RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

Abstract The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is the key pest in rose cut. Preliminary observations show that plants with high density of two-spotted mite exhibit nutritional imbalance, but there is not quantitative information about it. The objective was to determine the relation between two-spotted mite´s density and nutritional status of cut rose crop ‘Polo’. In four samplings, 60 spotted mite-free and 60 plants with over 60 mites per leaf (high infestation) were selected. In both cases, foliar analyses were carried out to determine the micro and macro elements as well as the Nutritional Unbalanced Index (IDN). The plants infested with two-spotted mite showed a nutritional disequilibrium due to reduced foliar concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese and copper. The percentage reduction in the concentration of these elements fluctuated between 0.3 to 29 % compared against control.

Resumen La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch, es la principal plaga del cultivo de rosas para corte (Rosa hybrida). Observaciones preliminares indican que plantas con alta densidad de araña roja presentan deficiencias nutrimentales, pero no existe información cuantitativa al respecto. El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la densidad de araña roja y el estado nutrimental de rosal ‘Polo’. En cuatro muestreos, se seleccionaron 60 plantas libres de araña roja y 60 plantas con más de 60 ácaros por hoja (infestación alta). En ambos casos se determinó, mediante análisis químico foliar, la cantidad de macro y micronutrimentos, así como el índice de desbalance nutricional (IDN). Las plantas con presencia de araña roja muestran desequilibrio nutrimental debido a la reducción en la concentración foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, manganeso y cobre. El porcentaje de reducción de la concentración de dichos elementos osciló entre 0.3 y 29 % respecto al testigo.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is very prevalent and is the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. It is a dysbiosis resulting from the replacement of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid-producing lactobacilli by anaerobic bacteria in high concentrations, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium and other anaerobes. BV can be self-diagnosed when the patient presents the classic symptoms, or clinically and laboratory-based, following the Amsel criteria or by determining the Nugent score. The recommended treatments for BV are oral metronidazole, secnidazole and tinidazole, as well as vaginal metronidazole gel, clindamycin cream and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi gel. The present study aimed to determine the ability of vaginal clindamycin cream, vaginal metronidazole gel and S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel to inhibit the growth or preserve the population of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 microorganisms in vitro. The methodology used was perforation in plates, forming 6 mm wells, where the samples were inoculated. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at 30°C. After this period, by visual plates analysis, was observed that L. gasseri is resistant to S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel since no inhibition halo was observed. However, L. gasseri was moderately susceptible to Metronidazole vaginal gel and highly sensitive to Clindamycin vaginal cream. As lactobacilli, of which L. gasseri stands out, represent over 95% of the microorganisms 3/16 that inhabit the vaginal environment, maintaining the health of this microbiome, the action of Clindamycin and Metronidazole can lead to an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, allowing relapses when these therapeutic agents are used to treat BV.

A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é muito prevalente e é a causa mais comum de corrimento vaginal em todo o mundo. Trata-se de uma disbiose resultante da substituição dos lactobacilos produtores de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido lático por bactérias anaeróbicas em altas concentrações, incluindo Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium e outros anaeróbios. A VB pode ser autodiagnosticada, quando a paciente apresenta a sintomatologia clássica, ou clínica e laboratorialmente obedecendo aos critérios de Amsel ou pela determinação do escore de Nugent. Os tratamentos recomendados para a VB são o Metronidazol, o Secnidazol e o Tinidazol por via oral, bem como o metronidazol gel, a clindamicina creme e o gel de S. terebinthifolia Raddi por via vaginal. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a capacidade da Clindamicina creme vaginal, do Metronidazol gel vaginal e do S. terebinthifolia Raddi gel vaginal em inibir o crescimento ou preservar a população dos microrganismos Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 in vitro. A metodologia utilizada foi de perfuração em placa, formando poços de 6mm, onde as amostras foram inoculadas. As placas foram incubadas por 48 horas à temperatura de 30°C. A análise visual das placas, após o período de incubação, evidenciou que L. gasseri é resistente ao gel vaginal de S. terenbithifolia Raddi gel, uma vez que não foi observado qualquer halo de inibição. Contudo, L. gasseri foi moderadamente susceptível ao gel vaginal de Metronidazol e altamente sensível ao creme vaginal de Clindamicina. Como os lactobacilos, dos quais se destaca L. gasseri, representam acima de 95% dos microrganismos que habitam o meio vaginal, mantendo a higidez desse microbioma, a ação da Clindamicina e do Metronidazol pode levar ao desequilíbrio da microbiota vaginal, permitindo as recidivas quando esses agentes terapêuticos são usados para o tratamento da VB.

