This work evaluated the use of corncob as a support for the immobilization of an extracellular fructosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) from Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301, aiming at the synthesis of a stable biocatalyst for the production of fructooligosaccharides. The transfructosylation activity of the immobilized enzyme was maximized via experimental design. Additionally, the biochemical properties and stability of the immobilized enzyme, as well as the reaction kinetics, were determined. The enzyme immobilized on alkali-treated corncob showed the highest transfructosylation activity at 50 °C and pH 5.5. It also presented a wide pH stability and a half-life around 1.4 times greater than the soluble enzyme. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme showed 53% of retention of catalytic activity in a second consecutive reaction cycle, showing the potential for reuse. These results suggest that alkali-treated corncob is a promising support material for the synthesis of heterogeneous biocatalysts aiming at fructooligosaccharide production, which can contribute to the valorization of this abundant agro-waste. E.C. EC E C (E.C 2.4.1.9 2419 2 4 1 9 IPT301, IPT301 IPT 301, 301 IPT-301 fructooligosaccharides design Additionally kinetics determined alkalitreated alkali treated 5 55 5.5 halflife half life 14 1. Furthermore 53 cycle reuse agrowaste. agrowaste agro waste. waste agro-waste E.C 2.4.1. 241 IPT30 30 IPT-30 5. 2.4.1 24 IPT3 3 IPT-3 2.4. IPT- 2.4 2.

Abstract Textile sludge is a waste from the effluent treatment of textile laundries and its incorporation into alternative materials has been proposed as a possibility for its disposal. A systematic search was carried out in literature from this perspective, aiming to observe concentrations of waste material and its preparation, matrices used, technological performance and immobilization of textile waste. The matrices used were mortars, concretes and ceramic bricks, in general, deleterious effects were observed on mechanical characteristics of the materials produced. In concrete and mortars, the fineness had an impact on increase in water demand, which increased mixtures porosity; and organic matter and heavy metals, in cement hydration. Recent studies therefore proposed waste material pre-treatment as a favorable alternative. Increases in porosity also occurred in ceramic bricks, however, due to high organic matter content. Regarding waste immobilization, cementitious materials showed satisfactory performance; ceramic bricks, on the other hand, obtained some results outside the normative limits. Therefore, it is necessary to expand discussions regarding the pre-treatment carried out on textile sludge, as well as its impacts on mechanical and environmental performance. disposal perspective preparation mortars bricks general produced demand metals hydration pretreatment pre however content hand limits Therefore

Resumo Olodo têxtil é um resíduo do tratamento do efluente das lavanderias têxteis e sua incorporação em materiais alternativos tem sido proposta como possibilidade para sua destinação. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática na literatura nesta perspectiva, visando observar as concentrações de material residual e seu preparo, as matrizes utilizadas, o desempenho tecnológico e imobilização do resíduo têxtil. As matrizes empregadas foram argamassas, concretos e tijolos cerâmicos, sendo observados, de maneira geral, efeitos deletérios nas características mecânicas dos materiais produzidos. Em concretos e argamassas, a finura impactou no aumento da demanda de água, o que elevou a porosidade das misturas; e a matéria orgânica e metais pesados, na hidratação do cimento. Estudos recentes propuseram, então, o pré-tratamento do material residual como uma alternativa favorável. Incrementos na porosidade também ocorreram nos tijolos cerâmicos, porém, devido ao elevado teor de matéria orgânica. Quanto a imobilização do resíduo, os materiais cimentícios apresentaram desempenho satisfatório; já os tijolos cerâmicos, obtiveram alguns resultados fora dos limites normativos. Portanto, é necessário ampliar as discussões quanto ao pré-tratamento realizado no lodo têxtil, bem como seus impactos no desempenho mecânico e ambiental. destinação perspectiva preparo utilizadas argamassas cerâmicos observados geral produzidos água misturas pesados cimento propuseram então prétratamento pré favorável porém satisfatório normativos Portanto ambiental

