as well as the interest in continuing to generate spaces that allow listening to the experience of teachers, students, graduates and national and international guests who address topics related to Sciences. of Education.

Resumo A pandemia da Covid-19 pode ser considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública internacional dos últimos decénios, sendo evidentes os problemas de saúde mental ligados à imposição do confinamento durante a mesma. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática de literatura com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos da restrição da liberdade e do isolamento social na qualidade de vida das pessoas em Portugal durante o período de pandemia. Recorremos à Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online (B-On), procurando artigos publicados entre setembro de 2019 e março de 2022, e utilizando os termos: “Mental Health AND Confinement OR Quarantine OR Lockdown”, com seleção do campo “[TI Título]” e “Portugal OR Portuguese”. Os artigos incluídos no estudo identificaram efeitos negativos do confinamento no bem-estar mental e no estado emocional, associados a comportamentos de estilo de vida pouco saudáveis, inatividade física e social, má qualidade de sono, comportamentos alimentares pouco saudáveis, desemprego ou inatividade laboral e maior utilização da tecnologia durante o período de confinamento. As medidas de restrição culminaram no agravamento da sintomatologia depressiva, de ansiedade e na diminuição da qualidade de vida, associada a sentimentos de solidão e isolamento social.

Abstract Covid-19 pandemic can be considered one of the biggest international public health problems in the last decades, and had a severe impact on the mental health and wellbeing of people around the world linked to the imposition of confinement. We carried out a systematic literature review with the aim of analyzing the effects of restriction of freedom and social isolation on the quality of life of people in Portugal during the pandemic period. We used the Online Knowledge Library (B-On), looking for articles published between September 2019 and March 2022, and using the terms: “Mental Health AND Confinement OR Quarantine OR Lockdown”, selecting the field “[TI Title]” and “Portugal OR Portuguese”. We tried to identify negative effects of confinement on mental well-being and emotional state, associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, physical and social inactivity, poor sleep quality, unhealthy eating behaviors, unemployment or work inactivity and greater use of technology during the confinement period. The restriction measures culminated in the worsening of depressive and anxiety symptoms and a decrease in quality of life, associated with feelings of loneliness and social isolation.

As competências docentes digitais são definidas como os conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes que possibilitam o desenvolvimento satisfatório do profissional por meio do uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. O potencial das ferramentas e recursos digitais no domínio educativo é bastante elevado, razão pela qual o desenvolvimento destas competências nos professores se torna uma prioridade. A pesquisa analisou teoricamente e com base em fontes documentais o impacto educacional gerado pela implementação de competências digitais nos processos educacionais. A metodologia foi transversal e quantitativa, sendo aplicado um inquérito a uma amostra de 86 professores. Os resultados apoiam o impacto positivo da tecnologia para otimizar os processos educacionais, daí a importância do desenvolvimento de competências pedagógicas digitais para alcançar melhores resultados educacionais.

Digital teaching competencies are defined as the knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable a satisfactory development of the professional through the use of information and communication technologies. The potential of digital tools and resources in the educational field is quite high, so the development of these competencies in teachers becomes a priority. The research analyzed theoretically and based on documentary sources the educational impact generated by the implementation of digital competencies in educational processes. The methodology was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a survey applied to a sample of 86 teachers. The results support the positive impact of technology to optimize educational processes, therefore, the importance of developing teachers' digital competencies to achieve better educational results.

Las competencias digitales docentes se definen como los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes que posibilitan un desenvolvimiento satisfactorio del profesional mediante el empleo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación. El potencial de las herramientas y recursos digitales en el campo educativo es bastante alto, por lo cual se vuelve prioritario el desarrollo de estas competencias en los docentes. La investigación analizó de manera teórica y con base en fuentes documentales el impacto educativo que genera la implementación de las competencias digitales en los procesos educativos. La metodología fue de corte transversal y cuantitativa, se utilizó una encuesta aplicada a una muestra de 86 docentes. Los resultados sustentan el impacto positivo de la tecnología para optimizar los procesos educativos, por tanto, la importancia del desarrollo de competencias digitales docentes para el logro de mejores resultados educativos.