ABSTRACT The present study focuses on vibration exposure and its impact on occupational health, contrasting the results with previous research. Workers in a specific workshop were investigated, assessing their vibration exposure, working hours and risk perception. A mixed approach was used, collecting data through structured surveys and inferential statistical analysis. The results indicate that 80% of the workers are exposed to vibration to some extent, with 10% exposed half the time and 6% almost always. However, no significant correlations were found between vibration exposure and other factors such as musculoskeletal health or reduced work activity. These discrepancies with previous research suggest demographic and occupational variations among the samples studied. It is concluded that it is critical to address musculoskeletal health in a comprehensive manner, implementing effective control measures to prevent mechanical vibration-related injuries.

RESUMEN Este trabajo aborda los desafíos del estrés laboral en docentes universitarios, analizando su impacto en la salud mental y el desempeño laboral. El objetivo es identificar las causas y consecuencias del estrés en este grupo y proponer medidas para mitigarlo. Se realizó una investigación no experimental con enfoque mixto, utilizando análisis descriptivo y relacional. Se aplicaron encuestas a 31 docentes, utilizando el cuestionario alemán Effort-Reward Imbalance y la escala de ansiedad de Zung. Los resultados muestran una correlación entre la carga laboral, la falta de reconocimiento y el nivel de estrés. Se concluye que es necesario abordar los factores psicosociales en el entorno laboral para promover un ambiente saludable y apoyar el bienestar de los docentes, lo que a su vez beneficiará la calidad educativa.

Resumen El síndrome de ataxia cerebelosa, neuropatía y arre flexia vestibular (CANVAS) es un trastorno neurodege nerativo progresivo que se manifiesta en etapas tardías de la vida. Su base genética ha sido recientemente identificada en el gen que codifica la subunidad 1 del factor C de replicación (RFC1). Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años con una historial de desequilibrio y deterioro de la marcha de presentación bifásica, con un inicio rápido de los sínto mas seguido de un deterioro neurológico lento y progre sivo. El proceso diagnóstico fue complejo y se realizaron numerosas pruebas para descartar causas adquiridas y genéticas de la ataxia, arribando al diagnóstico de ataxia cerebelosa de inicio tardío idiopática. Ulteriormente, las pruebas de función vestibular identificaron una grave vestibulopatía bilateral. Esto llevó a considerar el CANVAS entre los diagnósticos, que finalmente fue confirmado mediante pruebas genéticas (expansión bialélica del penta-nucleótido AAGGG en el gen RFC1). Este caso subraya la importancia de esta nueva enfer medad genética y su variante de presentación subaguda y enfatiza la relevancia de las pruebas objetivas de fun ción vestibular en las ataxias consideradas idiopáticas para lograr un diagnóstico adecuado y un eventual asesoramiento genético a la descendencia.