Resumo A Doença de Kohler é uma osteocondrose rara nas crianças, resultante de necrose avascular do osso navicular. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns são dor no médio pé associada a claudicação da marcha, dificuldade no apoio e edema localizado. O diagnóstico é estabelecido com base na associação de sintomatologia e alterações radiográficas do pé, nomeadamente achatamento do osso navicular com esclerose óssea e, por vezes, fragmentação. O tratamento é conservador, com analgesia, repouso e, quando necessário, imobilização. O prognóstico é muito favorável, com possibilidade de resolução dos sintomas em três meses, apesar de a normalização radiográfica demorar até quatro anos. É descrito o caso de uma criança de quatro anos de idade do sexo masculino com um quadro clínico de claudicação e dor no pé direito com algumas semanas de evolução. A radiografia do pé direito mostrou achatamento e esclerose do osso navicular. Foi feito tratamento conservador com analgesia e repouso, com resolução completa dos sintomas. Radiograficamente, o osso navicular recuperou quase totalmente a sua anatomia normal ao fim de dois anos. Atualmente, a criança não apresenta qualquer limitação da mobilidade do pé direito ou da marcha.

Abstract Kohler’s disease is a rare osteochondrosis in children resulting from avascular necrosis of the navicular bone. The most common clinical signs are midfoot pain associated with limping, difficulty with weight bearing, and localized edema. Diagnosis requires the presence of symptoms associated with radiographic changes of the foot, namely flattening of the navicular bone with irregular bone sclerosis and sometimes fragmentation. Treatment is conservative and includes rest, pain control, and sometimes immobilization. The prognosis is excellent, with the possibility of resolution of symptoms within three months, although radiologic recovery may take four years. The authors report the case of a four-year-old boy with right foot pain and limping for several weeks. Radiograph of the right foot showed significant flattening and sclerosis of the navicular bone. Conservative treatment with analgesia and rest was recommended, with complete symptom resolution. Radiographically, the navicular bone had almost regained its normal anatomic shape two years later. The child remains without limitation of right foot mobility and without limping.

Abstract Knee dislocation is the loss of the femorotibial joint relationship associated with injuries to at least two major ligaments and occurs in 0,02 % of injuries in orthopedics. The objective of this article is to present the case of an intermediate adult patient with grade I obesity, who fell from her height with trauma to the right knee. The admission x-ray showed ante-romedial dislocation in this joint, which is why she underwent reduction. closed and immobilization and subsequently a post-reduction radiography, arteriovenous Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging were performed, finding a tear of the lateral meniscus, rupture of the posterior cruciate ligaments, anterior cruciate ligament, lateral retinaculum and fracture of the head of the fibula. This case is significant as it is a dislocation in ultra-low energy trauma, in a patient with obesity, which is not the typical presentation and highlights the importance of actively searching for associated injuries.

Resumen La luxación de rodilla es la pérdida de la relación articular femorotibial, asociada a lesiones de mínimo dos ligamentos mayores; ocurre en el 0,02 % de lesiones en ortopedia. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el caso de una paciente adulta intermedia con obesidad grado I, quien presentó caída desde su altura, con trauma en rodilla derecha. La radiografía de ingreso evidenció luxación anteromedial en esta articulación, por lo cual es llevada a reducción cerrada e inmovilización y, posteriormente, se realiza radiografía posreducción, Doppler arteriovenoso y resonancia magnética encontrando desgarro del menisco lateral, ruptura de los ligamentos cruzado posterior, cruzado anterior, retináculo lateral y fractura de la cabeza del peroné. Este caso es significativo al tratarse de una luxación en trauma de ultra baja energía en un paciente con obesidad, que no es la presentación típica y resalta la importancia de la búsqueda activa de lesiones asociadas.

Abstract This study performed LSV simulation of two-step irreversible electron oxidation with the intermediate (E↓E), which was immobilized on the electrode surface. The response exhibited either one or two peaks, depending on the intermediate stability. The first electron transfer depended on the reactant diffusion, while the second one was a function of the accumulated intermediate. For this reason, the second Ip was higher than the first one, and the single peak split into two peaks, under the influence of an increased SR. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters influence on the two components of the response were analyzed.

