Confidentiality is important in legal practice as it obligates legal practitioners to protect clients' information. It is often linked to the right to privacy entrenched in section 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The link is made on the basis of clients' entitlement to attorney-client confidentiality. Furthermore, the rules of courts in civil proceedings require legal practitioners to include clients' personal or confidential information in court documents, including their identity numbers. The requirement of clients' personal information in court documents is found in particular in Rule 3(A)(1)(b)(i) of the Uniform Rules of Court, 2009 as amended. This personal information is uploaded online in the CaseLines system, as required by Practice Direction 1 of 2023, a situation which poses a significant risk because such information may be hacked and used to commit cybercrimes. Current legislation, such as the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013, seeks to provide guidelines on how courts should protect confidential information which is included in the pleadings or affidavits. The Practice Directives, however, are silent on measures that should be taken to protect confidential information. Item 18 of the E-Rules and the Draft Amended Magistrates' Courts Rules seek to protect confidential information to a certain extent, but these have not yet been implemented. The article examines current legislation, the respective rules of court, and the approach followed by the courts, in order to determine whether confidentiality does indeed exist in civil proceedings. In addition, it briefly compares the online civil proceedings of South Africa and the United Kingdom to ascertain their differences and similarities.

ABSTRACT: This prolegomenon refers to the scholarly discussion on the legal personality of groups of persons and the impact that this has on the problem of associations and juridical persons’ entitlement to fundamental rights. These considerations make it possible to define where the Chilean constitutional system recognizes the entitlement to fundamental rights of intermediate groups, as well as its important limitations.

RESUMEN: Este prolegómeno expone la discusión sobre la personalidad jurídica de los colectivos de personas y su impacto en el problema de la titularidad de derechos fundamentales de las asociaciones y las personas jurídicas. Estas consideraciones permiten mostrar dónde se encuentra reconocida la titularidad de derechos fundamentales de los grupos intermedios en el sistema constitucional chileno, así como sus importantes limitaciones.

Resumo Self-sexual é um constructo auto percebido multifacetado, que inclui eficácia sexual, autoestima sexual-corporal, sensação de direito a receber prazer de si e do(a) parceiro(a), e autorreflexão-sexual. O presente estudo investigou o self-sexual de jovens adultos brasileiros, avaliando a correlação entre self-sexual e as escalas de satisfação com a vida e de autoestima geral, assim como o impacto da religiosidade no self-sexual. 1380 participantes, de 18 a 30 anos, completaram uma pesquisa online que incluiu o Inventário de Self-sexual (ISS). O delineamento foi quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. Todas subescalas do ISS obtiveram correlação positiva com as escalas de satisfação com a vida e de autoestima geral. Algumas subescalas apresentaram correlação negativa com religiosidade, embora a subescala de autoestima sexual tenha obtido correlação positiva. As mulheres obtiveram escores significativamente maiores nas subescalas de sensação de direito a receber prazer de si e do(a) outro(a). As mulheres bissexuais se destacaram com maiores resultados em comparação a homens e mulheres heterossexuais, apesar de apresentarem menores níveis de autoestima. Pesquisas futuras com variáveis e amostras mais diversas podem contribuir para a continuidade da compreensão desse constructo.

Abstract Sexual subjectivity (translated as sexual-self once studied in Brazil) is a self-perceptive multi-layered construct, which includes sexual efficacy, sexual body-esteem, entitlement to sexual pleasure from self and partner, and sexual self-reflection. This study investigated the sexual subjectivity of young Brazilian adults, evaluated the correlation between sexual subjectivity and quality of life, and also the impact of religiosity on sexual subjectivity. Participants were 1380 from ages 18 to 30 who completed a free online survey, including the Inventário de Self-Sexual (ISS). The design was quantitative, descriptive, and transversal. All of the ISS's subscales had a positive correlation with the satisfaction with life and self-esteem scales. Some sexual subjectivity subscales showed a negative correlation with religiosity, while sexual body-esteem presented a positive one. The women in the sample scored significantly higher on the entitlement to sexual pleasure from self and partner subscales. Bisexual women stood out with higher scores than the heterosexual men and women, despite having lower self-esteem. Future research with more variables and a broader sample will help further the understanding of this barely explored construct.