Abstract Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disorder. Its genetic basis has recently been identified in the gene encoding a subunit of the Replication Fac tor C (RFC1). We present the case of a 62-year-old woman who expe rienced a history of a biphasic presentation of imbalance and gait disorders, with rapid onset of symptoms followed by slow and progressive neurological deterioration. The diagnostic process was challenging, and numerous tests were conducted to rule out acquired and genetic causes of ataxia, leading to a diagnosis of late-onset idiopathic cer ebellar ataxia. Subsequently, vestibular function tests iden tified severe bilateral vestibulopathy. This led to consider ing CANVAS among the diagnoses, which was ultimately confirmed through genetic testing (biallelic expansion of the pentanucleotide AAGGG in the RFC1 gene). This case highlights the importance of this new de scribed genetic disease and its subacute presentation variant, emphasizing the relevance of objective vestibu lar function tests in idiopathic ataxias to achieve proper diagnosis and eventual genetic counseling for offspring.

RESUMEN Desde experiencias de investigación realizadas desde el año 2018 hasta la actualidad, se problematiza la relación entre sufrimiento ambiental y territorios sustentables. La incertidumbre que conlleva el sufrimiento ambiental, sumado a la falta de evidencia y las dificultades de levantar información científica acerca de la salud del territorio costero e insular, configura un espacio residual propicio para la baja regulación de las industrias y la profundización de sus afectaciones sobre los territorios y sus habitantes. Desde ahí que indagar en las experiencias de sufrimiento ambiental permite aproximarse a las desigualdades socio-ecológicas de la zona marino-costera de la Patagonia chilena y a las estrategias de sus habitantes para proponer y movilizar sus territorios a la sustentabilidad. 201 actualidad sustentables insular socioecológicas socio ecológicas marinocostera marino costera sustentabilidad 20 2

RESUMO A partir de experiências de pesquisa realizadas desde o ano de 2008 até o momento, problematiza-se a relação entre sofrimento ambiental e territórios sustentáveis. A incerteza que acompanha o sofrimento ambiental, somada à falta de evidência e às dificuldades de levantar informações científicas sobre a saúde do território costeiro e insular, configura um espaço residual propício para a baixa regulamentação das indústrias e a intensificação de seus impactos sobre os territórios e seus habitantes. Nesse sentido, investigar as experiências de sofrimento ambiental permite aproximar-se das desigualdades socioecológicas da zona marinho-costeira da Patagônia chilena e das estratégias de seus habitantes para propor e mobilizar seus territórios rumo à sustentabilidade. 200 momento problematizase problematiza se sustentáveis insular sentido aproximarse aproximar marinhocosteira marinho costeira sustentabilidade 20 2

ABSTRACT From research experiences carried out from 2018 to the present, the relationship between environmental suffering and sustainable territories is problematized. The uncertainty that environmental suffering entails, added to the lack of evidence and the difficulties to gather scientific information on the health of the coastal and insular territory, configures a residual space conducive to the low regulation of industries and the deepening of their effects on the territories and their inhabitants. From there, inquiring into the experiences of environmental suffering allows us to approach the socio-ecological inequalities of the coastal marine zone of Chilean Patagonia and the strategies of its inhabitants to propose and mobilize their territories to sustainability. 201 present problematized entails territory there socioecological socio ecological sustainability 20 2

This article applies a network lens to transactional data in order to improve a food banking network's supply chain design and planning. This study draws on data from FoodForward South Africa. This food bank has compiled a rich dataset of connections between supply chain partners (e.g., donors), the flow of stock (volume of food), and their beneficiary organisations. Our analysis showed an increase in the system's 'moving parts' (increased handling of donations), resulting in a significant imbalance between supply and demand. Additionally, in 2022, the organisation's warehouses received a larger number of smaller-volume donations from a wider variety of suppliers, placing an extra burden on the network.