Abstract Synthetic pesticides used to combat ticks lose their effectiveness against certain species and can affect human health. The present study evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effect of the aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum (P. anisum) seeds against Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes affinis, domestic dog ticks. In the in vitro evaluations, concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the aqueous extract of P. anisum were applied directly to ticks. The concentrations that had the highest effectiveness in immobilization were 50 %, 75 % and 100 %, but the latter caused immobilization for a longer time (55.89 ± 0.16 min). In the in vivo evaluation, the concentrated aqueous extract was applied to ticks attached to the skin of domestic dogs. Amitraz, a commercial tickicide, was used as a positive control. Both the concentrated aqueous extract and Amitraz caused 100 % of tick detaching. Nonetheless, concentrated aqueous extract of P. anisum seeds was more effective in reducing the average time of tick detaching (60.81 ± 3.17 min) compared to the commercial tickicide Amitraz (145.12 ± 15.97 min). This research suggests that the p-anisaldehyde identified in the aqueous extract could be linked to the immobilization and detaching of R. sanguineus and I. affinis from domestic dogs, suggesting that this extract could be used as a biopesticide to control ticks in domestic dogs.

Resumen Los pesticidas sintéticos utilizados para combatir las garrapatas pierden su eficacia contra determinadas especies y pueden afectar la salud humana. En el presente estudio se evaluó in vitro e in vivo el efecto del extracto acuoso de semillas de Pimpinella anisum (P. anisum) contra Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Ixodes affinis, garrapatas del perro doméstico. En las evaluaciones in vitro se aplicaron directamente a las garrapatas concentraciones de 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 y 100 % del extracto acuoso de P. anisum. Las concentraciones que provocaron mayor efectividad en la inmovilización fueron 50%, 75% y 100%, pero esta última provocó una inmovilización por mayor tiempo (55.89 ± 0.16 min). En la evaluación in vivo, el extracto acuoso concentrado se aplicó sobre garrapatas adheridas a la piel de perros domésticos. Se utilizó Amitraz, un garrapaticida comercial, como testigo positivo. Tanto el extracto acuoso concentrado como el Amitraz provocaron el 100 % del desprendimiento de garrapatas. Sin embargo, el extracto acuoso concentrado de semillas de P. anisum fue más efectivo para reducir el tiempo promedio de desprendimiento de las garrapatas (60.81 ± 3.17 min) en comparación con el garrapaticida comercial Amitraz (145.12 ± 15.97 min). Esta investigación sugiere que el p-anisaldehído identificado en el extracto acuoso podría estar relacionado con la inmovilización y desprendimiento de R. sanguineus e I. affinis de los perros domésticos, lo que sugiere que este extracto podría usarse como biopesticida para controlar las garrapatas en perros domésticos.

In this work, some of the synthesis methods already reported for aluminum(III) hydroxide polymorphs with layered structure like gibbsite are revisited. Gibbsite was synthesized with high purity and yield by a simple route developed from modifications of a heating method proposed in the literature, making it possible to prepare gibbsite in regular glassware, avoiding the use of hydrothermal reactor and oven, as described in the literature. The proposed synthesis was conducted with a heating system under reflux conditions in a glass heating flask, using an oil bath, without the need for more sophisticated equipment. This is an accessible alternative method for crystalline gibbsite synthesis, with yield (76 wt.%). The obtained gibbsite was used as a precursor for the synthesis of a lithium/aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH) from the intercalation method of Al(OH)3 in aqueous solution of lithium chloride. Gibbsite and the obtained LDH Li/Al were used for the immobilization of an anionic porphyrin with a loading on the order of 10-5 mol g-1 of solid, thus being alternative solid supports for catalytic species such as porphyrins. work aluminumIII aluminum III aluminum(III revisited literature glassware oven flask bath equipment 76 (7 wt.%. wt wt.% . wt.%) lithiumaluminum (LDH AlOH3 AlOH Al OH 3 Al(OH) chloride LiAl Li 105 10 5 10- g1 g 1 g- porphyrins 7 ( wt. Al(OH

Abstract This article results from a qualitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study based on a historical-dialectical approach. It aimed to understand aspects of the school trajectory and the perspectives of students and graduates regarding their expectations of high school technical training in health in the neoliberal scenario. Data was collected through four focus groups with students and graduates from four technical courses in the health area - clinical analysis, nursing, orthopedic immobilization, and radiology - from two public and two private technical schools in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Content analysis guided the data analysis. The school trajectory and expectations of students and graduates for technical training are in line with the problems faced by Brazilian youth and the ideals of neoliberal society, which prioritizes training for the working class in terms of employability, which rules out the possibility of dense training - which would allow for social insertion with criticality and better conditions for understanding the relationship between health and society. However, it is in the midst of the contradictions of this society that the school can contribute to overcoming class society in favor of the emancipation of the working class. qualitative crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional historicaldialectical historical dialectical approach scenario nursing immobilization Sul Brazil employability However