Resumen Self-sexual es un constructo auto percibido multifacético, que incluye eficacia sexual, autoestima sexual-corporal, sensación de derecho a recibir placer de sí y de su pareja, y autorreflexión sexual. El presente estudio investigó el Self-sexual de adultos jóvenes brasileros, evaluando la correlación entre este y las escalas de satisfacción con la vida y de autoestima general, así como el impacto de la religiosidad en el Self-sexual. 1380 participantes, de 18 a 30 años, completaron una encuesta en línea que incluyó el Inventario de Self-Sexual (ISS). El delineamiento fue cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Todas las subescalas del ISS obtuvieron correlación positiva con las escalas de satisfacción con la vida y de autoestima general. Algunas subescalas presentaron correlación negativa con religiosidad, a pesar de que la subescala de autoestima sexual obtuvo una correlación positiva. Las mujeres de la muestra obtuvieron puntajes significativamente mayores en las subescalas de sensación de derecho a recibir placer de sí y de otro. Las mujeres bisexuales se destacaron con mayores resultados que hombres y mujeres heterosexuales, a pesar de presentar menores niveles de autoestima. Investigaciones futuras con variables y muestras más diversas colaboraron para la secuencia de comprensión de ese constructo.

Abstract Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of pensionomics as a prospective tool for pension evaluation. This paper suggests a paradigm shift - a multi-disciplinary synthesis of differing perspectives in evaluating pension’s overall performance based on past work on pension evaluation - incorporating non-economic variables with significant impact on economic growth and social development. Design/methodology/approach - This paper suggests a new analytical tool called “PensionsConsistency (PC) Index” that identifies the level of consistency and the strengths and weaknesses within any pension system. The new conceptual framework focusses on building inter-sectoral and holistic policies able to respond to the new multi-dimensional dynamic environment. Findings - The consideration of pensionomics concept as an evaluation tool for pension schemes provides insights that are helpful in explaining performance differentials. Taking definition, classification and evaluation as a guiding principle, the new conceptual framework can be a useful point of reference for the overall evaluation of pension schemes, revealing deficiencies that traditional evaluation methods cannot detect. The multi-disciplinary approach focusses on building inter-sectoral and holistic policies that are able to respond to the multi-dimensional uncertainties of the new dynamic environment. Research limitations/implications - The heterogeneity and complexity in event dynamics are systemic in the sense that the impact is far from linear. The idiosyncratic nature of unexpected and unpredictable events is rather a result of multi-dimensionality based, among others, on magnitude, frequency, timing, intensity and impact. It is plausible to argue that crisis episodes can destabilize critical systems of economic activity, producing economic spillovers that can directly or indirectly affect the sustainability of pension schemes. If the calculation of direct economic impact is readily traceable, the estimation of indirect economic impact can be an onerous task. Practical implications - Pensionomics places the concept of retirement in a multi-disciplinary context. Pensionomics overcomes theoretical and empirical limitations encountered by the path-dependency perspective, developing a new research agenda to study pension schemes under historical, cultural, social, political, economic, political and environmental prism. Integrating diversified data, techniques, perspectives and concepts, pensionomics’ objective is to connect natural and man-made events with social protection mechanisms for the development of a dynamic social protection framework where individual, community and society needs are met effectively and efficiently by implementing tailored policies, closely related to their specific context. Social implications - The concept of retirement has evolved constantly, transforming societies and shaping both income and non-income dimensions of well-being. Pension entitlement turned gradually from a political discourse to a human right discourse. Pension schemes have extended the scope of insurance coverage beyond labour markets and the lifecycle, supporting the broader needs of entire population. Furthermore, pension schemes are widely acknowledged as drivers of economic growth: they enhance labour productivity; foster smooth consumption; and create a stable economic environment for investment and innovation. Current expectations require pension schemes to adopt proactive and reactive policies to examine options for mitigation or for modification of potential consequences in anticipation of exceptional events. Originality/value - This paper suggests a paradigm shift, a multi-disciplinary approach called pensionomics, and this “multi-disciplinary” focus builds a new analytical framework to evaluate pension’s overall performance based on past work on pension evaluation, incorporating non-economic variables with significant impact on economic growth and social development. PC-Index introduces a comprehensive evaluation tool to study the coverage, performance, efficiency, effectiveness, current trends and future possibilities of pension schemes.

Resumo Dado o impacto financeiro da incorporação de novas tecnologias em saúde, é um desafio para os gestores escolher qual delas deve ser incorporada e quando isto deve ocorrer. Assim, é necessário contar com um processo de avaliação e de incorporação de tecnologias baseado em critérios transparentes e objetivos. Neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar o processo nacional da Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (Conitec) e compará-lo com o de agências de países de referência: Austrália, Canadá e Reino Unido. Utilizaram-se as seguintes categorias para a comparação: estrutura, indicação e seleção de temas, condução da revisão de evidências, uso de Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde (ATS) na tomada de decisão, produtos do programa de ATS, divulgação e transparência. O processo da Conitec legalmente previsto apresentou mais similaridades do que distinções em comparação com os das agências estudadas. As principais diferenças foram em relação a: composição dos comitês, apresentação de recursos, avaliação do programa, seleção e prazos para oferta da tecnologia incorporada. Apesar dos avanços, a incorporação de tecnologias em saúde no Brasil deve buscar a melhoria contínua.