Hierdie artikel pas 'n netwerklens op transaksionele data toe om 'n voedselbanknetwerk se voorsieningskettingontwerp en -beplanning te verbeter. Hierdie studie is gebaseer op data van FoodForward South Africa, 'n voedselbank wat 'n ryk datastel van verbindings tussen voorsieningskettingvennote (skenkers), die vloei van voorraad (voedsel volume) en hul begunstigde organisasies saamgestel het. Ons ontleding het 'n toename in die stelsel se 'bewegende dele' (verhoogde hantering van skenkings) getoon, wat gelei het tot 'n meer beduidende wanbalans tussen vraag en aanbod. Boonop het pakhuise in 2022 'n groter aantal kleiner-volume skenkings van 'n groter verskeidenheid verskaffers ontvang, wat 'n ekstra las op die netwerk geplaas het.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a public health issue affecting an increasing number of workers, representing a disease exacerbated by work with a high social, economic, and personal cost. The nature of the work performed, coupled with occupational risks in a hospital setting, significantly contribute to the disease's progression. This study aims to address the impact of this disease on work and the role of Occupational Health in the prevention of exposure to occupational risk factors in the hospital environment, which can contribute to the metabolic imbalance of type I diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The methodology included search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors and occupational health”. Filters were applied, considering publications from 2010 to 2024, totaling 463 works. Exclusion criteria focused on non-diabetes-related diseases, exclusive focus on Type II, and non-occupational approaches. Articles on diabetes and occupational health and safety published in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional were also considered, in a total of five studies. Sources also included Direção Geral de Saúde Clinical Guidance, a national epidemiological study, and a technical manual on workplace diabetes, totaling 30 references in the discussion. Results: The authors report two cases of healthcare professionals from a hospital unit, both diagnosed with Type I Diabetes at the age of five. Case 1: A 35-year-old healthcare assistant with a history of depressive syndrome and recent diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Case 2: A 57-year-old nurse with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, undergoing treatment for osteomyelitis of the right big toe, without cardiovascular changes. In both they work or have worked in shifts, including night shifts, engaging in physically demanding tasks. Discussion/Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring continuous medical care and patient education, alongside support in preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of chronic complications. The incidence of new Type I Dm cases is higher between 12-14 years. During the transition to adulthood and entry into the job market, patients face disease stigma, treatment management challenges, and psychosocial workplace-related issues. Implementing preventive measures and monitoring these workers should help reduce work absenteeism, productivity loss, and income loss for the worker.

RESUMO Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus é um problema de Saúde Pública que afeta um número crescente de trabalhadores. Pode ser considerada uma doença agravada pelo trabalho com um elevado custo social, económico e pessoal. O tipo de trabalho realizado e as exposições a riscos laborais em contexto hospitalar, podem contribuir para a sua progressão, segundo alguns autores. Este trabalho pretende abordar o impacto desta patologia no trabalho e o papel da Saúde Ocupacional na evicção da exposição a fatores de risco laborais, em ambiente hospitalar, que contribuem para o descontrolo metabólico da Diabetes Melitus tipo I. Pretende-se identificar as exposições laborais que podem constituir fatores de risco modificáveis, interferem com a aptidão para o trabalho, podem aumentar a frequência de acidentes laborais e acelerar a progressão crónica da doença. Metodologia: Na metodologia de pesquisa e seleção de estudos utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors, occupational health”. Aplicaram-se filtros de revisão e revisão sistemática, considerando publicações de 2010 a 2024, totalizando 463 trabalhos. Critérios de exclusão incidiram em doenças não relacionadas à diabetes, exclusividade na tipo II e abordagens não ocupacionais. Foram ainda considerados os artigos sobre diabetes e saúde e segurança no trabalho publicados na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, num total de cinco estudos. Incluíram-se a Norma de Orientação Clínica da DGS, um estudo epidemiológico nacional e um caderno técnico sobre diabetes no local de trabalho, totalizando 30 fontes na discussão. Descrição dos casos: Os autores reportam dois casos de profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar, ambos com diagnóstico de Diabetes tipo I aos cinco anos de idade. Caso 1: Uma auxiliar de ação médica de 35 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de síndrome depressivo e diagnóstico recente de retinopatia diabética. Caso 2: Uma enfermeira de 57 anos com retinopatia e nefropatia diabética, neuropatia, em tratamento para uma osteomielite do 1º dedo do pé direito, sem alterações cardiovasculares. Ambas trabalham ou trabalharam por turnos, com trabalho noturno e com tarefas fisicamente exigentes. Discussão/Conclusão: A diabetes é uma doença crónica que requer cuidados médicos contínuos e educação do doente, juntamente com apoio na prevenção de complicações agudas e redução do risco de complicações crónicas. A incidência de novos casos de Dm tipo I é maior entre os 12-14 anos. Na transição para a idade adulta e entrada no mercado laboral, os doentes podem ser sujeitos ao estigma da doença, ter dificuldade na gestão do tratamento e/ou desafios psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. A instituição de medidas preventivas e monitorização destes trabalhadores deverá ajudar a reduzir o absentismo laboral, a perda de produtividade e a perda de rendimento para o trabalhador.