ABSTRACT The continuous improvement of Physical Education teachers constitutes a need that has transcended different generations of teachers, determined by the growing development of science and technology, the demands of the third Cuban educational improvement, the demands in the preparation and training of teachers and the need for its impact on the training of a qualified graduate capable of developing not only physical skills and abilities, but also for life, which allow them to act in the social, family and work environment. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of Physical Education teachers, in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students in situations of intellectual disability. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive, modeling and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMEN La superación continua de los profesores de Educación Física constituye una necesidad que ha transcendido diferentes generaciones de docentes, determinada por el desarrollo creciente de la ciencia y la técnica, las exigencias del tercer perfeccionamiento educacional cubano, las demandas en la preparación y capacitación del profesorado y la necesidad de su incidencia en la formación de un egresado apto y capaz de desarrollar no solo habilidades y capacidades físicas, sino también para la vida, que les permitan actuar en el medio social, familiar y laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar los modos de actuación de los profesores de Educación Física, en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo, la modelación y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los profesores y los educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

RESUMO O aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos professores de Educação Física constitui uma necessidade que transcendeu as diferentes gerações de professores, determinada pelo crescente desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, pelas exigências do terceiro melhoramento educacional cubano, pelas exigências na preparação e formação de professores e pela necessidade de seu impacto na formação de um egresso qualificado, capaz de desenvolver não apenas competências e habilidades físicas, mas também para a vida, que lhe permitam atuar no ambiente social, familiar e de trabalho. Discapacidade intelectual. Os métodos investigativos utilizados na ordem teórica e empírica foram análise e síntese, histórico-lógico, indutivo-dedutivo, modelagem e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; Além da entrevista, observação, inquérito, análise documental, peritagem e triangulação múltipla, que permitiram revelar as causas que afetam o normal desenvolvimento das competências de autodeterminação, bem como desenvolver a estratégia. Com a sua implementação melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal de professores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

Abstract The objectives are the analysis of the benefits and risks of LED lighting systems in the economic, social and environmental fields; as well as the evaluation of the political, economic and social conditions for the use of LED lighting systems in Cuba. The relationship between the advantages of this technology and the benefits offered by its application in different sectors of society and economy is deepened. Also, its impact on the lighting industry and off-grid communities in developing countries is discussed. In addition, the main risks involved in their use are exposed, identifying the related open research fields in this direction, and it demonstrates the importance of considering the risks of LED lighting in projects. Finally, the existing conditions in Cuba for the development of LED lighting and its contribution to sustainability and energy independence are presented.

Resumen El resultado de este trabajo trató sobre los beneficios y riesgos de los sistemas de iluminación LED en el ámbito económico, social y medioambiental y la valoración de las condiciones para su empleo en Cuba. Se profundiza en la relación de las ventajas de esta tecnología con los beneficios que ofrece su aplicación en diferentes sectores de la sociedad y la economía. También, se aborda su impacto en la industria de la iluminación y en las comunidades no conectadas a la red eléctrica en los países en desarrollo. Además, se exponen los principales riesgos que implica su utilización, identificando los campos de investigación abiertos relacionados en esta dirección, y se demuestra la importancia de considerar en los proyectos, los riesgos de la iluminación LED. Finalmente, se exponen las condiciones existentes en Cuba, para el desarrollo de la iluminación LED y su contribución a la sostenibilidad e independencia energética.

RESUMEN El presente artículo aborda problemáticas vinculadas con la contemporaneidad a partir del estudio de caso de la miniserie británica Black Mirror (Espejo Negro). Se busca responder a si muestra un escenario utópico, y por tanto supone una superación de la realidad, o si, por el contrario, resulta una representación de la sociedad actual. Para ello se reflexiona sobre el impacto y repercusión de las Tecnologías de la Relación, la Información y la Comunicación (TRIC) en la actualidad a nivel individual y colectivo. La metodología aplicada responde a un análisis de la serie donde se pueden examinar los cambios que el ser humano experimenta en consonancia con las nuevas realidades, tanto sociales como culturales, desarrolladas en su entorno. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la serie describe situaciones reales enfatizadas por medio del empleo de las tecnologías, el principal resultado del estudio es que Black Mirror a través de diferentes recursos pone en valor una actualidad conocida, porque forma parte de nuestro presente; pudiéndonos identificar con algunas de las situaciones, todavía utópicas.