Abstract Given the financial impact of the adoption of new health technologies in health systems, choosing what technology should be introduced and when poses a major challenge for health managers. The health technology assessment (HTA) process should therefore be underpinned by transparent and objective criteria. The objective of this study was to analyze HTA processes in Brazil, overseen by the National Commission for the Incorporation of Health Technology (CONITEC), and to compare these processes with those in countries considered to be at the forefront of this field: Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The following categories were used for the comparative analysis: program structure, definition and selection of topics, evidence review, use of HTA in decision making, program products and dissemination, and transparency. The findings show that there are more similarities than differences between these countries’ processes and the CONITEC processes. The main differences identified were: composition of committees, entitlement to appeal, program evaluation, and timeframes for the implementation of recommendations/decisions. Despite making major strides in recent years, Brazil should continue to promote continuous improvement of its HTA process.

Resumo Dado o impacto financeiro da incorporação de novas tecnologias em saúde, é um desafio para os gestores escolher qual delas deve ser incorporada e quando isto deve ocorrer. Assim, é necessário contar com um processo de avaliação e de incorporação de tecnologias baseado em critérios transparentes e objetivos. Neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar o processo nacional da Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (Conitec) e compará-lo com o de agências de países de referência: Austrália, Canadá e Reino Unido. Utilizaram-se as seguintes categorias para a comparação: estrutura, indicação e seleção de temas, condução da revisão de evidências, uso de Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde (ATS) na tomada de decisão, produtos do programa de ATS, divulgação e transparência. O processo da Conitec legalmente previsto apresentou mais similaridades do que distinções em comparação com os das agências estudadas. As principais diferenças foram em relação a: composição dos comitês, apresentação de recursos, avaliação do programa, seleção e prazos para oferta da tecnologia incorporada. Apesar dos avanços, a incorporação de tecnologias em saúde no Brasil deve buscar a melhoria contínua.

Abstract Given the financial impact of the adoption of new health technologies in health systems, choosing what technology should be introduced and when poses a major challenge for health managers. The health technology assessment (HTA) process should therefore be underpinned by transparent and objective criteria. The objective of this study was to analyze HTA processes in Brazil, overseen by the National Commission for the Incorporation of Health Technology (CONITEC), and to compare these processes with those in countries considered to be at the forefront of this field: Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The following categories were used for the comparative analysis: program structure, definition and selection of topics, evidence review, use of HTA in decision making, program products and dissemination, and transparency. The findings show that there are more similarities than differences between these countries’ processes and the CONITEC processes. The main differences identified were: composition of committees, entitlement to appeal, program evaluation, and timeframes for the implementation of recommendations/decisions. Despite making major strides in recent years, Brazil should continue to promote continuous improvement of its HTA process.

Resumen Este artículo es el producto de la investigación cuyo propósito fundamental fue identificar los enfoques del facultamiento en la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales de Santa Marta en Colombia. La metodología utilizada fue bajo el paradigma de investigación positivista, el tipo de investigación descriptiva, el diseño no experimental, transeccional y de campo. La población estuvo constituida por 188 empleados de la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales de Santa Marta en Colombia. Como instrumento para la recolección de datos, se elaboró un cuestionario utilizando las categorías de respuestas de tipo Likert de 15 ítems, validado por expertos en el área. Los resultados de esta investigación, permiten evidenciar casi la ausencia total de los enfoques del empoderamiento como herramienta gerencial. Las conclusiones revelan que los empleados no se sienten competentes ni apreciados, consideran que su trabajo no tiene sentido y efecto, y que no tienen oportunidad de usar su talento.

Resumo Este artigo é o produto da pesquisa cujo objetivo fundamental foi identificar os enfoques do empoderamento na Direção de Impostos Nacionais e Aduanas de Santa Marta, na Colômbia. A metodologia utilizada esteve sob o paradigma da pesquisa positivista, o tipo de pesquisa foi descritivo, desenho não-experimental, transversal e de campo. A população foi constituída por 188 funcionários da Direção Nacional de Impostos e Aduanas de Santa Marta, na Colômbia. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicou-se um questionário usando as categorias de resposta do tipo Likert de 15 itens, validadas por especialistas na área. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitem demonstrar a ausência quase total de enfoques de empoderamento como ferramenta de gerenciamento. Os resultados revelam que os funcionários não se sentem competentes ou apreciados, consideram que seu trabalho não tem sentido e efeito e que eles não têm oportunidade de usar seu talento.