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

Abstract Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), originally developed as innovative antihyperglycemic agents, have demonstrated significant benefits in improving metabolic markers and protecting the kidneys and heart in patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms behind these unexpected cardiorenal benefits cannot be attributed solely to improved glycemic control. Recent data suggest that metabolic reprogramming plays a role in the development of cardiorenal metabolic disease. Despite the effectiveness of SGLT2i in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related comorbidities in adults, their use in the pediatric population remains to be validated. The challenge in pediatric CKD lies in the imbalance between the metabolic needs of a growing child and the declining functional capacity of a failing kidney. Developing strategies to address modifiable factors in the progression of kidney disease is critical given the extended lifespan of the pediatric population. SGLT2i have emerged as innovative candidates for the treatment of CKD in children. By improving renal hemodynamic adaptation and mitigating overall CKD complications, these agents have the potential to be a novel therapeutic option for pediatric patients. This review will focus on the current understanding of how SGLT2i may provide cardiorenal protection.

Resumo Os inibidores do cotransportador 2 de sódio e glicose (SGLT2), inicialmente considerados medicamentos antihiperglicémicos inovadores, demonstraram benefícios significativos na melhoria dos marcadores metabólicos e na proteção renal e cardíaca em doentes com ou sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estas vantagens cardiorenais inesperadas não podem ser atribuídas exclusivamente ao controle glicémico melhorado. Dados recentes sugerem que a reprogramação metabólica desempenha um papel no desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas cardiorenais. Apesar da eficácia dos inibidores do SGLT2 no tratamento de comorbilidades associadas à doença renal crónica (DRC) em adultos, o seu uso na população pediátrica aguarda validação. O desafio na DRC pediátrica reside no desequilíbrio entre as necessidades metabólicas da criança em crescimento e a capacidade funcional diminuída do rim em falência. Face à expectativa de vida prolongada da população pediátrica, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de estratégias dirigidas a fatores modificáveis na progressão da DRC. Os inibidores do SGLT2 surgem como candidatos inovadores para o tratamento da DRC em crianças. Ao melhorar a adaptação hemodinâmica renal e mitigar as complicações gerais da DRC, estes agentes afiguram-se como uma potencial nova abordagem terapêutica para doentes pediátricos. Esta revisão incidirá no entendimento atual de como os inibidores do SGLT2 podem conferir proteção cardiorrenal.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 se ha convertido en una de las mayores crisis del mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Dirección General de Salud, en el periodo de 2020 a 2021, implementaron medidas restrictivas, como el cierre de escuelas y la educación a distancia con actividades realizadas en simultaneo con el teletrabajo de adultos. Estas circunstancias constituyeron un gran reto para el ejercicio de la paternidad. Objetivo: Conocer las experiencias parentales en el acompañamiento de los niños en edad escolar durante el confinamiento impuesto por la pandemia de COVID-19 y comprender cómo esta experiencia interfirió en el ejercicio de la paternidad. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, con recolección de datos realizada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, involucrando 17 participantes reclutados en red. El análisis de contenido se realizó según Bardin (2020). Resultados: Se consideraron cuatro dimensiones, de las cuales surgieron 8 categorías y 16 subcategorías. Los padres percibieron como estrategias para reducir el impacto de la pandemia en sus hijos las actividades recreativas fuera y dentro del hogar, así como la utilización de herramientas digitales/tecnológicas. En cuanto al acompañamiento de sus hijos durante la enseñanza no presencial, los padres revelaron sentimientos negativos relacionados con frustración, impotencia y tensión. Las experiencias parentales se asociaron con el estrés parental, el desequilibrio entre la esfera de apoyo familiar/profesional/escolar a los hijos y los cambios en las rutinas. Conclusión: Los resultados revelan la necesidad de intervenir y acompañar a los niños/familias para prevenir los posibles efectos a largo plazo del confinamiento.