ABSTRACT This article addresses issues related to contemporaneity based on the case study of the British TV series Black Mirror. It seeks to answer whether it shows a utopian scenario that represents a surpassing of reality or reflects the current society. For this, we reflect on the impact and repercussion of present Relationship, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) at the individual and collective level. The methodology applied responds to an analysis of the series where it is possible to examine the changes that human beings experience under the new social and cultural realities developed in their environment. Based on the hypothesis that the series describes real situations emphasized through the use of technologies, the main result of the study is that Black Mirror, through different resources, puts into value a familiar present because it is part of our present, being able to identify us with some of the still utopian situations.

RESUMEN Frente a los cambios que las personas con discapacidad en el Ecuador han experimentado a partir de los estatutos establecidos en la Constitución del 2008 y las leyes y propósitos subsecuentes, nace la necesidad de realizar la presente investigación sobre el impacto que ha tenido una educación especializada y un apoyo profesional y continuo, en la inclusión tanto social como laboral de las personas con Síndrome de Down, y que de alguna manera permite visualizar la realidad a la que se han enfrentado. El presente trabajo es un estudio de caso de cuatro personas con Síndrome de Down incluidos laboralmente en una empresa privada del Ecuador, de tecnología y servicios petroleros, quienes han mantenido procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje desde hace varios años en una Institución particular de Educación Especial, la cual ha auspiciado su educación y su inclusión social y laboral mediante el Programa de “Empleo Presencial con Tutoría permanente”. Con la realización de entrevistas a los funcionarios de la empresa, encuestas a los padres de familia, con la observación directa de la situación laboral de estas personas, se pudo concluir que su entrenamiento pre laboral dentro de la institución educativa y la metodología seguida para la inclusión social y laboral, ha facilitado su adaptación a un ambiente real de trabajo y ha permitido que la experiencia resulte positiva para todos quienes participan de la misma, y sobre todo ha hecho posible que puedan mantener sus puestos de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Faced with the changes that people with disabilities in Ecuador have experienced from the statutes established in the 2008 Constitution and the subsequent laws and purposes, the need arises to carry out this investigation on the impact that specialized education and professional and continuous support, in both the social and labor inclusion of people with Down Syndrome, and that in some way allows them to visualize the reality they have faced. The present work is a case study of four people with Down Syndrome included in the work force in a private oil technology and services company in Ecuador, who have maintained teaching and learning processes for several years in a private Special Education Institution. which has sponsored their education and their social and labor inclusion through the “In-Person Employment with Permanent Tutoring” Program. By conducting interviews with officials of the company, surveys with parents, with direct observation of the employment situation of these people, it was possible to conclude that their pre-employment training within the educational institution and the methodology followed for social and labor inclusion, it has facilitated their adaptation to a real work environment and has allowed the experience to be positive for all those who participate in it, and above all it has made it possible for them to keep their jobs.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Resumo O uso do inglês é uma necessidade nos dias de hoje. Na educação, desenvolver a competência comunicativa em inglês é um desafio para professores e alunos; mais ainda num ambiente que não seja de sala de aula. O avanço da tecnologia é um aliado neste contexto. Este estudo visa determinar o impacto das ferramentas tecnológicas no domínio da língua inglesa em estudantes universitários. O desenho do projeto foi quase experimental, e a amostra esteve constituída por 62 estudantes: 31 no Grupo de Controle e 31 no Grupo Experimental numa universidade nacional no Peru. Foram aplicados um pré-teste e um pós-teste de competência comunicativa em inglês e um questionário sobre o uso de ferramentas tecnológicas. A média aritmética mostra uma melhoria em pontos 5.13 utilizando as ferramentas tecnológicas, após comparar o pré-teste com o pós-teste. A conclusão é uma melhoria significativa na competência comunicativa em inglês.

Resumen El uso del inglés es una necesidad en la actualidad. En el ámbito educativo, desarrollar la competencia comunicativa en inglés es un reto para docentes y estudiantes; es aún más desafiante en un contexto de educación no presencial. El avance de la tecnología es una aliada en este contexto. Este estudio pretende determinar el impacto de las Herramientas Tecnológicas en la Competencia Comunicativa en inglés en estudiantes universitarios. El diseño fue cuasi-experimental, y la muestra de 62 estudiantes: 31 del Grupo Control y 31 del Grupo Experimental en una universidad nacional del Perú. Se aplicó un pre-test y un post-test respecto a la competencia comunicativa en inglés y un cuestionario sobre el uso de las herramientas tecnológicas. La media aritmética muestra una mejora en 5.13 puntos utilizando las herramientas tecnológicas, tras comparar el pre-test y post-test. Se concluye en una mejora significativa en la competencia comunicativa del inglés.