Resumo Este artigo é fruto de um estudo qualitativo, transversal, descritivo, com aproximação ao referencial histórico-dialético. Teve como objetivo compreender aspectos da trajetória escolar e das perspectivas de estudantes e egressos quanto às expectativas sobre a formação técnica de nível médio em saúde no cenário neoliberal. A coleta de dados se deu mediante quatro grupos focais com estudantes e egressos de quatro cursos técnicos da área da saúde - análises clínicas, enfermagem, imobilizações ortopédicas e radiologia - de duas escolas técnicas públicas e duas privadas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A análise de conteúdo guiou a análise dos dados. A trajetória escolar e as expectativas de estudantes e egressos para a formação técnica se coadunam com a problemática da juventude brasileira e com os ideais da sociedade neoliberal, privilegiando, para a classe trabalhadora, a formação para o mercado, em termos da empregabilidade, o que afasta a possibilidade de uma formação densa - que permitiria a inserção social com criticidade e mais condições de se compreenderem as relações entre saúde e sociedade. No entanto, é no bojo das contradições dessa sociedade que a escola pode contribuir na superação da sociedade de classes, a favor da emancipação da classe trabalhadora. qualitativo transversal descritivo históricodialético. históricodialético histórico dialético. dialético histórico-dialético neoliberal clínicas enfermagem Sul privilegiando trabalhadora mercado empregabilidade entanto classes

Resumen Este artículo es el resultado de un estudio cualitativo, transversal y descriptivo, basado en un abordaje histórico-dialéctico. Su objetivo fue comprender los aspectos de la trayectoria escolar y las perspectivas de estudiantes y graduados en relación a sus expectativas sobre la formación técnica de nivel medio en salud en el escenario neoliberal. Los datos se recogieron a través de cuatro grupos focales con estudiantes y graduados de cuatro cursos técnicos del área de la salud - análisis clínicos, enfermería, inmovilización ortopédica y radiología - de dos escuelas técnicas públicas y dos privadas del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. El análisis de contenido orientó el análisis de los datos. La trayectoria escolar y las expectativas de los alumnos y graduados para la formación técnica se corresponden con los problemas enfrentados por la juventud brasileña y con los ideales de la sociedad neoliberal, que privilegia la formación de la clase trabajadora en términos de empleabilidad, lo que elimina la posibilidad de una educación densa - que permitiría una inserción social con criticidad y mejores condiciones para comprender la relación entre salud y sociedad. Sin embargo, es en medio de las contradicciones de esta sociedad que la escuela puede contribuir para la superación de la sociedad de clases, a favor de la emancipación de la clase trabajadora. cualitativo descriptivo históricodialéctico. históricodialéctico histórico dialéctico. dialéctico histórico-dialéctico neoliberal clínicos enfermería Sul Brasil empleabilidad embargo clases

Abstract Brazil is considered a world leader in paper production. It is estimated that the sector contributes 46.5% of the national gross domestic product, and its effluents have high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds which can cause coloration and ecotoxicity, generating impact if not properly treated. A potential strategy for the treatment of this wastewater is bioaugmentation with native bacteria isolated from the industrial sludge and effluent, which, due to their potential metabolism adapted to adverse environmental conditions, may favor the removal of specific compounds. When associated with immobilization techniques, the inoculum can develop as a biofilm adhered to a support medium, which provides surfaces for adhesion, growth and survival of bacteria. We therefore investigated the treatment of Kraft pulp effluent by bioaugmentation with the autochthonous bacterium Advenella kashmirensis both immobilized in a spongy support medium - Aqua Porous Gel (APG) - and in free-swimming (planktonic) form, denominated Phase I and II, respectively. The investigation was performed in a bench-scale aerated lagoon system with untreated industrial effluent. The effect of the use of bacteria in bioaugmentation was assessed by the removal parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Color, Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Lignin Compounds (LC). The results indicate that both Phases I and II were efficient for the treatment of COD, BOD5 and color parameters. However, the biofilm form provided better stability to the biological system in the treatment of the Kraft pulp effluent. production 465 46 5 46.5 product ecotoxicity treated conditions techniques adhesion APG (APG freeswimming free swimming planktonic (planktonic respectively benchscale bench scale COD , (COD) BOD5, BOD (BOD5) Color TPC (TPC LC. LC . (LC) However 4 46. (COD (BOD5 (LC (BOD