Resumo Introdução: A pandemia COVID-19, constituiu-se como uma das maiores crises a nível mundial. A Organização Mundial de Saúde e a Direção Geral de Saúde, no período de 2020 a 2021, implementaram medidas restritivas, nomeadamente, o encerramento das escolas e em substituição instituiu-se o ensino não presencial a decorrer on-line, o encerramento de alguns locais de trabalho dos pais que eram realizadas através do teletrabalho. Estas circunstâncias levaram a mudanças de hábitos e foram um desafio ao exercício da parentalidade. Objetivo: Conhecer as experiências parentais no acompanhamento de filhos em idade escolar durante o confinamento imposto pela pandemia COVID-19 e compreender de que forma essa experiência interferiu com o exercício da parentalidade. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, cuja colheita de dados foi efetuada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, numa amostragem por redes e envolvendo 17 participantes. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo dos dados de acordo com Bardin (2020). Resultados: Foram consideradas quatro dimensões, das quais emergiram oito categorias e 16 subcategorias. Os pais evidenciaram como estratégias de redução do impacto na pandemia nos filhos as atividades lúdicas no exterior e interior de casa, recorrendo também a ferramentas digitais/tecnológicas. No acompanhamento dos filhos durante o ensino não presencial, os pais revelaram sentimentos negativos relacionados com frustração, impotência e tensão. Em relação às experiências parentais, estas foram associadas a stress parental, desequilíbrio entre a esfera familiar/profissional/apoio escolar aos filhos e alterações de rotinas. Conclusão: Os resultados revelam a necessidade de intervir e acompanhar as crianças/famílias com vista à prevenção de potenciais efeitos do confinamento a longo prazo.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the biggest crises in the world. The Wealth World Organization and the General Health Directorate, between 2020 and 2021, implemented restrictive measures, namely, school closures and non-face-to-face teaching with activities carried out simultaneously with the teleworking. These circumstances were especially challenging to the exercise of parenthood. Objective: To know the parental experiences in the monitoring of school-age children during the confinement imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand how this experience interfered with the exercise of parenthood. Methods: This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, data collection carried out through semi-structured interviews, in a network sampling involving 17 participants. Content analysis was performed according to Bardin (2020). Results: Four dimensions were considered, from which 8 categories and 16 subcategories emerged. Parents perceived as strategies to reduce the impact of the pandemic on their children the recreational activities outside and inside the home, also using digital/technological tools. In the follow-up of their children during non-face-to-face teaching, parents mainly revealed negative feelings related to frustration, powerlessness and tension. Regarding parental experiences, these were mostly associated with parental stress, imbalance between the family/professional/school support sphere for children and changes in routines. Conclusion: The results reveal the need to intervene and accompany children/families in order to prevent potential long-term effects of confinement.