Abstract This article results from a research study whose main purpose is to identify different approaches to the entitlement of the National Directorate of Taxes and Customs in Santa Marta, Colombia. The methodology used was the paradigm of positivist research, a type of descriptive research, non- experimental design, transectional and field work. The population was composed by 188 workers from the National Directorate of Taxes and Customs in Santa Marta, Colombia. To collect valuable data, a questionnaire having different answer categories taken from Likert fifteen item type was validated by area experts. The outcomes of this research show an almost total lack of empowerment approaches as managerial tools. To conclude, employees show that they are neither competent nor appreciated, considering that their work has no sense or direct impact and that they are not allowed to use their talent.

Résumé Cette étude a pour objectif d'identifier les approches en termes de compétences au sein de la Direction des Impôts et des Douanes Nationales (DIAN) de Santa Marta, Colombie. La méthodologie utilisée suit le paradigme de recherche positiviste, descriptif, de conception non expérimentale et empirique. L'échantillon objet d'étude se compose de 188 employés de la Direction des Impôts et des Douanes Nationales de Santa Marta, Colombie. La collecte des données est effectuée au moyen d'un questionnaire élaboré suivant les catégories de réponses de type Likert de 15 points, validé par des experts du secteur. Les résultats de l'étude permettent de mettre en évidence une absence quasi totale d'outils de gestion des compétences. Les conclusions de l'étude révèlent que les employés interrogés se sentent peu appréciés, peu compétents, qu'ils considèrent que leur travail n'a pas de sens et qu'ils n'ont pas l'opportunité d'utiliser leurs talents.

Humanity seems to be drifting like a rudderless raft towards a cataract. The main factors are the growth of the human population, the escalation of material expectations, the exploding discrepancies between affluent and marginalised population groups and the impact of these growth processes on the natural environment. The modern claim to mastery, ownership and entitlement and its spectacular successes has led to unprecedented power without a concomitant growth in responsibility. In spiritual and cultural terms, modernity undermines all traditional certainties, values and constraints. The South African population is engulfed in a messy transition from African traditionalist, to modern and postmodern assumptions. The most reticent citizens are the least competitive and the most marginalised. The Christian faith, rooted as it is in tradition and geared to spiritual concerns, is no match for the power of the modern mindset. To regain its redemptive relevance, it needs fundamental reconceptualisations. The article closes with a few starting points for such a project.

Apesar de a vida familiar ter um impacto importante nas oportunidades de vida dos filhos, os mecanismos pelos quais os pais transmitem essas vantagens ainda não são totalmente compreendidos. Uma coleta de dados, realizada por meio de ferramentas etnográficas, com crianças brancas e negras de, aproximadamente, 10 anos de idade mostra os efeitos da classe social nas interações dentro de casa. Pais de classe média participam de um cultivo orquestrado (concerted cultivation), ao tentar cultivar os talentos dos filhos através de atividades de lazer organizadas e intensa racionalização. A classe trabalhadora e os pais pobres promovem um crescimento natural (natural growth), oferecendo condições para que os filhos possam crescer, mas deixando as atividades de lazer para as próprias crianças. Estes pais também usam diretivas em vez de racionalização. Os filhos da classe média, tanto brancos como negros, recebem um sentimento emergente de direito através de sua vida familiar. A raça teve muito menos impacto do que a classe econômica. Além disso, as diferenças na lógica cultural de criação ofereceram aos pais e aos filhos recursos distintos no momento de interação com profissionais de instituições dominantes e com outros adultos fora do ambiente familiar. Os filhos da classe média ganharam individualmente vantagens insignificantes, mas cumulativamente importantes. As classes trabalhadoras e pobres não apresentaram o mesmo sentimento de direito ou suas vantagens. No entanto, algumas áreas da vida familiar pareceram ser livres dos efeitos de classe social.

Although family life has an important impact on children's chances in life, the mechanisms through which parents transmit advantages are imperfectly understood. An ethnographic data set of white and black children around 10 years old shows the effects of social class on interactions at home. Middle-class parents engage in concerted cultivation by attempting to foster children's talents through organized leisure activities and extensive reasoning. Working-class and poor parents engage in the accomplishment of natural growth, providing the conditions under which children can grow, but leaving leisure activities to children themselves. These parents also use commands rather than reasoning. Middle-class children, both white and black, gain an emerging sense of entitlement from their family life. Race had much less impact than social class. Also, differences in a cultural logic of raising children gave parents and their children differential resources to draw on in their interactions with professionals from dominant classes and other adults outside home. Middle-class children gained individually insignificant but cumulatively important advantages. Working-class and poor children did not display the same sense of entitlement or advantages. Some areas of family life appeared immune from the effects of social class, however.