Resumo O Brasil é considerado referência mundial na produção de papel, se estima que o setor contribui com 46,5% do produto interno bruto nacional, configurando uma manufatura extensiva cujos efluentes possuem concentrações elevadas de matéria orgânica e compostos recalcitrantes, que podem introduzir cor e ecotoxicidade, gerando impacto caso não se proceda o adequado tratamento do mesmo. Uma estratégia potencial para o tratamento desta água resíduária é a bioaumentação com bactérias nativas isoladas do lodo e efluente da indústria, estas devido ao potencial metabolismo adaptado às condições adversas do ambiente, podem favorecer a remoção de compostos específicos. Quando associada a técnicas de imobilização, o inóculo pode se desenvolver como biofilme aderido a um meio suporte, que proporciona superfícies para adesão, crescimento e sobrevivência das bactérias. Desta forma, foi avaliado o tratamento de efluente de celulose kraft por bioaumentação com bactéria autóctone Advenella kashmirensis imobilizada em meio suporte esponjoso do tipo aquaporousgel (APG), e sobre a forma de vida planctonica/livre, denominadas de fase I e II respectivamente, em sistema de lagoa aerada de escala de bancada com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado pelos parâmetros de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO5), Cor, Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT) e Compostos Ligninicos (CL). Os resultados apontam que ambas as fases I e II, foram eficientes para tratamento dos parâmetros DQO, DBO5 e cor. Entretanto, a forma de biofilmes conferiu melhor estabilidade ao sistema biológico no tratamento do efluente de celulose kraft. papel 465 46 5 46,5 nacional recalcitrantes ecotoxicidade mesmo indústria ambiente específicos imobilização adesão APG, APG , (APG) planctonicalivre planctonica livre planctonica/livre respectivamente tratado DQO (DQO) DBO5, DBO (DBO5) Cor CFT (CFT CL. CL . (CL) Entretanto 4 46, (APG (DQO (DBO5 (CL (DBO

Abstract Introduction Early mobilization is an alternative used in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to reduce the effects of immobility. The Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score (IMS) is applied to assess mobility status. Objective To determine the functional level of ICU patients submitted to cardiac surgery using the IMS scale. Methods This is an analytical observational study carried out with adult ICU patients submitted to cardiac surgery. Data on the use of vasoactive drugs, functional level through IMS, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay were collected from the physiotherapy routine form and recorded on a specific instrument developed for the study. The data obtained from the IMS scale score on the postoperative days in the ICU were used to classify the patients' mobility during the hospitalization period. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Results A total of 69 patients were evaluated, 43% of whom were men, and all had an SMI of 0 on the first postoperative day. Classification on the scale increased over the course of hospitalization (IMS between 7 and 10), despite the use of vasoactive drugs in 54.6% of the individuals. Conclusion Patients submitted to cardiac surgery admitted to the ICU had moderate-to-high mobility levels throughout their stay and at discharge from the ICU. (ICU immobility status period 6 evaluated 43 men day 10, 10 , 10) 546 54 54.6 individuals moderatetohigh moderate high 4 1 5 54.

Resumo Introdução A mobilização precoce é uma alternativa utilizada em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) na tentativa de reduzir os efeitos decorrentes do imobilis-mo. A escala de mobilidade em UTIs ou Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score (IMS) é aplicada para avaliar o nível de mobilidade. Objetivo Verificar por meio da escala IMS o nível de funcionalidade de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca internados em uma UTI. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo observacional analítico realizado em UTI com pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia car-díaca. Foram coletados da ficha de rotina da fisioterapia informações quanto ao uso de drogas vasoativas, nível funcional por meio da IMS, tempo de ventilação mecânica e de internação na UTI, e registrados em instrumento específico desenvolvido para o estudo. Os dados obtidos do escore da escala IMS nos dias de pós-operatório na UTI foram utilizados para classificar a mobilidade dos pacientes durante o período de internação. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para a apresentação dos dados. Resultados Foram avaliados 69 pacientes, 43% eram do sexo masculino e todos apresentavam IMS 0 no primeiro dia de pós-operatório. A classificação na escala aumentou com o decorrer do período de internação (IMS entre 7 e 10), apesar do uso de drogas vasoativas em 54,6%. Conclusão Os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca internados na UTI apresentaram níveis de mobilidade de moderado a alto ao longo da internação e na alta da UTI. (UTIs imobilismo. imobilismo imobilis mo. mo imobilis-mo Tratase Trata se cardíaca. car díaca. díaca car-díaca pósoperatório pós operatório Utilizouse Utilizou 6 43 pósoperatório. operatório. 10, 10 , 10) 546 54 54,6% 4 1 5 54,6 54,