Abstract This article has the objective of study the inter-island aerial accessibility in the Azores Islands (Portugal). As a space with a particular territorial fragmentation and, furthermore, distant between the different islands, air transport is of vital importance for the socioeconomic development of the Archipelago, promoting the mobility of residents and the increase in tourism. This is penalized in the Azores by the low demographic and economic weight, and also by the notorious imbalance between islands. Methodologically, we study several accessibility parameters, focusing on hourly operations, since it is the one that we detected that presents the worst ratios. For this, we take the inter-island air schedules of 12 years (2009-2020) of the winter seasons, with a greater probability of use by residents and, therefore, for reasons of travel related to business, health, administration, etc. As a result of this article, we discovered that although positive work has been done with the introduction of air public service obligations, imposing a certain number of frequencies, seats, rate caps, etc., the little interest in working in an adaptation of the operating hours based on demand, is leading to availability of time for travelers at destination - in a round-trip operation on the same day, very frequent in inter-island mobility, hardly positive for travelers in more than 70% of the operational routes.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da acessibilidade aérea inter-ilhas nas ilhas dos Açores (Portugal). Enquanto espaço afetado pela fragmentação territorial e, ainda por cima, distante entre as diferentes ilhas, o transporte aéreo assume uma importância vital para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico do Arquipélago, facilitando a mobilidade dos residentes e o aumento do turismo. Esta situação é agravada nos Açores pelo baixo peso demográfico e económico, para além do notório desequilíbrio entre ilhas. Metodologicamente, analisamos vários parâmetros de acessibilidade, focando-nos nas operações horárias, pois é onde detetámos os piores rácios. Para tal, tomamos como base os horários das conexões aéreas inter-ilhas de 12 anos (2009-2020) das épocas de inverno, com maior probabilidade de utilização por residentes e, portanto, por motivos de deslocação relacionados com negócios, saúde, administração, etc. Como resultado do artigo, detetamos que embora se tenha trabalhado positivamente com a introdução de obrigações de serviço público aéreo, impondo um certo número de frequências, lugares, tetos tarifários, etc., o pouco interesse em trabalhar num ajustamento dos horários de funcionamento em função da procura está a levar a uma disponibilidade de tempo no destino - numa operação de ida e volta no mesmo dia, muito recorrente na mobilidade inter-ilhas, pouco favorável paraos viajantes em mais de 70% das rotas operacionais.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo la realización de un análisis de la accesibilidad aérea interinsular en las Islas Azores (Portugal). Como espacio afectado por una fragmentación territorial y, además, distante entre las diferentes islas, el transporte aéreo es de vital importancia para el desarrollo socioeconómico del Archipiélago, facilitando la movilidad de los residentes y creciente turismo. Ello se ve agravado en Azores por el escaso peso demográfico y económico, además con notorio desequilibrio entre islas. Metodológicamente, analizamos varios parámetros de accesibilidad, centrándonos en la operativa horaria, ya que es la que detectamos que presenta peores ratios. Para ello tomamos los horarios aéreos interinsulares de 12 años (2009-2020) de las temporadas de invierno, con mayor probabilidad de uso por residentes y, por ende, por motivos de desplazamiento relacionados con negocios, sanitarios, administración, etc. Como resultados del artículo, detectamos que si bien se ha trabajado positivamente con la introducción de las obligaciones de servicio público aéreo, imponiendo un determinado número de frecuencias, asientos, tope de tarifas, etc., el escaso interés en la mejora de los horarios de operatividad en función de la demanda, está llevando a disponibilidades de tiempo en destino - en una operativa de ida y vuelta en la misma jornada, muy recurrente en la movilidad interinsular, escasamente favorable para los viajeros en más del 70% de las rutas operativas.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta una metodología para la minimización de las pérdidas de potencia activa en sistemas de distribución trifásicos desbalanceados. Este enfoque utilizó un modelo eficiente en el dominio complejo que pertenece a la categoría de optimización convexa de enteros mixtos. La metodología empleada consistió en la rotación de las cargas en cada nodo de potencia constante a través de una matriz trifásica de rotación que permitió definir cada conexión de carga. Lo anterior con el objetivo de minimizar los desbalances de potencia en los terminales de la subestación y las pérdidas de potencia totales, y mejorar los perfiles de tensión en cada una de las fases del sistema. El desbalance de cargas, expresado como un porcentaje, puede definirse en función de las potencia activa, reactiva o aparente. Además, se formuló un modelo entero mixto convexo con el propósito de minimizar los desbalances de potencia, considerando la representación en el dominio complejo de las redes eléctricas trifásicas en condiciones estacionarias. En aras de determinar las pérdidas de potencia iniciales y finales de estas redes, se empleó el método de aproximaciones sucesivas para resolver el problema de flujo de potencia trifásico. Como resultado, las validaciones numéricas realizadas en el sistema IEEE de 25 nodos y en una red trifásica de 35 nodos mostraron que las pérdidas finales de potencia activa varían dependiendo de la función objetivo analizada. Por lo tanto, para los alimentadores de prueba estudiados, es necesario evaluar cada función objetivo, en aras de encontrar la que produzca los mejores resultados numéricos. Se obtuvieron reducciones de 3.8056 % y 6.8652 % en las pérdidas de potencia para los dos sistemas de prueba mediante la metodología de optimización propuesta. Todas las validaciones numéricas se realizaron en el entorno de programación Julia, utilizando la herramienta de optimización JuMP y el solucionador HiGHS.