Abstract The use of English is a necessity today. In education, developing communicative competence in English is a challenge for teachers and students; it is even more challenging in a non-face-to-face education context. The advancement of technology is an ally in this context. This study aims to determine the impact of technological tools on English communicative competence in university students. The design was quasi-experimental, and the sample of 62 students: 31 from the Control Group and 31 from the Experimental Group in a national university in Peru. A pre-test and a post-test on communicative competence in English and a questionnaire on the use of technological tools were applied. The arithmetic mean shows an improvement in 5.13 points using the technological tools, after comparing the pre-test and post-test. It is concluded in a significant improvement in English communicative competence among university students.

Abstract This monograph has the objective to collect productions from the field of research in education and technologies from a critical perspective, with the aim of deepening our understanding of the implications and possibilities of ICT in and for the educational context. It is composed by 9 articles about the Education-ICT relationship that explore: teacher training in order to overcome the mere instrumentality of technologies, discussing critical-reflexive possibilities, the full education of students in the face of contemporary challenges, how these challenges impact on school curricula and how we need to discuss what and why to teach in relation to digital technologies; and finally they discuss educational technologies themselves and their development from a critical perspective.

Resumen Este monográfico se propone reunir producciones del campo de la investigación en educación y tecnologías desde una perspectiva crítica, con el objetivo de profundizar en la comprensión de las implicaciones y posibilidades de las tecnologías digitales en y para los contextos educativos. Se compone de 9 artículos que tratan la relación entre educación y tecnologías digitales y exploran: la formación del profesorado para superar la mera instrumentalidad de las tecnologías, discutiendo las posibilidades crítico-reflexivas, la formación plena de los estudiantes ante los retos contemporáneos, cómo estos retos impactan en los currículos escolares y cómo necesitamos discutir qué y por qué enseñar en relación a las tecnologías digitales; finalmente, se discuten las propias tecnologías educativas y su desarrollo desde una perspectiva crítica.

Resumo Este monográfico tem como objetivo reunir produções do campo de pesquisa em educação e tecnologias desde uma perspectiva crítica, com o objetivo de aprofundar nosso entendimento sobre as implicações e possibilidades das TDIC no e para o contexto educativo. Está composto por 9 artigos sobre a relação educação e TDIC que exploram: a formação de professores no sentido de superar a mera instrumentalidade das tecnologias, discutindo possibilidades crítico-reflexivas, a formação plena de estudantes diante dos desafios da contemporaneidade, como estes desafios impactam os currículos escolares e a necessidade de discutir o que e para que ensinar em relação às tecnologias digitais; e por fim discutem as próprias tecnologias educativas e o seu desenvolvimento a partir da perspectiva crítica.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for the installation of solar photovoltaic systems in hotel buildings in the Caribbean. The energy analysis of the building in question is proposed for the subsequent selection and sizing of the solar photovoltaic system to be installed, taking into account aspects such as the structural design of the panel supports, the calculation of the layout of the solar photovoltaic system and the design of the solar photovoltaic system's electrical network. The economic evaluation procedure for the company and the country is described. This methodology also studies the environmental impact of the implementation of this technology. Traditional calculation methods and software simulations are used to analyze the results obtained.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una metodología para la instalación de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos en edificaciones hoteleras del Caribe. Se plantea el análisis energético de la edificación en cuestión para la posterior selección y dimensionamiento del sistema solar fotovoltaico a instalar, teniendo en cuenta aspectos como el diseño estructural de los soportes de los paneles, el cálculo de la disposición del SSFV y el diseño de la red eléctrica del SSFV. Se describe el procedimiento para la evaluación económica tanto para la empresa como para el país. Dicha metodología además estudia el impacto medioambiental que conlleva la implementación de esta tecnología. Para la realización de este trabajo se utilizan métodos de cálculo tradicionales y simulaciones mediante softwares para el análisis de los resultados obtenidos.