This work explores the possibility of using corn cob powder as a carrier for immobilization by physical adsorption of lipase from Rhizopus oryzae used in acidolysis reaction of grape seed oil with capric acid (C10) to synthesize dietary triglycerides (TAGs) formed from medium-long-medium chain (MLM) fatty acids in a fixed bed reactor. First, enzymatic loading was investigated to improve hydrolytic activity and the immobilized biocatalyst was characterized in terms of biochemical parameters and thermal stability. An enzyme load of 30 mg mL-1 was quite adequate, as about 90% of the immobilization yield was achieved. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) experimental design revealed that, for the immobilized enzyme, the optimal hydrolytic activity was obtained at pH 7.75 and 41 °C. Stirred tank reactions were optimized in CCRD statistical analysis revealing the most desirable conditions for molar ratio of 1:9.36 (oil:acid), 45 °C and 15% biocatalyst, obtaining a maximum ID value of 86.93 ± 2.25%. In a fixed bed reactor, the synthesis showed an average ID of 51.13 ± 0.77, demonstrating the potential of this configuration. It is concluded that corn cob powder as an immobilization carrier is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols. C10 C (C10 TAGs (TAGs mediumlongmedium medium long (MLM reactor First stability 3 mL1 mL 1 mL- adequate 90 achieved (CCRD 775 7 75 7.7 4 19.36 1936 9.36 9 36 1:9.3 oilacid, oilacid , (oil:acid) 15 8693 86 93 86.9 225 2 25 2.25% 5113 51 13 51.1 077 0 77 0.77 configuration triacylglycerols C1 (C1 7. 19 19.3 193 936 9.3 1:9. (oil:acid 869 8 86. 22 2.25 511 5 51. 07 0.7 (C 19. 9. 1:9 2.2 0. 1: 2.

Abstract Large quantities of residual cooking oil are being increasingly generated in various sectors, as it is often improperly disposed of and causes serious environmental problems. A commonly used alternative is the use of lipases in enzymatic hydrolysis, since it is rather attractive to several sectors, in addition to allowing the use of products generated thereof, such as: free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and free glycerol, moreover, it is capable of operating in mild temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate alternatives for the hydrolysis of residual frying oil by evaluating the efficiency of different types of supports and heating systems using free and immobilized forms of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) and Porcine pancreas (PPL) as biocatalyst. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and chitosan (CHIT) were evaluated as support for immobilizing BCL and PPL lipases, and superior results were found regarding the hydrolytic activity of immobilization derivatives using PHB and Nb2O5. Among the heating systems under evaluation, the highest percentage of residual oil hydrolysis was found using the ultrasound system for both free and immobilized lipases, reaching 57.91% hydrolysis for lipases immobilized on Nb2O5 and 61.11% hydrolysis for the derivative immobilized on PHB. The operational stability of both biocatalysts was evaluated using similar half-life time values for both. Thus, it was observed that the ultrasound system was efficient in improving lipase performance in the hydrolysis of free fatty acids, once this unconventional heating system is quite promising for accelerating such enzymatic reactions. sectors problems thereof acids diacylglycerols glycerol moreover conditions Therefore (BCL (PPL biocatalyst PHB, , (PHB) NbO Nb O (Nb2O5 CHIT (CHIT evaluation 5791 57 91 57.91 Nb2O 6111 61 11 61.11 halflife half life Thus reactions (PHB (Nb2O 579 5 9 57.9 611 6 1 61.1 57. 61.