Abstract This article presents a solution methodology to minimize power losses in three-phase unbalanced distribution networks. This approach involved an efficient complex-domain model that is categorized under mixed-integer convex optimization. The methodology employed consisted of efficient load rotation at each constant power node via a three-phase rotation matrix that allows defining each load connection to minimize the expected power imbalance at the terminals of the substation, as well as the total grid power losses, and improve voltage profile performance at each system phase. The load imbalance, expressed as a percentage, can be defined as a function of the active, reactive, or apparent power. In addition, considering the complex-domain representation of three-phase electrical networks under steady-state conditions, a mixed-integer convex model was formulated to reduce the power imbalances. With the purpose of determining the initial and final power losses of these distribution systems, the successive approximations method was employed to address the three-phase power flow problem. As a result, numerical validations in the IEEE 25-bus system and a 35-node three-phase feeder showed that the final active power losses vary depending on the objective function analyzed. Therefore, for the test feeders studied, it is necessary to evaluate each objective function, with the aim of finding the one that yields the best numerical results. Power losses reductions of about 3.8056 % and 6.8652 % were obtained for both test feeders via the proposed optimization methodology. All numerical validations were performed in the Julia programming environment, using the JuMP optimization tool and the HiGHS solver.

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of Peruvian political caricature during the crisis of the Fujimori administration (1998-2000). The research also develops an approach to the connections between caricature and power. This reading, which links macro and micro sociology, is made from the processes of political imbalance of the Fujimori regime, a process that marked, at the same time, a moment of inflection within the political sphere and that reached the caricature, both officious and opposition. Following a qualitative approach with an interpretative perspective, the analysis includes a contextual reading of some caricatures by important Peruvian graphic humorists. As a result, we find that the opposition caricature played a critical role, characterized by the development of its erosive capacity; the same did not happen with the officious caricature that leaned towards a more functional role to the hegemonic power.

RESUMEN El presente artículo examina el rol de la caricatura política peruana durante el momento de crisis de la administración fujimorista (1998-2000). La investigación desarrolla, además, una aproximación a las conexiones que existen entre la caricatura y el poder. Esta lectura, que vincula macro y microsociología, se hace desde los procesos de desequilibrio político del régimen fujimorista, proceso que marcó, al mismo tiempo, un momento de inflexión dentro de la esfera política y que alcanzó a la caricatura, tanto oficiosa como de oposición. Siguiendo un enfoque cualitativo con una perspectiva interpretativa, el análisis incluye una lectura de contexto de algunas caricaturas de la autoría de importantes humoristas gráficos peruanos. Como resultado encontramos que la caricatura de oposición cumplió un rol crítico, caracterizado por desarrollar su capacidad erosiva; no pasó lo mismo con la caricatura oficiosa que se inclinó por un rol más funcional al poder hegemónico.