In this work, the support, cashew apple bagasse (CAB), was chemically modified with divinyl sulfone (DVS), and it was evaluated to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A). The best activation conditions of CAB support were defined by an advanced experimental design using the Taguchi method, assessing five factors at four levels (concentration of DVS, ionic strength, pH, temperature, and time). The support and biocatalyst (CAB-DVS-CAL-A) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), scanning microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and electrophoresis. The optimal conditions to activate the support were DVS concentration of 1.4 mol L-1 (3 mL of DVS in 20 mL of reaction volume), a concentration of sodium bicarbonate buffer at 5 mmol L-1, pH 3.0 at 30 °C for 12 h. The immobilization on CAB-DVS promoted increased thermal stability at 70 °C and different pHs of CAL-A. Therefore, the selected conditions allowed for a catalyst with a catalytic activity of 6.8 U g-1 and more stable than the free enzyme (CAL-A). This demonstrates that pretreated and DVS-activated CAB is a promising support for enzyme immobilization. work CAB, , (CAB) (DVS) CALA. CALA CAL . (CAL-A) method strength temperature time. time time) CABDVSCALA (CAB-DVS-CAL-A FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) analysis TGA, TGA (TGA) SEM, SEM (SEM) XRF (XRF electrophoresis 14 1 4 1. L1 L L- 3 ( 2 volume, volume volume) L1, 1, 0 3. C h CABDVS 7 A. CAL-A Therefore 68 6 8 6. g1 g g- DVSactivated activated (CAB (DVS (CAL-A (FTIR (TGA (SEM

Lipases have been used in industrial processes as biocatalysts for transesterification reactions. The synergism between enzymes and magnetic properties may be reached by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as support to immobilize them in aggregate structures, denominated by magnetic crosslinked enzyme aggregates (MCLEA). One of the advantages of such supports is the possibility of using magnetic separation for enzyme recovery, reducing costs and allowing reuse in continuous systems. Here, porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was immobilized onto functionalized magnetite support (Fe3O4-APTS) with a protein binding efficiency of 78.84%. Physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and immobilized lipase were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XDR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer measurements (VSM), and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The immobilized lipase additionally exhibited improved stability across wide pH and temperature ranges compared with free lipase. The immobilized derivate also attained good reusability, maintaining 61.37% of its initial activity after 6 reaction cycles. Through magnetic behavior and also because of its surface modification to crosslinking the enzyme, the MCLEA produced in this work has enhanced the biocatalytic activities of PPL. reactions MNPs (MNPs structures MCLEA. . (MCLEA) recovery systems Here PPL (PPL Fe3O4APTS FeOAPTS Fe3O4 APTS Fe O (Fe3O4-APTS 7884 78 84 78.84% Xray X ray XDR, XDR , (XDR) TEM, TEM (TEM) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) DLS, DLS (DLS) potential VSM, VSM (VSM) reusability 6137 61 37 61.37 cycles (MCLEA FeO Fe3O 788 7 8 78.84 (XDR (TEM (FTIR (DLS (VSM 613 3 61.3 78.8 61. 78.

Photosynthetic microorganisms have been widely studied as an alternative technology for CO2 capture. Aiming to overcome some operational challenges in the application of these microorganisms for gas treatment on a large scale, the immobilization of microalgae in solid matrices emerges as an alternative to facilitate effective management of microalgae culture during harvesting process. In this work, different matrices for microalgae immobilization composed of silica/alginate were obtained varying silica precursors. The synthesized materials were characterized in terms of their specific surface area, cell viability, transparency and physical-chemical properties. Additionally, a new methodology was developed to evaluate the CO2 capture by microalgae using a pressurized system with natural gas mixture. Tests were carried out exploring the influence of some variables, such as headspace volume, cell concentration, stirring and pressure. Once the optimized parameters were established, the amount of CO2 captured by immobilized microalgae was investigated for 7 days by determining the CO2 relative concentrations using gas chromatography. The results of immobilized microalgae showed levels of CO2 removal of 41.4%. This work proved the potential application of the studied biomaterial for natural gas processing, making even more feasible the adoption of this technology for selective capture of CO2 on an industrial scale. CO scale process silicaalginate alginate precursors area viability physicalchemical physical chemical properties Additionally mixture variables volume concentration pressure established chromatography 414 41 4 41.4% processing 41.4 41.